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Gamba D, van Eijk N, Lányi K, Monostory K, Steinmetzer T, Marosi A, Rácz A, Bajusz D, Kruhl D, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Pászti-Gere E. PK/PD investigation of antiviral host matriptase/TMPRSS2 inhibitors in cell models. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16621. [PMID: 39025978 PMCID: PMC11258351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Certain corona- and influenza viruses utilize type II transmembrane serine proteases for cell entry, making these enzymes potential drug targets for the treatment of viral respiratory infections. In this study, the cytotoxicity and inhibitory effects of seven matriptase/TMPRSS2 inhibitors (MI-21, MI-463, MI-472, MI-485, MI-1900, MI-1903, and MI-1904) on cytochrome P450 enzymes were evaluated using fluorometric assays. Additionally, their antiviral activity against influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H9N2 was assessed. The metabolic depletion rates of these inhibitors in human primary hepatocytes were determined over a 120-min period by LC-MS/MS, and PK parameters were calculated. The tested compounds, with the exception of MI-21, displayed potent inhibition of CYP3A4, while all compounds lacked inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. The differences between the CYP3A4 activity within the series were rationalized by ligand docking. Elucidation of PK parameters showed that inhibitors MI-463, MI-472, MI-485, MI-1900 and MI-1904 were more stable compounds than MI-21 and MI-1903. Anti-H1N1 properties of inhibitors MI-463 and MI-1900 and anti-H9N2 effects of MI-463 were shown at 20 and 50 µM after 24 h incubation with the inhibitors, suggesting that these inhibitors can be applied to block entry of these viruses by suppressing host matriptase/TMPRSS2-mediated cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Gamba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nicholas van Eijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lányi
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Monostory
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - András Marosi
- Virology Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt 23, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Rácz
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diana Kruhl
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.
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Han Y, Ma Y, Wang Z, Feng F, Zhou L, Feng H, Ma J, Ye R, Zhang R. TMPRSS13 promotes the cell entry of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29712. [PMID: 38808555 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has caused severe intestinal diseases in pigs. It originates from bat coronaviruses HKU2 and has a potential risk of cross-species transmission, raising concerns about its zoonotic potential. Viral entry-related host factors are critical determinants of susceptibility to cells, tissues, or species, and remain to be elucidated for SADS-CoV. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) family is involved in many coronavirus infections and has trypsin-like catalytic activity. Here we examine all 18 members of the TTSPs family through CRISPR-based activation of endogenous protein expression in cells, and find that, in addition to TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, TMPRSS13 significantly facilitates SADS-CoV infection. This is confirmed by ectopic expression of TMPRSS13, and specific to trypsin-dependent SADS-CoV. Infection with pseudovirus bearing SADS-CoV spike protein indicates that TMPRSS13 acts at the entry step and is sensitive to serine protease inhibitor Camostat. Moreover, both human and pig TMPRSS13 are able to enhance the cell-cell membrane fusion and cleavage of spike protein. Overall, we demonstrate that TMPRSS13 is another host serine protease promoting the membrane-fusion entry of SADS-CoV, which may expand its host tropism by using diverse TTSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Boon ACM, Bricker TL, Fritch EJ, Leist SR, Gully K, Baric RS, Graham RL, Troan BV, Mahoney M, Janetka JW. Efficacy of host cell serine protease inhibitor MM3122 against SARS-CoV-2 for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. J Virol 2024; 98:e0190323. [PMID: 38593045 PMCID: PMC11092322 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01903-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel class of peptidomimetic inhibitors targeting several host cell human serine proteases, including transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), matriptase, and hepsin. TMPRSS2 is a membrane-associated protease that is highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and is utilized by SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses to proteolytically process their glycoproteins, enabling host cell entry, replication, and dissemination of new virus particles. We have previously shown that compound MM3122 exhibited subnanomolar potency against all three proteases and displayed potent antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in a cell viability assay. Herein, we demonstrate that MM3122 potently inhibits viral replication in human lung epithelial cells and is also effective against the EG.5.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we evaluated MM3122 in a mouse model of COVID-19 and demonstrated that MM3122 administered intraperitoneally (IP) before (prophylactic) or after (therapeutic) SARS-CoV-2 infection had significant protective effects against weight loss and lung congestion and reduced pathology. Amelioration of COVID-19 disease was associated with a reduction in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prophylactic, but not therapeutic, administration of MM3122 also reduced virus titers in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. Therefore, MM3122 is a promising lead candidate small-molecule drug for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging RNA coronaviruses are a present and future threat in causing widespread endemic and pandemic infection and disease. In this paper, we have shown that the novel host cell protease inhibitor, MM3122, blocks SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and is efficacious as both a prophylactic and a therapeutic drug for the treatment of COVID-19 given intraperitoneally in mice. Targeting host proteins and pathways in antiviral therapy is an underexplored area of research, but this approach promises to avoid drug resistance by the virus, which is common in current antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Traci L. Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ethan J. Fritch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah R. Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kendra Gully
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L. Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew Mahoney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Rodriguez Galvan JJ, de Vries M, Belblidia S, Fisher A, Prescott RA, Crosse KM, Mangel WF, Duerr R, Dittmann M. In-silico docking platform with serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) structures identifies host cysteine protease targets with significance for SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2022.11.18.517133. [PMID: 36415456 PMCID: PMC9681043 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.18.517133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Serine Protease Inhibitors (SERPINs) regulate protease activity in various physiological processes such as inflammation, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, their potential in combating viral infections, where proteases are also crucial, remains underexplored. This is due to our limited understanding of SERPIN expression during viral-induced inflammation and of the SERPINs' full spectrum of target proteases. Here, we demonstrate widespread expression of human SERPINs in response to respiratory virus infections, both in vitro and in vivo , alongside classical antiviral effectors. Through comprehensive in-silico docking with full-length SERPIN and protease 3D structures, we confirm known inhibitors of specific proteases; more importantly, the results predict novel SERPIN-protease interactions. Experimentally, we validate the direct inhibition of key proteases essential for viral life cycles, including the SERPIN PAI-1's capability to inhibit select cysteine proteases such as cathepsin L, and the serine protease TMPRSS2. Consequently, PAI-1 suppresses spike maturation and multi-cycle SARS-CoV-2 replication. Our findings challenge conventional notions of SERPIN selectivity, underscore the power of in-silico docking for SERPIN target discovery, and offer potential therapeutic interventions targeting host proteolytic pathways to combat viruses with urgent unmet therapeutic needs. SIGNIFICANCE Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including viral infections. However, our comprehension of the full array of proteases targeted by the SERPIN family has traditionally been limited, hindering a comprehensive understanding of their regulatory potential. We developed an in-silico docking platform to identify new SERPIN target proteases expressed in the respiratory tract, a critical viral entry portal. The platform confirmed known and predicted new targets for every SERPIN examined, shedding light on previously unrecognized patterns in SERPIN selectivity. Notably, both key proteases for SARS-CoV-2 maturation were among the newly predicted targets, which we validated experimentally. This underscores the platform's potential in uncovering targets with significance in viral infections, paving the way to define the full potential of the SERPIN family in infectious disease and beyond.
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Amin F, Mukhtar N, Ali M, Shehzad R, Ayub S, Aslam A, Sheikh AA, Sultan B, Mahmood MD, Shahid MF, Yaqub S, Aslam HB, Aziz MW, Yaqub T. Mapping Genetic Markers Associated with Antigenicity and Host Range in H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Infecting Poultry in Pakistan. Avian Dis 2024; 68:43-51. [PMID: 38687107 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to map the genetic diversity in the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9N2 subtype. Twenty-five H9N2 IAVs were isolated from broiler chickens from March to July 2019. The HA gene was amplified, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the evolutionary relationship. Important antigenic amino acid residues of HA attributed to immune escape and zoonotic potential were compared among H9N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sublineage B2 under the G1 lineage in Pakistan was found to be diversified, and newly sequenced H9N2 isolates were nested into two clades (A and B). Mutations linked to the antigenic variation and potential immune escape were observed as G72E (1/25, 4%), A180T (3/25, 12%), and A180V (1/25, 4%). A twofold significant reduction (P < 0.01) in log2 hemagglutination inhibition titers was observed with H9N2 IAV naturally harboring amino acid V180 instead of A180 in HA protein. Moreover, in the last 20 years, complete substitution at residues (T127D, D135N, and L150N) and partial substitution at residues (72, 74, 131, 148, 180, 183, 188, 216, 217, and 249, mature H9 HA numbering) associated with changes in antigenicity were observed. The presence of L216 in all H9N2 IAV isolates and T/V180 in four isolates in the receptor-binding site reveals the potential of these viruses to cross the species barrier to infect human or mammals. The current study observed the circulation of antigenically diverse H9N2 IAV variants that possess potential mutations that can escape the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Amin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Mukhtar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Shehzad
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ayub
- Institute of Public Health, Lahore 54610, Pakistan
| | - Asim Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmed Sheikh
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Furqan Shahid
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Saima Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan,
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6
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Boon ACM, L Bricker T, Fritch EJ, Leist SR, Gully K, Baric RS, Graham RL, Troan BV, Mahoney M, Janetka JW. Efficacy of Host Cell Serine Protease Inhibitor MM3122 against SARS-CoV-2 for Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.09.579701. [PMID: 38405752 PMCID: PMC10888838 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a novel class of peptidomimetic inhibitors targeting several host cell human serine proteases including transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), matriptase and hepsin. TMPRSS2 is a membrane associated protease which is highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract and is utilized by SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses to proteolytically process their glycoproteins, enabling host cell receptor binding, entry, replication, and dissemination of new virion particles. We have previously shown that compound MM3122 exhibited sub nanomolar potency against all three proteases and displayed potent antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in a cell-viability assay. Herein, we demonstrate that MM3122 potently inhibits viral replication in human lung epithelial cells and is also effective against the EG.5.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Further, we have evaluated MM3122 in a mouse model of COVID-19 and have demonstrated that MM3122 administered intraperitoneally (IP) before (prophylactic) or after (therapeutic) SARS-CoV-2 infection had significant protective effects against weight loss and lung congestion, and reduced pathology. Amelioration of COVID-19 disease was associated with a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prophylactic, but not therapeutic, administration of MM3122 also reduced virus titers in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Therefore, MM3122 is a promising lead candidate small molecule drug for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging RNA coronaviruses are a present and future threat in causing widespread endemic and pandemic infection and disease. In this paper, we have shown that the novel host-cell protease inhibitor, MM3122, blocks SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and is efficacious as both a prophylactic and therapeutic drug for the treatment of COVID-19 in mice. Targeting host proteins and pathways in antiviral therapy is an underexplored area of research but this approach promises to avoid drug resistance by the virus, which is common in current antiviral treatments.
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van Eijk N, Schmacke LC, Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Poór M, Pászti-Gere E. In vitro testing of host-targeting small molecule antiviral matriptase/TMPRSS2 inhibitors in 2D and 3D cell-based assays. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115761. [PMID: 37865989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic strongly stimulated the development of small molecule antivirals selectively targeting type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP), required for the host-cell entry of numerous viruses. A set of 3-amidinophenylalanine derivatives (MI-21, MI-472, MI-477, MI-485, MI-1903 and MI-1904), which inhibit the cleavage of certain viral glycoproteins was characterized in 2D and 3D primary human hepatocyte models on collagen- and Matrigel-coating using a CCK-8 assay to evaluate their cytotoxicity, a resorufin-based method to detect redox imbalances, fluorescence and ultrafiltration experiments to evaluate their interactions with human serum albumin (HSA) and α-acidic glycoprotein (AGP), and luminescence measurement to assess CYP3A4 modulation. For elucidation of selectivity of the applied compounds towards matriptase, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRRS2), thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) Ki values were determined. It was proven that cell viability was only deteriorated by inhibitor MI-1903, and redox status was not influenced by administration of the selected inhibitors at 50 µM for 24 h. MI-472 and MI-477 formed relatively stable complexes with AGP. CYP3A4 inhibition was found to be strong in PHHs exposed to all inhibitors with the exception of MI-21, which seems to be a promising drug candidate also due to its better selectivity towards matriptase and TMPRSS2 over the blood clotting proteases thrombin and FXa. Our in vitro pharmacokinetic screening with these inhibitors helps to select the compounds with the best selectivity and safety profile suitable for a further preclinical characterization without animal sacrifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Eijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest H-1078, Hungary
| | - Luna C Schmacke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest H-1078, Hungary.
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Wu J, Lu R, Wang J, Su J, Gu C, Xie Q, Zhu H, Xiao J, Liu W. Establishment of reverse genetics for genotype VII Newcastle disease virus and altering the cell tropism by inserting TMPRSS2 into the viral genome. Virus Genes 2023:10.1007/s11262-023-01999-9. [PMID: 37103648 PMCID: PMC10133899 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is the most important infectious disease in poultry, which is caused by avian orthoavulavirus type 1 (AOAV-1), previously known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In this study, an NDV strain SD19 (GenBank accession number OP797800) was isolated, and phylogenetic analysis suggested the virus belongs to the class II genotype VII. After generating wild-type rescued SD19 (rSD19), the attenuating strain (raSD19) was generated by mutating the F protein cleavage site. To explore the potential role of the transmembrane protease, serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2), the TMPRSS2 gene was inserted into the region between the P and M genes of raSD19 to generate raSD19-TMPRSS2. Besides, the coding sequence of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was inserted in the same region as a control (rSD19-EGFP and raSD19-EGFP). The Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and real-time quantitative PCR were employed to determine the replication activity of these constructs. The results reveal that all the rescued viruses can replicate in chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells; however, the proliferation of raSD19 and raSD19-EGFP needs additional trypsin. We next evaluated the virulence of these constructs, and our results reveal that the SD19, rSD19, and rSD19-EGFP are velogenic; the raSD19 and raSD19-EGFP are lentogenic; and the raSD19-TMPRSS2 are mesogenic. Moreover, due to the enzymatic hydrolysis of serine protease, the raSD19-TMPRSS2 can support itself to proliferate in the DF-1 cells without adding exogenous trypsin. These results may provide a new method for the NDV cell culture and contribute to ND's vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rongguang Lu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jigui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenchen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Eight Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Weiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zabiegala A, Kim Y, Chang KO. Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023; 3:12. [PMID: 37128508 PMCID: PMC10125864 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry, thus a major factor for host susceptibility, tissue tropism, virulence and pathogenicity. The S is divided with S1 and S2 region, and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell. Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various cleavage sites. In this article, we review host proteases including furin, trypsin, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S. Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin. The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2, and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2' site to proteases such as type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTPRs) including TMPRSS2. In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells, SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane. In the absence of TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry. Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed. This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2, and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Zabiegala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Antiviral 3-Amidinophenylalanine Derivatives in Rat, Dog and Monkey Hepatocytes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030682. [PMID: 36979660 PMCID: PMC10045298 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II transmembrane serine proteases represent pharmacological targets for blocking entry and spread of influenza or coronaviruses. In this study, the depletion rates of the 3-amidinophenylalanine (3-APhA)-derived matriptase/TMPRSS2 inhibitors MI-463, MI-472, MI-485 or MI-1900 were determined by LC-MS/MS measurements over a period of 300 min using suspensions of rat, dog and cynomolgus monkey primary hepatocytes. From these in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) experiments, intrinsic clearance values (Clint) were evaluated, and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters (hepatic clearance, hepatic extraction ratio and bioavailability) were predicted. It was found that rat hepatocytes were the most active in the metabolism of 3-APhA derivatives (Clint 31.9–37.8 mL/min/kg), whereas dog and monkey cells displayed somewhat lower clearance of these compounds (Clint 6.6–26.7 mL/min/kg). These data support elucidation of important PK properties of anti-TMPRSS2/anti-matriptase 3-APhAs using mammalian hepatocyte models and thus contribute to the optimization of lead compounds.
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11
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Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020244. [PMID: 36838209 PMCID: PMC9962344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9 and H6 subtypes of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) cause substantial economic losses in poultry worldwide, including Vietnam. Herein, we characterized Vietnamese H9 and H6 LPAIVs to facilitate the control of avian influenza. The space-time representative viruses of each subtype were selected based on active surveillance from 2014 to 2018 in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis using hemagglutinin genes revealed that 54 H9 and 48 H6 Vietnamese LPAIVs were classified into the sublineages Y280/BJ94 and Group II, respectively. Gene constellation analysis indicated that 6 and 19 genotypes of the H9 and H6 subtypes, respectively, belonged to the representative viruses. The Vietnamese viruses are genetically related to the previous isolates and those in neighboring countries, indicating their circulation in poultry after being introduced into Vietnam. The antigenicity of these subtypes was different from that of viruses isolated from wild birds. Antigenicity was more conserved in the H9 viruses than in the H6 viruses. Furthermore, a representative H9 LPAIV exhibited systemic replication in chickens, which was enhanced by coinfection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2. Although H9 and H6 were classified as LPAIVs, their characterization indicated that their silent spread might significantly affect the poultry industry.
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12
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Heindl MR, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E. The role of influenza-A virus and coronavirus viral glycoprotein cleavage in host adaptation. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 58:101303. [PMID: 36753938 PMCID: PMC9847222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While receptor binding is well recognized as a factor in influenza-A virus (IAV) and coronavirus (CoV) host adaptation, the role of viral glycoprotein cleavage has not been studied in detail so far. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that host species may differ in their protease repertoire available for cleavage. Furthermore, it was shown for certain bat-derived CoVs that proteolytic activation provides a critical barrier to infect human cells. Understanding the role of glycoprotein cleavage in different species and how IAV and CoVs adapt to a new protease repertoire may allow evaluating the zoonotic potential and risk posed by these viruses. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the emergence of a multibasic cleavage site (CS) in the glycoproteins of IAVs and CoVs in different host species. Additionally, we discuss the role of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) in virus activation and entry and a role of neuropilin-1 in acquisition of a multibasic CS in different hosts.
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13
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Protective Efficacy of Inactivated H9N2 Vaccine in Turkey Poults under Both Experimental and Field Conditions. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122178. [PMID: 36560588 PMCID: PMC9783319 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus is one of the major poultry pathogens associated with severe economic losses in the poultry industry (broiler, layers, breeders, and grandparents' flocks), especially in endemic regions including the Middle East, North Africa, and Asian countries. This work is an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of whole inactivated H9N2 vaccine (MEFLUVACTM H9) in turkey poults kept under laboratory and commercial farm conditions. Here, 10,000 white turkey poults (1-day old) free from maternally derived immunity against H9N2 virus were divided into four groups; G1 involved 10 vaccinated birds kept under biosafety level-3 (BLS-3) as a laboratory vaccinated and challenged group, while G2 had 9970 vaccinated turkeys raised on a commercial farm. Ten of those birds were moved to BLS-3 for daily cloacal and tracheal swabbing to check for the absence of any life-threating disease, before conducting analyses. G3 (10 birds) served as a non-vaccinated challenged control under BSL-3 conditions, while G4 (10 birds) was used as a non-vaccinated and non-challenged control under BSL-3 conditions. Sera were collected on days 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-post-vaccinations to monitor the humoral immune response using a hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. At these same intervals, cloacal and tracheal swabs were also checked for any viral infection. The challenge was conducted 28 days post-vaccination (PV) using AI-H9N2 in BSL-3 by intranasal inoculation of 6-log10 embryo infective dose50 (EID50). At 3-, 6-, and 10-days post-challenge, oropharyngeal swabs were taken from challenged birds to quantify viral shedding by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results of this study showed that vaccinated groups (G1/2) developed HI titers of 1.38, 4.38, 5.88, and 7.25 log2 in G1 vs. 1.2, 3.8, 4.9 and 6.2 log2 in G2 when measured at 7-, 14-, 21- and 28-days PV, respectively, while undetectable levels were recorded in non-vaccinated groups (G3/4). Birds in G3 showed 90% clinical sickness vs. 10% and 20% in G1/2, respectively, over a 10-day monitoring period following challenge. Vaccinated birds showed a significant reduction in virus shedding in terms of the number of shedders, amount of shed virus and shedding interval over the non-vaccinated challenged birds. Regarding mortality, all groups did not show any mortality, which confirms that the circulating H9N2 virus still has low pathogenicity and cannot cause mortality. However, the virus may cause up to 90% clinical sickness in non-vaccinated birds vs. 10% and 20% in laboratory- and farm-vaccinated birds, respectively, highlighting the role of the vaccine in limiting clinical sickness cases. In conclusion, under the current trial circumstances, MEFLUVACTM-H9 provided protective seroconversion titers, significant clinical sickness protection and significant reduction in virus shedding either in laboratory- or farm-vaccinated groups after a single vaccine dose.
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14
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Improving the selectivity of 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived matriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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de Bruin ACM, Funk M, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071566. [PMID: 35891546 PMCID: PMC9321182 DOI: 10.3390/v14071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) arise from low pathogenic precursors following spillover from wild waterfowl into poultry populations. The main virulence determinant of HPAIVs is the presence of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The MBCS allows for HA cleavage and, consequently, activation by ubiquitous proteases, which results in systemic dissemination in terrestrial poultry. Since 1959, 51 independent MBCS acquisition events have been documented, virtually all in HA from the H5 and H7 subtypes. In the present article, data from natural LPAIV to HPAIV conversions and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies were reviewed in order to compile recent advances in understanding HA cleavage efficiency, protease usage, and MBCS acquisition mechanisms. Finally, recent hypotheses that might explain the unique predisposition of the H5 and H7 HA sequences to obtain an MBCS in nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Alexander P. Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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The Genomic Evolution and the Transmission Dynamics of H6N2 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Southern China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061154. [PMID: 35746626 PMCID: PMC9229805 DOI: 10.3390/v14061154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, the broad prevalence of H6 subtype influenza viruses, increasingly detected in aquatic birds, promotes their exchange materials with other highly pathogenic human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 influenza viruses. Strikingly, some H6 subtype viruses can infect pigs, dogs, and humans, posing risks to public health. In this study, 9 H6N2 viruses recovered from waterfowl species in the Guangdong province of China in 2018 were isolated and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome sequences of these H6N2 viruses belonged to Group I, except for the NP gene in Group III. Coalescent analyses demonstrated that the reassortment of NA and NS genes have occurred in two independent clusters, suggesting H6 subtype viruses had been undergoing a complex reassortant. To examine the evolutionary dynamics and the dissemination of the H6 subtype viruses, a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection was performed for results showing higher viral migration rates between closer provinces, including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Fujian. Notably, the transmission routes of the H6 subtype viruses were concentrated in Jiangxi Province, the most frequent location for input and output transmission and a region containing Poyang Lake, a well-known wintering site for migration birds. We also found that the aquatic birds, especially ducks, were the most common input source of the viral transmission. In addition, we also found that eight positively selected amino acid sites were identified in HA protein. Given their continuous dissemination and the broad prevalence of the H6 subtype influenza viruses, continued surveillance is warranted in the future.
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17
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Wettstein L, Kirchhoff F, Münch J. The Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS2 as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19 Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031351. [PMID: 35163273 PMCID: PMC8836196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
TMPRSS2 is a type II transmembrane protease with broad expression in epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, the prostate, and other organs. Although the physiological role of TMPRSS2 remains largely elusive, several endogenous substrates have been identified. TMPRSS2 serves as a major cofactor in SARS-CoV-2 entry, and primes glycoproteins of other respiratory viruses as well. Consequently, inhibiting TMPRSS2 activity is a promising strategy to block viral infection. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of TMPRSS2 in the entry processes of different respiratory viruses. We then review the different classes of TMPRSS2 inhibitors and their clinical development, with a focus on COVID-19 treatment.
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18
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Wang D, Li C, Chiu MC, Yu Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Huang J, Cheng Z, Yuan S, Poon V, Cai J, Chu H, Chan JF, To KK, Yuen KY, Zhou J. SPINK6 inhibits human airway serine proteases and restricts influenza virus activation. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14485. [PMID: 34826211 PMCID: PMC9976594 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SPINK6 was identified in human skin as a cellular inhibitor of serine proteases of the KLK family. Airway serine proteases are required to cleave hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to initiate an infection in the human airway. We hypothesized that SPINK6 may inhibit common airway serine proteases and restrict IAV activation. We demonstrate that SPINK6 specifically suppresses the proteolytic activity of HAT and KLK5, HAT- and KLK5-mediated HA cleavage, and restricts virus maturation and replication. SPINK6 constrains the activation of progeny virions and impairs viral growth; and vice versa, blocking endogenous SPINK6 enhances HA cleavage and viral growth in physiological-relevant human airway organoids where SPINK6 is intrinsically expressed. In IAV-infected mice, SPINK6 significantly suppresses viral growth and improves mouse survival. Notably, individuals carrying the higher SPINK6 expression allele were protected from human H7N9 infection. Collectively, SPINK6 is a novel host inhibitor of serine proteases in the human airway and restricts IAV activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Cun Li
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Man Chun Chiu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yifei Yu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Zhongshan Cheng
- Applied Bioinformatics CenterSt Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Vincent Poon
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jian‐Piao Cai
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jasper Fuk‐Woo Chan
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,Carol Yu Centre for InfectionThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kelvin Kai‐Wang To
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,Carol Yu Centre for InfectionThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kwok Yung Yuen
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,Carol Yu Centre for InfectionThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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19
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Gunther RC, Bharathi V, Miles SD, Tumey LR, Schmedes CM, Tatsumi K, Bridges MD, Martinez D, Montgomery SA, Beck MA, Camerer E, Mackman N, Antoniak S. Myeloid Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Contributes to Influenza A Virus Pathology in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791017. [PMID: 34925374 PMCID: PMC8671937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInnate immune responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection are initiated in part by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). TLR3-dependent signaling induces an antiviral immune response and an NFκB-dependent inflammatory response. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) inhibits the antiviral response and enhances the inflammatory response. PAR2 deficiency protected mice during IAV infection. However, the PAR2 expressing cell-types contributing to IAV pathology in mice and the mechanism by which PAR2 contributes to IAV infection is unknown.MethodsIAV infection was analyzed in global (Par2-/-), myeloid (Par2fl/fl;LysMCre+) and lung epithelial cell (EpC) Par2 deficient (Par2fl/fl;SPCCre+) mice and their respective controls (Par2+/+ and Par2fl/fl). In addition, the effect of PAR2 activation on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) activation of TLR3 was analyzed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Lastly, we determined the effect of PAR2 inhibition in wild-type (WT) mice.ResultsAfter IAV infection, Par2-/- and mice with myeloid Par2 deficiency exhibited increased survival compared to infected controls. The improved survival was associated with reduced proinflammatory mediators and reduced cellular infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Par2-/- and Par2fl/fl;LysMCre+ 3 days post infection (dpi) compared to infected control mice. Interestingly, Par2fl/fl;SPCCre+ mice showed no survival benefit compared to Par2fl/fl. In vitro studies showed that Par2-/- BMDM produced less IL6 and IL12p40 than Par2+/+ BMDM after poly I:C stimulation. In addition, activation of PAR2 on Par2+/+ BMDM increased poly I:C induction of IL6 and IL12p40 compared to poly I:C stimulation alone. Importantly, PAR2 inhibition prior to IAV infection protect WT mice.ConclusionGlobal Par2 or myeloid cell but not lung EpC Par2 deficiency was associated with reduced BALF inflammatory markers and reduced IAV-induced mortality. Our study suggests that PAR2 may be a therapeutic target to reduce IAV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C. Gunther
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miles
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lauryn R. Tumey
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Clare M. Schmedes
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Meagan D. Bridges
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Martinez
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric Camerer
- Department of Medicine, Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Silvio Antoniak,
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20
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Gischke M, Bagato O, Breithaupt A, Scheibner D, Blaurock C, Vallbracht M, Karger A, Crossley B, Veits J, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The role of glycosylation in the N-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique H4N2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Virulence 2021; 12:666-678. [PMID: 33538209 PMCID: PMC7872060 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1881344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, only low pathogenic (LP) H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (HP) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site (HACS) to polybasic motifs. The LPAIV monobasic HACS is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the HPAIV polybasic HACS is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. However, glycosylation near the HACS can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of some HPAIV in chickens. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic HACS was isolated from quails but was LP in chickens. Whether glycosylation sites (GS) near the HACS hinder the evolution of HPAIV H4N2 remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the prevalence of potential GS in the N-terminus of HA1, 2NYT4 and 18NGT20, in all AIV sequences and studied their impact on H4N2 virus fitness. Although the two motifs are conserved, some non-H5/H7 subtypes lack one or both GS. Both sites were glycosylated in this H4N2 virus. Deglycosylation increased trypsin-independent replication in cell culture, cell-to-cell spread and syncytium formation at low-acidic pH, but negatively affected the thermostability and receptor-binding affinity. Alteration of 2NYT4 with or without 18NGT20 enabled systemic spread of the virus to different organs including the brain of chicken embryos. However, all intranasally inoculated chickens did not show clinical signs. Together, although the conserved GS near the HACS are important for HA stability and receptor binding, deglycosylation increased the H4N2 HA-activation, replication and tissue tropism suggesting a potential role for virus adaptation in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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21
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Wu J, Zhang L, Wang X. Host Sex Steroids Interact With Virus Infection: New Insights Into Sex Disparity in Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:747347. [PMID: 34803967 PMCID: PMC8600311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.747347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones are steroid hormones synthesized from the gonads of animals and tissues such as the placenta and adrenocortical reticular zone. The physiological functions of sex hormones are complex. Sex hormones are not only pathologically correlated with many diseases of the reproductive system, but are etiological factors in some viral infectious diseases, including disease caused by infections of coronaviruses, herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses, and other kinds of human viruses, which either exhibit a male propensity in clinical practice, or crosstalk with androgen receptor (AR)-related pathways in viral pathogenesis. Due to the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the role of androgen/AR in viral infectious disease is highlighted again, majorly representing by the recent advances of AR-responsive gene of transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2), which proteolytically activates the receptor-mediated virus entry by many coronaviruses and influenza virus, along with the role of androgen-mediated signaling for the transcription of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and the role of sex hormone responsive genes during Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis, et al. Collectively, we propose to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of male sex hormones during multiple phases in the life cycle of different human viruses, which may be partly responsible for the sex-specific prevalence, severity and mortality of some diseases, therefore, may provide clues to develop more efficient prevention and treatment strategies for high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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22
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Ripa RN, Sealy JE, Raghwani J, Das T, Barua H, Masuduzzaman M, Saifuddin A, Huq MR, Uddin MI, Iqbal M, Brown I, Lewis NS, Pfeiffer D, Fournie G, Biswas PK. Molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in clinically affected chickens on farms in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2223-2234. [PMID: 34753400 PMCID: PMC8635652 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2004865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulate in poultry in Bangladesh, causing significant bird morbidity and mortality. Despite their importance to the poultry value chain, the role of farms in spreading and maintaining AIV infections remains poorly understood in most disease-endemic settings. To address this crucial gap in our knowledge, we conducted a cross-sectional study between 2017 and 2019 in the Chattogram Division of Bangladesh in clinically affected and dead chickens in farms with suspected AIV infection. Viral prevalence of each subtype was approximately 10% among farms for which veterinary advice was sought, indicating a high level of virus circulation in chicken farms despite the low number of reported outbreaks. The level of co-circulation of both subtypes on farms was high, with our study suggesting that in the field, the co-circulation of H5N1 and H9N2 can modulate disease severity, which could facilitate an underestimated level of AIV transmission in the poultry value chain. Finally, using newly generated whole-genome sequences, we investigate the evolutionary history of a small subset of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. Our analyses revealed that for both subtypes, the sampled viruses were genetically most closely related to other viruses isolated in Bangladesh and represented multiple independent incursions. However, due to lack of longitudinal surveillance in this region, it is difficult to ascertain whether these viruses emerged from endemic strains circulating in Bangladesh or from neighbouring countries. We also show that amino acids at putative antigenic residues underwent a distinct replacement during 2012 which coincides with the use of H5N1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripatun Nahar Ripa
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Joshua E Sealy
- Avian influenza viruses group, the Pirbright institute, Ash road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tridip Das
- Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Himel Barua
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Masuduzzaman
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Akm Saifuddin
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Reajul Huq
- District Livestock Office, Chattogram, Department of Livestock Services, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Inkeyas Uddin
- Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian influenza viruses group, the Pirbright institute, Ash road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead lane, Brookmans park, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.,Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Guillaume Fournie
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead lane, Brookmans park, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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23
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Mahoney M, Damalanka VC, Tartell MA, Chung DH, Lourenço AL, Pwee D, Mayer Bridwell AE, Hoffmann M, Voss J, Karmakar P, Azouz NP, Klingler AM, Rothlauf PW, Thompson CE, Lee M, Klampfer L, Stallings CL, Rothenberg ME, Pöhlmann S, Whelan SPJ, O'Donoghue AJ, Craik CS, Janetka JW. A novel class of TMPRSS2 inhibitors potently block SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV viral entry and protect human epithelial lung cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2108728118. [PMID: 34635581 PMCID: PMC8694051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108728118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host cell serine protease TMPRSS2 is an attractive therapeutic target for COVID-19 drug discovery. This protease activates the Spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and of other coronaviruses and is essential for viral spread in the lung. Utilizing rational structure-based drug design (SBDD) coupled to substrate specificity screening of TMPRSS2, we have discovered covalent small-molecule ketobenzothiazole (kbt) TMPRSS2 inhibitors which are structurally distinct from and have significantly improved activity over the existing known inhibitors Camostat and Nafamostat. Lead compound MM3122 (4) has an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 340 pM against recombinant full-length TMPRSS2 protein, an EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) of 430 pM in blocking host cell entry into Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells of a newly developed VSV-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus, and an EC50 of 74 nM in inhibiting cytopathic effects induced by SARS-CoV-2 virus in Calu-3 cells. Further, MM3122 blocks Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cell entry with an EC50 of 870 pM. MM3122 has excellent metabolic stability, safety, and pharmacokinetics in mice, with a half-life of 8.6 h in plasma and 7.5 h in lung tissue, making it suitable for in vivo efficacy evaluation and a promising drug candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mahoney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
- ProteXase Therapeutics, Inc., Saint Louis, MO 63108
| | - Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael A Tartell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dong Hee Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Dustin Pwee
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Anne E Mayer Bridwell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Jorine Voss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Andrea M Klingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Cassandra E Thompson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Melody Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110;
- ProteXase Therapeutics, Inc., Saint Louis, MO 63108
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24
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Abstract
Avian influenza viruses pose a continuous threat to both poultry and human health, with significant economic impact. The ability of viruses to reassort and jump the species barrier into mammalian hosts generates a constant pandemic threat. H10Nx avian viruses have been shown to replicate in mammalian species without prior adaptation and have caused significant human infection and fatalities. They are able to rapidly reassort with circulating poultry strains and go undetected due to their low pathogenicity in chickens. Novel detections of both human reassortant strains and increasing endemicity of H10Nx poultry infections highlight the increasing need for heightened surveillance and greater understanding of the distribution, tropism, and infection capabilities of these viruses. In this minireview, we highlight the gap in the current understanding of this subtype and its prevalence across a vast range of host species and geographical locations.
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25
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AboElkhair MA, Hasan ME, Mousa A, Moharam I, Sultan H, Malik Y, Sakr MA. In-silico evidence for enhancement of avian influenza virus H9N2 virulence by modulation of its hemagglutinin (HA) antigen function and stability during co-infection with infectious bronchitis virus in chickens. Virusdisease 2021; 32:548-558. [PMID: 34631979 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, frequent incidences of avian influenza (AI) H9N2 outbreaks have caused high mortality in poultry farms resulting in colossal economic losses in several countries. In Egypt, the co-infection of H9N2 with the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been observed extensively during these outbreaks. However, the pathogenicity of H9N2 in these outbreaks remained controversial. The current study reports isolation and characterization of the H9N2 virus recovered from a concurrent IBV infected broiler chicken flock in Egypt during 2011. The genomic RNA was subjected to RT-PCR amplification followed by sequencing and analysis. The deduced amino acid sequences of the eight segments of the current study H9N2 isolate were compared with those of Egyptian H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy and diseased chicken flocks from 2011 to 2013. In the phylogenetic analysis, the current study isolate was found to be closely related to the other Egyptian H9N2 viruses. Notably, no particular molecular characteristic difference was noticed among all the Egyptian H9N2 isolates from apparently healthy, diseased or co-infected with IBV chicken flocks. Nevertheless, in-silico analysis, we noted modulation of stability and motifs structure of Hemagglutinin (HA) antigen among the co-infecting H9N2 AI and the IBV and isolates from the diseased flocks. The findings suggest that the putative factor for enhancement of the H9N2 pathogenicity could be co-infection with other respiratory pathogens such as IBV that might change the HA stability and function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00688-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A AboElkhair
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Hasan
- Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Moharam
- Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia Egypt
| | - Hesham Sultan
- Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia Egypt
| | - Yashpal Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Moustafa A Sakr
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia Egypt
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26
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Takeda M. Proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 66:15-23. [PMID: 34561887 PMCID: PMC8652499 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spike (S) protein cleavage is a crucial step in coronavirus infection. In this review, this process is discussed, with particular focus on the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Compared with influenza virus and paramyxovirus membrane fusion proteins, the cleavage activation mechanism of coronavirus S protein is much more complex. The S protein has two cleavage sites (S1/S2 and S2′), and the cleavage motif for furin protease at the S1/S2 site that results from a unique four‐amino acid insertion is one of the distinguishing features of SARS‐CoV‐2. The viral particle incorporates the S protein, which has already undergone S1/S2 cleavage by furin, and then undergoes further cleavage at the S2′ site, mediated by the type II transmembrane serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), after binding to the receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to facilitate membrane fusion at the plasma membrane. In addition, SARS‐CoV‐2 can enter the cell by endocytosis and be proteolytically activated by cathepsin L, although this is not a major mode of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. SARS‐CoV‐2 variants with enhanced infectivity have been emerging throughout the ongoing pandemic, and there is a close relationship between enhanced infectivity and changes in S protein cleavability. All four variants of concern carry the D614G mutation, which indirectly enhances S1/S2 cleavability by furin. The P681R mutation of the delta variant directly increases S1/S2 cleavability, enhancing membrane fusion and SARS‐CoV‐2 virulence. Changes in S protein cleavability can significantly impact viral infectivity, tissue tropism, and virulence. Understanding these mechanisms is critical to counteracting the coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Hemagglutinins of avian influenza viruses are proteolytically activated by TMPRSS2 in human and murine airway cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0090621. [PMID: 34319155 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00906-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of the influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) by host proteases is indispensable for virus replication. Most IAVs possess a monobasic HA cleavage site cleaved by trypsin-like proteases. Previously, the transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 was shown to be essential for proteolytic activation of IAV HA subtypes H1, H2, H7 and H10 in mice. In contrast, additional proteases are involved in activation of certain H3 IAVs, indicating that HAs with monobasic cleavage site can differ in their sensitivity to host proteases. Here, we investigated the role of TMPRSS2 in proteolytic activation of avian HA subtypes H1 to H11 and H14 to H16 in human and mouse airway cell cultures. Using reassortant viruses carrying representative HAs, we analysed HA cleavage and multicycle replication in (i) lung cells of TMPRSS2-deficient mice and (ii) Calu-3 cells and primary human bronchial cells subjected to morpholino oligomer-mediated knockdown of TMPRSS2 activity. TMPRSS2 was found to be crucial for activation of H1 to H11, H14 and H15 in airway cells of human and mouse. Only H9 with an R-S-S-R cleavage site and H16 were proteolytically activated in the absence of TMPRSS2 activity, albeit with reduced efficiency. Moreover, a TMPRSS2-orthologous protease from duck supported activation of H1 to H11, H15 and H16 in MDCK cells. Together, our data demonstrate that in human and murine respiratory cells, TMPRSS2 is the major activating protease of almost all IAV HA subtypes with monobasic cleavage site. Furthermore, our results suggest that TMPRSS2 supports activation of IAV with monobasic cleavage site in ducks. Importance Human infections with avian influenza A viruses upon exposure to infected birds are frequently reported and have received attention as a potential pandemic threat. Cleavage of the envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) by host proteases is a prerequisite for membrane fusion and essential for virus infectivity. In this study, we identify the transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 as the major activating protease of avian influenza virus HAs of subtypes H1 to H11, H14 and H15 in human and murine airway cells. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of TMPRSS2 activity may provide a useful approach for the treatment of human infections with avian influenza viruses that should be considered for pandemic preparedness as well. Additionally, we show that a TMPRSS2-orthologous protease from duck can activate avian influenza virus HAs with a monobasic cleavage site and thus represents a potential virus-activating protease in waterfowl, the primary reservoir for influenza A viruses.
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28
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Mahoney M, Damalanka VC, Tartell MA, Chung DH, Lourenco AL, Pwee D, Mayer Bridwell AE, Hoffmann M, Voss J, Karmakar P, Azouz N, Klingler AM, Rothlauf PW, Thompson CE, Lee M, Klampfer L, Stallings C, Rothenberg ME, Pöhlmann S, Whelan SP, O'Donoghue AJ, Craik CS, Janetka JW. A novel class of TMPRSS2 inhibitors potently block SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV viral entry and protect human epithelial lung cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34131661 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.06.442935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The host cell serine protease TMPRSS2 is an attractive therapeutic target for COVID-19 drug discovery. This protease activates the Spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and of other coronaviruses and is essential for viral spread in the lung. Utilizing rational structure-based drug design (SBDD) coupled to substrate specificity screening of TMPRSS2, we have discovered a novel class of small molecule ketobenzothiazole TMPRSS2 inhibitors with significantly improved activity over existing irreversible inhibitors Camostat and Nafamostat. Lead compound MM3122 ( 4 ) has an IC 50 of 340 pM against recombinant full-length TMPRSS2 protein, an EC 50 of 430 pM in blocking host cell entry into Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells of a newly developed VSV SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus, and an EC 50 of 74 nM in inhibiting cytopathic effects induced by SARS-CoV-2 virus in Calu-3 cells. Further, MM3122 blocks Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cell entry with an EC 50 of 870 pM. MM3122 has excellent metabolic stability, safety, and pharmacokinetics in mice with a half-life of 8.6 hours in plasma and 7.5 h in lung tissue, making it suitable for in vivo efficacy evaluation and a promising drug candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
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29
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You J, Seok JH, Joo M, Bae JY, Kim JI, Park MS, Kim K. Multifactorial Traits of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Related to Diverse Host Proteases and Proteins. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:249-262. [PMID: 33875625 PMCID: PMC8094071 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The most effective way to control newly emerging infectious disease, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, is to strengthen preventative or therapeutic public health strategies before the infection spreads worldwide. However, global health systems remain at the early stages in anticipating effective therapeutics or vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While maintaining social distance is the most crucial metric to avoid spreading the virus, symptomatic therapy given to patients on the clinical manifestations helps save lives. The molecular properties of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been quickly elucidated, paving the way to therapeutics, vaccine development, and other medical interventions. Despite this progress, the detailed biomolecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains elusive. Given virus invasion of cells is a determining factor for virulence, understanding the viral entry process can be a mainstay in controlling newly emerged viruses. Since viral entry is mediated by selective cellular proteases or proteins associated with receptors, identification and functional analysis of these proteins could provide a way to disrupt virus propagation. This review comprehensively discusses cellular machinery necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding multifactorial traits of the virus entry will provide a substantial guide to facilitate antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan You
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Seok
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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30
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The Effects of Matriptase Inhibition on the Inflammatory and Redox Homeostasis of Chicken Hepatic Cell Culture Models. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050450. [PMID: 33919461 PMCID: PMC8143509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the transmembrane serine protease matriptase is well described in mammals, but it has not been elucidated in avian species yet. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the 3-amidinophenylalanine (3-AphA)-type matriptase inhibitors MI432 and MI460 on the inflammatory and oxidative state of chicken primary hepatocyte mono-cultures and hepatocyte-nonparenchymal cell co-cultures, the latter serving as a proper model of hepatic inflammation in birds. Cell cultures were exposed to MI432 and MI460 for 4 and 24 h at 10, 25, and 50 µM concentrations, and thereafter the cellular metabolic activity, extracellular interleukin (IL-)6, IL-8, H2O2 and malondialdehyde concentrations were monitored. Both inhibitors caused a transient moderate reduction in the metabolic activity following 4 h exposure, which was restored after 24 h, reflecting the fast hepatic adaptation potential to matriptase inhibitor administration. Furthermore, MI432 triggered an intense elevation in the cellular proinflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 production after both incubation times in all concentrations, which was not coupled to enhanced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation based on unchanged H2O2 production, malondialdehyde levels and glutathione peroxidase activity. These data suggest that physiological matriptase activities might have a key function in retaining the metabolic and inflammatory homeostasis of the liver in chicken, without being a major modulator of the hepatocellular redox state.
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31
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Ohno A, Maita N, Tabata T, Nagano H, Arita K, Ariyoshi M, Uchida T, Nakao R, Ulla A, Sugiura K, Kishimoto K, Teshima-Kondo S, Okumura Y, Nikawa T. Crystal structure of inhibitor-bound human MSPL that can activate high pathogenic avian influenza. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/6/e202000849. [PMID: 33820827 PMCID: PMC8046417 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of extracellular domain of MSPL and inhibitor complex helps to understand the TTSP functions, including TMPRSS2, and provides the insights of the infection of influenza and SARS-CoV. Infection of certain influenza viruses is triggered when its HA is cleaved by host cell proteases such as proprotein convertases and type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP). HA with a monobasic motif is cleaved by trypsin-like proteases, including TMPRSS2 and HAT, whereas the multibasic motif found in high pathogenicity avian influenza HA is cleaved by furin, PC5/6, or MSPL. MSPL belongs to the TMPRSS family and preferentially cleaves [R/K]-K-K-R↓ sequences. Here, we solved the crystal structure of the extracellular region of human MSPL in complex with an irreversible substrate-analog inhibitor. The structure revealed three domains clustered around the C-terminal α-helix of the SPD. The inhibitor structure and its putative model show that the P1-Arg inserts into the S1 pocket, whereas the P2-Lys and P4-Arg interacts with the Asp/Glu-rich 99-loop that is unique to MSPL. Based on the structure of MSPL, we also constructed a homology model of TMPRSS2, which is essential for the activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and infection. The model may provide the structural insight for the drug development for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ohno
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Maita
- Division of Disease Proteomics, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takanori Tabata
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Asahikasei Pharma, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagano
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Arita
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchida
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Anayt Ulla
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sugiura
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shigetada Teshima-Kondo
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuushi Okumura
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women's University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Pászti-Gere E, Pomothy J, Jerzsele Á, Pilgram O, Steinmetzer T. Exposure of human intestinal epithelial cells and primary human hepatocytes to trypsin-like serine protease inhibitors with potential antiviral effect. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:659-668. [PMID: 33641565 PMCID: PMC7928042 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1886093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal epithelial cell line-6 (HIEC-6) cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were treated with 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived inhibitors of trypsin-like serine proteases for 24 hours. It was proven that treatment with MI-1900 and MI-1907 was tolerated up to 50 μM in HIEC-6. These inhibitors did not cause elevations in extracellular H2O2 levels and in the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and did not alter occludin distribution in HIEC-6. It was also found that MI-1900 and MI-1907 up to 50 μM did not affect cell viability, IL-6 and IL-8 and occludin levels of PHH. Based on our findings, these inhibitors could be safely applicable at 50 μM in HIEC-6 and in PHH; however, redox status was disturbed in case of PHH. Moreover, it has recently been demonstrated that MI-1900 prevents the replication and spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 in infected Calu-3 cells, most-likely via an inhibition of the membrane-bound host protease TMPRSS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Pomothy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Budhraja A, Pandey S, Kannan S, Verma CS, Venkatraman P. The polybasic insert, the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and the feline coronavirus - evolved or yet to evolve. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100907. [PMID: 33521335 PMCID: PMC7833556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has exploded around the furin-cleavable polybasic insert PRRAR↓S, found within the spike protein. The insert and the receptor-binding domain, (RBD), are vital clues in the Sherlock Holmes-like investigation into the origin of the virus and in its zoonotic crossover. Based on comparative analysis of the whole genome and the sequence features of the insert and the RBD domain, the bat and the pangolin have been proposed as very likely intermediary hosts. In this study, using the various databases, in-house developed tools, sequence comparisons, structure-guided docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, we cautiously present a fresh, theoretical perspective on the SARS-CoV-2 virus activation and its intermediary host. They are a) the SARS-CoV-2 has not yet acquired a fully optimal furin binding site or this seemingly less optimal sequence, PRRARS, has been selected for survival; b) in structural models of furin complexed with peptides, PRRAR↓S binds less well and with distinct differences as compared to the all basic RRKRR↓S; c) these differences may be exploited for the design of virus-specific inhibitors; d) the novel polybasic insert of SARS-CoV-2 may be promiscuous enough to be cleaved by multiple enzymes of the human airway epithelium and tissues which may explain its unexpected broad tropism; e) the RBD domain of the feline coronavirus spike protein carries residues that are responsible for high-affinity binding of the SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE 2 receptor; f) en route zoonotic transfer, the virus may have passed through the domestic cat whose very human-like ACE2 receptor and furin may have played some role in optimizing the traits required for zoonotic transfer. Polybasic insert of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is rare among several hundred proteins with a motif ‘RRARS’. SARS CoV-2 shares furin-like site and RBD interface residues including hotspot sites, with some of the lethal form of Feline coronavirus spike protein and those from the healthy cats. Polybasic sequence PRRARS binds less well to furin in structural models. SARS-CoV-2 may have passed through the domestic cat during zoonotic transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Budhraja
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Sector 15, Plot No 50, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
- Protein Interactome Lab for Structural and Functional Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, 2nd Floor, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Sakshi Pandey
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Sector 15, Plot No 50, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
- Protein Interactome Lab for Structural and Functional Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, 2nd Floor, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
| | - Srinivasaraghavan Kannan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Prasanna Venkatraman
- Protein Interactome Lab for Structural and Functional Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, 2nd Floor, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400094, India
- Corresponding author. Protein Interactome Lab for Structural and Functional Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India.
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34
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A risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza A (H9N2) virus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:71. [PMID: 33452423 PMCID: PMC7811019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 influenza variants. Here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (HACS) of H9N2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic HACS were found at high prevalence in Asia and the Middle East. Our finding suggested that the tribasic H9N2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, pathogenicity and transmission in chickens and the virulence of mice compared to the monobasic H9N2 viruses. Notably, the enlarged stem-loop structures of HACS in the RNA region were found in the increasing tribasic H9N2 viruses. The enlarged HACS RNA secondary structures of H9N2 viruses did not influence the viral replication but accelerated the frequency of nucleotide insertion in HACS. With the prevailing tendency of the tribasic H9N2 viruses, the tribasic HACS in H9N2 viruses should be paid more attention.
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Chungu K, Park YH, Woo SJ, Lee SB, Rengaraj D, Lee HJ, Han JY. Establishment of a genetically engineered chicken DF-1 cell line for efficient amplification of influenza viruses in the absence of trypsin. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33413322 PMCID: PMC7792337 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial step of influenza infection is binding of the virus to specific sialic acid receptors expressed by host cells. This is followed by cell entry via endocytosis. Cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein is critical for infection; this is performed by host cell proteases during viral replication. In cell culture systems, HA is cleaved by trypsin added to the culture medium. The vast majority of established cell lines are mammalian. RESULTS In the present study, we generated genetically engineered chicken DF-1 cell lines overexpressing transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2, which cleaves HA), ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3GAL1, which plays a role in synthesis of α-2,3 linked sialic acids to which avian-adapted viruses bind preferentially), or both. We found that overexpression of TMPRSS2 supports the virus life cycle by cleaving HA. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of ST3GAL1 increased the viral titer. Finally, we showed that overexpression of both TMPRSS2 and ST3GAL1 increased the final viral titer due to enhanced support of viral replication and prolonged viability of the cells. In addition, overexpression of these genes of interest had no effect on cell proliferation and viability. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results indicate that these engineered cells could be used as a cell-based system to propagate influenza virus efficiently in the absence of trypsin. Further studies on influenza virus interactions with chicken cell host factors could be studied without the effect of trypsin on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Chungu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Je Woo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Su Bin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hong Jo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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36
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Papa G, Mallery DL, Albecka A, Welch LG, Cattin-Ortolá J, Luptak J, Paul D, McMahon HT, Goodfellow IG, Carter A, Munro S, James LC. Furin cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 Spike promotes but is not essential for infection and cell-cell fusion. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009246. [PMID: 33493182 PMCID: PMC7861537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects cells by binding to the host cell receptor ACE2 and undergoing virus-host membrane fusion. Fusion is triggered by the protease TMPRSS2, which processes the viral Spike (S) protein to reveal the fusion peptide. SARS-CoV-2 has evolved a multibasic site at the S1-S2 boundary, which is thought to be cleaved by furin in order to prime S protein for TMPRSS2 processing. Here we show that CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of furin reduces, but does not prevent, the production of infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. Comparing S processing in furin knockout cells to multibasic site mutants reveals that while loss of furin substantially reduces S1-S2 cleavage it does not prevent it. SARS-CoV-2 S protein also mediates cell-cell fusion, potentially allowing virus to spread virion-independently. We show that loss of furin in either donor or acceptor cells reduces, but does not prevent, TMPRSS2-dependent cell-cell fusion, unlike mutation of the multibasic site that completely prevents syncytia formation. Our results show that while furin promotes both SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and cell-cell spread it is not essential, suggesting furin inhibitors may reduce but not abolish viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Donna L. Mallery
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence G. Welch
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Cattin-Ortolá
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Luptak
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Paul
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey T. McMahon
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Carter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo C. James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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37
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Fuentes-Prior P. Priming of SARS-CoV-2 S protein by several membrane-bound serine proteinases could explain enhanced viral infectivity and systemic COVID-19 infection. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100135. [PMID: 33268377 PMCID: PMC7834812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.015980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has already caused over a million deaths worldwide, and this death toll will be much higher before effective treatments and vaccines are available. The causative agent of the disease, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, shows important similarities with the previously emerged SARS-CoV-1, but also striking differences. First, SARS-CoV-2 possesses a significantly higher transmission rate and infectivity than SARS-CoV-1 and has infected in a few months over 60 million people. Moreover, COVID-19 has a systemic character, as in addition to the lungs, it also affects the heart, liver, and kidneys among other organs of the patients and causes frequent thrombotic and neurological complications. In fact, the term "viral sepsis" has been recently coined to describe the clinical observations. Here I review current structure-function information on the viral spike proteins and the membrane fusion process to provide plausible explanations for these observations. I hypothesize that several membrane-associated serine proteinases (MASPs), in synergy with or in place of TMPRSS2, contribute to activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Relative concentrations of the attachment receptor, ACE2, MASPs, their endogenous inhibitors (the Kunitz-type transmembrane inhibitors, HAI-1/SPINT1 and HAI-2/SPINT2, as well as major circulating serpins) would determine the infection rate of host cells. The exclusive or predominant expression of major MASPs in specific human organs suggests a direct role of these proteinases in e.g., heart infection and myocardial injury, liver dysfunction, kidney damage, as well as neurological complications. Thorough consideration of these factors could have a positive impact on the control of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Molecular Bases of Disease, Biomedical Research Institute (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Blaurock C, Scheibner D, Landmann M, Vallbracht M, Ulrich R, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. Non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a European H9N2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21226. [PMID: 33277593 PMCID: PMC7718272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is the most widespread low pathogenic (LP) AIV in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. Vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. However, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of H9N2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (CS), a main virulence determinant of AIV. Compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of H9N2 AIV to turkeys. Here, we describe 36 different CS motifs in Eurasian H9N2 viruses identified from 1966 to 2019. The European H9N2 viruses specify unique HACS with particular polymorphism by insertion of non-basic amino acids at position 319. Recombinant viruses carrying single HACS mutations resembling field viruses were constructed (designated G319, A319, N319, S319, D319 and K319). Several viruses replicated to significantly higher titers in turkey cells than in chicken cells. Serine proteases were more efficient than trypsin to support multicycle replication in mammalian cells. Mutations affected cell-to-cell spread and pH-dependent HA fusion activity. In contrast to chickens, mutations in the HACS modulated clinical signs in inoculated and co-housed turkeys. G319 exhibited the lowest virulence, however, it replicated to significantly higher titers in contact-turkeys and in vitro. Interestingly, H9N2 viruses, particularly G319, replicated in brain cells of turkeys and to a lesser extent in mammalian brain cells independent of trypsin. Therefore, the silent circulation of potentially zoonotic H9N2 viruses in poultry should be monitored carefully. These results are important for understanding the adaptation of H9N2 in poultry and replication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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39
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Bestle D, Heindl MR, Limburg H, Van Lam van T, Pilgram O, Moulton H, Stein DA, Hardes K, Eickmann M, Dolnik O, Rohde C, Klenk HD, Garten W, Steinmetzer T, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E. TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/9/e202000786. [PMID: 32703818 PMCID: PMC7383062 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel emerged SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread around the world causing acute infection of the respiratory tract (COVID-19) that can result in severe disease and lethality. For SARS-CoV-2 to enter cells, its surface glycoprotein spike (S) must be cleaved at two different sites by host cell proteases, which therefore represent potential drug targets. In the present study, we show that S can be cleaved by the proprotein convertase furin at the S1/S2 site and the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) at the S2' site. We demonstrate that TMPRSS2 is essential for activation of SARS-CoV-2 S in Calu-3 human airway epithelial cells through antisense-mediated knockdown of TMPRSS2 expression. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 replication was also strongly inhibited by the synthetic furin inhibitor MI-1851 in human airway cells. In contrast, inhibition of endosomal cathepsins by E64d did not affect virus replication. Combining various TMPRSS2 inhibitors with furin inhibitor MI-1851 produced more potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 than an equimolar amount of any single serine protease inhibitor. Therefore, this approach has considerable therapeutic potential for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Bestle
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Hannah Limburg
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thuy Van Lam van
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hong Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David A Stein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Marburg-Gießen-Langen Site, Emerging Infections Unit, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Marburg-Gießen-Langen Site, Emerging Infections Unit, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Marburg-Gießen-Langen Site, Emerging Infections Unit, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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40
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Everest H, Hill SC, Daines R, Sealy JE, James J, Hansen R, Iqbal M. The Evolution, Spread and Global Threat of H6Nx Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060673. [PMID: 32580412 PMCID: PMC7354632 DOI: 10.3390/v12060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the subtype H6Nx are being detected globally with increasing frequency. Some H6Nx lineages are becoming enzootic in Asian poultry and sporadic incursions into European poultry are occurring more frequently. H6Nx viruses that contain mammalian adaptation motifs pose a zoonotic threat and have caused human cases. Although currently understudied globally, H6Nx avian influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to both poultry and human health. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge of H6Nx viruses including their global distribution, tropism, transmission routes and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Everest
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rebecca Daines
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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41
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Gonzales JL, Pritz-Verschuren S, Bouwstra R, Wiegel J, Elbers ARW, Beerens N. Seasonal risk of low pathogenic avian influenza virus introductions into free-range layer farms in the Netherlands. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:127-136. [PMID: 32506770 PMCID: PMC8048991 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Poultry can become infected with avian influenza viruses (AIV) via (in) direct contact with infected wild birds. Free‐range chicken farms in the Netherlands were shown to have a higher risk for introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus than indoor chicken farms. Therefore, during outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), free‐range layers are confined indoors as a risk mitigation measure. In this study, we characterized the seasonal patterns of AIV introductions into free‐range layer farms, to determine the high‐risk period. Data from the LPAI serological surveillance programme for the period 2013–2016 were used to first estimate the time of virus introduction into affected farms and then assess seasonal patterns in the risk of introduction. Time of introduction was estimated by fitting a mathematical model to seroprevalence data collected longitudinally from infected farms. For the period 2015–2016, longitudinal follow‐up included monthly collections of eggs for serological testing from a cohort of 261 farms. Information on the time of introduction was then used to estimate the monthly incidence and seasonality by fitting harmonic and Poisson regression models. A significant yearly seasonal risk of introduction that lasted around 4 months (November to February) was identified with the highest risk observed in January. The risk for introduction of LPAI viruses in this period was on average four times significantly higher than the period of low risk around the summer months. Although the data for HPAI infections were limited in the period 2014–2018, a similar risk period for introduction of HPAI viruses was observed. The results of this study can be used to optimize risk‐based surveillance and inform decisions on timing and duration of indoor confinement when HPAI viruses are known to circulate in the wild bird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gonzales
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Armin R W Elbers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9 subtype are enzootic in Asia, the Middle East, and parts of North and Central Africa, where they cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Of note, some strains of H9N2 viruses have been linked to zoonotic episodes of mild respiratory diseases. Because of the threat posed by H9N2 viruses to poultry and human health, these viruses are considered of pandemic concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). H9N2 IAVs continue to diversify into multiple antigenically and phylogenetically distinct lineages that can further promote the emergence of strains with pandemic potential. Somewhat neglected compared with the H5 and H7 subtypes, there are numerous indicators that H9N2 viruses could be involved directly or indirectly in the emergence of the next influenza pandemic. The goal of this work is to discuss the state of knowledge on H9N2 IAVs and to provide an update on the contemporary global situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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43
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Zang R, Gomez Castro MF, McCune BT, Zeng Q, Rothlauf PW, Sonnek NM, Liu Z, Brulois KF, Wang X, Greenberg HB, Diamond MS, Ciorba MA, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/47/eabc3582. [PMID: 32404436 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.21.054015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human intestine and contributes to possible fecal-oral transmission. Here, we report productive infection of SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2+ mature enterocytes in human small intestinal enteroids. Expression of two mucosa-specific serine proteases, TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, facilitated SARS-CoV-2 spike fusogenic activity and promoted virus entry into host cells. We also demonstrate that viruses released into the intestinal lumen were inactivated by simulated human colonic fluid, and infectious virus was not recovered from the stool specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our results highlight the intestine as a potential site of SARS-CoV-2 replication, which may contribute to local and systemic illness and overall disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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44
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Zang R, Gomez Castro MF, McCune BT, Zeng Q, Rothlauf PW, Sonnek NM, Liu Z, Brulois KF, Wang X, Greenberg HB, Diamond MS, Ciorba MA, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabc3582. [PMID: 32404436 PMCID: PMC7285829 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human intestine and contributes to possible fecal-oral transmission. Here, we report productive infection of SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2+ mature enterocytes in human small intestinal enteroids. Expression of two mucosa-specific serine proteases, TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, facilitated SARS-CoV-2 spike fusogenic activity and promoted virus entry into host cells. We also demonstrate that viruses released into the intestinal lumen were inactivated by simulated human colonic fluid, and infectious virus was not recovered from the stool specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our results highlight the intestine as a potential site of SARS-CoV-2 replication, which may contribute to local and systemic illness and overall disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Harbig A, Mernberger M, Bittel L, Pleschka S, Schughart K, Steinmetzer T, Stiewe T, Nist A, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E. Transcriptome profiling and protease inhibition experiments identify proteases that activate H3N2 influenza A and influenza B viruses in murine airways. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11388-11407. [PMID: 32303635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) by host proteases is essential for virus infectivity. HA of most influenza A and B (IAV/IBV) viruses is cleaved at a monobasic motif by trypsin-like proteases. Previous studies have reported that transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for activation of H7N9 and H1N1pdm IAV in mice but that H3N2 IAV and IBV activation is independent of TMPRSS2 and carried out by as-yet-undetermined protease(s). Here, to identify additional H3 IAV- and IBV-activating proteases, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the protease repertoire of murine lower airway tissues, primary type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs), and the mouse lung cell line MLE-15. Among 13 candidates identified, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin activated H3 and IBV HA in vitro IBV activation and replication was reduced in AECIIs from Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice compared with WT or Tmprss2-deficient mice, indicating that murine TMPRSS4 is involved in IBV activation. Multicycle replication of H3N2 IAV and IBV in AECIIs of Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice varied in sensitivity to protease inhibitors, indicating that different, but overlapping, sets of murine proteases facilitate H3 and IBV HA cleavages. Interestingly, human hepsin and prostasin orthologs did not activate H3, but they did activate IBV HA in vitro Our results indicate that TMPRSS4 is an IBV-activating protease in murine AECIIs and suggest that TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin cleave H3 and IBV HA in mice. They further show that hepsin and prostasin orthologs might contribute to the differences observed in TMPRSS2-independent activation of H3 in murine and human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harbig
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Linda Bittel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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46
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Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)-Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072353. [PMID: 32231159 PMCID: PMC7178042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally restricted to H5 and H7 subtypes with a polybasic cleavage site (CS) in hemagglutinin (HA) and any AIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ≥ 1.2. Although only a few non-H5/H7 viruses fulfill the criteria of HPAIV; it remains unclear why these viruses did not spread in domestic birds. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic CS 322PEKRRTR/G329 was isolated from quails in California which, however, was avirulent in chickens. This is the only known non-H5/H7 virus with four basic amino acids in the HACS. Here, we investigated the virulence of this virus in chickens after expansion of the polybasic CS by substitution of T327R (322PEKRRRR/G329) or T327K (322PEKRRKR/G329) with or without reassortment with HPAIV H5N1 and H7N7. The impact of single mutations or reassortment on virus fitness in vitro and in vivo was studied. Efficient cell culture replication of T327R/K carrying H4N2 viruses increased by treatment with trypsin, particularly in MDCK cells, and reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. Replication, virus excretion and bird-to-bird transmission of H4N2 was remarkably compromised by the CS mutations, but restored after reassortment with HPAIV H5N1, although not with HPAIV H7N7. Viruses carrying the H4-HA with or without R327 or K327 mutations and the other seven gene segments from HPAIV H5N1 exhibited high virulence and efficient transmission in chickens. Together, increasing the number of basic amino acids in the H4N2 HACS was detrimental for viral fitness particularly in vivo but compensated by reassortment with HPAIV H5N1. This may explain the absence of non-H5/H7 HPAIV in poultry.
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Straus MR, Kinder JT, Segall M, Dutch RE, Whittaker GR. SPINT2 inhibits proteases involved in activation of both influenza viruses and metapneumoviruses. Virology 2020; 543:43-53. [PMID: 32056846 PMCID: PMC7112099 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses possessing class I fusion proteins require proteolytic activation by host cell proteases to mediate fusion with the host cell membrane. The mammalian SPINT2 gene encodes a protease inhibitor that targets trypsin-like serine proteases. Here we show the protease inhibitor, SPINT2, restricts cleavage-activation efficiently for a range of influenza viruses and for human metapneumovirus (HMPV). SPINT2 treatment resulted in the cleavage and fusion inhibition of full-length influenza A/CA/04/09 (H1N1) HA, A/Aichi/68 (H3N2) HA, A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) HA and HMPV F when activated by trypsin, recombinant matriptase or KLK5. We also demonstrate that SPINT2 was able to reduce viral growth of influenza A/CA/04/09 H1N1 and A/X31 H3N2 in cell culture by inhibiting matriptase or TMPRSS2. Moreover, inhibition efficacy did not differ whether SPINT2 was added at the time of infection or 24 h post-infection. Our data suggest that the SPINT2 inhibitor has a strong potential to serve as a novel broad-spectrum antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R Straus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
| | - Jonathan T Kinder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michal Segall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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48
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Laporte M, Stevaert A, Raeymaekers V, Boogaerts T, Nehlmeier I, Chiu W, Benkheil M, Vanaudenaerde B, Pöhlmann S, Naesens L. Hemagglutinin Cleavability, Acid Stability, and Temperature Dependence Optimize Influenza B Virus for Replication in Human Airways. J Virol 2019; 94:e01430-19. [PMID: 31597759 PMCID: PMC6912116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01430-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) cause yearly epidemics with significant morbidity and mortality. When zoonotic IAVs enter the human population, the viral hemagglutinin (HA) requires adaptation to achieve sustained virus transmission. In contrast, IBV has been circulating in humans, its only host, for a long period of time. Whether this entailed adaptation of IBV HA to the human airways is unknown. To address this question, we compared two seasonal IAVs (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) and two IBVs (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) with regard to host-dependent activity of HA as the mediator of membrane fusion during viral entry. We first investigated proteolytic activation of HA by covering all type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) and kallikrein enzymes, many of which proved to be present in human respiratory epithelium. The IBV HA0 precursor is cleaved by a broader panel of TTSPs and activated with much higher efficiency than IAV HA0. Accordingly, knockdown of a single protease, TMPRSS2, abrogated spread of IAV but not IBV in human respiratory epithelial cells. Second, the HA fusion pH values proved similar for IBV and human-adapted IAVs (with one exception being the HA of 1918 IAV). Third, IBV HA exhibited higher expression at 33°C, a temperature required for membrane fusion by B/Victoria HA. This indicates pronounced adaptation of IBV HA to the mildly acidic pH and cooler temperature of human upper airways. These distinct and intrinsic features of IBV HA are compatible with extensive host adaptation during prolonged circulation of this respiratory virus in the human population.IMPORTANCE Influenza epidemics are caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses (IAV and IBV, respectively). IBV causes substantial disease; however, it is far less studied than IAV. While IAV originates from animal reservoirs, IBV circulates in humans only. Virus spread requires that the viral hemagglutinin (HA) is active and sufficiently stable in human airways. We resolve here how these mechanisms differ between IBV and IAV. Whereas human IAVs rely on one particular protease for HA activation, this is not the case for IBV. Superior activation of IBV by several proteases should enhance shedding of infectious particles. IBV HA exhibits acid stability and a preference for 33°C, indicating pronounced adaptation to the human upper airways, where the pH is mildly acidic and a cooler temperature exists. These adaptive features are rationalized by the long existence of IBV in humans and may have broader relevance for understanding the biology and evolution of respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/metabolism
- Influenza B virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Kallikreins/classification
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Membrane Fusion
- Membrane Proteins/classification
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Proteolysis
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/virology
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Proteases/classification
- Serine Proteases/genetics
- Serine Proteases/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Temperature
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Laporte
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Raeymaekers
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Talitha Boogaerts
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inga Nehlmeier
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winston Chiu
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Benkheil
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Pneumology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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49
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Suttie A, Tok S, Yann S, Keo P, Horm SV, Roe M, Kaye M, Sorn S, Holl D, Tum S, Barr IG, Hurt AC, Greenhill AR, Karlsson EA, Vijaykrishna D, Deng YM, Dussart P, Horwood PF. The evolution and genetic diversity of avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses in Cambodia, 2015 - 2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225428. [PMID: 31815945 PMCID: PMC6901181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic A(H9N2) subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were originally detected in Cambodian poultry in 2013, and now circulate endemically. We sequenced and characterised 64 A(H9N2) AIVs detected in Cambodian poultry (chickens and ducks) from January 2015 to May 2016. All A(H9) viruses collected in 2015 and 2016 belonged to a new BJ/94-like h9-4.2.5 sub-lineage that emerged in the region during or after 2013, and was distinct to previously detected Cambodian viruses. Overall, there was a reduction of genetic diversity of H9N2 since 2013, however two genotypes were detected in circulation, P and V, with extensive reassortment between the viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between A(H9N2) AIVs detected in Cambodian and Vietnamese poultry, highlighting cross-border trade/movement of live, domestic poultry between the countries. Wild birds may also play a role in A(H9N2) transmission in the region. Some genes of the Cambodian isolates frequently clustered with zoonotic A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) viruses, suggesting a common ecology. Molecular analysis showed 100% of viruses contained the hemagglutinin (HA) Q226L substitution, which favours mammalian receptor type binding. All viruses were susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor antivirals; however, 41% contained the matrix (M2) S31N substitution associated with resistance to adamantanes. Overall, Cambodian A(H9N2) viruses possessed factors known to increase zoonotic potential, and therefore their evolution should be continually monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Songha Tok
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokhoun Yann
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ponnarath Keo
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Srey Viseth Horm
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Merryn Roe
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Kaye
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - San Sorn
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Davun Holl
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ian G. Barr
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aeron C. Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail: (PH); (PD)
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- * E-mail: (PH); (PD)
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50
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Whittaker GR, Straus MR. Human matriptase/ST 14 proteolytically cleaves H7N9 hemagglutinin and facilitates the activation of influenza A/Shanghai/2/2013 virus in cell culture. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 14:189-195. [PMID: 31820577 PMCID: PMC7040964 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a zoonotic disease that infects millions of people each year resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, and in turn devastating pandemics. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV). There are many subtypes of IAV but only a few seem to be able to adapt to humans and to cause disease. In 2013, an H7N9 IAV subtype emerged in China that does not cause clinical symptoms in its chicken host but leads to severe infections when transmitted into humans. Since 2013, there have been six epidemic waves of H7N9 with 1567 laboratory-confirmed human infections and 615 deaths. Pathogenicity of IAV is complex, but a crucial feature contributing to virulence is the activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) fusion protein by host proteases that triggers membrane fusion and leads to subsequent virus propagation. METHODS 293T, VERO, and MDCK cells were used to conduct Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assays, and pseudoparticle and live virus infections, and to evaluate H7N9 HA cleavage-activation. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS We show that human matriptase/ST 14 is able to cleave H7N9 HA. Cleavage of H7N9 HA expressed in cell culture results in fusogenic HA and syncytia formation. In infection studies with viral pseudoparticles carrying matriptase/ST 14-activated H7N9 HA, we observed a high infectivity of cells. Finally, human matriptase/ST 14 also activated H7N9 live virus which resulted in high infectivity. Our data demonstrate that human matriptase/ST 14 is a likely candidate protease to promote H7N9 infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marco R Straus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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