1
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Lu X, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. The multifaceted interactions between Newcastle disease virus proteins and host proteins: a systematic review. Virulence 2024; 15:2299182. [PMID: 38193514 PMCID: PMC10793697 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2299182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) typically induces severe illness in poultry and results in significant economic losses for the worldwide poultry sector. NDV, an RNA virus with a single-stranded negative-sense genome, is susceptible to mutation and immune evasion during viral transmission, thus imposing enormous challenges to avian health and poultry production. NDV is composed of six structural proteins and two nonstructural proteins that exert pivotal roles in viral infection and antiviral responses by interacting with host proteins. Nowadays, there is a particular focus on the mechanisms of virus-host protein interactions in NDV research, yet a comprehensive overview of such research is still lacking. Herein, we briefly summarize the mechanisms regarding the effects of virus-host protein interaction on viral infection, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. This review can not only enhance the present comprehension of the mechanism underlying NDV and host interplay, but also furnish a point of reference for the advancement of antiviral measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Bonneux B, Shareef A, Tcherniuk S, Anson B, de Bruyn S, Verheyen N, Thys K, Conceição-Neto N, Van Ginderen M, Kwanten L, Ysebaert N, Vranckx L, Peeters E, Lanckacker E, Gallup JM, Sitthicharoenchai P, Alnajjar S, Ackermann MR, Adhikary S, Bhaumik A, Patrick A, Fung A, Sutto-Ortiz P, Decroly E, Mason SW, Lançois D, Deval J, Jin Z, Eléouët JF, Fearns R, Koul A, Roymans D, Rigaux P, Herschke F. JNJ-7184, a respiratory syncytial virus inhibitor targeting the connector domain of the viral polymerase. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105907. [PMID: 38772503 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pulmonary complications in infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients. While two vaccines and two prophylactic monoclonal antibodies are now available, treatment options are still needed. JNJ-7184 is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the RSV-Large (L) polymerase, displaying potent inhibition of both RSV-A and -B strains. Resistance selection and hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments suggest JNJ-7184 binds RSV-L in the connector domain. JNJ-7184 prevents RSV replication and transcription by inhibiting initiation or early elongation. JNJ-7184 is effective in air-liquid interface cultures and therapeutically in neonatal lambs, acting to drastically reverse the appearance of lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Bonneux
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsbaan 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Afzaal Shareef
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sergey Tcherniuk
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM, UMR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Brandon Anson
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Suzanne de Bruyn
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kim Thys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Leen Kwanten
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Vranckx
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Elien Peeters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ellen Lanckacker
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Suraj Adhikary
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Anusarka Bhaumik
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Aaron Patrick
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Priscila Sutto-Ortiz
- AFMB, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen W Mason
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | | | - Jerome Deval
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House (PA 19477) And Brisbane (CA 94005), USA
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM, UMR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Virology, Immunology & Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anil Koul
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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3
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Yu X, Abeywickrema P, Bonneux B, Behera I, Anson B, Jacoby E, Fung A, Adhikary S, Bhaumik A, Carbajo RJ, De Bruyn S, Miller R, Patrick A, Pham Q, Piassek M, Verheyen N, Shareef A, Sutto-Ortiz P, Ysebaert N, Van Vlijmen H, Jonckers THM, Herschke F, McLellan JS, Decroly E, Fearns R, Grosse S, Roymans D, Sharma S, Rigaux P, Jin Z. Structural and mechanistic insights into the inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus polymerase by a non-nucleoside inhibitor. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1074. [PMID: 37865687 PMCID: PMC10590419 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus polymerase complex, consisting of the polymerase (L) and phosphoprotein (P), catalyzes nucleotide polymerization, cap addition, and cap methylation via the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, capping, and Methyltransferase domains on L. Several nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors have been reported to inhibit this polymerase complex, but the structural details of the exact inhibitor-polymerase interactions have been lacking. Here, we report a non-nucleoside inhibitor JNJ-8003 with sub-nanomolar inhibition potency in both antiviral and polymerase assays. Our 2.9 Å resolution cryo-EM structure revealed that JNJ-8003 binds to an induced-fit pocket on the capping domain, with multiple interactions consistent with its tight binding and resistance mutation profile. The minigenome and gel-based de novo RNA synthesis and primer extension assays demonstrated that JNJ-8003 inhibited nucleotide polymerization at the early stages of RNA transcription and replication. Our results support that JNJ-8003 binding modulates a functional interplay between the capping and RdRp domains, and this molecular insight could accelerate the design of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yu
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA.
| | - Pravien Abeywickrema
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Brecht Bonneux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ishani Behera
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Brandon Anson
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Edgar Jacoby
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Amy Fung
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Suraj Adhikary
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Anusarka Bhaumik
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen-Cilag, Discovery Chemistry S.A. Río Jarama, 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Robyn Miller
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Aaron Patrick
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Quyen Pham
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Madison Piassek
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Nick Verheyen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Afzaal Shareef
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, Pennsylvania, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
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Scudero OB, Santiago VF, Palmisano G, Simabuco FM, Ventura AM. The respiratory syncytial virus M2-2 protein is targeted for proteasome degradation and inhibits translation and stress granules assembly. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289100. [PMID: 37490507 PMCID: PMC10368288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The M2-2 protein from the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a 10 kDa protein expressed by the second ORF of the viral gene M2. During infection, M2-2 has been described as the polymerase cofactor responsible for promoting genome replication, which occurs by the induction of changes in interactions between the polymerase and other viral proteins at early stages of infection. Despite its well-explored role in the regulation of the polymerase activity, little has been made to investigate the relationship of M2-2 with cellular proteins. A previous report showed poor recruitment of M2-2 to viral structures, with the protein being mainly localized to the nucleus and cytoplasmic granules. To unravel which other functions M2-2 exerts during infection, we performed proteomic analysis of co-immunoprecipitated cellular partners, identifying enrichment of proteins involved with regulation of translation, protein folding and mRNA splicing. In approaches based on these data, we found that M2-2 expression downregulates eiF2α phosphorylation and inhibits both translation and stress granules assembly. Finally, we also verified that M2-2 is targeted for proteasome degradation, being localized to granules composed of defective ribosomal products at the cytoplasm. These results suggest that besides its functions in the replicative complex, M2-2 may exert additional functions to contribute to successful RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Bonito Scudero
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Feijoli Santiago
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Armando Morais Ventura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Risso-Ballester J, Rameix-Welti MA. Spatial resolution of virus replication: RSV and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:1-43. [PMID: 37524479 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals worldwide representing a severe burden for health systems. The urgent development of vaccines or specific antivirals against RSV is impaired by the lack of knowledge regarding its replication mechanisms. RSV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus belonging to the Mononegavirales order (MNV) which includes other viruses pathogenic to humans as Rabies (RabV), Ebola (EBOV), or measles (MeV) viruses. Transcription and replication of viral genomes occur within cytoplasmatic virus-induced spherical inclusions, commonly referred as inclusion bodies (IBs). Recently IBs were shown to exhibit properties of membrane-less organelles (MLO) arising by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Compartmentalization of viral RNA synthesis steps in viral-induced MLO is indeed a common feature of MNV. Strikingly these key compartments still remain mysterious. Most of our current knowledge on IBs relies on the use of fluorescence microscopy. The ability to fluorescently label IBs in cells has been key to uncover their dynamics and nature. The generation of recombinant viruses expressing a fluorescently-labeled viral protein and the immunolabeling or the expression of viral fusion proteins known to be recruited in IBs are some of the tools used to visualize IBs in infected cells. In this chapter, microscope techniques and the most relevant studies that have shed light on RSV IBs fundamental aspects, including biogenesis, organization and dynamics are being discussed and brought to light with the investigations carried out on other MNV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, DMU15, Paris, France.
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6
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Sutto-Ortiz P, Eléouët JF, Ferron F, Decroly E. Biochemistry of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus L Protein Embedding RNA Polymerase and Capping Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020341. [PMID: 36851554 PMCID: PMC9960070 DOI: 10.3390/v15020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It is the major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly population, and immunocompromised individuals. There is still no approved vaccine or antiviral treatment against RSV disease, but new monoclonal prophylactic antibodies are yet to be commercialized, and clinical trials are in progress. Hence, urgent efforts are needed to develop efficient therapeutic treatments. RSV RNA synthesis comprises viral transcription and replication that are catalyzed by the large protein (L) in coordination with the phosphoprotein polymerase cofactor (P), the nucleoprotein (N), and the M2-1 transcription factor. The replication/transcription is orchestrated by the L protein, which contains three conserved enzymatic domains: the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the polyribonucleotidyl transferase (PRNTase or capping), and the methyltransferase (MTase) domain. These activities are essential for the RSV replicative cycle and are thus considered as attractive targets for the development of therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize recent findings about RSV L domains structure that highlight how the enzymatic activities of RSV L domains are interconnected, discuss the most relevant and recent antivirals developments that target the replication/transcription complex, and conclude with a perspective on identified knowledge gaps that enable new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, F78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - François Ferron
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB, UMR, 7257 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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Gonnin L, Richard CA, Gutsche I, Chevret D, Troussier J, Vasseur JJ, Debart F, Eléouët JF, Galloux M. Importance of RNA length for in vitro encapsidation by the nucleoprotein of human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102337. [PMID: 35931116 PMCID: PMC9436823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus has a negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome constitutively encapsidated by the viral nucleoprotein N, forming a helical nucleocapsid which is the template for viral transcription and replication by the viral polymerase L. Recruitment of L onto the nucleocapsid depends on the viral phosphoprotein P, which is an essential L cofactor. A prerequisite for genome and antigenome encapsidation is the presence of the monomeric, RNA-free, neosynthesized N protein, named N0. Stabilization of N0 depends on the binding of the N-terminal residues of P to its surface, which prevents N oligomerization. However, the mechanism involved in the transition from N0-P to nucleocapsid assembly, and thus in the specificity of viral genome encapsidation, is still unknown. Furthermore, the specific role of N oligomerization and RNA in the morphogenesis of viral factories, where viral transcription and replication occur, have not been elucidated although the interaction between P and N complexed to RNA has been shown to be responsible for this process. Here, using a chimeric protein comprising N and the first 40 N-terminal residues of P, we succeeded in purifying a recombinant N0-like protein competent for RNA encapsidation in vitro. Our results showed the importance of RNA length for stable encapsidation and revealed that the nature of the 5′ end of RNA does not explain the specificity of encapsidation. Finally, we showed that RNA encapsidation is crucial for the in vitro reconstitution of pseudo-viral factories. Together, our findings provide insight into respiratory syncytial virus viral genome encapsidation specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorène Gonnin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Irina Gutsche
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joris Troussier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, UMR 5247, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Françoise Debart
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, UMR 5247, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marie Galloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Sourimant J, Lieber CM, Yoon JJ, Toots M, Govindarajan M, Udumula V, Sakamoto K, Natchus MG, Patti J, Vernachio J, Plemper RK. Orally efficacious lead of the AVG inhibitor series targeting a dynamic interface in the respiratory syncytial virus polymerase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2236. [PMID: 35749502 PMCID: PMC9232112 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infections in infants and the immunocompromised, yet no efficient therapeutic exists. We have identified the AVG class of allosteric inhibitors of RSV RNA synthesis. Here, we demonstrate through biolayer interferometry and in vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) assays that AVG compounds bind to the viral polymerase, stalling the polymerase in initiation conformation. Resistance profiling revealed a unique escape pattern, suggesting a discrete docking pose. Affinity mapping using photoreactive AVG analogs identified the interface of polymerase core, capping, and connector domains as a molecular target site. A first-generation lead showed nanomolar potency against RSV in human airway epithelium organoids but lacked in vivo efficacy. Docking pose-informed synthetic optimization generated orally efficacious AVG-388, which showed potent efficacy in the RSV mouse model when administered therapeutically. This study maps a druggable target in the RSV RdRP and establishes clinical potential of the AVG chemotype against RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sourimant
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Carolin M. Lieber
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Mart Toots
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Venkata Udumula
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael G. Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joseph Patti
- Aviragen Therapeutics Inc, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA
| | | | - Richard K. Plemper
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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9
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Bourhis JM, Yabukarski F, Communie G, Schneider R, Volchkova VA, Frénéat M, Gérard F, Ducournau C, Mas C, Tarbouriech N, Ringkjøbing Jensen M, Volchkov VE, Blackledge M, Jamin M. Structural dynamics of the C-terminal X domain of Nipah and Hendra viruses controls the attachment to the C-terminal tail of the nucleocapsid protein. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Chen JW, Yang L, Santos C, Hassan SA, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ, Le Nouën C. Reversion mutations in phosphoprotein P of a codon-pair-deoptimized human respiratory syncytial virus confer increased transcription, immunogenicity, and genetic stability without loss of attenuation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010191. [PMID: 34965283 PMCID: PMC8751989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recoding viral genomes by introducing numerous synonymous nucleotide substitutions that create suboptimal codon pairs provides new live-attenuated vaccine candidates. Because recoding typically involves a large number of nucleotide substitutions, the risk of de-attenuation is presumed to be low. However, this has not been thoroughly studied. We previously generated human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in which the NS1, NS2, N, P, M and SH ORFs were codon-pair deoptimized (CPD) by 695 synonymous nucleotide changes (Min A virus). Min A exhibited a global reduction in transcription and protein synthesis, was restricted for replication in vitro and in vivo, and exhibited moderate temperature sensitivity. Here, we show that under selective pressure by serial passage at progressively increasing temperatures, Min A regained replication fitness and lost its temperature sensitivity. Whole-genome deep sequencing identified numerous missense mutations in several genes, in particular ones accumulating between codons 25 and 34 of the phosphoprotein (P), a polymerase cofactor and chaperone. When re-introduced into Min A, these P mutations restored viral transcription to wt level, resulting in increased protein expression and RNA replication. Molecular dynamic simulations suggested that these P mutations increased the flexibility of the N-terminal domain of P, which might facilitate its interaction with the nucleoprotein N, and increase the functional efficiency of the RSV transcription/replication complex. Finally, we evaluated the effect of the P mutations on Min A replication and immunogenicity in hamsters. Mutation P[F28V] paradoxically reduced Min A replication but not its immunogenicity. The further addition of one missense mutation each in M and L generated a version of Min A with increased genetic stability. Thus, this study provides further insight into the adaptability of large-scale recoded RNA viruses under selective pressure and identified an improved CPD RSV vaccine candidate. Synonymous recoding of viral genomes by codon-pair deoptimization (CPD) generates live-attenuated vaccines presumed to be genetically stable due to the high number of nucleotide substitutions. However, their actual genetic stability under selective pressure was largely unknown. In a recoded human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) mutant called Min A, six of 11 ORFs were CPD, reducing protein expression and inducing moderate temperature sensitivity and attenuation. When passaged in vitro under selective pressure, Min A lost its temperature-sensitive phenotype and regained fitness by the acquisition of numerous mutations, in particular missense mutations in the viral phosphoprotein (P), a polymerase cofactor and a chaperone for soluble nucleoprotein. These P mutations increased RSV gene transcription globally, thereby increasing RSV protein expression, RNA replication, and virus particle production. Thus, the P mutations increased the efficiency of the RSV transcription/replication complex, compensating for the reduced protein expression due to CPD. In addition, introduction of the P mutations into Min A generated a live-attenuated vaccine candidate with increased genetic stability. Surprisingly, this vaccine candidate exhibited increased attenuation and, paradoxically, exhibited increased immunogenicity per plaque-forming unit in hamsters. This study provides insights into the adaptability of large-scale recoded RNA viruses and identified an improved CPD RSV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W. Chen
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lijuan Yang
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergio A. Hassan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Collins
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Pyle JD, Whelan SPJ, Bloyet LM. Structure and function of negative-strand RNA virus polymerase complexes. Enzymes 2021; 50:21-78. [PMID: 34861938 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses with negative-strand RNA genomes (NSVs) include many highly pathogenic and economically devastating disease-causing agents of humans, livestock, and plants-highlighted by recent Ebola and measles virus epidemics, and continuously circulating influenza virus. Because of their protein-coding orientation, NSVs face unique challenges for efficient gene expression and genome replication. To overcome these barriers, NSVs deliver a large and multifunctional RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into infected host cells. NSV-encoded polymerases contain all the enzymatic activities required for transcription and replication of their genome-including RNA synthesis and mRNA capping. Here, we review the structures and functions of NSV polymerases with a focus on key domains responsible for viral replication and gene expression. We highlight shared and unique features among polymerases of NSVs from the Mononegavirales, Bunyavirales, and Articulavirales orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Pyle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Salladini E, Gondelaud F, Nilsson JF, Pesce G, Bignon C, Murrali MG, Fabre R, Pierattelli R, Kajava AV, Horvat B, Gerlier D, Mathieu C, Longhi S. Identification of a Region in the Common Amino-terminal Domain of Hendra Virus P, V, and W Proteins Responsible for Phase Transition and Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1324. [PMID: 34572537 PMCID: PMC8471210 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are BSL-4 zoonotic pathogens responsible in humans for severe encephalitis. Their V protein is a key player in the evasion of the host innate immune response. We previously showed that the Henipavirus V proteins consist of a long intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain (NTD) and a β-enriched C-terminal domain (CTD). These terminals are critical for V binding to DDB1, which is a cellular protein that is a component of the ubiquitin ligase E3 complex, as well as binding to MDA5 and LGP2, which are two host sensors of viral RNA. Here, we serendipitously discovered that the Hendra virus V protein undergoes a liquid-to-hydrogel phase transition and identified the V region responsible for this phenomenon. This region, referred to as PNT3 and encompassing residues 200-310, was further investigated using a combination of biophysical and structural approaches. Congo red binding assays, together with negative-staining transmisison electron microscopy (TEM) studies, show that PNT3 forms amyloid-like fibrils. Fibrillation abilities are dramatically reduced in a rationally designed PNT3 variant in which a stretch of three contiguous tyrosines, falling within an amyloidogenic motif, were replaced by three alanines. Worthy to note, Congo red staining experiments provided hints that these amyloid-like fibrils form not only in vitro but also in cellula after transfection or infection. The present results set the stage for further investigations aimed at assessing the functional role of phase separation and fibrillation by the Henipavirus V proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Salladini
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Frank Gondelaud
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Juliet F. Nilsson
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Giulia Pesce
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Bignon
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Maria Grazia Murrali
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Roxane Fabre
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Roberta Pierattelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Andrey V. Kajava
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237, CNRS, Université Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Branka Horvat
- Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (B.H.); (D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (B.H.); (D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (B.H.); (D.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Laboratory Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille University, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (E.S.); (F.G.); (J.F.N.); (G.P.); (C.B.)
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Cardone C, Caseau CM, Bardiaux B, Thureaux A, Galloux M, Bajorek M, Eléouët JF, Litaudon M, Bontems F, Sizun C. A Structural and Dynamic Analysis of the Partially Disordered Polymerase-Binding Domain in RSV Phosphoprotein. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081225. [PMID: 34439894 PMCID: PMC8392014 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoprotein P of Mononegavirales (MNV) is an essential co-factor of the viral RNA polymerase L. Its prime function is to recruit L to the ribonucleocapsid composed of the viral genome encapsidated by the nucleoprotein N. MNV phosphoproteins often contain a high degree of disorder. In Pneumoviridae phosphoproteins, the only domain with well-defined structure is a small oligomerization domain (POD). We previously characterized the differential disorder in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) phosphoprotein by NMR. We showed that outside of RSV POD, the intrinsically disordered N-and C-terminal regions displayed a structural and dynamic diversity ranging from random coil to high helical propensity. Here we provide additional insight into the dynamic behavior of PCα, a domain that is C-terminal to POD and constitutes the RSV L-binding region together with POD. By using small phosphoprotein fragments centered on or adjacent to POD, we obtained a structural picture of the POD–PCα region in solution, at the single residue level by NMR and at lower resolution by complementary biophysical methods. We probed POD–PCα inter-domain contacts and showed that small molecules were able to modify the dynamics of PCα. These structural properties are fundamental to the peculiar binding mode of RSV phosphoprotein to L, where each of the four protomers binds to L in a different way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Cardone
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.C.); (C.-M.C.); (M.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Claire-Marie Caseau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.C.); (C.-M.C.); (M.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, 78015 Paris, France;
| | | | - Marie Galloux
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (M.G.); (M.B.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Monika Bajorek
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (M.G.); (M.B.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (M.G.); (M.B.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.C.); (C.-M.C.); (M.L.); (F.B.)
| | - François Bontems
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.C.); (C.-M.C.); (M.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Christina Sizun
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.C.); (C.-M.C.); (M.L.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Tetramerization of Phosphoprotein is Essential for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Budding while its N Terminal Region Mediates Direct Interactions with the Matrix Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02217-20. [PMID: 33408180 PMCID: PMC8092690 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02217-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown previously that the Matrix (M), Phosphoprotein (P), and the Fusion (F) proteins of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are sufficient to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) that resemble the RSV infection-induced virions. However, the exact mechanism and interactions among the three proteins are not known. This work examines the interaction between P and M during RSV assembly and budding. We show that M interacts with P in the absence of other viral proteins in cells using a Split Nano Luciferase assay. By using recombinant proteins, we demonstrate a direct interaction between M and P. By using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) we identify three novel M interaction sites on P, namely site I in the αN2 region, site II in the 115-125 region, and the oligomerization domain (OD). We show that the OD, and likely the tetrameric structural organization of P, is required for virus-like filament formation and VLP release. Although sites I and II are not required for VLP formation, they appear to modulate P levels in RSV VLPs.Importance Human RSV is the commonest cause of infantile bronchiolitis in the developed world and of childhood deaths in resource-poor settings. It is a major unmet target for vaccines and anti-viral drugs. The lack of knowledge of RSV budding mechanism presents a continuing challenge for VLP production for vaccine purpose. We show that direct interaction between P and M modulates RSV VLP budding. This further emphasizes P as a central regulator of RSV life cycle, as an essential actor for transcription and replication early during infection and as a mediator for assembly and budding in the later stages for virus production.
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Cardone C, Caseau CM, Pereira N, Sizun C. Pneumoviral Phosphoprotein, a Multidomain Adaptor-Like Protein of Apparent Low Structural Complexity and High Conformational Versatility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041537. [PMID: 33546457 PMCID: PMC7913705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mononegavirales phosphoproteins (P) are essential co-factors of the viral polymerase by serving as a linchpin between the catalytic subunit and the ribonucleoprotein template. They have highly diverged, but their overall architecture is conserved. They are multidomain proteins, which all possess an oligomerization domain that separates N- and C-terminal domains. Large intrinsically disordered regions constitute their hallmark. Here, we exemplify their structural features and interaction potential, based on the Pneumoviridae P proteins. These P proteins are rather small, and their oligomerization domain is the only part with a defined 3D structure, owing to a quaternary arrangement. All other parts are either flexible or form short-lived secondary structure elements that transiently associate with the rest of the protein. Pneumoviridae P proteins interact with several viral and cellular proteins that are essential for viral transcription and replication. The combination of intrinsic disorder and tetrameric organization enables them to structurally adapt to different partners and to act as adaptor-like platforms to bring the latter close in space. Transient structures are stabilized in complex with protein partners. This class of proteins gives an insight into the structural versatility of non-globular intrinsically disordered protein domains.
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In Vitro Primer-Based RNA Elongation and Promoter Fine Mapping of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01897-20. [PMID: 33028717 PMCID: PMC7737744 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01897-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a nonsegmented negative-sense (NNS) RNA virus and shares a similar RNA synthesis strategy with other members of NNS RNA viruses, such as measles, rabies virus, and Ebola virus. RSV RNA synthesis is catalyzed by a multifunctional RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), which is composed of a large (L) protein that catalyzes three distinct enzymatic functions and an essential coenzyme phosphoprotein (P). Here, we successfully prepared highly pure, full-length, wild-type and mutant RSV polymerase (L-P) complexes. We demonstrated that the RSV polymerase could carry out both de novo and primer-based RNA synthesis. We defined the minimal length of the RNA template for in vitro de novo RNA synthesis using the purified RSV polymerase as 8 nucleotides (nt), shorter than previously reported. We showed that the RSV polymerase catalyzed primer-dependent RNA elongation with different lengths of primers on both short (10-nt) and long (25-nt) RNA templates. We compared the sequence specificity of different viral promoters and identified positions 3, 5, and 8 of the promoter sequence as essential to the in vitro RSV polymerase activity, consistent with the results previously mapped with the in vivo minigenome assay. Overall, these findings agree well with those of previous biochemical studies and extend our understanding of the promoter sequence and the mechanism of RSV RNA synthesis.IMPORTANCE As a major human pathogen, RSV affects 3.4 million children worldwide annually. However, no effective antivirals or vaccines are available. An in-depth mechanistic understanding of the RSV RNA synthesis machinery remains a high priority among the NNS RNA viruses. There is a strong public health need for research on this virus, due to major fundamental gaps in our understanding of NNS RNA virus replication. As the key enzyme executing transcription and replication of the virus, the RSV RdRP is a logical target for novel antiviral drugs. Therefore, exploring the primer-dependent RNA elongation extends our mechanistic understanding of the RSV RNA synthesis. Further fine mapping of the promoter sequence paves the way to better understand the function and structure of the RSV polymerase.
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Abstract
Mononegavirales, known as nonsegmented negative-sense (NNS) RNA viruses, are a class of pathogenic and sometimes deadly viruses that include rabies virus (RABV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), and Ebola virus (EBOV). Unfortunately, no effective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics against many Mononegavirales are currently available. Viral polymerases have been attractive and major antiviral therapeutic targets. Therefore, Mononegavirales polymerases have been extensively investigated for their structures and functions. Mononegavirales, known as nonsegmented negative-sense (NNS) RNA viruses, are a class of pathogenic and sometimes deadly viruses that include rabies virus (RABV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), and Ebola virus (EBOV). Unfortunately, no effective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics against many Mononegavirales are currently available. Viral polymerases have been attractive and major antiviral therapeutic targets. Therefore, Mononegavirales polymerases have been extensively investigated for their structures and functions. Mononegavirales mimic RNA synthesis of their eukaryotic counterparts by utilizing multifunctional RNA polymerases to replicate entire viral genomes and transcribe viral mRNAs from individual viral genes as well as synthesize 5′ methylated cap and 3′ poly(A) tail of the transcribed viral mRNAs. The catalytic subunit large protein (L) and cofactor phosphoprotein (P) constitute the Mononegavirales polymerases. In this review, we discuss the shared and unique features of RNA synthesis, the monomeric multifunctional enzyme L, and the oligomeric multimodular adapter P of Mononegavirales. We outline the structural analyses of the Mononegavirales polymerases since the first structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) L protein determined in 2015 and highlight multiple high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the polymerases of Mononegavirales, namely, VSV, RABV, HRSV, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), that have been reported in recent months (2019 to 2020). We compare the structures of those polymerases grouped by virus family, illustrate the similarities and differences among those polymerases, and reveal the potential RNA synthesis mechanisms and models of highly conserved Mononegavirales. We conclude by the discussion of remaining questions, evolutionary perspectives, and future directions.
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Minimal Elements Required for the Formation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies In Vivo and In Vitro. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01202-20. [PMID: 32963000 PMCID: PMC7512546 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01202-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised people. No vaccine or efficient antiviral treatment is available against this virus. The replication and transcription steps of the viral genome are appealing mechanisms to target for the development of new antiviral strategies. These activities take place within cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) that assemble during infection. Although expression of both the viral nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) allows induction of the formation of these IBs, the mechanism sustaining their assembly remains poorly characterized. Here, we identified key elements of N and P required for the scaffolding of IBs and managed for the first time to reconstitute RSV pseudo-IBs in vitro by coincubating recombinant N and P proteins. Our results provide strong evidence that the biogenesis of RSV IBs occurs through liquid-liquid phase transition mediated by N-P interactions. Infection of host cells by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is characterized by the formation of spherical cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs). These structures, which concentrate all the proteins of the polymerase complex as well as some cellular proteins, were initially considered aggresomes formed by viral dead-end products. However, recent studies revealed that IBs are viral factories where viral RNA synthesis, i.e., replication and transcription, occurs. The analysis of IBs by electron microscopy revealed that they are membrane-less structures, and accumulated data on their structure, organization, and kinetics of formation revealed that IBs share the characteristics of cellular organelles, such as P-bodies or stress granules, suggesting that their morphogenesis depends on a liquid-liquid phase separation mechanism. It was previously shown that expression of the RSV nucleoprotein N and phosphoprotein P of the polymerase complex is sufficient to induce the formation of pseudo-IBs. Here, using a series of truncated P proteins, we identified the domains of P required for IB formation and show that the oligomeric state of N, provided it can interact with RNA, is critical for their morphogenesis. We also show that pseudo-IBs can form in vitro when recombinant N and P proteins are mixed. Finally, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching approaches, we reveal that in cellula and in vitro IBs are liquid organelles. Our results strongly support the liquid-liquid phase separation nature of IBs and pave the way for further characterization of their dynamics.
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Hara K, Yaita K, Khamrin P, Kumthip K, Kashiwagi T, Eléouët JF, Rameix-Welti MA, Watanabe H. A small fragmented P protein of respiratory syncytial virus inhibits virus infection by targeting P protein. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:21-32. [PMID: 31702536 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based inhibitors hold promising potential in the development of antiviral therapy. Here, we investigated the antiviral potential of fragmented viral proteins derived from ribonucleoprotein (RNP) components of the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). Based on a mimicking approach that targets the functional domains of viral proteins, we designed various fragments of nucleoprotein (N), matrix protein M2-1 and phosphoprotein (P) and tested the antiviral activity in an RSV mini-genome system. We found that the fragment comprising residues 130-180 and 212-241 in the C-terminal region of P (81 amino acid length), denoted as P Fr, significantly inhibited the polymerase activity through competitive binding to the full-length P. Further deletion analysis of P Fr suggested that three functional domains in P Fr (oligomerization, L-binding and nucleocapsid binding) are required for maximum inhibitory activity. More importantly, a purified recombinant P Fr displayed significant antiviral activity at low nanomolar range in RSV-infected HEp-2 cells. These results highlight P as an important target for the development of antiviral compounds against RSV and other paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyu Hara
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yaita
- Division of Infectious diseases, Chidoribashi General Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8633, Japan
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Takahito Kashiwagi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- AP-HP, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,UMR1173, INSERM, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
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Sourimant J, Thakkar VD, Cox RM, Plemper RK. Viral evolution identifies a regulatory interface between paramyxovirus polymerase complex and nucleocapsid that controls replication dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1590. [PMID: 32181359 PMCID: PMC7056317 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are negative-polarity RNA viruses of major clinical importance. The dynamic interaction of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) complex with the encapsidated RNA genome is mechanistically and structurally poorly understood. Having generated recombinant measles (MeV) and canine distemper (CDV) viruses with truncated nucleocapsid (N) protein showing defects in replication kinetics, we have applied a viral evolution approach to the problem. Passaging of recombinants resulted in long-range compensatory mutations that restored RdRP bioactivity in minigenome assays and efficient replication of engineered viruses. Compensatory mutations clustered at an electronically compatible acidic loop in N-core and a basic face of the phosphoprotein X domain (P-XD). Co-affinity precipitations, biolayer interferometry, and molecular docking revealed an electrostatic-driven transiently forming interface between these domains. The compensatory mutations reduced electrostatic compatibility of these microdomains and lowered coprecipitation efficiency, consistent with a molecular checkpoint function that regulates paramyxovirus polymerase mobility through modulation of conformational stability of the P-XD assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sourimant
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vidhi D. Thakkar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert M. Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Cao D, Gao Y, Roesler C, Rice S, D'Cunha P, Zhuang L, Slack J, Domke M, Antonova A, Romanelli S, Keating S, Forero G, Juneja P, Liang B. Cryo-EM structure of the respiratory syncytial virus RNA polymerase. Nat Commun 2020; 11:368. [PMID: 31953395 PMCID: PMC6969064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA polymerase, constituted of a 250 kDa large (L) protein and tetrameric phosphoprotein (P), catalyzes three distinct enzymatic activities — nucleotide polymerization, cap addition, and cap methylation. How RSV L and P coordinate these activities is poorly understood. Here, we present a 3.67 Å cryo-EM structure of the RSV polymerase (L:P) complex. The structure reveals that the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capping (Cap) domains of L interact with the oligomerization domain (POD) and C-terminal domain (PCTD) of a tetramer of P. The density of the methyltransferase (MT) domain of L and the N-terminal domain of P (PNTD) is missing. Further analysis and comparison with other RNA polymerases at different stages suggest the structure we obtained is likely to be at an elongation-compatible stage. Together, these data provide enriched insights into the interrelationship, the inhibitors, and the evolutionary implications of the RSV polymerase. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a pathogenic non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus and active RSV polymerase is composed of a 250 kDa large (L) protein and tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). Here, the authors present the 3.67 Å cryo-EM structure of the RSV polymerase (L:P) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yunrong Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Claire Roesler
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Samantha Rice
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Paul D'Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lisa Zhuang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Julia Slack
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mason Domke
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anna Antonova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sarah Romanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shayon Keating
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gabriela Forero
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Puneet Juneja
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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22
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Pan J, Qian X, Lattmann S, El Sahili A, Yeo TH, Jia H, Cressey T, Ludeke B, Noton S, Kalocsay M, Fearns R, Lescar J. Structure of the human metapneumovirus polymerase phosphoprotein complex. Nature 2020; 577:275-279. [PMID: 31698413 PMCID: PMC6949429 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cause severe respiratory diseases in infants and elderly adults1. No vaccine or effective antiviral therapy currently exists to control RSV or HMPV infections. During viral genome replication and transcription, the tetrameric phosphoprotein P serves as a crucial adaptor between the ribonucleoprotein template and the L protein, which has RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase and cap-specific methyltransferase activities2,3. How P interacts with L and mediates the association with the free form of N and with the ribonucleoprotein is not clear for HMPV or other major human pathogens, including the viruses that cause measles, Ebola and rabies. Here we report a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction that shows the ring-shaped structure of the polymerase and capping domains of HMPV-L bound to a tetramer of P. The connector and methyltransferase domains of L are mobile with respect to the core. The putative priming loop that is important for the initiation of RNA synthesis is fully retracted, which leaves space in the active-site cavity for RNA elongation. P interacts extensively with the N-terminal region of L, burying more than 4,016 Å2 of the molecular surface area in the interface. Two of the four helices that form the coiled-coil tetramerization domain of P, and long C-terminal extensions projecting from these two helices, wrap around the L protein in a manner similar to tentacles. The structural versatility of the four P protomers-which are largely disordered in their free state-demonstrates an example of a 'folding-upon-partner-binding' mechanism for carrying out P adaptor functions. The structure shows that P has the potential to modulate multiple functions of L and these results should accelerate the design of specific antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Pan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xinlei Qian
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Lattmann
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tiong Han Yeo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huan Jia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tessa Cressey
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Ludeke
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Noton
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
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Host CARD11 Inhibits Newcastle Disease Virus Replication by Suppressing Viral Polymerase Activity in Neurons. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01499-19. [PMID: 31554683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01499-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host factors play multiple essential roles in the replication and pathogenesis of mammalian neurotropic viruses. However, the cellular proteins of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in avian neurotropic virus infection have not been completely elucidated. Here, we employed a gene microarray to identify caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11), a lymphoma-associated scaffold protein presenting brain-specific upregulated expression in a virulent neurotropic Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected natural host. Chicken primary neuronal cells infected with NDV appeared slightly syncytial and died quickly. CARD11 overexpression inhibited viral replication and delayed cytopathic effects; conversely, depletion of CARD11 enhanced viral replication and cytopathic effects in chicken primary neuronal cells. The inhibition of viral replication by CARD11 could not be blocked with CARD11-Bcl10-MALT1 (CBM) signalosome and NF-κB signaling inhibitors. CARD11 was found to interact directly with the viral phosphoprotein (P) through its CC1 domain and the X domain of P; this X domain also mediated the interaction between P and the viral large polymerase protein (L). The CARD11 CC1 domain and L competitively bound to P via the X domain that hindered the P-L interaction of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, resulting in a reduction of viral polymerase activity in a minigenome assay and inhibition of viral replication. Animal experiments further revealed that CARD11 contributed to viral replication inhibition and neuropathology in infected chicken brains. Taken together, our findings identify CARD11 as a brain-specific antiviral factor of NDV infection in avian species.IMPORTANCE Newcastle disease virus (NDV) substantially impacts the poultry industry worldwide and causes viral encephalitis and neurological disorders leading to brain damage, paralysis, and death. The mechanism of interaction between this neurotropic virus and the avian central nervous system (CNS) is largely unknown. Here, we report that host protein CARD11 presented brain-specific upregulated expression that inhibited NDV replication, which was not due to CARD11-Bcl10-MALT1 (CBM) complex-triggered activation of its downstream signaling pathways. The inhibitory mechanism of viral replication is through the CARD11 CC1 domain, and the viral large polymerase protein (L) competitively interacts with the X domain of the viral phosphoprotein (P), which hampers the P-L interaction, suppressing the viral polymerase activity and viral replication. An in vivo study indicated that CARD11 alleviated neuropathological lesions and reduced viral replication in chicken brains. These results provide insight into the interaction between NDV infection and the host defense in the CNS and a potential antiviral target for viral neural diseases.
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24
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Gilman MSA, Liu C, Fung A, Behera I, Jordan P, Rigaux P, Ysebaert N, Tcherniuk S, Sourimant J, Eléouët JF, Sutto-Ortiz P, Decroly E, Roymans D, Jin Z, McLellan JS. Structure of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Polymerase Complex. Cell 2019; 179:193-204.e14. [PMID: 31495574 PMCID: PMC7111336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous interventions are in clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, including small molecules that target viral transcription and replication. These processes are catalyzed by a complex comprising the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) and the tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). RSV P recruits multiple proteins to the polymerase complex and, with the exception of its oligomerization domain, is thought to be intrinsically disordered. Despite their critical roles in RSV transcription and replication, structures of L and P have remained elusive. Here, we describe the 3.2-Å cryo-EM structure of RSV L bound to tetrameric P. The structure reveals a striking tentacular arrangement of P, with each of the four monomers adopting a distinct conformation. The structure also rationalizes inhibitor escape mutants and mutations observed in live-attenuated vaccine candidates. These results provide a framework for determining the molecular underpinnings of RSV replication and transcription and should facilitate the design of effective RSV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cheng Liu
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ishani Behera
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Paul Jordan
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter Rigaux
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nina Ysebaert
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sergey Tcherniuk
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Julien Sourimant
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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25
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Cressey TN, Noton SL, Nagendra K, Braun MR, Fearns R. Mechanism for de novo initiation at two sites in the respiratory syncytial virus promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:6785-6796. [PMID: 29873775 PMCID: PMC6061868 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) initiates two RNA synthesis processes from the viral promoter: genome replication from position 1U and mRNA transcription from position 3C. Here, we examined the mechanism by which a single promoter can direct initiation from two sites. We show that initiation at 1U and 3C occurred independently of each other, and that the same RdRp was capable of precisely selecting the two sites. The RdRp preferred to initiate at 3C, but initiation site selection could be modulated by the relative concentrations of ATP versus GTP. Analysis of template mutations indicated that the RdRp could bind ATP and CTP, or GTP, independently of template nucleotides. The data suggest a model in which innate affinity of the RdRp for particular NTPs, coupled with a repeating element within the promoter, allows precise initiation of replication at 1U or transcription at 3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa N Cressey
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sarah L Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kartikeya Nagendra
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Molly R Braun
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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26
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Bloyet LM, Schramm A, Lazert C, Raynal B, Hologne M, Walker O, Longhi S, Gerlier D. Regulation of measles virus gene expression by P protein coiled-coil properties. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3702. [PMID: 31086822 PMCID: PMC6506246 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase of negative-stranded RNA viruses consists of the large protein (L) and the phosphoprotein (P), the latter serving both as a chaperon and a cofactor for L. We mapped within measles virus (MeV) P the regions responsible for binding and stabilizing L and showed that the coiled-coil multimerization domain (MD) of P is required for gene expression. MeV MD is kinked as a result of the presence of a stammer. Both restoration of the heptad regularity and displacement of the stammer strongly decrease or abrogate activity in a minigenome assay. By contrast, P activity is rather tolerant of substitutions within the stammer. Single substitutions at the "a" or "d" hydrophobic anchor positions with residues of variable hydrophobicity revealed that P functionality requires a narrow range of cohesiveness of its MD. Results collectively indicate that, beyond merely ensuring P oligomerization, the MD finely tunes viral gene expression through its cohesiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Marie Bloyet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Schramm
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Carine Lazert
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Maggy Hologne
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon France
| | - Olivier Walker
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon France
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
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27
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Meshram CD, Oomens AGP. Identification of a human respiratory syncytial virus phosphoprotein domain required for virus-like-particle formation. Virology 2019; 532:48-54. [PMID: 31009855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Perceived inefficiency and inadequate knowledge of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) assembly process present a hurdle for large-scale production of authentic hRSV virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccine purposes. We previously established that the matrix protein, phosphoprotein (P), and fusion protein carboxy-terminus were sufficient to generate VLPs that resemble filamentous wildtype hRSV. Here, the contribution of P was examined. By co-expressing matrix, fusion, and modified P proteins, a ser/thr-rich P region (residues 39-57) was found to be critical for VLP formation, whereas the oligomerization domain was not. Substitutions throughout region 39-57 inhibited VLP formation and relevant amino acids were identified. Phosphomimetic substitutions of serines and threonines inhibited VLP formation; Phosphoblatant substitutions did not. The data show that P not only co-regulates replication and transcription but also has an important role in assembly, mediated by a separate domain that likely interacts with M and/or F and is highly regulated by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan D Meshram
- Department of Microbiology. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Antonius G P Oomens
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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28
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Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Canedo-Marroquín G, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Andrade-Parra C, Gómez-Santander F, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Cytokines to Tissue Damage During Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936869 PMCID: PMC6431622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains one of the leading pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children younger than 2 years old, worldwide. Hospitalizations during the winter season due to hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and pneumonia increase every year. Despite this, there are no available vaccines to mitigate the health and economic burden caused by hRSV infection. The pathology caused by hRSV induces significant damage to the pulmonary epithelium, due to an excessive inflammatory response at the airways. Cytokines are considered essential players for the establishment and modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, which can either be beneficial or harmful for the host. The deleterious effect observed upon hRSV infection is mainly due to tissue damage caused by immune cells recruited to the site of infection. This cellular recruitment takes place due to an altered profile of cytokines secreted by epithelial cells. As a result of inflammatory cell recruitment, the amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and CCL5 are further increased, while IL-10 and IFN-γ are decreased. However, additional studies are required to elicit the mediators directly associated with hRSV damage entirely. In addition to the detrimental induction of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory tract caused by hRSV, reports indicating alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) have been published. Indeed, elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL2, and CCL4 have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with severe bronchiolitis and hRSV-associated encephalopathy. In this review article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the role of cytokines secreted upon hRSV infection and their potentially harmful contribution to tissue damage of the respiratory tract and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S. Pizarro-Ortega
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gómez-Santander
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Selvaraj M, Yegambaram K, Todd EJAA, Richard CA, Dods RL, Pangratiou GM, Trinh CH, Moul SL, Murphy JC, Mankouri J, Éléouët JF, Barr JN, Edwards TA. The Structure of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus M2-1 Protein Bound to the Interaction Domain of the Phosphoprotein P Defines the Orientation of the Complex. mBio 2018; 9:e01554-18. [PMID: 30425144 PMCID: PMC6234862 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01554-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a negative-stranded RNA virus that causes a globally prevalent respiratory infection, which can cause life-threatening illness, particularly in the young, elderly, and immunocompromised. HRSV multiplication depends on replication and transcription of the HRSV genes by the virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). For replication, this complex comprises the phosphoprotein (P) and the large protein (L), whereas for transcription, the M2-1 protein is also required. M2-1 is recruited to the RdRp by interaction with P and also interacts with RNA at overlapping binding sites on the M2-1 surface, such that binding of these partners is mutually exclusive. The molecular basis for the transcriptional requirement of M2-1 is unclear, as is the consequence of competition between P and RNA for M2-1 binding, which is likely a critical step in the transcription mechanism. Here, we report the crystal structure at 2.4 Å of M2-1 bound to the P interaction domain, which comprises P residues 90 to 110. The P90-110 peptide is alpha helical, and its position on the surface of M2-1 defines the orientation of the three transcriptase components within the complex. The M2-1/P interface includes ionic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bond interactions, and the critical contribution of these contacts to complex formation was assessed using a minigenome assay. The affinity of M2-1 for RNA and P ligands was quantified using fluorescence anisotropy, which showed high-affinity RNAs could outcompete P. This has important implications for the mechanism of transcription, particularly the events surrounding transcription termination and synthesis of poly(A) sequences.IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of respiratory illness, particularly in the young, elderly, and immunocompromised, and has also been linked to the development of asthma. HRSV replication depends on P and L, whereas transcription also requires M2-1. M2-1 interacts with P and RNA at overlapping binding sites; while these interactions are necessary for transcriptional activity, the mechanism of M2-1 action is unclear. To better understand HRSV transcription, we solved the crystal structure of M2-1 in complex with the minimal P interaction domain, revealing molecular details of the M2-1/P interface and defining the orientation of M2-1 within the tripartite complex. The M2-1/P interaction is relatively weak, suggesting high-affinity RNAs may displace M2-1 from the complex, providing the basis for a new model describing the role of M2-1 in transcription. Recently, the small molecules quercetin and cyclopamine have been used to validate M2-1 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniyandi Selvaraj
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kavestri Yegambaram
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J A A Todd
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rachel L Dods
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia M Pangratiou
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chi H Trinh
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L Moul
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James C Murphy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Éléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Jordan PC, Liu C, Raynaud P, Lo MK, Spiropoulou CF, Symons JA, Beigelman L, Deval J. Initiation, extension, and termination of RNA synthesis by a paramyxovirus polymerase. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006889. [PMID: 29425244 PMCID: PMC5823471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses represent a family of RNA viruses causing significant human diseases. These include measles virus, the most infectious virus ever reported, in addition to parainfluenza virus, and other emerging viruses. Paramyxoviruses likely share common replication machinery but their mechanisms of RNA biosynthesis activities and details of their complex polymerase structures are unknown. Mechanistic and functional details of a paramyxovirus polymerase would have sweeping implications for understanding RNA virus replication and for the development of new antiviral medicines. To study paramyxovirus polymerase structure and function, we expressed an active recombinant Nipah virus (NiV) polymerase complex assembled from the multifunctional NiV L protein bound to its phosphoprotein cofactor. NiV is an emerging highly pathogenic virus that causes severe encephalitis and has been declared a global public health concern due to its high mortality rate. Using negative-stain electron microscopy, we demonstrated NiV polymerase forms ring-like particles resembling related RNA polymerases. We identified conserved sequence elements driving recognition of the 3′-terminal genomic promoter by NiV polymerase, and leading to initiation of RNA synthesis, primer extension, and transition to elongation mode. Polyadenylation resulting from NiV polymerase stuttering provides a mechanistic basis for transcription termination. It also suggests a divergent adaptation in promoter recognition between pneumo- and paramyxoviruses. The lack of available antiviral therapy for NiV prompted us to identify the triphosphate forms of R1479 and GS-5734, two clinically relevant nucleotide analogs, as substrates and inhibitors of NiV polymerase activity by delayed chain termination. Overall, these findings provide low-resolution structural details and the mechanism of an RNA polymerase from a previously uncharacterized virus family. This work illustrates important functional differences yet remarkable similarities between the polymerases of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. RNA viruses replicate and transcribe their genomes using complex enzymatic machines known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The chemical reactions driving nucleotide addition are shared among nucleic acid polymerases but the underlying mechanisms of RNA biosynthesis and the complex polymerase structures are diverse. Of these RNA viruses is the paramyxovirus family, which includes major human pathogens. Paramyxoviruses have common biological and genetic properties but little is known about their replication machinery. Insights into the structure, function, and mechanisms of RNA synthesis of one paramyxovirus polymerase will likely extend to the entire virus family. An emerging, highly pathogenic paramyxovirus is Nipah virus (NiV), which causes encephalitis in humans. We have purified NiV polymerase, probed its enzymatic and biophysical properties and developed it as a model paramyxovirus polymerase. We investigated template strand sequence elements driving RNA biosynthesis for NiV polymerase and obtained a snapshot of NiV polymerase molecular organization using electron microscopy to provide the first structural information on a paramyxovirus polymerase. This work extends previous knowledge by producing the first recombinant paramyxovirus polymerase and using this protein in enzymatic assays to highlight key functional and structural characteristics for the design of new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheng Liu
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pauline Raynaud
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Julian A. Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Leo Beigelman
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Muniyandi S, Pangratiou G, Edwards TA, Barr JN. Structure and Function of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus M2-1 Protein. Subcell Biochem 2018; 88:245-260. [PMID: 29900500 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8456-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a non-segmented negative stranded RNA virus and is recognized as the most important viral agent of lower respiratory tract infection worldwide, responsible for up to 199,000 deaths each year. The only FDA-approved regime to prevent HRSV-mediated disease is pre-exposure administration of a humanized HRSV-specific monoclonal antibody, which although being effective, is not in widespread usage due to its cost. No HRSV vaccine exists and so there remains a strong need for alternative and complementary anti-HRSV therapies. The HRSV M2-1 protein is a transcription factor and represents an attractive target for the development of antiviral compounds, based on its essential role in the viral replication cycle. To this end, a detailed analysis of M2-1 structure and functions will aid in identifying rational targets for structure-based antiviral drug design that can be developed in future translational research. Here we present an overview of the current understanding of the structure and function of HRSV M2-1, drawing on additional information derived from its structural homologues from other related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Muniyandi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Georgia Pangratiou
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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32
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Braun MR, Deflubé LR, Noton SL, Mawhorter ME, Tremaglio CZ, Fearns R. RNA elongation by respiratory syncytial virus polymerase is calibrated by conserved region V. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006803. [PMID: 29281742 PMCID: PMC5760109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The large polymerase subunit (L) of non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses transcribes viral mRNAs and replicates the viral genome. Studies with VSV have shown that conserved region V (CRV) of the L protein is part of the capping domain. However, CRV folds over and protrudes into the polymerization domain, suggesting that it might also have a role in RNA synthesis. In this study, the role of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) CRV was evaluated using single amino acid substitutions and a small molecule inhibitor called BI-D. Effects were analyzed using cell-based minigenome and in vitro biochemical assays. Several amino acid substitutions inhibited production of capped, full-length mRNA and instead resulted in accumulation of short transcripts of approximately 40 nucleotides in length, confirming that RSV CRV has a role in capping. In addition, all six variants tested were either partially or completely defective in RNA replication. This was due to an inability of the polymerase to efficiently elongate the RNA within the promoter region. BI-D also inhibited transcription and replication. In this case, polymerase elongation activity within the promoter region was enhanced, such that the small RNA transcribed from the promoter was not released and instead was elongated past the first gene start signal. This was accompanied by a decrease in mRNA initiation at the first gene start signal and accumulation of aberrant RNAs of varying length. Thus, in addition to its function in mRNA capping, conserved region V modulates the elongation properties of the polymerase to enable productive transcription and replication to occur.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Conserved Sequence
- Drug Discovery
- Genes, Viral
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Caps/genetics
- RNA Caps/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/chemistry
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/pathogenicity
- Transcription Elongation, Genetic
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Braun
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Laure R. Deflubé
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Mawhorter
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chadene Z. Tremaglio
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Structural dissection of human metapneumovirus phosphoprotein using small angle x-ray scattering. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14865. [PMID: 29093501 PMCID: PMC5665942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoprotein (P) is the main and essential cofactor of the RNA polymerase (L) of non-segmented, negative‐strand RNA viruses. P positions the viral polymerase onto its nucleoprotein–RNA template and acts as a chaperone of the nucleoprotein (N), thereby preventing nonspecific encapsidation of cellular RNAs. The phosphoprotein of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) forms homotetramers composed of a stable oligomerization domain (Pcore) flanked by large intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Here we combined x-ray crystallography of Pcore with small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS)-based ensemble modeling of the full-length P protein and several of its fragments to provide a structural description of P that captures its dynamic character, and highlights the presence of varyingly stable structural elements within the IDRs. We discuss the implications of the structural properties of HMPV P for the assembly and functioning of the viral transcription/replication machinery.
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34
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Whelan JN, Reddy KD, Uversky VN, Teng MN. Functional correlations of respiratory syncytial virus proteins to intrinsic disorder. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1507-26. [PMID: 27062995 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein intrinsic disorder is an important characteristic demonstrated by the absence of higher order structure, and is commonly detected in multifunctional proteins encoded by RNA viruses. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins exhibit high flexibility and solvent accessibility, which permit several distinct protein functions, including but not limited to binding of multiple partners and accessibility for post-translational modifications. IDR-containing viral proteins can therefore execute various functional roles to enable productive viral replication. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a globally circulating, non-segmented, negative sense (NNS) RNA virus that causes severe lower respiratory infections. In this study, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of predicted intrinsic disorder of the RSV proteome to better understand the functional role of RSV protein IDRs. We included 27 RSV strains to sample major RSV subtypes and genotypes, as well as geographic and temporal isolate differences. Several types of disorder predictions were applied to the RSV proteome, including per-residue (PONDR®-FIT and PONDR® VL-XT), binary (CH, CDF, CH-CDF), and disorder-based interactions (ANCHOR and MoRFpred). We classified RSV IDRs by size, frequency and function. Finally, we determined the functional implications of RSV IDRs by mapping predicted IDRs to known functional domains of each protein. Identification of RSV IDRs within functional domains improves our understanding of RSV pathogenesis in addition to providing potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this approach can be applied to other NNS viruses that encode essential multifunctional proteins for the elucidation of viral protein regions that can be manipulated for attenuation of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N Whelan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Diseases Research Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Krishna D Reddy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Michael N Teng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Diseases Research Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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35
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Pereira N, Cardone C, Lassoued S, Galloux M, Fix J, Assrir N, Lescop E, Bontems F, Eléouët JF, Sizun C. New Insights into Structural Disorder in Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Phosphoprotein and Implications for Binding of Protein Partners. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2120-2131. [PMID: 28031463 PMCID: PMC5313087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoprotein is the main cofactor of the viral RNA polymerase of Mononegavirales It is involved in multiple interactions that are essential for the polymerase function. Most prominently it positions the polymerase complex onto the nucleocapsid, but also acts as a chaperone for the nucleoprotein. Mononegavirales phosphoproteins lack sequence conservation, but contain all large disordered regions. We show here that N- and C-terminal intrinsically disordered regions account for 80% of the phosphoprotein of the respiratory syncytial virus. But these regions display marked dynamic heterogeneity. Whereas almost stable helices are formed C terminally to the oligomerization domain, extremely transient helices are present in the N-terminal region. They all mediate internal long-range contacts in this non-globular protein. Transient secondary elements together with fully disordered regions also provide protein binding sites recognized by the respiratory syncytial virus nucleoprotein and compatible with weak interactions required for the processivity of the polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Pereira
- From the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette and
| | - Christophe Cardone
- From the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette and
| | - Safa Lassoued
- From the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette and
| | - Marie Galloux
- the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nadine Assrir
- From the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette and
| | - Ewen Lescop
- From the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette and
| | - François Bontems
- From the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette and
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- the Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christina Sizun
- From the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette and
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36
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Fearns R, Plemper RK. Polymerases of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses. Virus Res 2017; 234:87-102. [PMID: 28104450 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The paramyxo- and pneumoviruses are members of the order Mononegavirales, a group of viruses with non-segmented, negative strand RNA genomes. The polymerases of these viruses are multi-functional complexes, capable of transcribing subgenomic capped and polyadenylated mRNAs and replicating the genome. Although there is no native structure available for any complete paramyxo- or pneumovirus polymerase, functional and structural studies of a fragment of a pneumovirus polymerase protein and mutation analyses and resistance profiling of small-molecule inhibitors have generated a wealth of mechanistic information. This review integrates these data with the structure of a related polymerase, identifying similarities, differences, gaps in knowledge, and avenues for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
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37
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Jamin M, Yabukarski F. Nonsegmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses-Structural Data Bring New Insights Into Nucleocapsid Assembly. Adv Virus Res 2016; 97:143-185. [PMID: 28057258 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses with a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome (NNVs) include important human pathogens as well as life-threatening zoonotic viruses. These viruses share a common RNA replication complex, including the genomic RNA and three proteins, the nucleoprotein (N), the phosphoprotein (P), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). During genome replication, the RNA polymerase complex first synthesizes positive-sense antigenomes, which in turn serve as template for the production of negative-sense progeny genomes. These newly synthesized antigenomic and genomic RNAs must be encapsidated by N, and the source of soluble, RNA-free N, competent for the encapsidation is a complex between N and P, named the N0-P complex. In this review, we summarize recent progress made in the structural characterization of the different components of this peculiar RNA polymerase machinery. We discuss common features and replication strategies and highlight idiosyncrasies encountered in different viruses, along with the key role of the dual ordered/disordered architecture of protein components and the dynamics of the viral polymerase machinery. In particular, we focus on the N0-P complex and its role in the nucleocapsid assembly process. These new results provide evidence that the mechanism of NC assembly is conserved between the different families and thus support a divergent evolution from a common ancestor. In addition, the successful inhibition of infection due to different NNVs by peptides derived from P suggests that the mechanism of NC assembly is a potential target for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jamin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - F Yabukarski
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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38
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Rey-Jurado E, Gómez RS, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:522-37. [PMID: 27486734 PMCID: PMC7171722 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and unbalanced Th2-type immune response. In addition to the adverse effects in airway tissues, hRSV infection can also cause neurologic manifestations in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origins of these extrapulmonary symptoms remain unclear, studies with patients suffering from neurological alterations suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV. Furthermore, hRSV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate and evade the immune response in the host. Several studies have focused on elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system, to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus. Here, we discuss about the infection, pathology, and immune response triggered by hRSV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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39
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Bloyet LM, Welsch J, Enchery F, Mathieu C, de Breyne S, Horvat B, Grigorov B, Gerlier D. HSP90 Chaperoning in Addition to Phosphoprotein Required for Folding but Not for Supporting Enzymatic Activities of Measles and Nipah Virus L Polymerases. J Virol 2016; 90:6642-6656. [PMID: 27170753 PMCID: PMC4944277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00602-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA viruses, or members of the order Mononegavirales, share a conserved gene order and the use of elaborate transcription and replication machinery made up of at least four molecular partners. These partners have coevolved with the acquisition of the permanent encapsidation of the entire genome by the nucleoprotein (N) and the use of this N-RNA complex as a template for the viral polymerase composed of the phosphoprotein (P) and the large enzymatic protein (L). Not only is P required for polymerase function, but it also stabilizes the L protein through an unknown underlying molecular mechanism. By using NVP-AUY922 and/or 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin as specific inhibitors of cellular heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), we found that efficient chaperoning of L by HSP90 requires P in the measles, Nipah, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. While the production of P remains unchanged in the presence of HSP90 inhibitors, the production of soluble and functional L requires both P and HSP90 activity. Measles virus P can bind the N terminus of L in the absence of HSP90 activity. Both HSP90 and P are required for the folding of L, as evidenced by a luciferase reporter insert fused within measles virus L. HSP90 acts as a true chaperon; its activity is transient and dispensable for the activity of measles and Nipah virus polymerases of virion origin. That the cellular chaperoning of a viral polymerase into a soluble functional enzyme requires the assistance of another viral protein constitutes a new paradigm that seems to be conserved within the Mononegavirales order. IMPORTANCE Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a cellular environment for their replication. Some viruses particularly depend on the cellular chaperoning apparatus. We report here that for measles virus, successful chaperoning of the viral L polymerase mediated by heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) requires the presence of the viral phosphoprotein (P). Indeed, while P protein binds to the N terminus of L independently of HSP90 activity, both HSP90 and P are required to produce stable, soluble, folded, and functional L proteins. Once formed, the mature P+L complex no longer requires HSP90 to exert its polymerase functions. Such a new paradigm for the maturation of a viral polymerase appears to be conserved in several members of the Mononegavirales order, including the Nipah and vesicular stomatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Marie Bloyet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérémy Welsch
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - François Enchery
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain de Breyne
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Boyan Grigorov
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
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Noval MG, Esperante SA, Molina IG, Chemes LB, Prat-Gay GD. Intrinsic Disorder to Order Transitions in the Scaffold Phosphoprotein P from the Respiratory Syncytial Virus RNA Polymerase Complex. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1441-54. [PMID: 26901160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic disorder is at the center of biochemical regulation and is particularly overrepresented among the often multifunctional viral proteins. Replication and transcription of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) relies on a RNA polymerase complex with a phosphoprotein cofactor P as the structural scaffold, which consists of a four-helix bundle tetramerization domain flanked by two domains predicted to be intrinsically disordered. Because intrinsic disorder cannot be reduced to a defined atomic structure, we tackled the experimental dissection of the disorder-order transitions of P by a domain fragmentation approach. P remains as a tetramer above 70 °C but shows a pronounced reversible secondary structure transition between 10 and 60 °C. While the N-terminal module behaves as a random coil-like IDP in a manner independent of tetramerization, the isolated C-terminal module displays a cooperative and reversible metastable transition. When linked to the tetramerization domain, the C-terminal module becomes markedly more structured and stable, with strong ANS binding. Therefore, the tertiary structure in the C-terminal module is not compact, conferring "late" molten globule-like IDP properties, stabilized by interactions favored by tetramerization. The presence of a folded structure highly sensitive to temperature, reversibly and almost instantly formed and broken, suggests a temperature sensing activity. The marginal stability allows for exposure of protein binding sites, offering a thermodynamic and kinetic fine-tuning in order-disorder transitions, essential for the assembly and function of the RSV RNA polymerase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Noval
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET , Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian A Esperante
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET , Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana G Molina
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET , Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía B Chemes
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET , Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo de Prat-Gay
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET , Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CNPq, Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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41
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Asenjo A, Villanueva N. Phosphorylation of the human respiratory syncytial virus P protein mediates M2-2 regulation of viral RNA synthesis, a process that involves two P proteins. Virus Res 2016; 211:117-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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