1
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Bolden CT, Skibber MA, Olson SD, Zamorano Rojas M, Milewicz S, Gill BS, Cox CS. Validation and characterization of a novel blood-brain barrier platform for investigating traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16150. [PMID: 37752338 PMCID: PMC10522590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly-selective physiologic barrier responsible for maintaining cerebral homeostasis. Innovative in vitro models of the BBB are needed to provide useful insights into BBB function with CNS disorders like traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a multidimensional and highly complex pathophysiological condition that requires intrinsic models to elucidate its mechanisms. Current models either lack fluidic shear stress, or neglect hemodynamic parameters important in recapitulating the human in vivo BBB phenotype. To address these limitations in the field, we developed a fluid dynamic novel platform which closely mimics these parameters. To validate our platform, Matrigel-coated Transwells were seeded with brain microvascular endothelial cells, both with and without co-cultured primary human astrocytes and bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In this article we characterized BBB functional properties such as TEER and paracellular permeability. Our platform demonstrated physiologic relevant decreases in TEER in response to an ischemic environment, while directly measuring barrier fluid fluctuation. These recordings were followed with recovery, implying stability of the model. We also demonstrate that our dynamic platform is responsive to inflammatory and metabolic cues with resultant permeability coefficients. These results indicate that this novel dynamic platform will be a valuable tool for evaluating the recapitulating BBB function in vitro, screening potential novel therapeutics, and establishing a relevant paradigm to evaluate the pathophysiology of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Bolden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Max A Skibber
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miriam Zamorano Rojas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Milewicz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brijesh S Gill
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Deng S, Graham ML, Chen XM. The Complexity of Interferon Signaling in Host Defense against Protozoan Parasite Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020319. [PMID: 36839591 PMCID: PMC9962834 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Trypanosoma, are causative agents of health-threatening diseases in both humans and animals, leading to significant health risks and socioeconomic losses globally. The development of effective therapeutic and prevention strategies for protozoan-caused diseases requires a full understanding of the pathogenesis and protective events occurring in infected hosts. Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse biological effects in host antimicrobial defense and disease pathogenesis, including protozoan parasite infection. Type II IFN (IFN-γ) has been widely recognized as the essential defense cytokine in intracellular protozoan parasite infection, whereas recent studies also revealed the production and distinct function of type I and III IFNs in host defense against these parasites. Decoding the complex network of the IFN family in host-parasite interaction is critical for exploring potential new therapeutic strategies against intracellular protozoan parasite infection. Here, we review the complex effects of IFNs on the host defense against intracellular protozoan parasites and the crosstalk between distinct types of IFN signaling during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Cytokine response in asymptomatic and symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in children in a rural area of south-eastern Gabon. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280818. [PMID: 36787308 PMCID: PMC9928122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a parasite that causes asymptomatic or symptomatic malaria infections in humans depending on various factors. These infections are also a major cause of anemia in intertropical countries such as Gabon. Past studies have clearly demonstrated that inflammatory markers such as cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria disease. However, the clinical manifestations of severe malaria vary according to the level of transmission and more information is needed to gain a better understanding of the factors involved. As such, the objective of this study was to investigate the circulating levels of nine cytokines in asymptomatic and symptomatic P. falciparum infections in Gabonese children and their roles in the pathogenesis of anemia. Blood samples were collected from 241 children aged 3 to 180 months in Lastourville, south-eastern Gabon. Diagnosis of P. falciparum infection was performed using Rapid Diagnosis Tests, microscopy and nested PCR. Levels in the plasma of the Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p70), Th17 (IL-17A and IL-22) and Th2 (IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13) cytokines were measured by ELISA. Data showed that IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in children with symptomatic P. falciparum infection compared to uninfected children. IL-10 levels were significantly higher in symptomatic children than in asymptomatic children, who had moderately increased levels compared to uninfected controls. Moreover, only IL-10 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in children with severe malarial anemia compared to children with uncomplicated malaria who had significantly lower IL-10 levels than children with moderate malarial anemia. These data indicate that the progression of P. falciparum infection towards an advanced stage in children is accompanied by a significant increase in type Th1 and/or Th2 cytokines. These inflammatory mediators could serve as potential predictors of anemia for malaria patients.
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4
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Muppidi P, Wright E, Wassmer SC, Gupta H. Diagnosis of cerebral malaria: Tools to reduce Plasmodium falciparum associated mortality. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1090013. [PMID: 36844403 PMCID: PMC9947298 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1090013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major cause of mortality in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection and is associated with the sequestration of parasitised erythrocytes in the microvasculature of the host's vital organs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are key to a positive outcome in CM. However, current diagnostic tools remain inadequate to assess the degree of brain dysfunction associated with CM before the window for effective treatment closes. Several host and parasite factor-based biomarkers have been suggested as rapid diagnostic tools with potential for early CM diagnosis, however, no specific biomarker signature has been validated. Here, we provide an updated review on promising CM biomarker candidates and evaluate their applicability as point-of-care tools in malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranavi Muppidi
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Wright
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel C. Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, UP, India
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5
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Akide Ndunge OB, Kilian N, Salman MM. Cerebral Malaria and Neuronal Implications of Plasmodium Falciparum Infection: From Mechanisms to Advanced Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202944. [PMID: 36300890 PMCID: PMC9798991 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of host red blood cells by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables their sequestration via attachment to the microvasculature. This artificially increases the dwelling time of the infected red blood cells within inner organs such as the brain, which can lead to cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication patients infected with P. falciparum can experience and still remains a major public health concern despite effective antimalarial therapies. Here, the current understanding of the effect of P. falciparum cytoadherence and their secreted proteins on structural features of the human blood-brain barrier and their involvement in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria are highlighted. Advanced 2D and 3D in vitro models are further assessed to study this devastating interaction between parasite and host. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal and cognitive deficits in cerebral malaria will be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subsequent neurological damage in patients with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Infectious DiseasesYale University School of Medicine300 Cedar StreetNew HavenCT06510USA
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, ParasitologyHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 32469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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6
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The multifaceted role of platelets in mediating brain function. Blood 2022; 140:815-827. [PMID: 35609283 PMCID: PMC9412009 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets, the small, anucleate blood cells that originate from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, are typically associated with coagulation. However, it is now apparent that platelets are more multifaceted than originally thought, with their function extending beyond their traditional role in hemostasis to acting as important mediators of brain function. In this review, we outline the broad repertoire of platelet function in the central nervous system, focusing on the similarities between platelets and neurons. We also summarize the role that platelets play in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases, with a particular focus on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Finally, we highlight the exciting prospect of harnessing the unique features of the platelet proteome and extracellular vesicles, which are rich in neurotrophic, antioxidative, and antiinflammatory factors, for the development of novel neuroprotective and neuroregenerative interventions to treat various neurodegenerative and traumatic pathologies.
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7
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Adams Y, Jensen AR. Cerebral malaria - modelling interactions at the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275963. [PMID: 35815443 PMCID: PMC9302004 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a continuous endothelial barrier that is supported by pericytes and astrocytes and regulates the passage of solutes between the bloodstream and the brain. This structure is called the neurovascular unit and serves to protect the brain from blood-borne disease-causing agents and other risk factors. In the past decade, great strides have been made to investigate the neurovascular unit for delivery of chemotherapeutics and for understanding how pathogens can circumvent the barrier, leading to severe and, at times, fatal complications. One such complication is cerebral malaria, in which Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells disrupt the barrier function of the BBB, causing severe brain swelling. Multiple in vitro models of the BBB are available to investigate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and other diseases. These range from single-cell monolayer cultures to multicellular BBB organoids and highly complex cerebral organoids. Here, we review the technologies available in malaria research to investigate the interaction between P. falciparum-infected red blood cells and the BBB, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Summary: This Review discusses the available in vitro models to investigate the impact of adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells on the blood–brain barrier, a process associated with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anja Ramstedt Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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8
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Rovas A, Buscher K, Osiaevi I, Drost CC, Sackarnd J, Tepasse PR, Fobker M, Kühn J, Braune S, Göbel U, Thölking G, Gröschel A, Rossaint J, Vink H, Lukasz A, Pavenstädt H, Kümpers P. Microvascular and proteomic signatures overlap in COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis: the MICROCODE study. Angiogenesis 2022; 25:503-515. [PMID: 35723762 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and bacterial sepsis are distinct conditions, both are known to trigger endothelial dysfunction with corresponding microcirculatory impairment. The purpose of this study was to compare microvascular injury patterns and proteomic signatures in COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis patients. METHODS AND RESULTS This multi-center, observational study included 22 hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients, 43 hospitalized bacterial sepsis patients, and 10 healthy controls from 4 hospitals. Microcirculation and glycocalyx dimensions were quantified via intravital sublingual microscopy. Plasma proteins were measured using targeted proteomics (Olink). Coregulation and cluster analysis of plasma proteins was performed using a training-set and confirmed in a test-set. An independent external cohort of 219 COVID-19 patients was used for validation and outcome analysis. Microcirculation and plasma proteome analysis found substantial overlap between COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis. Severity, but not disease entity explained most data variation. Unsupervised correlation analysis identified two main coregulated plasma protein signatures in both diseases that strictly counteract each other. They were associated with microvascular dysfunction and several established markers of clinical severity. The signatures were used to derive new composite biomarkers of microvascular injury that allow to predict 28-day mortality or/and intubation (area under the curve 0.90, p < 0.0001) in COVID-19. CONCLUSION Our data imply a common biological host response of microvascular injury in both bacterial sepsis and COVID-19. A distinct plasma signature correlates with endothelial health and improved outcomes, while a counteracting response is associated with glycocalyx breakdown and high mortality. Microvascular health biomarkers are powerful predictors of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Rovas
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Konrad Buscher
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Irina Osiaevi
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Carolin Christina Drost
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Sackarnd
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Phil-Robin Tepasse
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Clinical Infectiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manfred Fobker
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kühn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Münster, Von-Stauffenberg-Straße 36, 48151, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Braune
- Departmenf of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, St. Franziskus-Hospital GmbH, Hohenzollernring 70, 48145, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Göbel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, St. Franziskus-Hospital GmbH, Hohenzollernring 70, 48145, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerold Thölking
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Münster Marienhospital Steinfurt, Mauritiusstr. 5, 48565, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Gröschel
- Department of Pulmonology, Clemens Hospital, Düesbergweg 124, 48153, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Rossaint
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Lukasz
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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9
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Cavaco M, Frutos S, Oliete P, Valle J, Andreu D, Castanho MARB, Vila-Perelló M, Neves V. Conjugation of a Blood Brain Barrier Peptide Shuttle to an Fc Domain for Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Biomolecules. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1663-1668. [PMID: 36060671 PMCID: PMC9437899 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of brain disease has increased significantly in the past years. After diagnosis, therapeutic options are usually limited, which demands the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is promising but highly limited by the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To overcome the impermeability of this barrier, antibody fragments can be engineered and conjugated to BBB peptide shuttles (BBBpS), which are capable of brain penetration. Herein, we linked the highly efficient BBBpS, PepH3, to the IgG fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain using the streamlined expressed protein ligation (SEPL) method. With this strategy, we obtained an Fc-PepH3 scaffold that can carry different payloads. Fc-PepH3 was shown to be nontoxic, capable of crossing an in vitro cellular BBB model, and able to bind to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which is responsible for antibody long half-life (t 1/2). Overall, we demonstrated the potential of Fc-PepH3 as a versatile platform readily adaptable to diverse drugs of therapeutic value to treat different brain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavaco
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Proteomics
and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Experimental and Health
Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona Biomedical
Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Frutos
- SpliceBio
S.L., Baldiri Reixac
10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Oliete
- SpliceBio
S.L., Baldiri Reixac
10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Valle
- Proteomics
and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Experimental and Health
Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona Biomedical
Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Proteomics
and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Experimental and Health
Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona Biomedical
Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Vera Neves
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Raacke M, Kerr A, Dörpinghaus M, Brehmer J, Wu Y, Lorenzen S, Fink C, Jacobs T, Roeder T, Sellau J, Bachmann A, Metwally NG, Bruchhaus I. Altered Cytokine Response of Human Brain Endothelial Cells after Stimulation with Malaria Patient Plasma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071656. [PMID: 34359826 PMCID: PMC8303479 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the deadliest malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, are accompanied by a strong immunological response of the human host. To date, more than 30 cytokines have been detected in elevated levels in plasma of malaria patients compared to healthy controls. Endothelial cells (ECs) are a potential source of these cytokines, but so far it is not known if their cytokine secretion depends on the direct contact of the P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) with ECs in terms of cytoadhesion. Culturing ECs with plasma from malaria patients (27 returning travellers) resulted in significantly increased secretion of IL-11, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) if compared to matching controls (22 healthy individuals). The accompanying transcriptome study of the ECs identified 43 genes that were significantly increased in expression (≥1.7 fold) after co-incubation with malaria patient plasma, including cxcl5 and angptl4. Further bioinformatic analyses revealed that biological processes such as cell migration, cell proliferation and tube development were particularly affected in these ECs. It can thus be postulated that not only the cytoadhesion of IEs, but also molecules in the plasma of malaria patients exerts an influence on ECs, and that not only the immunological response but also other processes, such as angiogenesis, are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Raacke
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Amy Kerr
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Michael Dörpinghaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Jana Brehmer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Yifan Wu
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Christine Fink
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.F.); (T.R.)
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julie Sellau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Anna Bachmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-404-281-8472
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11
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Genestine M, Ambriz D, Crabtree GW, Dummer P, Molotkova A, Quintero M, Mela A, Biswas S, Feng H, Zhang C, Canoll P, Hargus G, Agalliu D, Gogos JA, Au E. Vascular-derived SPARC and SerpinE1 regulate interneuron tangential migration and accelerate functional maturation of human stem cell-derived interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:e56063. [PMID: 33904394 PMCID: PMC8099424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons establish inhibitory microcircuits throughout the neocortex and their dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and neuropsychiatric diseases. Developmentally, interneurons migrate from a distal progenitor domain in order to populate the neocortex - a process that occurs at a slower rate in humans than in mice. In this study, we sought to identify factors that regulate the rate of interneuron maturation across the two species. Using embryonic mouse development as a model system, we found that the process of initiating interneuron migration is regulated by blood vessels of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), an interneuron progenitor domain. We identified two endothelial cell-derived paracrine factors, SPARC and SerpinE1, that enhance interneuron migration in mouse MGE explants and organotypic cultures. Moreover, pre-treatment of human stem cell-derived interneurons (hSC-interneurons) with SPARC and SerpinE1 prior to transplantation into neonatal mouse cortex enhanced their migration and morphological elaboration in the host cortex. Further, SPARC and SerpinE1-treated hSC-interneurons also exhibited more mature electrophysiological characteristics compared to controls. Overall, our studies suggest a critical role for CNS vasculature in regulating interneuron developmental maturation in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Genestine
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daisy Ambriz
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregg W Crabtree
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Patrick Dummer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anna Molotkova
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michael Quintero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Angeliki Mela
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Saptarshi Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Huijuan Feng
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Chaolin Zhang
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative ScholarNew YorkUnited States
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12
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Rénia L, Grau GE, Wassmer SC. CD8+ T cells and human cerebral malaria: a shifting episteme. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1109-1111. [PMID: 32065593 DOI: 10.1172/jci135510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium falciparum infection can cause human cerebral malaria (HCM) with high mortality rates. The abundance of infected red blood cells that accumulate in the cerebral vasculature of patients has led to the belief that these brain-sequestered cells solely cause pathogenesis. However, animal models suggest that CD8+ T cells migrate to and accumulate in the brain, directly contributing to experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) mortality. In this issue of the JCI, Riggle et al. explored the brain vasculature from 34 children who died from HCM or other causes and frequently found CD3+ CD8+ T cells in contact with endothelial cells. Further, the authors show that coinfection with HIV enhanced such CD3+ CD8+ T cell luminal distribution. These findings suggest that the mouse model for cerebral malaria may accurately reflect human disease pathology. This study sheds new light on the mechanisms behind blood-brain barrier breakdown in this complicated neurological disease and opens up alternative approaches for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Georges Er Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Lubiana P, Bouws P, Roth LK, Dörpinghaus M, Rehn T, Brehmer J, Wichers JS, Bachmann A, Höhn K, Roeder T, Thye T, Gutsmann T, Burmester T, Bruchhaus I, Metwally NG. Adhesion between P. falciparum infected erythrocytes and human endothelial receptors follows alternative binding dynamics under flow and febrile conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4548. [PMID: 32161335 PMCID: PMC7066226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the adhesive dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IEs) to different endothelial cell receptors (ECRs) in flow is a big challenge considering available methods. This study investigated the adhesive dynamics of IEs to five ECRs (CD36, ICAM-1, P-selectin, CD9, CSA) using simulations of in vivo-like flow and febrile conditions. To characterize the interactions between ECRs and knobby and knobless IEs of two laboratory-adapted P. falciplarum isolates, cytoadhesion analysis over time was performed using a new tracking bioinformatics method. The results revealed that IEs performed rolling adhesion exclusively over CD36, but exhibited stationary binding to the other four ECRs. The absence of knobs affected rolling adhesion both with respect to the distance travelled by IEs and their velocity. Knobs played a critical role at febrile temperatures by stabilizing the binding interaction. Our results clearly underline the complexity of the IE-receptor interaction and the importance of knobs for the survival of the parasite at fever temperatures, and lead us to propose a new hypothesis that could open up new strategies for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lubiana
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Bouws
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Torben Rehn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Brehmer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Bachmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Höhn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology Department, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Thye
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Zoological Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Jensen AR, Adams Y, Hviid L. Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria: The role of PfEMP1 in its pathogenesis and immunity, and PfEMP1-based vaccines to prevent it. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:230-252. [PMID: 31562653 PMCID: PMC6972667 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium continues to be a major health problem worldwide. The unicellular Plasmodium-parasites have the unique capacity to infect and replicate within host erythrocytes. By expressing variant surface antigens Plasmodium falciparum has evolved to avoid protective immune responses; as a result in endemic areas anti-malaria immunity develops gradually over many years of multiple and repeated infections. We are studying the role of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) expressed by asexual stages of P. falciparum responsible for the pathogenicity of severe malaria. The immunopathology of falciparum malaria has been linked to cyto-adhesion of infected erythrocytes to specific host receptors. A greater appreciation of the PfEMP1 molecules important for the development of protective immunity and immunopathology is a prerequisite for the rational discovery and development of a safe and protective anti-disease malaria vaccine. Here we review the role of ICAM-1 and EPCR receptor adhering falciparum-parasites in the development of severe malaria; we discuss our current research to understand the factors involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and the feasibility of developing a vaccine targeted specifically to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ramstedt Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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15
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Avril M, Benjamin M, Dols MM, Smith JD. Interplay of Plasmodium falciparum and thrombin in brain endothelial barrier disruption. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13142. [PMID: 31511575 PMCID: PMC6739390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent concepts suggest that both Plasmodium falciparum factors and coagulation contribute to endothelial activation and dysfunction in pediatric cerebral malaria (CM) pathology. However, there is still limited understanding of how these complex inflammatory stimuli are integrated by brain endothelial cells. In this study, we examined how mature-stage P. falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) interact with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and thrombin in the activation and permeability of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) monolayers. Whereas trophozoite-stage P. falciparum-IE have limited effect on the viability of HBMEC or the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines, except at super physiological parasite-host cell ratios, schizont-stage P. falciparum-IE induced low levels of cell death. Additionally, schizont-stage parasites were more barrier disruptive than trophozoite-stage P. falciparum-IE and prolonged thrombin-induced barrier disruption in both resting and TNFα-activated HBMEC monolayers. These results provide evidence that parasite products and thrombin may interact to increase brain endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Avril
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Max Benjamin
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Joseph D Smith
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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16
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Kraisin S, Verhenne S, Pham TT, Martinod K, Tersteeg C, Vandeputte N, Deckmyn H, Vanhoorelbeke K, Van den Steen PE, De Meyer SF. von Willebrand factor in experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1372-1383. [PMID: 31099973 PMCID: PMC9906160 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) is a lethal complication of severe malaria, characterized by marked pulmonary inflammation. Patient studies have suggested a link between von Willebrand factor (VWF) and malaria severity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of VWF in the pathogenesis of experimental MA-ARDS. METHODS Plasmodium berghei NK65-E (PbNK65) parasites were injected in Vwf+/+ and Vwf-/- mice. Pathological parameters were assessed following infection. RESULTS In accordance with patients with severe malaria, plasma VWF levels were increased and ADAMTS13 activity levels were reduced in experimental MA-ARDS. ADAMTS13- and plasmin-independent reductions of high molecular weight VWF multimers were observed at the end stage of disease. Thrombocytopenia was VWF-independent because it was observed in both Vwf+/+ and Vwf-/- mice. Interestingly, Vwf-/- mice had a shorter survival time compared with Vwf+/+ controls following PbNK65 infection. Lung edema could not explain this shortened survival because alveolar protein levels in Vwf-/- mice were approximately two times lower than in Vwf+/+ controls. Parasite load, on the other hand, was significantly increased in Vwf-/- mice compared with Vwf+/+ mice in both peripheral blood and lung tissue. In addition, anemia was only observed in PbNK65-infected Vwf-/- mice. Of note, Vwf-/- mice presented with two times more reticulocytes, a preferential target of the parasites. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that parasite load together with malarial anemia, rather than alveolar leakage, might contribute to shortened survival in PbNK65-infected Vwf-/- mice. VWF deficiency is associated with early reticulocytosis following PbNK65 infection, which potentially explains the increase in parasite load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirima Kraisin
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Verhenne
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Nele Vandeputte
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
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17
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The bacterial protein CNF1 as a new strategy against Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213529. [PMID: 30845261 PMCID: PMC6405130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum severe malaria causes more than 400,000 deaths every year. One feature of P. falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes (pRBC) leading to cerebral malaria (CM), the most dangerous form of severe malaria, is cytoadherence to endothelium and blockage of the brain microvasculature. Preventing ligand-receptor interactions involved in this process could inhibit pRBC sequestration and insurgence of severe disease whilst reversing existing cytoadherence could be a saving life adjunct therapy. Increasing evidence indicate the endothelial Rho signaling as a crucial player in malaria parasite cytoadherence. Therefore, we have used the cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), an Escherichia coli protein able to modulate the activity of Cdc42, Rac, and Rho, three subfamilies of the Rho GTPases family, to study interactions between infected erythrocytes and cerebral endothelium in co-culture models. The main results are that CNF1 not only prevents cytoadherence but, more importantly, induces the detachment of pRBCs from endothelia monolayers. We first observed that CNF1 does affect neither parasite growth, nor the morphology and concentration of knobs that characterize the parasitized erythrocyte surface, as viewed by scanning electron microscopy. On the other hand, flow cytometry experiments show that cytoadherence reversion induced by CNF1 occurs in parallel with a decreased ICAM-1 receptor expression on the cell surface, suggesting the involvement of a toxin-promoted endocytic activity in such a response. Furthermore, since the endothelial barrier functionality is compromised by P. falciparum, we conducted a permeability assay on endothelial cells, revealing the CNF1 capacity to restore the brain endothelial barrier integrity. Then, using pull-down assays and inhibitory studies, we demonstrated, for the first time, that CNF1 is able not only to prevent but also to cause the parasite detachment by simultaneously activating Rho, Rac and Cdc42 in endothelial cells. All in all our findings indicate that CNF1 may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy for preventing neurological complications of CM.
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18
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Della Giustina A, Goldim MP, Danielski LG, Florentino D, Garbossa L, Joaquim L, Oliveira Junior AN, Mathias K, Fileti ME, Zarbato GF, da Rosa N, Laurentino AOM, Fortunato JJ, Palandi J, de Oliveira BH, Martins DF, Bonbinski F, Bellettini-Santos T, Garcez M, Budni J, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Fish oil-rich lipid emulsion modulates neuroinflammation and prevents long-term cognitive dysfunction after sepsis. Nutrition 2018; 70:110417. [PMID: 30867119 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis is a severe organic dysfunction caused by an infection that affects the normal regulation of several organ systems, including the central nervous system. Inflammation and oxidative stress play crucial roles in the development of brain dysfunction in sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a fish oil (FO)-55-enriched lipid emulsion as an important anti-inflammatory compound on brain dysfunction in septic rats. METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham (control) and treated orally with FO (600 µL/kg after CLP) or vehicle (saline; sal). Animals were divided into sham+sal, sham+FO, CLP+sal and CLP+FO groups. At 24 h and 10 d after surgery, the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and total cortex were obtained and assayed for levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10, blood-brain barrier permeability, nitrite/nitrate concentration, myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species formation, protein carbonyls, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Behavioral tasks were performed 10 d after surgery. RESULTS FO reduced BBB permeability in the prefrontal cortex and total cortex of septic rats, decreased IL-1β levels and protein carbonylation in all brain structures, and diminished myeloperoxidase activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. FO enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and prevented cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS FO diminishes the negative effect of polymicrobial sepsis in the rat brain by reducing inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Drielly Florentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Leandro Garbossa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Aloir Neri Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Fileti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Graciela Freitas Zarbato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Olívia Martins Laurentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jucélia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliete Palandi
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bruna Hoffmann de Oliveira
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandes Martins
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Franciane Bonbinski
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tatiani Bellettini-Santos
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michele Garcez
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Josiane Budni
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
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19
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The expected characteristics of an in vitro human Blood Brain Barrier model derived from cell lines, for studying how ABC transporters influence drug permeability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Zarbato GF, de Souza Goldim MP, Giustina AD, Danielski LG, Mathias K, Florentino D, de Oliveira Junior AN, da Rosa N, Laurentino AO, Trombetta T, Gomes ML, Steckert AV, Moreira AP, Schuck PF, Fortunato JJ, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Dimethyl Fumarate Limits Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress and Improves Cognitive Impairment After Polymicrobial Sepsis. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:418-430. [PMID: 29713994 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, often associated with acute central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, which results in long-term cognitive impairment. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an important agent against inflammatory response and reactive species in CNS disorders. Evaluate the effect of DMF on acute and long-term brain dysfunction after experimental sepsis in rats. Male Wistar rats were submitted to the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. The groups were divided into sham (control) + vehicle, sham + NAC, sham + DMF, CLP + vehicle, CLP + NAC, and CLP + DMF. The animals were treated with DMF (15 mg/kg at 0 and 12 h after CLP, per gavage) and the administration of n-acetylcysteine (NAC) (20 mg/kg; 3, 6, and 12 h after CLP, subcutaneously) was used as positive control. Twenty-four hours after CLP, cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrite/nitrate (N/N), oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in the hippocampus, total cortex, and prefrontal cortex. At 10 days after sepsis induction, behavioral tests were performed to assess cognitive damage. We observed an increase in cytokine levels, MPO activity, N/N concentration, and oxidative damage, a reduction in SOD and GPx activity in the brain structures, and cognitive damage in CLP rats. DMF treatment was effective in reversing these parameters. DMF reduces sepsis-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in rats subjected to the CLP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Freitas Zarbato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Drielly Florentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Aloir Neri de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Olivia Laurentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Taina Trombetta
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Gomes
- Laboratory Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Valnier Steckert
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moreira
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratory Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jucelia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil.
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Patabendige A, Michael BD, Craig AG, Solomon T. Brain microvascular endothelial-astrocyte cell responses following Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 89:60-70. [PMID: 29635016 PMCID: PMC5984247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains a leading cause of encephalitis, globally, which continues to grow in importance despite the availability of vaccines. Viral entry into the brain can occur via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and inflammation at the BBB is a common final pathway in many brain infections. However, the role of the BBB during JEV infection and the contribution of the endothelial and astrocytic cell inflammation in facilitating virus entry into the brain are incompletely understood. We established a BBB model using human brain endothelial cells (HBECs) and human astrocytes. HBECs are polarised, and therefore the model was inoculated by JEV from the apical side to simulate the in vivo situation. The effects of JEV on the BBB permeability and release of inflammatory mediators from both apical and basolateral sides, representing the blood and the brain side respectively were investigated. JEV infected HBECs with limited active virus production, before crossing the BBB and infecting astrocytes. Control of JEV production by HBECs was associated with a significant increase in permeability, and with elevation of many host mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, cellular adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteases. When compared to the controls, significantly higher amounts of mediators were released from the apical side as opposed to the basolateral side. The increased release of mediators over time also correlated with increased BBB permeability. Treatment with dexamethasone led to a significant reduction in the release of interleukin 6 (IL6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) from the apical side with a reduction in BBB disruption and no change in JEV production. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that JEV infection of the BBB triggers the production of a range of host mediators from both endothelial cells and astrocytes, which control JEV production but disrupt BBB integrity thus allowing virus entry into the brain. Dexamethasone treatment controlled the host response and limited BBB disruption in the model without increasing JEV production, supporting a re-investigation of its use therapeutically. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infects human brain endothelial cells (HBECs). This triggers the production of a range of host mediators from both HBECs and astrocytes. JEV infection adversely affects blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Dexamethasone treatment following JEV infection reduces the inflammation. Dexamethasone restores BBB integrity without increasing the levels of JEV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; The Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.
| | - Benedict D Michael
- The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | - Tom Solomon
- The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
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22
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Infected erythrocytes expressing DC13 PfEMP1 differ from recombinant proteins in EPCR-binding function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1063-1068. [PMID: 29339517 PMCID: PMC5798336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712879115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the brain microvasculature underlies the pathology of cerebral malaria. Parasites that express P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 of domain cassette (DC) 8 and DC13 types bind to brain endothelial cells. Recent studies, largely based on recombinant proteins, have identified endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) as the key receptor for endothelial cell binding. Using DC8- and DC13-expressing IEs, we show that binding of DC13 IEs to brain endothelial cells is not EPCR-dependent and that cytoadhesion of EPCR-binding DC8 IEs to brain endothelial cells is blocked by human serum. This study highlights differences between recombinant protein and native protein in EPCR-binding properties and suggests that other receptors are also required for sequestration in cerebral malaria. Recent advances have identified a new paradigm for cerebral malaria pathogenesis in which endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is a major host receptor for sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the brain and other vital organs. The parasite adhesins that bind EPCR are members of the IE variant surface antigen family Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) containing specific adhesion domains called domain cassette (DC) 8 and DC13. The binding interaction site between PfEMP1 and EPCR has been mapped by biophysical and crystallography studies using recombinant proteins. However, studies examining the interaction of native PfEMP1 on the IE surface with EPCR are few. We aimed to study binding to EPCR by IEs expressing DC8 and DC13 PfEMP1 variants whose recombinant proteins have been used in key prior functional and structural studies. IE binding to EPCR immobilized on plastic and on human brain endothelial cells was examined in static and flow adhesion assays. Unexpectedly, we found that IEs expressing the DC13 PfEMP1 variant HB3var03 or IT4var07 did not bind to EPCR on plastic and the binding of these variants to brain endothelial cells was not dependent on EPCR. IEs expressing the DC8 variant IT4var19 did bind to EPCR, but this interaction was inhibited if normal human serum or plasma was present, raising the possibility that IE–EPCR interaction may be prevented by plasma components under physiological conditions. These data highlight a discrepancy in EPCR-binding activity between PfEMP1 recombinant proteins and IEs, and indicate the critical need for further research to understand the pathophysiological significance of the PfEMP1–EPCR interaction.
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HIV-1 Transactivator Protein Induces ZO-1 and Neprilysin Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells via the Ras Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3160360. [PMID: 28553432 PMCID: PMC5434241 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3160360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition is increased in human immunodeficiency virus-1- (HIV-1-) infected brain, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Ras signaling in HIV-1 transactivator protein- (Tat-) induced Aβ accumulation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HBEC-5i). Cell viability assay showed that 1 μg/mL Tat and 20 μmol/L of the Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) had no significant effect on HBEC-5i cell viability after 24 h exposure. Exposure to Tat decreased protein and mRNA levels of zonula occludens- (ZO-) 1 and Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin (NEP) in HBEC-5i cells as determined by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Exposure to Tat also increased transendothelial transfer of Aβ and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; however, these effects were attenuated by FTS. Collectively, these results suggest that the Ras signaling pathway is involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced changes in ZO-1 and NEP, as well as Aβ deposition in HBEC-5i cells. FTS partially protects blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and inhibits Aβ accumulation.
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Gillrie MR, Ho M. Dynamic interactions of Plasmodium spp. with vascular endothelium. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1268667. [PMID: 28452684 PMCID: PMC5362994 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1268667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodial species are protozoan parasites that infect erythrocytes. As such, they are in close contact with microvascular endothelium for most of the life cycle in the mammalian host. The host-parasite interactions of this stage of the infection are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease that range from a mild febrile illness to severe and frequently fatal syndromes such as cerebral malaria and multi-organ failure. Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria, is particularly predisposed to modulating endothelial function through either direct adhesion to endothelial receptor molecules, or by releasing potent host and parasite products that can stimulate endothelial activation and/or disrupt barrier function. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current clinical and laboratory evidence for endothelial dysfunction during severe P. falciparum malaria. Future investigations using state-of-the-art technologies such as mass cytometry and organs-on-chips to further delineate parasite-endothelial cell interactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Gillrie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Bernabeu M, Smith JD. EPCR and Malaria Severity: The Center of a Perfect Storm. Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:295-308. [PMID: 27939609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum infection causes nearly half a million deaths per year. The different symptomatology and disease manifestations among patients have hampered understanding of severe malaria pathology and complicated efforts to develop targeted disease interventions. Infected erythrocyte sequestration in the microvasculature plays a critical role in the development of severe disease, and there is increasing evidence that cytoadherent parasites interact with host factors to enhance the damage caused by the parasite. The recent discovery that parasite binding to endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is associated with severe disease has suggested new mechanisms of pathology and provided new avenues for severe malaria adjunctive therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bernabeu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joseph D Smith
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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26
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Banerjee J, Shi Y, Azevedo HS. In vitro blood–brain barrier models for drug research: state-of-the-art and new perspectives on reconstituting these models on artificial basement membrane platforms. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1367-1386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wassmer SC, Grau GER. Platelets as pathogenetic effectors and killer cells in cerebral malaria. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:515-7. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2016.1179571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hora R, Kapoor P, Thind KK, Mishra PC. Cerebral malaria--clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:225-37. [PMID: 26746434 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common central nervous system diseases in tropical countries is cerebral malaria (CM). Malaria is a common protozoan infection that is responsible for enormous worldwide mortality and economic burden on the society. Episodes of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) caused CM may be lethal, while survivors are likely to suffer from persistent debilitating neurological deficits, especially common in children. In this review article, we have summarized the various symptoms and manifestations of CM in children and adults, and entailed the molecular basis of the disease. We have also emphasized how pathogenesis of the disease is effected by the parasite and host responses including blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, endothelial cell activation and apoptosis, nitric oxide bioavailability, platelet activation and apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. Based on a few recent studies carried out in experimental mouse malaria models, we propose a basis for the neurological deficits and sequelae observed in human cerebral malaria, and summarize how existing drugs may improve prognosis in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur Thind
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
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29
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Jones LD, Jackson JW, Maggirwar SB. Modeling HIV-1 Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice: Role of Platelets in Mediating Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151702. [PMID: 26986758 PMCID: PMC4795798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of HIV-1 positive individuals developing some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is increasing. In these individuals, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised due to an increase in exposure to pro-inflammatory mediators, viral proteins, and virus released from infected cells. It has been shown that soluble CD40L (sCD40L) is released upon platelet activation and is an important mediator of the pathogenesis of HAND but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, emphasizing the need of an effective animal model. Here, we have utilized a novel animal model in which wild-type (WT) mice were infected with EcoHIV; a derivative of HIV-1 that contains a substitution of envelope protein gp120 with that of gp80 derived from murine leukemia virus-1 (MuLV-1). As early as two-weeks post-infection, EcoHIV led to increased permeability of the BBB associated with decreased expression of tight junction protein claudin-5, in CD40L and platelet activation-dependent manner. Treatment with an antiplatelet drug, eptifibatide, in EcoHIV-infected mice normalized BBB function, sCD40L release and platelet activity, thus implicating platelet activation and platelet-derived CD40L in virally induced BBB dysfunction. Our results also validate and underscore the importance of EcoHIV infection mouse model as a tool to explore therapeutic targets for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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30
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Emerging roles for hemostatic dysfunction in malaria pathogenesis. Blood 2016; 127:2281-8. [PMID: 26851291 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-636464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a leading cause of mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where it accounts for up to 1 million deaths per annum. In spite of the significant mortality and morbidity associated with cerebral malaria (CM), the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of severe malaria remain surprisingly poorly understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that sequestration of P falciparum-infected erythrocytes within the microvasculature of the brain plays a key role in the development of CM. In addition, there is convincing evidence that both endothelial cell activation and platelets play critical roles in the modulating the pathogenesis of severe P falciparum malaria. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies that have identified novel roles through which hemostatic dysfunction may directly influence malaria pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on emerging data suggesting that von Willebrand factor, coagulation cascade activation, and dysfunction of the protein C pathway may be of specific importance in this context. These collective insights underscore a growing appreciation of the important, but poorly understood, role of hemostatic dysfunction in malaria progression and, importantly, illuminate potential approaches for novel therapeutic strategies. Given that the mortality rate associated with CM remains on the order of 20% despite the availability of effective antimalarial therapy, development of adjunctive therapies that can attenuate CM progression clearly represents a major unmet need. These emerging data are thus not only of basic scientific interest, but also of direct clinical significance.
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31
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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A novel role for von Willebrand factor in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. Blood 2015; 127:1192-201. [PMID: 26511133 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-654921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection is associated with an early marked increase in plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels, together with a pathological accumulation of hyperreactive ultra-large VWF (UL-VWF) multimers. Given the established critical role of platelets in malaria pathogenesis, these increases in plasma VWF raise the intriguing possibility that VWF may play a direct role in modulating malaria pathogenesis. To address this hypothesis, we used an established murine model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), in which wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. In keeping with findings in children with P falciparum malaria, acute endothelial cell activation was an early and consistent feature in the murine model of cerebral malaria (CM), resulting in significantly increased plasma VWF levels. Despite the fact that murine plasma ADAMTS13 levels were not significantly reduced, pathological UL-VWF multimers were also observed in murine plasma following P berghei infection. To determine whether VWF plays a role in modulating the pathogenesis of CM in vivo, we further investigated P berghei infection in VWF(-/-) C57BL/6J mice. Clinical ECM progression was delayed, and overall survival was significantly prolonged in VWF(-/-) mice compared with WT controls. Despite this protection against ECM, no significant differences in platelet counts or blood parasitemia levels were observed between VWF(-/-) and WT mice. Interestingly, however, the degree of ECM-associated enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability was significantly attenuated in VWF(-/-) mice compared with WT controls. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with CM, these novel data may have direct translational significance.
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Fatal Pediatric Cerebral Malaria Is Associated with Intravascular Monocytes and Platelets That Are Increased with HIV Coinfection. mBio 2015; 6:e01390-15. [PMID: 26396242 PMCID: PMC4611030 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01390-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major contributor to malaria deaths, but its pathophysiology is not well understood. While sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes is thought to be critical, the roles of inflammation and coagulation are controversial. In a large series of Malawian children hospitalized with CM, HIV coinfection was more prevalent than in pediatric population estimates (15% versus 2%, P < 0.0001, chi-square test), with higher mortality than that seen in HIV-uninfected children (23% versus 17%, P = 0.0178, chi-square test). HIV-infected (HIV+) children with autopsy-confirmed CM were older than HIV-uninfected children (median age, 99 months versus 32 months, P = 0.0007, Mann-Whitney U test) and appeared to lack severe immunosuppression. Because HIV infection is associated with dysregulated inflammation and platelet activation, we performed immunohistochemistry analysis for monocytes, platelets, and neutrophils in brain tissue from HIV+ and HIV-uninfected children with fatal CM. Children with autopsy-confirmed CM had significantly (>9 times) more accumulations of intravascular monocytes and platelets, but not neutrophils, than did children with nonmalarial causes of coma. The monocyte and platelet accumulations were significantly (>2-fold) greater in HIV+ children than in HIV-uninfected children with autopsy-confirmed CM. Our findings indicate that HIV is a risk factor for CM and for death from CM, independent of traditional measures of HIV disease severity. Brain histopathology supports the hypotheses that inflammation and coagulation contribute to the pathogenesis of pediatric CM and that immune dysregulation in HIV+ children exacerbates the pathological features associated with CM. Importance There are nearly 1 million malaria deaths yearly, primarily in sub-Saharan African children. Cerebral malaria (CM), marked by coma and sequestered malaria parasites in brain blood vessels, causes half of these deaths, although the mechanisms causing coma and death are uncertain. Sub-Saharan Africa has a high HIV prevalence, with 3 million HIV-infected (HIV+) children, but the effects of HIV on CM pathogenesis and mortality are unknown. In a study of pediatric CM in Malawi, HIV prevalence was high and CM-attributed mortality was higher in HIV+ than in HIV-uninfected children. Brain pathology in children with fatal CM was notable not only for sequestered malaria parasites but also for intravascular accumulations of monocytes and platelets that were more severe in HIV+ children. Our findings raise the possibility that HIV+ children at risk for malaria may benefit from targeted malaria prophylaxis and that adjunctive treatments targeting inflammation and/or coagulation may improve CM outcomes. There are nearly 1 million malaria deaths yearly, primarily in sub-Saharan African children. Cerebral malaria (CM), marked by coma and sequestered malaria parasites in brain blood vessels, causes half of these deaths, although the mechanisms causing coma and death are uncertain. Sub-Saharan Africa has a high HIV prevalence, with 3 million HIV-infected (HIV+) children, but the effects of HIV on CM pathogenesis and mortality are unknown. In a study of pediatric CM in Malawi, HIV prevalence was high and CM-attributed mortality was higher in HIV+ than in HIV-uninfected children. Brain pathology in children with fatal CM was notable not only for sequestered malaria parasites but also for intravascular accumulations of monocytes and platelets that were more severe in HIV+ children. Our findings raise the possibility that HIV+ children at risk for malaria may benefit from targeted malaria prophylaxis and that adjunctive treatments targeting inflammation and/or coagulation may improve CM outcomes.
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34
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Porro C, Trotta T, Panaro MA. Microvesicles in the brain: Biomarker, messenger or mediator? J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:70-8. [PMID: 26531697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are cell-derived vesicles produced after membrane remodeling of eukaryotic cells during activation or apoptosis. MVs are considered a novel biomarker/messenger for many diseases. Neurons, astrocytes, microglia, as well as neural stem cells, have been described to release MVs, many studies have demonstrated the involvement of platelets and endothelial MVs in some central nervous diseases. This review is focused on understanding the role of MVs in the brain; new findings demonstrated that MVs can contribute to the onset and progression of some neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as to the development and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
While the interactions between Gram-positive bacteria and platelets have been well characterized, there is a paucity of data on the interaction between other pathogens and platelets. However, thrombocytopenia is a common feature with many infections especially viral hemorrhagic fever. The little available data on these interactions indicate a similarity with bacteria-platelet interactions with receptors such as FcγRIIa and Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) playing key roles with many pathogens. This review summarizes the known interactions between platelets and pathogens such as viruses, fungi and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez Alonso
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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36
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Hempel C, Boisen IM, Efunshile A, Kurtzhals JAL, Staalsø T. An automated method for determining the cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to immobilized cells. Malar J 2015; 14:112. [PMID: 25881267 PMCID: PMC4391601 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum exports antigens to the surface of infected erythrocytes causing cytoadhesion to the host vasculature. This is central in malaria pathogenesis but in vitro studies of cytoadhesion rely mainly on manual counting methods. The current study aimed at developing an automated high-throughput method for this purpose utilizing the pseudoperoxidase activity of intra-erythrocytic haemoglobin. Methods Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were grown to confluence in chamber slides and microtiter plates. Cytoadhesion of co-cultured P. falciparum, selected for binding to CHO cells, was quantified by microscopy of Giemsa-stained chamber slides. In the automated assay, binding was quantified spectrophotometrically in microtiter plates after cell lysis using tetramethylbenzidine as peroxidase-catalysed substrate. The relevance of the method for binding studies was assessed using: i) binding of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes to CHO cells over-expressing chondroitin sulfate A and ii) CHO cells transfected with CD36. Binding of infected erythrocytes including field isolates to primary endothelial cells was also performed. Data was analysed using linear regression and Bland-Altman plots. Results The manual and automated quantification showed strong, positive correlation (r2 = 0.959, p <0.001) and with similar detection limit and precision. The automated assay showed the expected dose-dependent reduction in binding to CHO cells when blocking with soluble chondroitin sulfate A or anti-CD36 antibody. Quantification of binding to endothelial cells showed clear distinction between selected vs. non-selected parasite lines. Importantly, the assay was sufficiently sensitive to detect adhesion of field isolates to endothelial cells. Conclusions The assay is simple and in a reproducible manner quantifies erythrocyte adhesion to several types of immobilized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Hempel
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Department Clinical Microbiology, 7602, Ole Maaløesvej 26, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Ida M Boisen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Department Clinical Microbiology, 7602, Ole Maaløesvej 26, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark. .,Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Akinwale Efunshile
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Teaching Hospital/Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
| | - Jørgen A L Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Department Clinical Microbiology, 7602, Ole Maaløesvej 26, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark. .,Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Trine Staalsø
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Odijk M, van der Meer AD, Levner D, Kim HJ, van der Helm MW, Segerink LI, Frimat JP, Hamilton GA, Ingber DE, van den Berg A. Measuring direct current trans-epithelial electrical resistance in organ-on-a-chip microsystems. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:745-52. [PMID: 25427650 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01219d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements are widely used as real-time, non-destructive, and label-free measurements of epithelial and endothelial barrier function. TEER measurements are ideal for characterizing tissue barrier function in organs-on-chip studies for drug testing and investigation of human disease models; however, published reports using this technique have reported highly conflicting results even with identical cell lines and experimental setups. The differences are even more dramatic when comparing measurements in conventional Transwell systems with those obtained in microfluidic systems. Our goal in this work was therefore to enhance the fidelity of TEER measurements in microfluidic organs-on-chips, specifically using direct current (DC) measurements of TEER, as this is the most widely used method reported in the literature. Here we present a mathematical model that accounts for differences measured in TEER between microfluidic chips and Transwell systems, which arise from differences in device geometry. The model is validated by comparing TEER measurements obtained in a microfluidic gut-on-a-chip device versus in a Transwell culture system. Moreover, we show that even small gaps in cell coverage (e.g., 0.4%) are sufficient to cause a significant (~80%) drop in TEER. Importantly, these findings demonstrate that TEER measurements obtained in microfluidic systems, such as organs-on-chips, require special consideration, specifically when results are to be compared with measurements obtained from Transwell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS/Lab-on-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Ali RA, Wuescher LM, Worth RG. Platelets: essential components of the immune system. CURRENT TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 16:65-78. [PMID: 27818580 PMCID: PMC5096834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cell fragments known for their central role in coagulation and vascular integrity. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that platelets contribute to diverse immunological processes extending beyond the traditional view of platelets as fragmentary mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis. There is recent evidence that platelets participate in: 1) intervention against microbial threats; 2) recruitment and promotion of innate effector cell functions; 3) modulating antigen presentation; and 4) enhancement of adaptive immune responses. In this way, platelets should be viewed as the underappreciated orchestrator of the immune system. This review will discuss recent and historical evidence regarding how platelets influence both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Nacer A, Movila A, Sohet F, Girgis NM, Gundra UM, Loke P, Daneman R, Frevert U. Experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis--hemodynamics at the blood brain barrier. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004528. [PMID: 25474413 PMCID: PMC4256476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria claims the lives of over 600,000 African children every year. To better understand the pathogenesis of this devastating disease, we compared the cellular dynamics in the cortical microvasculature between two infection models, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infected CBA/CaJ mice, which develop experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), and P. yoelii 17XL (PyXL) infected mice, which succumb to malarial hyperparasitemia without neurological impairment. Using a combination of intravital imaging and flow cytometry, we show that significantly more CD8(+) T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages are recruited to postcapillary venules during ECM compared to hyperparasitemia. ECM correlated with ICAM-1 upregulation on macrophages, while vascular endothelia upregulated ICAM-1 during ECM and hyperparasitemia. The arrest of large numbers of leukocytes in postcapillary and larger venules caused microrheological alterations that significantly restricted the venous blood flow. Treatment with FTY720, which inhibits vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM, prevented the recruitment of a subpopulation of CD45(hi) CD8(+) T cells, ICAM-1(+) macrophages, and neutrophils to postcapillary venules. FTY720 had no effect on the ECM-associated expression of the pattern recognition receptor CD14 in postcapillary venules suggesting that endothelial activation is insufficient to cause vascular pathology. Expression of the endothelial tight junction proteins claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of PbA-infected mice with ECM was unaltered compared to FTY720-treated PbA-infected mice or PyXL-infected mice with hyperparasitemia. Thus, blood brain barrier opening does not involve endothelial injury and is likely reversible, consistent with the rapid recovery of many patients with CM. We conclude that the ECM-associated recruitment of large numbers of activated leukocytes, in particular CD8(+) T cells and ICAM(+) macrophages, causes a severe restriction in the venous blood efflux from the brain, which exacerbates the vasogenic edema and increases the intracranial pressure. Thus, death from ECM could potentially occur as a consequence of intracranial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Nacer
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fabien Sohet
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Girgis
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Uma Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Frevert
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mantel PY, Marti M. The role of extracellular vesicles in Plasmodium and other protozoan parasites. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:344-54. [PMID: 24406102 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites and other microorganisms use various pathways to communicate within their own populations and to manipulate their outside environments, with the ultimate goal of balancing the rate of growth and transmission. In higher eukaryotes, including humans, circulating extracellular vesicles are increasingly recognized as key mediators of physiological and pathological processes. Recent evidence suggests that protozoan parasites, including those responsible for major human diseases such as malaria and Chagas disease, use similar machinery. Indeed, intracellular and extracellular protozoan parasites secrete extracellular vesicles to promote growth and induce transmission, to evade the host immune system, and to manipulate the microenvironment. In this review we will discuss the general pathways of extracellular vesicle biogenesis and their functions in protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Gazzinelli RT, Kalantari P, Fitzgerald KA, Golenbock DT. Innate sensing of malaria parasites. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:744-57. [PMID: 25324127 DOI: 10.1038/nri3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune system is a classic 'double-edged sword' that can overreact to pathogens, which can have deleterious effects and lead to clinical manifestations. Recent studies have unveiled the complexity of innate immune receptors that function as sensors of Plasmodium spp. in the vertebrate host. This Review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Plasmodium infection is sensed by different families of innate immune receptors. We also discuss how these events mediate both host resistance to infection and the pathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- 1] Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. [3] Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Parisa Kalantari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- 1] Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Hunt NH, Ball HJ, Hansen AM, Khaw LT, Guo J, Bakmiwewa S, Mitchell AJ, Combes V, Grau GER. Cerebral malaria: gamma-interferon redux. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:113. [PMID: 25177551 PMCID: PMC4133756 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two theories that seek to explain the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, the mechanical obstruction hypothesis and the immunopathology hypothesis. Evidence consistent with both ideas has accumulated from studies of the human disease and experimental models. Thus, some combination of these concepts seems necessary to explain the very complex pattern of changes seen in cerebral malaria. The interactions between malaria parasites, erythrocytes, the cerebral microvascular endothelium, brain parenchymal cells, platelets and microparticles need to be considered. One factor that seems able to knit together much of this complexity is the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). In this review we consider findings from the clinical disease, in vitro models and the murine counterpart of human cerebral malaria in order to evaluate the roles played by IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of this often fatal and debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Hunt
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna M Hansen
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loke T Khaw
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jintao Guo
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Supun Bakmiwewa
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valéry Combes
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Khaw LT, Ball HJ, Mitchell AJ, Grau GE, Stocker R, Golenser J, Hunt NH. Brain endothelial cells increase the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum through production of soluble factors. Exp Parasitol 2014; 145:34-41. [PMID: 25045850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We here describe the novel finding that brain endothelial cells in vitro can stimulate the growth of Plasmodium falciparum through the production of low molecular weight growth factors. By using a conditioned medium approach, we show that the brain endothelial cells continued to release these factors over time. If this mirrors the in vivo situation, these growth factors potentially would provide an advantage, in terms of enhanced growth, for sequestered parasitised red blood cells in the brain microvasculature. We observed this phenomenon with brain endothelial cells from several sources as well as a second P. falciparum strain. The characteristics of the growth factors included: <3 kDa molecular weight, heat stable, and in part chloroform soluble. Future efforts should be directed at identifying these growth factors, since blocking their production or actions might be of benefit for reducing parasite load and, hence, malaria pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Khaw
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - A J Mitchell
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - G E Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - J Golenser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N H Hunt
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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N'Dilimabaka N, Taoufiq Z, Zougbédé S, Bonnefoy S, Lorthiois A, Couraud PO, Rebollo A, Snounou G, Mazier D, Moreno Sabater A. P. falciparum isolate-specific distinct patterns of induced apoptosis in pulmonary and brain endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90692. [PMID: 24686750 PMCID: PMC3970966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors implicated in the transition from uncomplicated to severe clinical malaria such as pulmonary oedema and cerebral malaria remain unclear. It is known that alterations in vascular integrity due to endothelial cell (EC) activation and death occur during severe malaria. In this study, we assessed the ability of different P. falciparum clinical isolates to induce apoptosis in ECs derived from human lung and brain. We observed that induction of EC apoptosis was sensitive to the environmental pH and required direct contact between the parasite and the cell, though it was not correlated to the ability of the parasite to cytoadhere. Moreover, the extent of induced apoptosis in the two EC types varied with the isolate. Analysis of parasite genes transcript led us to propose that the activation of different pathways, such as Plasmodium apoptosis-linked pathogenicity factors (PALPF), PALPF-2, PALPF-5 and PF11_0521, could be implied in EC death. These observations provide an experimental framework to decipher the molecular mechanism implicated in the genesis of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine N'Dilimabaka
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
| | - Zacharie Taoufiq
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
| | - Sergine Zougbédé
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bonnefoy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Lorthiois
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Oliver Couraud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Angelita Rebollo
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
| | - Georges Snounou
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Moreno Sabater
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 945, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Wen B, Combes V, Bonhoure A, Weksler BB, Couraud PO, Grau GER. Endotoxin-induced monocytic microparticles have contrasting effects on endothelial inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91597. [PMID: 24646764 PMCID: PMC3960107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is a severe disease state characterised by the body's life threatening response to infection. Complex interactions between endothelial cells and circulating monocytes are responsible for microvasculature dysfunction contributing to the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Here, we intended to determine whether microparticles derived from activated monocytes contribute towards inflammatory processes and notably vascular permeability. We found that endotoxin stimulation of human monocytes enhances the release of microparticles of varying phenotypes and mRNA contents. Elevated numbers of LPS-induced monocytic microparticles (mMP) expressed CD54 and contained higher levels of transcripts for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-6 and IL-8. Using a prothrombin time assay, a greater reduction in plasma coagulation time was observed with LPS-induced mMP than with non-stimulated mMP. Co-incubation of mMP with the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 triggered their time-dependent uptake and significantly enhanced endothelial microparticle release. Unexpectedly, mMP also modified signalling pathways by diminishing pSrc (tyr416) expression and promoted endothelial monolayer tightness, as demonstrated by endothelial impedance and permeability assays. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that LPS-induced mMP have contrasting effects on the intercellular communication network and display a dual potential: enhanced pro-inflammatory and procoagulant properties, together with protective function of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beryl Wen
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Valery Combes
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Amandine Bonhoure
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Babette B Weksler
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Abstract
Despite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also immune cells that initiate and accelerate many vascular inflammatory conditions. Platelets are linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, malaria infection, transplant rejection, and rheumatoid arthritis. In some contexts, platelet immune functions are protective, whereas in others platelets contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. In this review, we will discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with the innate and acquired arms of the immune system and platelet-vessel wall interactions that drive inflammatory disease. There have been many recent publications indicating both important protective and adverse roles for platelets in infectious disease. Because of this new accumulating data, and the fact that infectious disease continues to be a leading cause of death globally, we will also focus on new and emerging concepts related to platelet immune and inflammatory functions in the context of infectious disease.
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Experimental Models of Microvascular Immunopathology: The Example of Cerebral Malaria. JOURNAL OF NEUROINFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 5:134. [PMID: 26430675 PMCID: PMC4586166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Human cerebral malaria is a severe and often lethal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Complex host and parasite interactions should the precise mechanisms involved in the onset of this neuropathology. Adhesion of parasitised red blood cells and host cells to endothelial cells lead to profound endothelial alterations that trigger immunopathological changes, varying degrees of brain oedema and can compromise cerebral blood flow, cause cranial nerve dysfunction and hypoxia. Study of the cerebral pathology in human patients is limited to clinical and genetic field studies in endemic areas, thus cerebral malaria (CM) research relies heavily on experimental models. The availability of malaria models allows study from the inoculation of Plasmodium to the onset of disease and permit invasive experiments. Here, we discuss some aspects of our current understanding of CM, the experimental models available and some important recent findings extrapolated from these models.
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Polimeni M, Prato M. Host matrix metalloproteinases in cerebral malaria: new kids on the block against blood-brain barrier integrity? Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:1. [PMID: 24467887 PMCID: PMC3905658 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of falciparum malaria, associated with high mortality rates, as well as neurological impairment in surviving patients. Despite disease severity, the etiology of CM remains elusive. Interestingly, although the Plasmodium parasite is sequestered in cerebral microvessels, it does not enter the brain parenchyma: so how does Plasmodium induce neuronal dysfunction? Several independent research groups have suggested a mechanism in which increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability might allow toxic molecules from the parasite or the host to enter the brain. However, the reported severity of BBB damage in CM is variable depending on the model system, ranging from mild impairment to full BBB breakdown. Moreover, the factors responsible for increased BBB permeability are still unknown. Here we review the prevailing theories on CM pathophysiology and discuss new evidence from animal and human CM models implicating BBB damage. Finally, we will review the newly-described role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and BBB integrity. MMPs comprise a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in modulating inflammatory response, disrupting tight junctions, and degrading sub-endothelial basal lamina. As such, MMPs represent potential innovative drug targets for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino, C,so Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Ankarklev J, Hjelmqvist D, Mantel PY. Uncovering the Role of Erythrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Malaria: From Immune Regulation to Cell Communication. J Circ Biomark 2014. [DOI: 10.5772/58596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ankarklev
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daisy Hjelmqvist
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
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Rosetting Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes bind to human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, demonstrating a dual adhesion phenotype mediated by distinct P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 domains. Infect Immun 2013; 82:949-59. [PMID: 24343658 PMCID: PMC3958005 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01233-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion interactions between Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) and human cells underlie the pathology of severe malaria. IE cytoadhere to microvascular endothelium or form rosettes with uninfected erythrocytes to survive in vivo by sequestering IE in the microvasculature and avoiding splenic clearance mechanisms. Both rosetting and cytoadherence are mediated by the parasite-derived IE surface protein family Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). Rosetting and cytoadherence have been widely studied as separate entities; however, the ability of rosetting P. falciparum strains to cytoadhere has received little attention. Here, we show that IE of the IT/R29 strain expressing a rosette-mediating PfEMP1 variant (IT4var09) cytoadhere in vitro to a human brain microvascular endothelial cell line (HBEC-5i). Cytoadherence was inhibited by heparin and by treatment of HBEC-5i with heparinase III, suggesting that the endothelial receptors for IE binding are heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Antibodies to the N-terminal regions of the IT4var09 PfEMP1 variant (NTS-DBL1α and DBL2γ domains) specifically inhibited and reversed cytoadherence down to low concentrations (<10 μg/ml of total IgG). Surface plasmon resonance experiments showed that the NTS-DBLα and DBL2γ domains bind strongly to heparin, with half-maximal binding at a concentration of ∼0.5 μM in both cases. Therefore, cytoadherence of IT/R29 IE is distinct from rosetting, which is primarily mediated by NTS-DBL1α interactions with complement receptor 1. These data show that IT4var09-expressing parasites are capable of dual interactions with both endothelial cells and uninfected erythrocytes via distinct receptor-ligand interactions.
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