1
|
Weber N, Nagy M, Markotter W, Schaer J, Puechmaille SJ, Sutton J, Dávalos LM, Dusabe MC, Ejotre I, Fenton MB, Knörnschild M, López-Baucells A, Medellin RA, Metz M, Mubareka S, Nsengimana O, O'Mara MT, Racey PA, Tuttle M, Twizeyimana I, Vicente-Santos A, Tschapka M, Voigt CC, Wikelski M, Dechmann DK, Reeder DM. Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230358. [PMID: 37964576 PMCID: PMC10646460 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa experiences frequent emerging disease outbreaks among humans, with bats often proposed as zoonotic pathogen hosts. We comprehensively reviewed virus-bat findings from papers published between 1978 and 2020 to evaluate the evidence that African bats are reservoir and/or bridging hosts for viruses that cause human disease. We present data from 162 papers (of 1322) with original findings on (1) numbers and species of bats sampled across bat families and the continent, (2) how bats were selected for study inclusion, (3) if bats were terminally sampled, (4) what types of ecological data, if any, were recorded and (5) which viruses were detected and with what methodology. We propose a scheme for evaluating presumed virus-host relationships by evidence type and quality, using the contrasting available evidence for Orthoebolavirus versus Orthomarburgvirus as an example. We review the wording in abstracts and discussions of all 162 papers, identifying key framing terms, how these refer to findings, and how they might contribute to people's beliefs about bats. We discuss the impact of scientific research communication on public perception and emphasize the need for strategies that minimize human-bat conflict and support bat conservation. Finally, we make recommendations for best practices that will improve virological study metadata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Weber
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Nagy
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juliane Schaer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien J. Puechmaille
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution and Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | | | - Imran Ejotre
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mirjam Knörnschild
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Evolutionary Ethology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | | | - Rodrigo A. Medellin
- Institute of Ecology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - M. Teague O'Mara
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Bat Conservation International Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA
| | - Paul A. Racey
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Merlin Tuttle
- Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation, Austin, TX USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | | | - Amanda Vicente-Santos
- Graduate Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Marco Tschapka
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | | | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dina K.N. Dechmann
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haas GD, Lee B. Paramyxoviruses from bats: changes in receptor specificity and their role in host adaptation. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 58:101292. [PMID: 36508860 PMCID: PMC9974588 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global metagenomic surveys have revealed that bats host a diverse array of paramyxoviruses, including species from at least five major genera. An essential determinant of successful spillover is the entry of a virus into a new host. We evaluate the role of receptor usage in the zoonotic potential of bat-borne henipaviruses, morbilliviruses, pararubulaviruses, orthorubulaviruses, and jeilongviruses; successful spillover into humans depends upon compatibility of a respective viral attachment protein with its cognate receptor. We also emphasize the importance of postentry restrictions in preventing spillover. Metagenomics and characterization of newly identified paramyxoviruses have greatly improved our understanding of spillover determinants, allowing for better forecasts of which bat-borne viruses may pose the greatest risk for cross-species transmission into humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Griffin D Haas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Bats perform important ecological roles in our ecosystem. However, recent studies have demonstrated that bats are reservoirs of emerging viruses that have spilled over into humans and agricultural animals to cause severe disease. These viruses include Hendra and Nipah paramyxoviruses, Ebola and Marburg filoviruses, and coronaviruses that are closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. Intriguingly, bats that are naturally or experimentally infected with these viruses do not show clinical signs of disease. Here we have reviewed ecological, behavioural, and molecular factors that may influence the ability of bats to harbour viruses. We have summarized known zoonotic potential of bat-borne viruses and stress on the need for further studies to better understand the evolutionary relationship between bats and their viruses, along with discovering the intrinsic and external factors that facilitate the successful spillover of viruses from bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gonzalez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weinberg M, Yovel Y. Revising the paradigm: Are bats really pathogen reservoirs or do they possess an efficient immune system? iScience 2022; 25:104782. [PMID: 35982789 PMCID: PMC9379578 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While bats are often referred to as reservoirs of viral pathogens, a meta-analysis of the literature reveals many cases in which there is not enough evidence to claim so. In many cases, bats are able to confront viruses, recover, and remain immune by developing a potent titer of antibodies, often without becoming a reservoir. In other cases, bats might have carried an ancestral virus that at some time point might have mutated into a human pathogen. Moreover, bats exhibit a balanced immune response against viruses that have evolved over millions of years. Using genomic tools, it is now possible to obtain a deeper understanding of that unique immune system and its variability across the order Chiroptera. We conclude, that with the exception of a few viruses, bats pose little zoonotic danger to humans and that they operate a highly efficient anti-inflammatory response that we should strive to understand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Weinberg
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Corresponding author
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang F, Chase-Topping M, Guo CG, Woolhouse MEJ. Predictors of human-infective RNA virus discovery in the United States, China, and Africa, an ecological study. eLife 2022; 11:e72123. [PMID: 35666108 PMCID: PMC9278958 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The variation in the pathogen type as well as the spatial heterogeneity of predictors make the generality of any associations with pathogen discovery debatable. Our previous work confirmed that the association of a group of predictors differed across different types of RNA viruses, yet there have been no previous comparisons of the specific predictors for RNA virus discovery in different regions. The aim of the current study was to close the gap by investigating whether predictors of discovery rates within three regions-the United States, China, and Africa-differ from one another and from those at the global level. Methods Based on a comprehensive list of human-infective RNA viruses, we collated published data on first discovery of each species in each region. We used a Poisson boosted regression tree (BRT) model to examine the relationship between virus discovery and 33 predictors representing climate, socio-economics, land use, and biodiversity across each region separately. The discovery probability in three regions in 2010-2019 was mapped using the fitted models and historical predictors. Results The numbers of human-infective virus species discovered in the United States, China, and Africa up to 2019 were 95, 80, and 107 respectively, with China lagging behind the other two regions. In each region, discoveries were clustered in hotspots. BRT modelling suggested that in all three regions RNA virus discovery was better predicted by land use and socio-economic variables than climatic variables and biodiversity, although the relative importance of these predictors varied by region. Map of virus discovery probability in 2010-2019 indicated several new hotspots outside historical high-risk areas. Most new virus species since 2010 in each region (6/6 in the United States, 19/19 in China, 12/19 in Africa) were discovered in high-risk areas as predicted by our model. Conclusions The drivers of spatiotemporal variation in virus discovery rates vary in different regions of the world. Within regions virus discovery is driven mainly by land-use and socio-economic variables; climate and biodiversity variables are consistently less important predictors than at a global scale. Potential new discovery hotspots in 2010-2019 are identified. Results from the study could guide active surveillance for new human-infective viruses in local high-risk areas. Funding FFZ is funded by the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh (https://darwintrust.bio.ed.ac.uk/). MEJW has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 874735 (VEO) (https://www.veo-europe.eu/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Usher Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Usher Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Chuan-Guo Guo
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suu-Ire R, Obodai E, Bel-Nono SO, Ampofo WK, Mazet JAK, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Smith B, Boaatema L, Asigbee TW, Awuni J, Opoku E, Kelly TR. Surveillance for potentially zoonotic viruses in rodent and bat populations and behavioral risk in an agricultural settlement in Ghana. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:6. [PMID: 35256013 PMCID: PMC8901269 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ghana, the conversion of land to agriculture, especially across the vegetative belt has resulted in fragmented forest landscapes with increased interactions among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. METHODS We investigated viruses in bats and rodents, key reservoir hosts for zoonotic viral pathogens, in a small agricultural community in the vegetation belt of Ghana. We also administered questionnaires among the local community members to learn more about people's awareness and perceptions of zoonotic disease risks and the environmental factors and types of activities in which they engage that might influence pathogen transmission from wildlife. RESULTS Our study detected the RNA from paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses in rodents and bats, including sequences from novel viruses with unknown zoonotic potential. Samples collected from Epomophorus gambianus bats were significantly more likely to be positive for coronavirus RNA during the rainy season, when higher numbers of young susceptible individuals are present in the population. Almost all community members who responded to the questionnaire reported contact with wildlife, especially bats, rodents, and non-human primates in and around their homes and in the agricultural fields. Over half of the respondents were not aware or did not perceive any zoonotic disease risks associated with close contact with animals, such as harvesting and processing animals for food. To address gaps in awareness and mitigation strategies for pathogen transmission risks, we organized community education campaigns using risk reduction and outreach tools focused around living safely with bats and rodents. CONCLUSIONS These findings expand our knowledge of the viruses circulating in bats and rodents in Ghana and of the beliefs, perceptions, and practices that put community members at risk of zoonotic virus spillover through direct and indirect contact with bats and rodents. This study also highlights the importance of community engagement in research and interventions focused on mitigating risk and living safely with wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Suu-Ire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Otis Bel-Nono
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
- Military Veterinarian (Rtd), P.O. Box CT2585, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Kwabena Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- Zoological Pathology Program, c/o Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Rd., Brookfield, IL, 60513, USA
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Linda Boaatema
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Joseph Awuni
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ring Road East, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Opoku
- Ghana Health Service, 28th February Road, Accra, Ghana
| | - Terra R Kelly
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bondet V, Le Baut M, Le Poder S, Lécu A, Petit T, Wedlarski R, Duffy D, Le Roux D. Constitutive IFNα Protein Production in Bats. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735866. [PMID: 34790193 PMCID: PMC8591296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals with self-powered flight and account for 20% of all extant mammalian diversity. In addition, they harbor many emerging and reemerging viruses, including multiple coronaviruses, several of which are highly pathogenic in other mammals, but cause no disease in bats. How this symbiotic relationship between bats and viruses exists is not yet fully understood. Existing evidence supports a specific role for the innate immune system, in particular type I interferon (IFN) responses, a major component of antiviral immunity. Previous studies in bats have shown that components of the IFN pathway are constitutively activated at the transcriptional level. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the type I IFN response in bats is also constitutively activated at the protein level. For this, we utilized highly sensitive Single Molecule (Simoa) digital ELISA assays, previously developed for humans that we adapted to bat samples. We prospectively sampled four non-native chiroptera species from French zoos. We identified a constitutive expression of IFNα protein in the circulation of healthy bats, and concentrations that are physiologically active in humans. Expression levels differed according to the species examined, but were not associated with age, sex, or health status suggesting constitutive IFNα protein expression independent of disease. These results confirm a unique IFN response in bat species that may explain their ability to coexist with multiple viruses in the absence of pathology. These results may help to manage potential zoonotic viral reservoirs and potentially identify new anti-viral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bondet
- Translational Immunology Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Le Baut
- BioPôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- BioPôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexis Lécu
- Parc Zoologique de Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Rudy Wedlarski
- Bioparc Zoo de Doué La Fontaine, Doué-la-Fontaine, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Le Roux
- BioPôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Souza WM, Fumagalli MJ, Carrera JP, de Araujo J, Cardoso JF, de Carvalho C, Durigon EL, Queiroz LH, Faria NR, Murcia PR, Figueiredo LTM. Paramyxoviruses from neotropical bats suggest a novel genus and nephrotropism. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 95:105041. [PMID: 34411742 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses have a broad host range and geographic distribution, including human pathogens transmitted by bats, such as Nipah and Hendra viruses. In this study, we combined high-throughput sequencing and molecular approaches to investigate the presence of paramyxoviruses in neotropical bats (Microchiroptera suborder) in Brazil. We discovered and characterized three novel paramyxoviruses in the kidney tissues of apparently healthy common vampire bats (D. rotundus) and Seba's short-tailed bats (C. perspicillata), which we tentatively named Kanhgág virus (KANV), Boe virus (BOEV), and Guató virus (GUATV). In this study, we classified these viruses as putative species into the Macrojêvirus genus, a newly proposed genus of the Orthoparamyxovirinae subfamily. Using RT-PCR, we detected these viruses in 20.9% (9 out of 43) of bats tested, and viral RNA was detected exclusively in kidney tissues. Attempts to isolate infectious virus were successful for KANV and GUATV. Our results expand the viral diversity, host range, and geographical distribution of the paramyxoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Marciel de Souza
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Paul Carrera
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jansen de Araujo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano de Carvalho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luzia Helena Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Persistence of Multiple Paramyxoviruses in a Closed Captive Colony of Fruit Bats ( Eidolon helvum). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081659. [PMID: 34452523 PMCID: PMC8402880 DOI: 10.3390/v13081659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats have been identified as the natural hosts of several emerging zoonotic viruses, including paramyxoviruses, such as Hendra and Nipah viruses, that can cause fatal disease in humans. Recently, African fruit bats with populations that roost in or near urban areas have been shown to harbour a great diversity of paramyxoviruses, posing potential spillover risks to public health. Understanding the circulation of these viruses in their reservoir populations is essential to predict and prevent future emerging diseases. Here, we identify a high incidence of multiple paramyxoviruses in urine samples collected from a closed captive colony of circa 115 straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum). The sequences detected have high nucleotide identities with those derived from free ranging African fruit bats and form phylogenetic clusters with the Henipavirus genus, Pararubulavirus genus and other unclassified paramyxoviruses. As this colony had been closed for 5 years prior to this study, these results indicate that within-host paramyxoviral persistence underlies the role of bats as reservoirs of these viruses.
Collapse
|
10
|
Schulz JE, Seifert SN, Thompson JT, Avanzato V, Sterling SL, Yan L, Letko MC, Matson MJ, Fischer RJ, Tremeau-Bravard A, Seetahal JFR, Ramkissoon V, Foster J, Goldstein T, Anthony SJ, Epstein JH, Laing ED, Broder CC, Carrington CVF, Schountz T, Munster VJ. Serological Evidence for Henipa-like and Filo-like Viruses in Trinidad Bats. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:S375-S382. [PMID: 32034942 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat-borne zoonotic pathogens belonging to the family Paramxyoviridae, including Nipah and Hendra viruses, and the family Filoviridae, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, can cause severe disease and high mortality rates on spillover into human populations. Surveillance efforts for henipaviruses and filoviruses have been largely restricted to the Old World; however, recent studies suggest a potentially broader distribution for henipaviruses and filoviruses than previously recognized. In the current study, we screened for henipaviruses and filoviruses in New World bats collected across 4 locations in Trinidad near the coast of Venezuela. Bat tissue samples were screened using previously established reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Serum were screened using a multiplex immunoassay to detect antibodies reactive with the envelope glycoprotein of viruses in the genus Henipavirus and the family Filoviridae. Serum samples were also screened by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies reactive with Nipah G and F glycoproteins. Of 84 serum samples, 28 were reactive with ≥1 henipavirus glycoprotein by ≥1 serological method, and 6 serum samples were reactive against ≥1 filovirus glycoproteins. These data provide evidence of potential circulation of viruses related to the henipaviruses and filoviruses in New World bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Schulz
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - John T Thompson
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Victoria Avanzato
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | | | - Lianying Yan
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Letko
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - M Jeremiah Matson
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA.,Marshall University Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Alexandre Tremeau-Bravard
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janine F R Seetahal
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Vernie Ramkissoon
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jerome Foster
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Eric D Laing
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Viral Zoonoses of National Importance in Ghana: Advancements and Opportunities for Enhancing Capacities for Early Detection and Response. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:8938530. [PMID: 33574853 PMCID: PMC7860970 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8938530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases have devastating impacts on human and animal health, livelihoods, and economies. Addressing the complex web of interrelated factors leading to zoonotic disease emergence and spread requires a transdisciplinary, cross-sectoral approach, One Health. The One Health approach, which considers the linkages between the health of people, animals, and their shared environment, presents opportunities to reduce these impacts through a more holistic coordinated strategy to understanding and mitigating disease risks. Understanding the linkages between animal, human, and environmental health risks and outcomes is critical for developing early detection systems and risk reduction strategies to address known and novel zoonotic disease threats. Nearly 70 countries across the world, including Ghana, have signed on to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), which is facilitating multisectoral approaches to strengthen country capacities in the prevention and early detection of and respond to infectious disease threats. Currently, Ghana has not yet formalized a national One Health policy. The lack of a clearly defined multisectoral platform and limited collaboration among key Ghanaian Ministries, Departments, and Agencies has impacted the country's ability to effectively mitigate and respond to emerging and reemerging zoonoses. Many of these emerging zoonoses are caused by viruses, which, because of their diversity and evolutionary properties, are perceived to pose the greatest threat to global health security. Here, we review viral zoonoses of national importance and priority in Ghana, highlight recent advancements in One Health capacities, and discuss opportunities for implementing One Health approaches to mitigate zoonotic disease threats.
Collapse
|
12
|
O'Toole B, Simmons NB, Hekkala E. Reconstructing the Genomic Diversity of a Widespread Sub-Saharan Bat (Pteropodidae: Eidolon helvum) Using Archival Museum Collections. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2020.22.2.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian O'Toole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Evon Hekkala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wijesundara DK, Avumegah MS, Lackenby J, Modhiran N, Isaacs A, Young PR, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. Rapid Response Subunit Vaccine Design in the Absence of Structural Information. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592370. [PMID: 33250897 PMCID: PMC7672035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to 2020, the threat of a novel viral pandemic was omnipresent but largely ignored. Just 12 months prior to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic our team received funding from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) to establish and validate a rapid response pipeline for subunit vaccine development based on our proprietary Molecular Clamp platform. Throughout the course of 2019 we conducted two mock tests of our system for rapid antigen production against two potential, emerging viral pathogens, Achimota paramyxovirus and Wenzhou mammarenavirus. For each virus we expressed a small panel of recombinant variants of the membrane fusion protein and screened for expression level, product homogeneity, and the presence of the expected trimeric pre-fusion conformation. Lessons learned from this exercise paved the way for our response to COVID-19, for which our candidate antigen is currently in phase I clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danushka K Wijesundara
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael S Avumegah
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Julia Lackenby
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ariel Isaacs
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Achimota Pararubulavirus 3: A New Bat-Derived Paramyxovirus of the Genus Pararubulavirus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111236. [PMID: 33143230 PMCID: PMC7692193 DOI: 10.3390/v12111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are an important source of viral zoonoses, including paramyxoviruses. The paramyxoviral Pararubulavirus genus contains viruses mostly derived from bats that are common, diverse, distributed throughout the Old World, and known to be zoonotic. Here, we describe a new member of the genus Achimota pararubulavirus 3 (AchPV3) and its isolation from the urine of African straw-coloured fruit bats on primary bat kidneys cells. We sequenced and analysed the genome of AchPV3 relative to other Paramyxoviridae, revealing it to be similar to known pararubulaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of AchPV3 revealed the failure of molecular detection in the urine sample from which AchPV3 was derived and an attachment protein most closely related with AchPV2—a pararubulavirus known to cause cross-species transmission. Together these findings add to the picture of pararubulaviruses, their sources, and variable zoonotic potential, which is key to our understanding of host restriction and spillover of bat-derived paramyxoviruses. AchPV3 represents a novel candidate zoonosis and an important tool for further study.
Collapse
|
15
|
Randhawa N, Bird BH, VanWormer E, Sijali Z, Kilonzo C, Msigwa A, Ekiri AB, Samson A, Epstein JH, Wolking DJ, Smith WA, Martínez-López B, Kazwala R, Mazet JAK. Fruit bats in flight: a look into the movements of the ecologically important Eidolon helvum in Tanzania. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2020; 2:16. [PMID: 32835170 PMCID: PMC7402849 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many ecologically important plants are pollinated or have their seeds dispersed by fruit bats, including the widely distributed African straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum). Their ability to fly long distances makes them essential for connecting plant populations across fragmented landscapes. While bats have been implicated as a reservoir of infectious diseases, their role in disease transmission to humans is not well understood. In this pilot study, we tracked E. helvum to shed light on their movement patterns in Tanzania and possible contact with other species. METHODS Tracking devices were deployed on 25 bats captured in the Morogoro Municipal and Kilombero District area near the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Nightly flight patterns, areas corresponding to foraging bouts and feeding roosts, and new day roosts were determined from bat movement data and characterized according to their proximity to urban built-up and protected areas. Sites for additional environmental surveillance using camera traps were identified via tracking data to determine species coming in contact with fruits discarded by bats. RESULTS Tracking data revealed variability between individual bat movements and a fidelity to foraging areas. Bats were tracked from one to six nights, with a mean cumulative nightly flight distance of 26.14 km (min: 0.33, max: 97.57) based on data from high-resolution GPS tags. While the majority of their foraging locations were in or near urban areas, bats also foraged in protected areas, of which the Udzungwa Mountains National Park was the most frequented. Camera traps in fruit orchards frequented by tracked bats showed the presence of multiple species of wildlife, with vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) observed as directly handling and eating fruit discarded by bats. CONCLUSIONS Because we observed multiple interactions of animals with fruits discarded by bats, specifically with vervet monkeys, the possibility of disease spillover risk exists via this indirect pathway. With flight distances of up to 97 km, however, the role of E. helvum in the seed dispersal of plants across both protected and urban built-up areas in Tanzania may be even more important, especially by helping connect increasingly fragmented landscapes during this Anthropocene epoch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nistara Randhawa
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Drive, Davis, CA USA
| | - Brian H. Bird
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Drive, Davis, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth VanWormer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Zikankuba Sijali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Christopher Kilonzo
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Drive, Davis, CA USA
| | - Alphonce Msigwa
- Tanzania National Park, Burigi-Chato National Park, Karagwe-Kagera, Tanzania
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Aziza Samson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - David J. Wolking
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Drive, Davis, CA USA
| | - Woutrina A. Smith
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Drive, Davis, CA USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Drive, Davis, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
James S, Donato D, de Thoisy B, Lavergne A, Lacoste V. Novel herpesviruses in neotropical bats and their relationship with other members of the Herpesviridae family. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104367. [PMID: 32450245 PMCID: PMC7244429 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, a large number of studies have detected herpesvirus sequences from many bat species around the world. Nevertheless, the discovery of bat herpesviruses is geographically uneven. Of the various bat species tested to date, only a few were from the New World. Seeking to investigate the distribution and diversity of herpesviruses circulating in neotropical bats, we carried out molecular screening of 195 blood DNA samples from 11 species of three bat families (Phyllostomidae, Mormoopidae, and Molossidae). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification, with degenerate consensus primers targeting highly conserved amino acid motifs of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase and Glycoprotein B genes, we characterized novel viral sequences from all tested species. BLAST searches, pairwise nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons, as well as phylogenetic analyses confirmed that they all belonged to the Herpesviridae family, of the Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae subfamilies. Fourteen partial DNA polymerase gene sequences, of which three beta- and 11 gamma-herpesviruses, were detected. A total of 12 partial Glycoprotein B gene sequences, all gamma-herpesviruses, were characterized. Every sequence was specific to a bat species and in some species (Desmodus rotundus, Carollia perspicillata, and Pteronotus rubiginosus) multiple viruses were found. Phylogenetic analyses of beta- and gammaherpesvirus sequences led to the identification of bat-specific clades. Those composed of sequences obtained from different bat species belonging to distinct subfamilies follow the taxonomy of bats. This study confirms the astonishing diversity of bat herpesviruses and broadens our knowledge of their host range. Nevertheless, it also emphasizes the fact that, to better appreciate the evolutionary history of these viruses, much remains to be done at various taxonomic levels. Molecular screening was carried out on 11 bat species from French Guiana and Martinique (French West Indies). Partial DNA polymerase gene sequences of 14 viruses were characterized as well as 12 Glycoprotein B sequences. Genetic characterization of these sequences reveals a high degree of genetic divergence. Phylogenetically, most of the newly discovered sequences fall within bat-specific clades well correlated with the taxonomy of their hosts. This study is the largest conducted to date in terms of species diversity from the New World.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha James
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Damien Donato
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Benoît de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana; Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040301. [PMID: 32325980 PMCID: PMC7238228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
Collapse
|
18
|
Amman BR, Schuh AJ, Sealy TK, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Kirejczyk SGM, Albariño CG, Nichol ST, Towner JS. Experimental infection of Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Sosuga virus demonstrates potential transmission routes for a bat-borne human pathogenic paramyxovirus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008092. [PMID: 32119657 PMCID: PMC7067492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2012, a wildlife biologist became severely ill after becoming infected with a novel paramyxovirus, termed Sosuga virus. In the weeks prior to illness, the patient worked with multiple species of bats in South Sudan and Uganda, including Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs: Rousettus aegyptiacus). A follow-up study of Ugandan bats found multiple wild-caught ERBs to test positive for SOSV in liver and spleen. To determine the competency of these bats to act as a natural reservoir host for SOSV capable of infecting humans, captive-bred ERBs were inoculated with a recombinant SOSV, representative of the patient's virus sequence. The bats were inoculated subcutaneously, sampled daily (blood, urine, fecal, oral and rectal swabs) and serially euthanized at predetermined time points. All inoculated bats became infected with SOSV in multiple tissues and blood, urine, oral, rectal and fecal swabs tested positive for SOSV RNA. No evidence of overt morbidity or mortality were observed in infected ERBs, although histopathological examination showed subclinical disease in a subset of tissues. Importantly, SOSV was isolated from oral/rectal swabs, urine and feces, demonstrating shedding of infectious virus concomitant with systemic infection. All bats euthanized at 21 days post-inoculation (DPI) seroconverted to SOSV between 16 and 21 DPI. These results are consistent with ERBs being competent reservoir hosts for SOSV with spillover potential to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shannon G. M. Kirejczyk
- Emory University, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - César G. Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Markotter W, Coertse J, De Vries L, Geldenhuys M, Mortlock M. Bat-borne viruses in Africa: a critical review. J Zool (1987) 2020; 311:77-98. [PMID: 32427175 PMCID: PMC7228346 DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In Africa, bat‐borne zoonoses emerged in the past few decades resulting in large outbreaks or just sporadic spillovers. In addition, hundreds of more viruses are described without any information on zoonotic potential. We discuss important characteristics of bats including bat biology, evolution, distribution and ecology that not only make them unique among most mammals but also contribute to their potential as viral reservoirs. The detection of a virus in bats does not imply that spillover will occur and several biological, ecological and anthropogenic factors play a role in such an event. We summarize and critically analyse the current knowledge on African bats as reservoirs for corona‐, filo‐, paramyxo‐ and lyssaviruses. We highlight that important information on epidemiology, bat biology and ecology is often not available to make informed decisions on zoonotic spillover potential. Even if knowledge gaps exist, it is still important to recognize the role of bats in zoonotic disease outbreaks and implement mitigation strategies to prevent exposure to infectious agents including working safely with bats. Equally important is the crucial role of bats in various ecosystem services. This necessitates a multidisciplinary One Health approach to close knowledge gaps and ensure the development of responsible mitigation strategies to not only minimize risk of infection but also ensure conservation of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Markotter
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - J Coertse
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - L De Vries
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - M Geldenhuys
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - M Mortlock
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A structure-based rationale for sialic acid independent host-cell entry of Sosuga virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21514-21520. [PMID: 31591233 PMCID: PMC6815108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906717116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bat-borne paramyxovirus, Sosuga virus (SosV), is one of many paramyxoviruses recently identified and classified within the newly established genus Pararubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae The envelope surface of SosV presents a receptor-binding protein (RBP), SosV-RBP, which facilitates host-cell attachment and entry. Unlike closely related hemagglutinin neuraminidase RBPs from other genera of the Paramyxoviridae, SosV-RBP and other pararubulavirus RBPs lack many of the stringently conserved residues required for sialic acid recognition and hydrolysis. We determined the crystal structure of the globular head region of SosV-RBP, revealing that while the glycoprotein presents a classical paramyxoviral six-bladed β-propeller fold and structurally classifies in close proximity to paramyxoviral RBPs with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) functionality, it presents a receptor-binding face incongruent with sialic acid recognition. Hemadsorption and neuraminidase activity analysis confirms the limited capacity of SosV-RBP to interact with sialic acid in vitro and indicates that SosV-RBP undergoes a nonclassical route of host-cell entry. The close overall structural conservation of SosV-RBP with other classical HN RBPs supports a model by which pararubulaviruses only recently diverged from sialic acid binding functionality.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ohemeng F, Lawson ET, Ayivor JS, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y. Changing attitudes and behaviour towards bats by communities that live close to bat roosts after the 2013 Ebola viral disease outbreak in West Africa. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.29392/joghr.3.e2019037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
22
|
Baudel H, De Nys H, Mpoudi Ngole E, Peeters M, Desclaux A. Understanding Ebola virus and other zoonotic transmission risks through human-bat contacts: Exploratory study on knowledge, attitudes and practices in Southern Cameroon. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:288-295. [PMID: 30677236 PMCID: PMC7165775 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of Ebola virus (EBV) remains largely unknown, but the previous detection of viral RNA and anti-EBV antibodies in African bats suggests that they might play a role in the EBV reservoir. Moreover, African bats also carry other potentially zoonotic agents such as Henipah-like viruses, coronaviruses and lyssaviruses. Today only little information is available on interactions between humans and bats. The objective of our exploratory study was to describe the extent and modes of contacts between humans and bats in southern Cameroon, considered as an area at risk for future EBV outbreaks. The survey was conducted in 11 villages of four distinct rural areas in southern Cameroon. A total of 135 respondents were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires, between February and May 2017. The study showed that direct contacts between bats and humans are relatively common. Bat bushmeat appeared to be an occasional meat resource; 40% of respondents consume bats with a median annual consumption of three, and 28% of respondents hunt them. About 22% of the respondents reported children catching bats. Indirect contact also appeared to be common; 55% of hunters use caves as shelters and 67% of interviewees eat fruits previously chewed by bats. Bat consumption varied significantly between regions (from 0% to 87%) and between pygmies and bantus in the extreme south-east of Cameroon. The study revealed considerable diversity in practices among interviewees, most of them being subsistence cultivators and relying on self-hunted bushmeat. Geographical diversity of contacts and perceptions regarding bats in Cameroon emphasizes the need to adjust zoonotic pathogen surveillance and education campaigns to the specificities of the communities and their context of interaction with wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Baudel
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Helene De Nys
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Eitel Mpoudi Ngole
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CREMER, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d'Etudes des Plantes Médicinales (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Desclaux
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barr J, Todd S, Crameri G, Foord A, Marsh G, Frazer L, Payne J, Harper J, Baker KS, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Middleton D, Wang LF. Animal infection studies of two recently discovered African bat paramyxoviruses, Achimota 1 and Achimota 2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12744. [PMID: 30143747 PMCID: PMC6109078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are implicated as the natural reservoirs for several highly pathogenic viruses that can infect other animal species, including man. Here, we investigate the potential for two recently discovered bat rubulaviruses, Achimota virus 1 (AchPV1) and Achimota virus 2 (AchPV2), isolated from urine collected under urban bat (Eidolon helvum) roosts in Ghana, West Africa, to infect small laboratory animals. AchPV1 and AchPV2 are classified in the family Paramyxoviridae and cluster with other bat derived zoonotic rubulaviruses (i.e. Sosuga, Menangle and Tioman viruses). To assess the susceptibility of AchPV1 and AchPV2 in animals, infection studies were conducted in ferrets, guinea pigs and mice. Seroconversion, immunohistological evidence of infection, and viral shedding were identified in ferrets and guinea pigs, but not in mice. Infection was associated with respiratory disease in ferrets. Viral genome was detected in a range of tissues from ferrets and guinea pigs, however virus isolation was only achieved from ferret tissues. The results from this study indicate Achimota viruses (AchPVs) are able to cross the species barrier. Consequently, vigilance for infection with and disease caused by these viruses in people and domesticated animals is warranted in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula where the reservoir hosts are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Barr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam Foord
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Leah Frazer
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jean Payne
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jenni Harper
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kate S Baker
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hayman DTS, Luis AD, Restif O, Baker KS, Fooks AR, Leach C, Horton DL, Suu-Ire R, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Webb CT. Maternal antibody and the maintenance of a lyssavirus in populations of seasonally breeding African bats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198563. [PMID: 29894488 PMCID: PMC5997331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens causing acute disease and death or lasting immunity require specific spatial or temporal processes to persist in populations. Host traits, such as maternally-derived antibody (MDA) and seasonal birthing affect infection maintenance within populations. Our study objective is to understand how viral and host traits lead to population level infection persistence when the infection can be fatal. We collected data on African fruit bats and a rabies-related virus, Lagos bat virus (LBV), including through captive studies. We incorporate these data into a mechanistic model of LBV transmission to determine how host traits, including MDA and seasonal birthing, and viral traits, such as incubation periods, interact to allow fatal viruses to persist within bat populations. Captive bat studies supported MDA presence estimated from field data. Captive bat infection-derived antibody decayed more slowly than MDA, and while faster than estimates from the field, supports field data that suggest antibody persistence may be lifelong. Unobserved parameters were estimated by particle filtering and suggest only a small proportion of bats die of disease. Pathogen persistence in the population is sensitive to this proportion, along with MDA duration and incubation period. Our analyses suggest MDA produced bats and prolonged virus incubation periods allow viral maintenance in adverse conditions, such as a lethal pathogen or strongly seasonal resource availability for the pathogen in the form of seasonally pulsed birthing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Angela D. Luis
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, Montana, United States of America
| | - Olivier Restif
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate S. Baker
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Clint Leach
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Behner L, Zimmermann L, Ringel M, Weis M, Maisner A. Formation of high-order oligomers is required for functional bioactivity of an African bat henipavirus surface glycoprotein. Vet Microbiol 2018; 218:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
26
|
Kohl C, Tachedjian M, Todd S, Monaghan P, Boyd V, Marsh GA, Crameri G, Field H, Kurth A, Smith I, Wang LF. Hervey virus: Study on co-circulation with Henipaviruses in Pteropid bats within their distribution range from Australia to Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191933. [PMID: 29390028 PMCID: PMC5794109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, an unusually large number of independent Hendra virus outbreaks were recorded on horse properties in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Urine from bat colonies adjacent to the outbreak sites were sampled and screened for Hendra and other viruses. Several novel paramyxoviruses were also isolated at different locations. Here one of the novel viruses, named Hervey virus (HerPV), is fully characterized by genome sequencing, annotation, phylogeny and in vitro host range, and its serological cross-reactivity and neutralization patterns are examined. HerPV may have ecological and spatial and temporal patterns similar to Hendra virus and could serve as a sentinel virus for the surveillance of this highly pathogenic virus. The suitability of HerPV as potential sentinel virus is further assessed by determining the serological prevalence of HerPV antibodies in fruit-eating bats from Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania and the Gulf of Guinea, indicating the presence of similar viruses in regions beyond the Australian border.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kohl
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Monaghan
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victoria Boyd
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hume Field
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, United States of America
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Seestraße 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Smith
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (IS); (LFW)
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (IS); (LFW)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Berto A, Anh PH, Carrique‐Mas JJ, Simmonds P, Van Cuong N, Tue NT, Van Dung N, Woolhouse ME, Smith I, Marsh GA, Bryant JE, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Rabaa MA. Detection of potentially novel paramyxovirus and coronavirus viral RNA in bats and rats in the Mekong Delta region of southern Viet Nam. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:30-42. [PMID: 28418192 PMCID: PMC5811810 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bats and rodents are being increasingly recognized as reservoirs of emerging zoonotic viruses. Various studies have investigated bat viruses in tropical regions, but to date there are no data regarding viruses with zoonotic potential that circulate in bat and rat populations in Viet Nam. To address this paucity of data, we sampled three bat farms and three wet markets trading in rat meat in the Mekong Delta region of southern Viet Nam. Faecal and urine samples were screened for the presence of RNA from paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses and filoviruses. Paramyxovirus RNA was detected in 4 of 248 (1%) and 11 of 222 (4.9%) bat faecal and urine samples, respectively. Coronavirus RNA was detected in 55 of 248 (22%) of bat faecal samples; filovirus RNA was not detected in any of the bat samples. Further, coronavirus RNA was detected in 12 of 270 (4.4%) of rat faecal samples; all samples tested negative for paramyxovirus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bat paramyxoviruses and bat and rat coronaviruses were related to viruses circulating in bat and rodent populations globally, but showed no cross-species mixing of viruses between bat and rat populations within Viet Nam. Our study shows that potentially novel variants of paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses commonly circulate in bat and rat populations in Viet Nam. Further characterization of the viruses and additional human and animal surveillance is required to evaluate the likelihood of viral spillover and to assess whether these viruses pose a risk to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Berto
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | - P. H. Anh
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | - J. J. Carrique‐Mas
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
- Centre for Tropical MedicineNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineOxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | - P. Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - N. Van Cuong
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | - N. T. Tue
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | - N. Van Dung
- Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - M. E. Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & EvolutionThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - I. Smith
- Health and BiosecurityCSIRO, Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVic.Australia
| | - G. A. Marsh
- Health and BiosecurityCSIRO, Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVic.Australia
| | - J. E. Bryant
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
- Centre for Tropical MedicineNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineOxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | - G. E. Thwaites
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
- Centre for Tropical MedicineNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineOxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | - S. Baker
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
- Centre for Tropical MedicineNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineOxford UniversityOxfordUK
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - M. A. Rabaa
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas ProgrammeOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
- Centre for Tropical MedicineNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineOxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yinda CK, Ghogomu SM, Conceição-Neto N, Beller L, Deboutte W, Vanhulle E, Maes P, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J. Cameroonian fruit bats harbor divergent viruses, including rotavirus H, bastroviruses, and picobirnaviruses using an alternative genetic code. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey008. [PMID: 29644096 PMCID: PMC5888411 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife and bats are a major reservoir of viruses, a few of which have been highly pathogenic to humans. In some regions of Cameroon, bats are hunted and eaten as a delicacy. This close proximity between human and bats provides ample opportunity for zoonotic events. To elucidate the viral diversity of Cameroonian fruit bats, we collected and metagenomically screened eighty-seven fecal samples of Eidolon helvum and Epomophorus gambianus fruit bats. The results showed a plethora of known and novel viruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the eleven gene segments of the first complete bat rotavirus H genome, showed clearly separated clusters of human, porcine, and bat rotavirus H strains, not indicating any recent interspecies transmission events. Additionally, we identified and analyzed a bat bastrovirus genome (a novel group of recently described viruses, related to astroviruses and hepatitis E viruses), confirming their recombinant nature, and provide further evidence of additional recombination events among bat bastroviruses. Interestingly, picobirnavirus-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene segments were identified using an alternative mitochondrial genetic code, and further principal component analyses suggested that they may have a similar lifestyle to mitoviruses, a group of virus-like elements known to infect the mitochondria of fungi. Although identified bat coronavirus, parvovirus, and cyclovirus strains belong to established genera, most of the identified partitiviruses and densoviruses constitute putative novel genera in their respective families. Finally, the results of the phage community analyses of these bats indicate a very diverse geographically distinct bat phage population, probably reflecting different diets and gut bacterial ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, 237, Cameroon
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rizzo F, Edenborough KM, Toffoli R, Culasso P, Zoppi S, Dondo A, Robetto S, Rosati S, Lander A, Kurth A, Orusa R, Bertolotti L, Mandola ML. Coronavirus and paramyxovirus in bats from Northwest Italy. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:396. [PMID: 29273042 PMCID: PMC5741894 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bat-borne virus surveillance is necessary for determining inter-species transmission risks and is important due to the wide-range of bat species which may harbour potential pathogens. This study aimed to monitor coronaviruses (CoVs) and paramyxoviruses (PMVs) in bats roosting in northwest Italian regions. Our investigation was focused on CoVs and PMVs due to their proven ability to switch host and their zoonotic potential. Here we provide the phylogenetic characterization of the highly conserved polymerase gene fragments. Results Family-wide PCR screenings were used to test 302 bats belonging to 19 different bat species. Thirty-eight animals from 12 locations were confirmed as PCR positive, with an overall detection rate of 12.6% [95% CI: 9.3–16.8]. CoV RNA was found in 36 bats belonging to eight species, while PMV RNA in three Pipistrellus spp. Phylogenetic characterization have been obtained for 15 alpha- CoVs, 5 beta-CoVs and three PMVs; moreover one P. pipistrellus resulted co-infected with both CoV and PMV. A divergent alpha-CoV clade from Myotis nattereri SpA is also described. The compact cluster of beta-CoVs from R. ferrumequinum roosts expands the current viral sequence database, specifically for this species in Europe. To our knowledge this is the first report of CoVs in Plecotus auritus and M. oxygnathus, and of PMVs in P. kuhlii. Conclusions This study identified alpha and beta-CoVs in new bat species and in previously unsurveyed Italian regions. To our knowledge this represents the first and unique report of PMVs in Italy. The 23 new bat genetic sequences presented will expand the current molecular bat-borne virus databases. Considering the amount of novel bat-borne PMVs associated with the emergence of zoonotic infections in animals and humans in the last years, the definition of viral diversity within European bat species is needed. Performing surveillance studies within a specific geographic area can provide awareness of viral burden where bats roost in close proximity to spillover hosts, and form the basis for the appropriate control measures against potential threats for public health and optimal management of bats and their habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rizzo
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Roberto Toffoli
- Chirosphera, via Tetti Barbiere 11, 10026, Santena, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Culasso
- Chirosphera, via Tetti Barbiere 11, 10026, Santena, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Serena Robetto
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Kurth
- Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Mandola
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Amarasinghe GK, Bào Y, Basler CF, Bavari S, Beer M, Bejerman N, Blasdell KR, Bochnowski A, Briese T, Bukreyev A, Calisher CH, Chandran K, Collins PL, Dietzgen RG, Dolnik O, Dürrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Fang Q, Formenty P, Fouchier RAM, Ghedin E, Harding RM, Hewson R, Higgins CM, Hong J, Horie M, James AP, Jiāng D, Kobinger GP, Kondo H, Kurath G, Lamb RA, Lee B, Leroy EM, Li M, Maisner A, Mühlberger E, Netesov SV, Nowotny N, Patterson JL, Payne SL, Paweska JT, Pearson MN, Randall RE, Revill PA, Rima BK, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Schwemmle M, Smither SJ, Song Q, Stone DM, Takada A, Terregino C, Tesh RB, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Towner JS, Vasilakis N, Volchkov VE, Wahl-Jensen V, Walker PJ, Wang B, Wang D, Wang F, Wang LF, Werren JH, Whitfield AE, Yan Z, Ye G, Kuhn JH. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2493-2504. [PMID: 28389807 PMCID: PMC5831667 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2017, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by the inclusion of a total of 69 novel species. Five new rhabdovirus genera and one new nyamivirus genus were established to harbor 41 of these species, whereas the remaining new species were assigned to already established genera. Furthermore, non-Latinized binomial species names replaced all paramyxovirus and pneumovirus species names, thereby accomplishing application of binomial species names throughout the entire order. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yīmíng Bào
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Nicolás Bejerman
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kim R Blasdell
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alisa Bochnowski
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Easton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert M Harding
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, UK
| | - Colleen M Higgins
- Institute of Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- AUT Roche Diagnostic Laboratory, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jian Hong
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences and Institute of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anthony P James
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dàohóng Jiāng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Húběi Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huázhōng Agricultural University, Wǔhàn, China
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Gael Kurath
- US Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- AUT Roche Diagnostic Laboratory, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Susan L Payne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Janusz T Paweska
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Michael N Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rick E Randall
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter A Revill
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bertus K Rima
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul Rota
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie J Smither
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Stone
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, National/OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and Arboviruses, OIE Reference Laboratory for RVFV and CCHFV, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktor E Volchkov
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRIINSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Victoria Wahl-Jensen
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thibault PA, Watkinson RE, Moreira-Soto A, Drexler JF, Lee B. Zoonotic Potential of Emerging Paramyxoviruses: Knowns and Unknowns. Adv Virus Res 2017; 98:1-55. [PMID: 28433050 PMCID: PMC5894875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The risk of spillover of enzootic paramyxoviruses and the susceptibility of recipient human and domestic animal populations are defined by a broad collection of ecological and molecular factors that interact in ways that are not yet fully understood. Nipah and Hendra viruses were the first highly lethal zoonotic paramyxoviruses discovered in modern times, but other paramyxoviruses from multiple genera are present in bats and other reservoirs that have unknown potential to spillover into humans. We outline our current understanding of paramyxovirus reservoir hosts and the ecological factors that may drive spillover, and we explore the molecular barriers to spillover that emergent paramyxoviruses may encounter. By outlining what is known about enzootic paramyxovirus receptor usage, mechanisms of innate immune evasion, and other host-specific interactions, we highlight the breadth of unexplored avenues that may be important in understanding paramyxovirus emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth E Watkinson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Jan F Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Found on every continent except Antarctica, bats are one of the most abundant, diverse and geographically widespread vertebrates globally, making up approximately 20% of all known extant mammal species1,2. Noted for being the only mammal with the ability of powered flight, bats constitute the order Chiroptera (from the Ancient Greek meaning ‘hand wing’), which is further divided into two suborders: Megachiroptera known as megabats or flying foxes, and Microchiroptera comprising of echolocating microbats1,3.
Collapse
|
33
|
Mannerings AO, Osikowicz LM, Restif O, Nyarko E, Suu-Ire R, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Kosoy MY. Exposure to Bat-Associated Bartonella spp. among Humans and Other Animals, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:922-4. [PMID: 27088812 PMCID: PMC4861528 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
34
|
Lo Iacono G, Cunningham AA, Fichet-Calvet E, Garry RF, Grant DS, Leach M, Moses LM, Nichols G, Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Webb CT, Wood JLN. A Unified Framework for the Infection Dynamics of Zoonotic Spillover and Spread. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004957. [PMID: 27588425 PMCID: PMC5010258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of disease is transmitted from animals to humans and many of these zoonoses are neglected tropical diseases. As outbreaks of SARS, avian influenza and Ebola have demonstrated, however, zoonotic diseases are serious threats to global public health and are not just problems confined to remote regions. There are two fundamental, and poorly studied, stages of zoonotic disease emergence: ‘spillover’, i.e. transmission of pathogens from animals to humans, and ‘stuttering transmission’, i.e. when limited human-to-human infections occur, leading to self-limiting chains of transmission. We developed a transparent, theoretical framework, based on a generalization of Poisson processes with memory of past human infections, that unifies these stages. Once we have quantified pathogen dynamics in the reservoir, with some knowledge of the mechanism of contact, the approach provides a tool to estimate the likelihood of spillover events. Comparisons with independent agent-based models demonstrates the ability of the framework to correctly estimate the relative contributions of human-to-human vs animal transmission. As an illustrative example, we applied our model to Lassa fever, a rodent-borne, viral haemorrhagic disease common in West Africa, for which data on human outbreaks were available. The approach developed here is general and applicable to a range of zoonoses. This kind of methodology is of crucial importance for the scientific, medical and public health communities working at the interface between animal and human diseases to assess the risk associated with the disease and to plan intervention and appropriate control measures. The Lassa case study revealed important knowledge gaps, and opportunities, arising from limited knowledge of the temporal patterns in reporting, abundance of and infection prevalence in, the host reservoir. Many dangerous diseases emerge via spillover from animals, with limited human-to-human infection (stuttering-transmission) often being the first stage of human disease spread. Understanding the conditions (biological, environmental and socio-economic factors) that regulate spillover and disease spread is key to its mitigation. Here we are interested in questions such as: If we have quantified pathogen dynamics in the reservoir, with some knowledge of the mechanism of contact, can we estimate the likelihood of spillover events? Can we tease apart how much the disease is transmitted by animals and how much by humans? We developed a unified mathematical framework, based on Poisson processes with memory of past events, to understand the dynamics of spillover and stuttering-transmission. This framework, which can be applied across the disease transmission spectrum, allows the teasing apart of the disease burden attributed to animal-human and human-human transmission. Using this model, we can infer human disease risk based on knowledge of infection patterns in the animal reservoir host and the contact mechanisms required for transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lo Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Disease Dynamics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Melissa Leach
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lina M. Moses
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gordon Nichols
- Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Disease Dynamics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Bats are hosts of a range of viruses, including ebolaviruses, and many important human viral infections, such as measles and mumps, may have their ancestry traced back to bats. Here, I review viruses of all viral families detected in global bat populations. The viral diversity in bats is substantial, and viruses with all known types of genomic structures and replication strategies have been discovered in bats. However, the discovery of viruses is not geographically even, with some apparently undersampled regions, such as South America. Furthermore, some bat families, including those with global or wide distributions such as Emballonuridae and Miniopteridae, are underrepresented on viral databases. Future studies, including those that address these sampling gaps along with those that develop our understanding of viral-host relationships, are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Peel AJ, Baker KS, Hayman DTS, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, Gembu GC, Lembo T, Fernández-Loras A, Sargan DR, Fooks AR, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN. Bat trait, genetic and pathogen data from large-scale investigations of African fruit bats, Eidolon helvum. Sci Data 2016; 3:160049. [PMID: 27479120 PMCID: PMC4968192 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats, including African straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum), have been highlighted as reservoirs of many recently emerged zoonotic viruses. This common, widespread and ecologically important species was the focus of longitudinal and continent-wide studies of the epidemiological and ecology of Lagos bat virus, henipaviruses and Achimota viruses. Here we present a spatial, morphological, demographic, genetic and serological dataset encompassing 2827 bats from nine countries over an 8-year period. Genetic data comprises cytochrome b mitochondrial sequences (n=608) and microsatellite genotypes from 18 loci (n=544). Tooth-cementum analyses (n=316) allowed derivation of rare age-specific serologic data for a lyssavirus, a henipavirus and two rubulaviruses. This dataset contributes a substantial volume of data on the ecology of E. helvum and its viruses and will be valuable for a wide range of studies, including viral transmission dynamic modelling in age-structured populations, investigation of seasonal reproductive asynchrony in wide-ranging species, ecological niche modelling, inference of island colonisation history, exploration of relationships between island and body size, and various spatial analyses of demographic, morphometric or serological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Peel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - Kate S Baker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David T S Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard Suu-Ire
- Wildlife Division, Ghana Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana.,University of Ghana, Faculty of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, Box LG 571, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew C Breed
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Guy-Crispin Gembu
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, 4, Avenue Kithima, commune Makiso, BP 2012, Kisangani, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Andrés Fernández-Loras
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - David R Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abedi-Lartey M, Dechmann DK, Wikelski M, Scharf AK, Fahr J. Long-distance seed dispersal by straw-coloured fruit bats varies by season and landscape. Glob Ecol Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
38
|
Dzingirai V, Bett B, Bukachi S, Lawson E, Mangwanya L, Scoones I, Waldman L, Wilkinson A, Leach M, Winnebah T. Zoonotic diseases: who gets sick, and why? Explorations from Africa. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2016.1187260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
39
|
Leopardi S, Oluwayelu D, Meseko C, Marciano S, Tassoni L, Bakarey S, Monne I, Cattoli G, De Benedictis P. The close genetic relationship of lineage D Betacoronavirus from Nigerian and Kenyan straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) is consistent with the existence of a single epidemiological unit across sub-Saharan Africa. Virus Genes 2016; 52:573-7. [PMID: 27059240 PMCID: PMC7089189 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum), which have been identified as natural hosts for several zoonotic pathogens, such as lyssaviruses, henipaviruses, and ebolavirus, are associated with human settlements in Nigeria where they are commonly consumed as a delicacy. However, information on the viruses harbored by these bats is scarce. In this study, coronavirus sequences were detected using a nested RT-PCR targeting 440 bp of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in six of 79 fecal samples collected from an urban colony of E. helvum in Ibadan, Nigeria. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all six sequences were monophyletic and clustered in lineage D of Betacoronavirus. The extension of two fragments allowed us to classify our sequences within the RdRp Group Unit defined for Kenyan Betacoronavirus from the same host species. These findings are consistent with the previous suggestion on the existence of a single epidemiological unit of E. helvum across sub-Saharan Africa. This theory, which is supported by the genetic structure of continental E. helvum, could facilitate viral mixing between different colonies across the continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Leopardi
- National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita` 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniel Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Clement Meseko
- Virology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita` 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Tassoni
- National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita` 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Solomon Bakarey
- Institute of Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Isabella Monne
- National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita` 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita` 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita` 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- Antra Zeltina
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TAB); (BL)
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TAB); (BL)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ng M, Ndungo E, Kaczmarek ME, Herbert AS, Binger T, Kuehne AI, Jangra RK, Hawkins JA, Gifford RJ, Biswas R, Demogines A, James RM, Yu M, Brummelkamp TR, Drosten C, Wang LF, Kuhn JH, Müller MA, Dye JM, Sawyer SL, Chandran K. Filovirus receptor NPC1 contributes to species-specific patterns of ebolavirus susceptibility in bats. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26698106 PMCID: PMC4709267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological factors that influence the host range and spillover of Ebola virus (EBOV) and other filoviruses remain enigmatic. While filoviruses infect diverse mammalian cell lines, we report that cells from African straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) are refractory to EBOV infection. This could be explained by a single amino acid change in the filovirus receptor, NPC1, which greatly reduces the affinity of EBOV-NPC1 interaction. We found signatures of positive selection in bat NPC1 concentrated at the virus-receptor interface, with the strongest signal at the same residue that controls EBOV infection in Eidolon helvum cells. Our work identifies NPC1 as a genetic determinant of filovirus susceptibility in bats, and suggests that some NPC1 variations reflect host adaptations to reduce filovirus replication and virulence. A single viral mutation afforded escape from receptor control, revealing a pathway for compensatory viral evolution and a potential avenue for expansion of filovirus host range in nature. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11785.001 Ebola virus and other filoviruses can cause devastating diseases in humans and other apes. Numerous small outbreaks of Ebola virus disease have occurred in Africa over the past 40 years. However, in 2013–2015, the largest outbreak on record took place in three Western African nations with no previous history of the disease. Human outbreaks of Ebola virus disease likely begin when a person encounters an infected wild animal. Though it remains unclear precisely which animals harbor Ebola virus between outbreaks, and how they transmit the virus to humans or other primates, recent work showed that some filoviruses do infect specific types of bats in nature. Ng, Ndungo, Kaczmarek et al. sought to identify the genes that influence whether or not a type of bat is susceptible to infection by Ebola virus and other filoviruses. Several filoviruses, including Ebola virus, were tested to see if they could infect cells that had been collected from four types of African fruit bats. These bats are all found in areas where outbreaks have occurred in the past. The tests revealed that a small change in the sequence of the NPC1 gene in some bat cells greatly reduced their susceptibility to Ebola virus. NPC1 encodes a protein that mammals need in order to move cholesterol within their cells. In humans, the loss of the protein encoded by NPC1 causes a rare but very severe disease called Niemann-Pick type C disease. This protein also turns out to be a receptor that the filoviruses must bind to before they can infect the cells. Further analysis then revealed that NPC1 has evolved rapidly in bats, with changes concentrated in the parts of the receptor that interact with Ebola virus. Ng, Ndungo, Kaczmarek et al. went on to discover some changes in the genome sequence of Ebola virus that could compensate for the changes in the bat’s NPC1 gene. These findings hint at one way that a filovirus could evolve to better infect a host with receptors that were less than optimal. Following on from this work, the next challenges will be to expand the investigation to include additional types of bats, other types of mammals, and other host genes that could influence filovirus infection and disease. Further studies could also examine the other side of the arms race – that is, the evolution of viral genes in bats. However, such studies would be complicated by the lack of viral sequences that have been collected from bats, because to date most have been isolated from humans and other primates instead. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11785.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Esther Ndungo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Maria E Kaczmarek
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Tabea Binger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - John A Hawkins
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Robert J Gifford
- University of Glasgow MRC Virology Unit, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Ann Demogines
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Rebekah M James
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Meng Yu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, , Singapore
| | | | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nipah Virus Matrix Protein Influences Fusogenicity and Is Essential for Particle Infectivity and Stability. J Virol 2015; 90:2514-22. [PMID: 26676785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02920-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nipah virus (NiV) causes fatal encephalitic infections in humans. To characterize the role of the matrix (M) protein in the viral life cycle, we generated a reverse genetics system based on NiV strain Malaysia. Using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-expressing M protein-deleted NiV, we observed a slightly increased cell-cell fusion, slow replication kinetics, and significantly reduced peak titers compared to the parental virus. While increased amounts of viral proteins were found in the supernatant of cells infected with M-deleted NiV, the infectivity-to-particle ratio was more than 100-fold reduced, and the particles were less thermostable and of more irregular morphology. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the M protein is not absolutely required for the production of cell-free NiV but is necessary for proper assembly and release of stable infectious NiV particles. IMPORTANCE Henipaviruses cause a severe disease with high mortality in human patients. Therefore, these viruses can be studied only in biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, making it more challenging to characterize their life cycle. Here we investigated the role of the Nipah virus matrix protein in virus-mediated cell-cell fusion and in the formation and release of newly produced particles. We found that even though low levels of infectious viruses are produced in the absence of the matrix protein, it is required for the release of highly infectious and stable particles. Fusogenicity of matrixless viruses was slightly enhanced, further demonstrating the critical role of this protein in different steps of Nipah virus spread.
Collapse
|
43
|
Serological Evidence of Henipavirus among Horses and Pigs in Zaria and Environs in Kaduna State, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/632158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Henipavirus is an emerging, zoonotic, and lethal RNA virus comprising Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), to which fruit bats are reservoir. Husbandry practices in Nigeria allow close contact between bat reservoir and animals susceptible to Henipavirus. This cross-sectional survey investigated antibodies reactive to Henipavirus sG antigen and associated risk factors in horses and pigs in Zaria, Nigeria. Using convenience sampling, 510 sera from horses (n=200) and pigs (n=310) were screened by an indirect Henipavirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (CSIRO, Australia). Structured questionnaires were employed with questions on the demographics and management of the animals. Data were analysed using SPSS-17. 5. Seroprevalence was higher for horses managed intensively (21.1%); used for sports (25.5%); watered with pipe borne water (17.9%); fed commercial feed (22.3%); and fed in the pen (17.6%). Seroprevalence was higher for pigs managed intensively (58.1%); imported (69.5%); watered with pipe-borne water (31.3%); fed commercial feed (57.4%); fed in the pen (23.4%), and fed with feed prestored in a feed house (49.5%). Horses <5 years and pigs <6 months had higher seroprevalences of 18.1% and 21.3%, while the female horses and pigs had seroprevalences of 19.8% and 22.8%, respectively. Exotic horses and pigs revealed 25.5% and 55% and horses in Igabi and pigs in Giwa revealed 24.7% and 70.2% seroprevalence, respectively (P<0.05). There is a suggestive evidence of Henipavirus in horses and pigs in Zaria, Nigeria, with a huge public health implication. Local and exotic pigs and horses, pigs in Zaria and Sabon-Gari, and horses in Zaria, Sabon-Gari, and Kaduna North are associated with the seroprevalence of henipaviruses.
Collapse
|
44
|
Voigt CC, Kingston T. Zoonotic Viruses and Conservation of Bats. BATS IN THE ANTHROPOCENE: CONSERVATION OF BATS IN A CHANGING WORLD 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many of the recently emerging highly virulent zoonotic diseases have a likely bat origin, for example Hendra, Nipah, Ebola and diseases caused by coronaviruses. Presumably because of their long history of coevolution, most of these viruses remain subclinical in bats, but have the potential to cause severe illnesses in domestic and wildlife animals and also humans. Spillovers from bats to humans either happen directly (via contact with infected bats) or indirectly (via intermediate hosts such as domestic or wildlife animals, by consuming food items contaminated by saliva, faeces or urine of bats, or via other environmental sources). Increasing numbers of breakouts of zoonotic viral diseases among humans and livestock have mainly been accounted to human encroachment into natural habitat, as well as agricultural intensification, deforestation and bushmeat consumption. Persecution of bats, including the destruction of their roosts and culling of whole colonies, has led not only to declines of protected bat species, but also to an increase in virus prevalence in some of these populations. Educational efforts are needed in order to prevent future spillovers of bat-borne viruses to humans and livestock, and to further protect bats from unnecessary and counterproductive culling.
Collapse
|
45
|
Plowright RK, Eby P, Hudson PJ, Smith IL, Westcott D, Bryden WL, Middleton D, Reid PA, McFarlane RA, Martin G, Tabor GM, Skerratt LF, Anderson DL, Crameri G, Quammen D, Jordan D, Freeman P, Wang LF, Epstein JH, Marsh GA, Kung NY, McCallum H. Ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142124. [PMID: 25392474 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses that originate in bats may be the most notorious emerging zoonoses that spill over from wildlife into domestic animals and humans. Understanding how these infections filter through ecological systems to cause disease in humans is of profound importance to public health. Transmission of viruses from bats to humans requires a hierarchy of enabling conditions that connect the distribution of reservoir hosts, viral infection within these hosts, and exposure and susceptibility of recipient hosts. For many emerging bat viruses, spillover also requires viral shedding from bats, and survival of the virus in the environment. Focusing on Hendra virus, but also addressing Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and coronaviruses, we delineate this cross-species spillover dynamic from the within-host processes that drive virus excretion to land-use changes that increase interaction among species. We describe how land-use changes may affect co-occurrence and contact between bats and recipient hosts. Two hypotheses may explain temporal and spatial pulses of virus shedding in bat populations: episodic shedding from persistently infected bats or transient epidemics that occur as virus is transmitted among bat populations. Management of livestock also may affect the probability of exposure and disease. Interventions to decrease the probability of virus spillover can be implemented at multiple levels from targeting the reservoir host to managing recipient host exposure and susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Peggy Eby
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ina L Smith
- New and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - David Westcott
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Tropical Environment and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, Atherton, Queensland 4883, Australia
| | - Wayne L Bryden
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- New and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Peter A Reid
- Equine Veterinary Surgeon, Brisbane, Queensland 4034, Australia
| | - Rosemary A McFarlane
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Gerardo Martin
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Gary M Tabor
- Center for Large Landscape Conservation, Bozeman, MT 59771, USA
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Dale L Anderson
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- New and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | | | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 1423 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia
| | - Paul Freeman
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 1423 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- New and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | | | - Glenn A Marsh
- New and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Nina Y Kung
- Animal Biosecurity and Welfare Program, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre , Bonn 53105, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
A Recently Discovered Pathogenic Paramyxovirus, Sosuga Virus, is Present in Rousettus aegyptiacus Fruit Bats at Multiple Locations in Uganda. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:774-9. [PMID: 25919464 DOI: 10.7589/2015-02-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In August 2012, a wildlife biologist became ill immediately following a 6-wk field trip to collect bats and rodents in South Sudan and Uganda. After returning to the US, the biologist was admitted to the hospital with multiple symptoms including fever, malaise, headache, generalized myalgia and arthralgia, stiffness in the neck, and sore throat. Soon after admission, the patient developed a maculopapular rash and oropharynx ulcerations. The patient remained hospitalized for 14 d. Several suspect pathogens, including viral hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses, were ruled out through standard diagnostic testing. However, deep sequencing and metagenomic analyses identified a novel paramyxovirus, later named Sosuga virus, in the patient's blood. To determine the potential source, bat tissues collected during the 3-wk period just prior to the onset of symptoms were tested for Sosuga virus, and several Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) were found to be positive. Further analysis of archived Egyptian rousette tissues collected at other localities in Uganda found additional Sosuga virus-positive bats, suggesting this species could be a potential natural reservoir for this novel paramyxovirus.
Collapse
|
48
|
Complete genome sequence of teviot paramyxovirus, a novel rubulavirus isolated from fruit bats in australia. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00177-15. [PMID: 25883275 PMCID: PMC4400418 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00177-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The causative agents of a number of emerging zoonotic diseases have been identified as paramyxoviruses originating in bats. We report here the complete genome sequence of two Teviot paramyxoviruses, novel rubulaviruses isolated from urine samples collected from pteropid bats in Australia. The zoonotic potential of Teviot paramyxovirus is undetermined.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kamins AO, Rowcliffe JM, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Restif O. Characteristics and Risk Perceptions of Ghanaians Potentially Exposed to Bat-Borne Zoonoses through Bushmeat. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:104-20. [PMID: 25266774 PMCID: PMC4416116 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Emerging zoonotic pathogens from wildlife pose increasing public health threats globally. Bats, in particular, host an array of zoonotic pathogens, yet there is little research on how bats and humans interact, how people perceive bats and their accompanying disease risk, or who is most at risk. Eidolon helvum, the largest and most abundant African fruit bat species, is widely hunted and eaten in Ghana and also carries potentially zoonotic pathogens. This combination raises concerns, as hunting and butchering bushmeat are common sources of zoonotic transmission. Through a combination of interviews with 577 Ghanaians across southern Ghana, we identified the characteristics of people involved in the bat-bushmeat trade and we explored their perceptions of risk. Bat hunting, selling and consumption are widely distributed across regional and ethnic lines, with hotspots in certain localities, while butchering is predominantly done by women and active hunters. Interviewees held little belief of disease risk from bats, saw no ecological value in fruit bats and associated the consumption of bats with specific tribes. These data can be used to inform disease and conservation management plans, drawing on social contexts and ensuring that local voices are heard within the larger global effort to study and mitigate outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O. Kamins
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES England, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY England, UK
| | - J. Marcus Rowcliffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY England, UK
| | - Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Center for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG67, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY England, UK
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES England, UK
| | - Olivier Restif
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Vidgen ME, de Jong C, Rose K, Hall J, Field HE, Smith CS. Novel paramyxoviruses in Australian flying-fox populations support host-virus co-evolution. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1619-25. [PMID: 25701824 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversity of henipaviruses and related viruses is important in determining the viral ecology within flying-fox populations and assessing the potential threat posed by these agents. This study sought to identify the abundance and diversity of previously unknown paramyxoviruses (UPVs) in Australian flying-fox species (Pteropus alecto, Pteropus scapulatus, Pteropus poliocephalus and Pteropus conspicillatus) and in the Christmas Island species Pteropus melanotus natalis. Using a degenerative reverse transcription-PCR specific for the L gene of known species of the genus Henipavirus and two closely related paramyxovirus genera Respirovirus and Morbillivirus, we identified an abundance and diversity of previously UPVs, with a representative 31 UPVs clustering in eight distinct groups (100 UPVs/495 samples). No new henipaviruses were identified. The findings were consistent with a hypothesis of co-evolution of paramyxoviruses and their flying-fox hosts. Quantification of the degree of co-speciation between host and virus (beyond the scope of this study) would strengthen this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E Vidgen
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia 2School of Health and Sports Science, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Down Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Carol de Jong
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- 3Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, PO Box 20, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia 4School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jane Hall
- 3Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, PO Box 20, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Hume E Field
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia 5EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Craig S Smith
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|