Is interval training the magic bullet for fat loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing moderate-intensity continuous training with high-intensity interval training (HIIT)

Enhanced interleukin-6 in human adipose tissue vein after sprint exercise: Results from a pilot study

BACKGROUND

Low-volume sprint exercise is likely to reduce body fat. Interleukin (IL-6) may mediate this by increasing adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis. Therefore, the exchange of AT IL-6 and glycerol, a marker of lipolysis, was examined in 10 healthy subjects performing three 30-s all-out sprints.

METHODS

Blood samples were obtained from brachial artery (a) and a superficial subcutaneous vein (v) on the anterior abdominal wall up to 9 min after the last sprint and analysed for IL-6 and glycerol.

RESULTS

Arterial IL-6 increased 2-fold from rest to last sprint. AT venous IL-6 increased 15-fold from 0.4 ± 0.4 at rest to 7.0 ± 4 pg × mL-1 (p < 0.0001) and AT v-a difference increased 45-fold from 0.12 ± 0.3 to 6.0 ± 5 pg x mL-1 (p < 0.0001) 9 min after last sprint. Arterial glycerol increased 2.5-fold from rest to 9 min postsprint 1 (p < 0.0001) and was maintained during the exercise period. AT venous and v-a difference of glycerol increased 2-fold from rest to 9 min postsprint 1 (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively), decreased until 18 min postsprint 2 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001), and then increased again until 9 min after last sprint (both p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The concurrent increase in venous IL-6 and glycerol in AT after last sprint is consistent with an IL-6 induced lipolysis in AT. Glycerol data also indicated an initial increase in lipolysis after sprint 1 that was unrelated to IL-6. Increased IL-6 in adipose tissue may, therefore, complement other sprint exercise-induced lipolytic agents.

Comparative efficacy of exercise training modes on systemic metabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective

This network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to compare and rank the effects of training interventions including aerobic exercise (AE), resistance training (RT), combined aerobic and resistance training (CT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on vital metabolic indicators in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from 1990 to February 2023. Articles were included if they described randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of exercise training on anthropometry parameters, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with overweight and obesity. Weighted mean difference with 95% CI was calculated.

Results

A total of 28 studies with 1,620 patients were included. Results revealed that AE exerts best effects on weight loss (-2.35 [-4.05, -0.64]) and body mass index (-0.9 [-1.38, -0.42]), while HIIT is the most effective in reducing waist circumference (-5.93 [10.71, -1.15]), percentage body fat (-3.93 [-5.73, -2.12]), serum triglycerides (-20.55 [-37.20, -3.91]), and fasting blood glucose (-14.31 [-22.47, -6.16]) and improving VO2 max (7.41 [4.37, 10.45]). However, no significant benefit was observed in terms of total cholesterol and blood pressure.

Conclusions

AE is the optimal exercise type for reducing body weight and BMI, while HIIT exerts the most beneficial effects on improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic abnormalities in adults with overweight and obesity.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023444322, identifier CRD42023444322.

Resistance exercise training augments the immunomodulatory adaptations to aerobic high-intensity interval training

To compare the effectiveness of different types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on meta-inflammation during obesity, TLR4 pathway activities were assessed following a 10-week randomized trial. 30 young females with overweight and obesity were randomly allocated to aerobic HIIT (HIIT/AE) or resistance exercise in HIIT (HIIT/RE) and performed a 28-minute (4 × 4 min) in each session. During each interval, the HIIT/AE performed four minutes of all-extremity cycling, whereas the HIIT/RE completed four minutes of combined resistance exercises and all-extremity cycling. The TLR4 pathway gene expression was measured for the TLR4 receptor, downstream adaptors (TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and myeloid differentiation factor (MYD) 88), transcriptional factors (nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3), and its negative regulator (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3)). The serum levels of TNFα, interferon (IFN) γ, interleukin (IL)-10, and adiponectin were measured. We found that TLR4 (HIIT/RE: 0.6 ± 0.43 vs. HIIT/AE: 1.24 ± 0.82, p = 0.02), TRIF (HIIT/RE: 0.51 ± 0.4 vs. HIIT/AE: 3.56 ± 0.52, p = 0.001), and IRF3 (HIIT/RE: 0.49 ± 0.42 vs. HIIT/AE: 0.6 ± 0.89; p = 0.04) levels were significantly downregulated in HIIT/RE compared to the HIIT/AE, with a significant reduction in serum levels of TNFα (pg/ml) (HIIT/RE: 22.5 ± 11.3 to 6.3 ± 5.3 vs. HIIT/AE: 19.16 ± 20.8 to 13.48 ± 21.7, p = 0.04) and IFNγ (pg/ml) (HIIT/RE: 43.5 ± 20.6 to 37.5 ± 4.3 vs. HIIT/AE: 37.6 ± 5.6 to 68.1 ± 22.5, p = 0.03). Adiponectin and IL-10 levels did not significantly differ between the two groups. Thus, resistance exercise training augments the immunomodulatory adaptations to HIIT and should be prescribed to people at risk of cardiometabolic disease.Highlights HIIT in combination with resistance exercise looks more effective than HIIT alone to target TLR4-mediated inflammation in individuals with overweight and obesity.HIIT/RE induces a different effect on two downstream cascades of TLR4, leading to a greater overall reduction of TRIF-dependent pathway activities compared to MYD88.Both HIIT protocols show comparable effects on the negative regulatory protein TNFAIP3 gene expression.

Extraordinary Claims in the Literature on High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): I. Bonafide Scientific Revolution or a Looming Crisis of Replication and Credibility?

The literature on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) contains claims that, if true, could revolutionize the science and practice of exercise. This critical analysis examines two varieties of claims: (i) HIIT is effective in improving various indices of fitness and health, and (ii) HIIT is as effective as more time-consuming moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Using data from two recent systematic reviews as working examples, we show that studies in both categories exhibit considerable weaknesses when judged through the prism of fundamental statistical principles. Predominantly, small-to-medium effects are investigated in severely underpowered studies, thus greatly increasing the risk of both type I and type II errors of statistical inference. Studies in the first category combine the volatility of estimates associated with small samples with numerous dependent variables analyzed without consideration of the inflation of the type I error rate. Studies in the second category inappropriately use the p > 0.05 criterion from small studies to support claims of 'similar' or 'comparable' effects. It is concluded that the situation in the HIIT literature is reminiscent of the research climate that led to the replication crisis in psychology. As in psychology, this could be an opportunity to reform statistical practices in exercise science.

High-intensity interval training is not superior to continuous aerobic training in reducing body fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Background/Objective

Guidelines on obesity management reinforce regular exercise to reduce body fat. Exercise modalities, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT), appear to produce a similar effect to continuous aerobic training (CAT) on body fat. However, they have not addressed the chronic effect of HIIT vs. CAT on body fat assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thus, we compared the effectiveness of CAT vs. HIIT protocols on body fat (absolute or relative) (%BF) and abdominal visceral fat reduction, assessed by DEXA, in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) including both female or male adults with excess body weight. We performed searches in the databases MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science and Cochrane.

Results

In our analysis (11 RCTs), we found no greater benefit on %BF of HIIT vs. CAT (MD -0.55%, 95% CI -1.42 to 0.31; p = 0.209). As for abdominal visceral fat, no training modality was superior (SMD: -0.05, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.19; p = 0.997). Regarding secondary outcomes (body weight, BMI, VO2 max, glycemic and lipid profiles), HIIT shows greater benefit than CAT in increasing VO2 max and fasting blood glucose and reducing total cholesterol.

Conclusion

HIIT is not superior to CAT in reducing %BF or abdominal visceral fat in individuals characterized by excess weight. However, HIIT showed beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose when compared to CAT.

Elucidating the primary mechanisms of high-intensity interval training for improved cardiac fitness in obesity

Obesity is a global and rising multifactorial pandemic associated with the emergence of several comorbidities that are risk factors for malignant cardiac remodeling and disease. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained considerable attention due to its favorable outcomes of cardiometabolic health in individuals with overweight or obese. The primary aim of this review is to discuss the fundamental processes through which HIIT improves cardiac impairment in individuals with obesity to develop viable treatments for obesity management. In this review, a multiple database search and collection were conducted from the earliest record to January 2013 for studies included the qualitative component of HIIT intervention in humans and animals with overweight/obesity related to cardiac remodeling and fitness. We attempt to integrate the main mechanisms of HIIT in cardiac remolding improvement in obesity into an overall sequential hypothesis. This work focus on the ameliorative effects of HIIT on obesity-induced cardiac remodeling with respect to potential and pleiotropic mechanisms, including adipose distribution, energy metabolism, inflammatory response, insulin resistance, and related risk profiles in obesity. In conclusion, HIIT has been shown to reduce obesity-induced risks of cardiac remodeling, but the long-term effects of HIIT on obesity-induced cardiac injury and disease are presently unknown. Collective understanding highlights numerous specific research that are needed before the safety and effectiveness of HIIT can be confirmed and widely adopted in patient with obesity.

A low-calorie diet raises β-aminoisobutyric acid in relation to glucose regulation and leptin independent of exercise in women with obesity

Introduction: β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a suggested cytokine secreted from skeletal muscles that regulates insulin sensitivity, pancreatic function, and fat oxidation. However, no studies to date have examined if a low-calorie diet (LCD) or LCD + with interval exercise (LCD + INT) differentially raises BAIBA. The purpose was to examine if LCD or LCD + INT raises circulating BAIBA in relation to cardiometabolic health. Methods: For this, twenty-three women with obesity were randomized to either 2-weeks of LCD (n = 12, 48.4 ± 2.5 y, 37.84 ± 1.5 kg/m2; ∼1200 kcal/day) or LCD + INT (n = 11, 47.6 ± 4.3 y, 37.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2; ∼60 min/d of INT alternating 3 min of 90% and 50% HRpeak), with matched energy availability. Fasting BAIBA and adipokines along with glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and FFA after every 30 min up to 120 min were obtained during a 75 g OGTT to estimate total area under the curve (tAUC), insulin sensitivity (SIIS), pancreatic function [disposition index (DI)], and hepatic insulin clearance (HIC). Fuel use (indirect calorimetry) was tested at 0, 60, and 120 min of the OGTT along with fitness (VO2peak) and body composition (BodPod). Results: Both treatments lowered body weight (p < 0.001) and leptin (p < 0.001) but raised BAIBA (p = 0.007) and insulin sensitivity (p = 0.02). LCD + INT increased VO2peak (p = 0.02) and REE tAUC120min (p = 0.02) while LCD and LCD + INT decreased carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) tAUC120min (p < 0.001). Increased BAIBA associated with reduced weight (r = -0.67, p < 0.001), leptin (r = -0.66, p = 0.001), CHOox tAUC120min (r = -0.44, p = 0.03) and DImuscle120min (r = -0.45, p = 0.03), but elevated HIC120min (r = 0.47, p = 0.02). Discussion: Concluding, LCD and LCD + INT increased BAIBA in relation to reduced body weight and pancreatic function in women with obesity. This suggests energy deficit is a key factor regulating circulating BAIBA.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

This systematic review is conducted to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the young and middle-aged.

METHODS

Seven databases were searched from their inception to 22 October 2022 for studies (randomized controlled trials only) with HIIT and MICT intervention. Meta-analysis was carried out for within-group (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and between-group (HIIT vs. MICT) comparisons for change in body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and CRF.

RESULTS

A total of 1738 studies were retrieved from the database, and 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Within-group analyses indicated that both HIIT and MICT can bring significant improvement in body composition and CRF, except for FFM. Between-group analyses found that compared to MICT, HIIT brings significant benefits to WC, PFM, and VO_2peak.

CONCLUSIONS

The effect of HIIT on fat loss and CRF in the young and middle-aged is similar to or better than MICT, which might be influenced by age (18-45 years), complications (obesity), duration (>6 weeks), frequency, and HIIT interval. Despite the clinical significance of the improvement being limited, HIIT appears to be more time-saving and enjoyable than MICT.

[Vulnerability of obesity as defined by body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage]

AIM

To ascertain to what extent it is possible to stop being obese (to normalize body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and/or body fat percentage [BFP]).

DESIGN

Longitudinal observational and retrospective study. SITE: Eleven Spanish health centers.

PARTICIPANTS

Men and women with BMI≥30kg/m² (n=1246) or general obesity (GO), with WC>102cm and >88cm, respectively (n=2122) or abdominal obesity (AO) and with BFP>25% and >35%, respectively (n=2436) or excess body fat (EBF), from the PEPAF Study cohort of 4927 participants aged 20-80years.

MAIN MEASUREMENTS

Data from the PEPAF study at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24months: gender, age, diagnoses of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, smoking, levels of and compliance with physical activity recommendations, maximum oxygen consumption, weigh, height, WC and three skin-folds (thoracic, umbilical and anterior thigh for men and triceps, suprailiac and anterior thigh for women).

RESULTS

Of 2054 participants with any type of obesity at baseline and valid data at 2years, 240 (11.6%) had normalized all of their obesity diagnostic indexes. 19.5% (95% confidence interval (95%CI: 17.6-21.4) ceased to have EBF, 12.0% (95%CI: 10.4-13.7) ceased to have AO and 10.5% (95%CI: 8.5-12.7) ceased to have GO.

CONCLUSIONS

Obesity differs from other chronic diseases in that it can be «cured» by normalizing the amount of body fat.

Prehabilitation of overweight and obese patients with dysglycemia awaiting bariatric surgery: Predicting the success of obesity treatment

Bariatric surgery offers the best health results in overweight and obese patients but is not a risk and/or complication-free treatment. In cases with additional hyperglycemia, the burden of surgery can be even higher and alter both short-term and long-term outcomes. Although bariatric surgery offers glycemic improvements and in the case of early onset diabetes disease remission, weight loss results are lower than for obese patients without diabetes. Different multimodal programs, usually including interventions related to patients’ performance, nutritional and psychological status as well as currently available pharmacotherapy before the surgery itself might considerably improve the immediate and late postoperative course. However, there are still no clear guidelines addressing the prehabilitation of obese patients with dysglycemia undergoing bariatric surgery and therefore no unique protocols to improve patients’ health. In this minireview, we summarize the current knowledge on prehabilitation before bariatric surgery procedures in patients with obesity and dysglycemia.

Influence of Educational Level and Healthy Habits on the Prevalence of Diabesity in a Spanish Working Population

Background: Diabesity is a growing problem internationally. Taking into account the importance of physical activity and diet in its prevention and treatment, the objective of this study was to delve into the impact of healthy habits on diabesity. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 386,924 Spanish adult workers. Obesity was determined according to eleven different formulas. Life habits were also valued; sociodemographic variables; and educational level; as well as analytical and clinical variables such as blood pressure and blood glucose levels. The association between the different variables was performed using the chi-square and the Student’s t-tests when the samples were independent. A multivariate analysis was performed using the multinomial logistic regression test by calculating the odds ratio and a 95% confidence interval. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was also performed. Results: The overall prevalence of diabesity ranged between 0.3% (95% CI 0.3–0.4) when obesity was assessed according to the abdominal volume index and 8.3% (95% CI 8.2–8.4) when evaluated according to the CUN-BAE (Clínica Universitaria de Navarra Body Adiposity Estimator) formula. The prevalence of diabesity was also higher in workers with a non-heart-healthy diet and in those who did not exercise regularly. Conclusions: The most disadvantaged socioeconomic classes are those with the highest prevalence of diabesity. It is important to prioritise prevention in populations and communities with the most unfavourable social and environmental conditions to reduce the burden of diabesity.

Family sports interventions for the treatment of obesity in childhood: a meta-analysis

Background

Obesity in children has become one of the key concerns of the World Health Organization, and the incidence of related non-communicable diseases is also rising. This study evaluates the effect of family sports participation on the treatment and prevention of obesity in children aged 0–14 years by systematic analysis.

Method

A literature review from 2000 to 2020 was conducted. According to PRISMA-IPD (Preferred Reporting Items for MetaAnalyses of individual participant data) guidelines. The two researchers independently assessed the risk and bias of the articles, obtained a comprehensive, high-quality result, and extracted the data based on the Cochrane intervention system review manual. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected from the searches that used family sports interventions or family sports combined with dietary adjustments and behavioral habits change. Only studies targeting overweight or obese children aged 0–14 years were included.

Results

The search resulted in a total of 16 studies. Across all 16 studies, there were a total of 1680 participants in the experimental groups and 1701 participants in the control groups. The results are as follows: body mass index (BMI) (SMD-RE = − 4.10, 95% CI (− 0.84 to 0.02), Z = 1.88, p = 0.06); Body weight (SMD-RE = − 0.77, 95% CI (− 1.53 to − 0.01), Z = 2.00, p = 0.05); Waist circumference (SMD-RE = − 0.45, 95% CI (− 1.36 to 0.47), Z = 0.96, p = 0.34); and Body fat rate (SMD-FE = − 0.06, 95% CI (− 0.22 to 0.11), Z = 0.69, p = 0.49). Hence, through family sports intervention among obese children, juvenile and obese body composition—BMI, body weight, waist circumference, and body fat rate—are all reduced. But only body weight was statistically significant.

Conclusions

Compared with the samples without family sports, the weight of obese children participating in family sports decreased, but there were no significant differences in other relevant physical indicators. Follow-up research should examine large-scale clinical trials with family sports as a single factor intervention, which are needed to provide stronger evidence of the intervention effect. However, family activities can help obese children grow and develop by improving their exercise capacity, enhancing their lifestyles, and facilitating communication and relationships with their parents. In the future, long-term sports training plans for children with obesity should be implemented.

The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose metabolism, cardiorespiratory fitness and weight control in subjects with diabetes: Systematic review a meta-analysis

AIM

The objective of this meta-analysis was to explore the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared with control conditions (CON) or moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on glycemic parameters in diabetes subjects.

METHODS

Pubmed, Embase and Google Scholar databases were searched for HIIT interventions that were carried out in diabetic subjects and exploring fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin and/or HOMA-IR.

RESULTS

This systematic review retrieved a total of 1741 studies of which 32 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Nineteen trials were included in the meta-analysis since they compared HIIT intervention with CON or MICT group. There was a significantly reduction of fasting glucose of 13.3 mg/dL (p < 0.001), Hb1Ac -0.34% (p < 0.001), insulin -2.27 UI/L (p = 0.003), HOMA-IR -0.88 (p = 0.005) in the HIIT-group compared with CON-group. Nevertheless, this reduction was not significantly different when comparing HIIT with MICT (p = 0.140, p = 0.315, p = 0.520 and p = 0.389). Besides, there was a significant increase of absolute VO2max of 0.21 L/min (p < 0.001) and relative VO2max of 2.94 ml/kg/min (p < 0.001) in the HIIT-group compared with the CON-group and the MICT-group (0.22 L/min, p = 0.025) and (0.97 ml/kg/min, p = 0.045).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings revealed that HIIT intervention led to significant improvement in glycemic control and insulin resistance in subjects with diabetes compared with CON-group.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Rehabilitation Effect of Different Intensity Exercise on the Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases

Background. Cardiovascular disease is a common disease with high prevalence, disability, and mortality. Exercise therapy can improve cardiac functional reserve and life quality of patients, but the benefits of different exercise intensities for cardiovascular patients are still controversial. In this study, literature search and meta-analysis were used to explore the effect of 2 intensities of exercise on the rehabilitation effect of cardiovascular patients. Methods. We searched Embase, Wiley online library, PubMed, Science Direct, and Clinicaltrials to look for randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate continuous training (MCT). After screening the inclusion criteria for the literature and assessing the risk of bias, a software analysis was performed using the R language toolkit to obtain forest plots and funnel maps. Results. 10 articles were included in this study into the quantitative analysis, and 520 patients participated in the study; meta-analysis results showed that after HIIT intervention, the VO2 peak index of patients was higher than that of the MCT group ( $\text{MD}=1.39$ , 95% CI (0.10, 2.68), $Z=2.12$ , $P=0.0344$ ), the peak heart rate HR peak was higher than that of the MCT training ( $\text{MD}=7.71$ , 95% CI (5.12, 10.30), $Z=5.84$ , $P<0.0001$ ), the respiratory exchange rate (maximum RER) was higher than that of the MCT training ( $\text{MD}=0.02$ , 95% CI (0.00, 0.04), $Z=2.36$ , $P=0.0184$ ), and the quality of life was higher than that of the MCT training ( $\text{MD}=0.39$ , 95% CI (0.07, 0.71), $Z=2.40$ , $P=0.0165$ ). Discussion. Compared with moderate continuous training, high intensity interval training is more conducive to improve the cardiopulmonary function of cardiovascular patients and improve their physical life quality.

The Salzburg 10/7 HIIT shock cycle study: the effects of a 7-day high-intensity interval training shock microcycle with or without additional low-intensity training on endurance performance, well-being, stress and recovery in endurance trained athletes-study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Performing multiple high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions in a compressed period of time (approximately 7-14 days) is called a HIIT shock microcycle (SM) and promises a rapid increase in endurance performance. However, the efficacy of HIIT-SM, as well as knowledge about optimal training volumes during a SM in the endurance-trained population have not been adequately investigated. This study aims to examine the effects of two different types of HIIT-SM (with or without additional low-intensity training (LIT)) compared to a control group (CG) on key endurance performance variables. Moreover, participants are closely monitored for stress, fatigue, recovery, and sleep before, during and after the intervention using innovative biomarkers, questionnaires, and wearable devices.

METHODS

This is a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial that includes the results of a pilot participant. Thirty-six endurance trained athletes will be recruited and randomly assigned to either a HIIT-SM (HSM) group, HIIT-SM with additional LIT (HSM + LIT) group or a CG. All participants will be monitored before (9 days), during (7 days), and after (14 days) a 7-day intervention, for a total of 30 days. Participants in both intervention groups will complete 10 HIIT sessions over 7 consecutive days, with an additional 30 min of LIT in the HSM + LIT group. HIIT sessions consist of aerobic HIIT, i.e., 5 × 4 min at 90-95% of maximal heart rate interspersed by recovery periods of 2.5 min. To determine the effects of the intervention, physiological exercise testing, and a 5 km time trial will be conducted before and after the intervention.

RESULTS

The feasibility study indicates good adherence and performance improvement of the pilot participant. Load monitoring tools, i.e., biomarkers and questionnaires showed increased values during the intervention period, indicating sensitive variables.

CONCLUSION

This study will be the first to examine the effects of different total training volumes of HIIT-SM, especially the combination of LIT and HIIT in the HSM + LIT group. In addition, different assessments to monitor the athletes' load during such an exhaustive training period will allow the identification of load monitoring tools such as innovative biomarkers, questionnaires, and wearable technology.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05067426. Registered 05 October 2021-Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05067426 . Protocol Version Issue date: 1 Dec 2021. Original protocol. Authors: TLS, NH.

High Intensity Interval Training: A Potential Method for Treating Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia, an age-related disease characterized by loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, has attracted the attention of medical experts due to its severe morbidity, low living quality, high expenditure of health care, and mortality. Traditionally, persistent aerobic exercise (PAE) is considered as a valid way to attenuate muscular atrophy. However, nowadays, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a more effective and time-efficient method to replace traditional exercise modes. HIIT displays comprehensive effects on exercise capacity and skeletal muscle metabolism, and it provides a time-out for the recovery of cardiopulmonary and muscular functions without causing severe adverse effects. Studies demonstrated that compared with PAE, HIIT showed similar or even higher effects in improving muscle strength, enhancing physical performances and increasing muscle mass of elder people. Therefore, HIIT might become a promising way to cope with the age-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function. However, it is worth mentioning that no study of HIIT was conducted directly on sarcopenia patients, which is attributed to the suspicious of safety and validity. In this review, we will assess the effects of different training parameters on muscle and sarcopenia, summarize previous papers which compared the effects of HIIT and PAE in improving muscle quality and function, and evaluate the potential of HIIT to replace the status of PAE in treating old people with muscle atrophy and low modality; and point out drawbacks of temporary experiments. Our aim is to discuss the feasibility of HIIT to treat sarcopenia and provide a reference for clinical scientists who want to utilize HIIT as a new way to cope with sarcopenia.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Fasting in the Treatment of Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: A systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with fasting (HIIT + fasting) and other interventions (HIIT alone, fasting alone, or normal intervention) in adults with overweight and obesity on body composition (body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)), maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), and glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose (FPG)), fasting plasma insulin (FPI)). Methods: The databases of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embace, Web of Science, CNKI, Wangfang Data, and CBM were searched from their inception to February 2022. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of HIIT + fasting and other interventions on adults with overweight and obesity were included in this meta-analysis. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The effect size was completed by using mean difference (MD) and standard deviation. If there were varying units or large differences among the included studies, the standardized mean difference (SMD) would be used. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: Nine randomized controlled trials with 230 overweight and obese adults were conducted in accordance with our inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that compared to the control group HIIT + fasting had better effects on the body mass, WC, FM, and VO_2peak, while there were no significant differences in PFM, FFM, FPG, and FPI. Conclusions: Despite the number of included trials being small and the GRADE of all outcomes being very low, HIIT + fasting has a positive effect on the body composition of overweight and obese adults, and significantly improves VO_2peak. For adults with overweight and obesity who have long-term comorbidity, HIIT + fasting was a better way to improve FPG than HIIT alone or fasting alone. More studies are required to investigate different combinations of HIIT + fasting; and the safety of HIIT + fasting intervention on overweight and obese adults.

HIIT and MICT attenuate high-fat diet-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and ER stress via the PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway

Fatty liver can be induced by dietary habits and lifestyle and is directly related to obesity. Although the benefits of exercise interventions for reduction of liver fat have recently been acknowledged, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, our present study investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on high-fat diet-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, and explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathways. To establish an obesity model, rats were fed with a normal standard diet or a high-fat diet (45% kcal as fat). Then, both lean and obese rats were divided into three subgroups: sedentary control (LC, OC) groups, high-intensity interval training (LHI, OHI) groups, and moderated-intensity continuous training (LMI, OMI) groups (n = 10). Rats in the exercise group underwent a swimming training protocol for 8 weeks. After the experimental period, serum and liver tissues from different groups were dissected for morphological and biochemical analyses. The results showed that with HIIT and MICT interventions, body weight and serum inflammatory markers (e.g., MCP-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α) were reduced in obese rats. Interestingly, HIIT was more effective in ameliorating liver triglyceride content and enhancing mitochondrial metabolic-enzymatic activity than was MICT in obese rats. Both HIIT and MICT conferred beneficial properties through upregulating Nrf2 expression, improving antioxidant enzyme activities and reduction of hepatic ER stress, which may have been regulated by the Bip-mediated PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway. In conclusion, our findings confirmed the effectiveness of HIIT and MICT, particularly HIIT, in mitigating hepatic lipid accumulation.

An Individualized Exercise Intervention for People with Multiple Myeloma—Study Protocol of a Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial

People with multiple myeloma (MM) are second only to people with lung cancer for the poorest reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of all cancer types. Whether exercise can improve HRQoL in MM, where bone pain and lesions are common, requires investigation. This trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of an exercise intervention compared with control on HRQoL in people with MM. Following baseline testing, people with MM (n = 60) will be randomized to an exercise (EX) or waitlist control (WT) group. EX will complete 12-weeks of supervised (24 sessions) and unsupervised (12 sessions) individualized, modular multimodal exercise training. From weeks 12–52, EX continue unsupervised training thrice weekly, with one optional supervised group-based session weekly from weeks 12–24. The WT will be asked to maintain their current activity levels for the first 12-weeks, before completing the same protocol as EX for the following 52 weeks. Primary (patient-reported HRQoL) and secondary (bone health and pain, fatigue, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, disease response, and blood biomarkers) outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 12-, 24- and 52-weeks. Adverse events, attendance, and adherence will be recorded and cost-effectiveness analysis performed. The findings will inform whether exercise should be included as part of standard myeloma care to improve the health of this unique population.

Effects of low-volume, high-intensity interval training on maximal oxygen consumption, body fat percentage and health-related quality of life in women with overweight: A randomized controlled trial

Background

Several investigations suggest that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) provokes larger changes in VO_2max compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT); other studies associate HIIT with significant decreases in total, abdominal and visceral fat mass. However, some meta-analyses express that the enhancements with HIIT on VO_2max are slightly higher concerning MICT. These studies had low-to-moderate methodological quality, and the exercise protocols were completed mostly on treadmills or cycle ergometers. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of a low-volume HIIT versus a MICT program on VO_2max, body fat percentage (BFP), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in overweight women. It followed a research protocol with high methodological rigor and good reporting quality.

Methods

After two physical adaptation weeks (run-in period), thirty-five volunteers were randomized to HIIT (n = 16) or MICT (n = 19). Both groups performed 24 sessions on a grass sports field (walking, jogging or running). The HIIT group completed 15 bouts of 30 s [90–95%, maximal heart rate (HR_max)], while the MICT group completed 30 min of continuous exercise (65–75% HR_max).

Results

The difference between HIIT and MICT post-intervention on VO_2max was not statistically significant (0.8 ml/kg/min. CI 95%, −1.0 to 2.7, p = 0.37). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were found between groups for BFP and HRQoL.

Conclusions

Low-volume HIIT program has no quantitative advantage compared with that resulting from MICT, in VO2max, BFP, and HRQoL. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03300895.

High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cardiac Autonomic Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Different exercise models have been used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), like moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT); however, their effects on autonomic modulation are unknown. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise modes on autonomic modulation in patients with T2D. In total, 44 adults with >5 years of T2D diagnosis were recruited and stratified into three groups: HIIT-30:30 (n = 15, age 59.13 ± 5.57 years) that performed 20 repetitions of 30 s at 100% of VO2peak with passive recovery, HIIT-2:2 (n = 14, age 61.20 ± 2.88) that performed 5 repetitions of 2 min at 100% of VO2peak with passive recovery, and MICT (n = 15, age 58.50 ± 5.26) that performed 14 min of continuous exercise at 70% of VO2peak. All participants underwent anamnesis and evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiac autonomic modulation. All protocols were equated by total distance and were performed two times per week for 8 weeks. Group × time interactions were observed for resting heart rate (HRrest) [F(2.82) = 3.641; p = 0.031] and SDNN [F(2.82) = 3.462; p = 0.036]. Only the HIIT-30:30 group significantly reduced SDNN (p = 0.002 and 0.025, respectively). HRrest reduced more in the HIIT-30:30 group compared with the MICT group (p = 0.038). Group × time interactions were also observed for offTAU [F(2.82) = 3.146; p = 0.048] and offTMR [F(2.82) = 4.424; p = 0.015]. The MICT group presented increased values of offTAU compared with the HIIT-30:30 and HIIT-2:2 groups (p = 0.001 and 0.013, respectively), representing a slower HR response after eight weeks of intervention. HIIT, specially HIIT-30:30, represents a promising measure for improving autonomic modulation in patients with T2D.

Effects of self-paced high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on the physical performance and psychophysiological responses in recreationally active young adults

This study aimed to compare the effects of 8-week self-paced high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. self-paced moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the physical performance and psychophysiological responses of young adults. Twenty-eight recreationally active young adults (age: 21.1 ± 1.6 years) were randomly assigned to either the self-paced HIIT (n = 14) or the MICT (n = 14) group training protocol. The HIIT consisted of two 12-24 x 30 seconds of high-intensity runs interspersed by 30 seconds of recovery. The MICT completed 24-48 minutes of continuous running. Before and after the 8-week interventions the following tests were completed: maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O_2max) estimated from the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRTL-1), repeated sprint ability (RSA), 10-30-m sprint test, change of direction test (T-drill), countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ), and triple hop distance test (THD). Training rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) were assessed during the training programme. The HIIT resulted in greater improvement in YYIRTL-1, V̇O_2max, RSA and T-drill performances compared to the MICT. Furthermore, RPE and PACES values were higher in the HIIT than the MICT. This study suggested that self-paced HIIT may be a more effective training regime to improve aerobic fitness with greater physical enjoyment in recreationally active young adults.

Home-Based HIIT and Traditional MICT Prescriptions Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness to a Similar Extent Within an Exercise Referral Scheme for At-Risk Individuals

Exercise referral schemes (ERS) are used to promote physical activity within primary care. Traditionally, ERS are conducted in a gym or leisure-center setting, with exercise prescriptions based on moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Home-based high-intensity interval training (Home-HIIT) has the potential to reduce perceived barriers to exercise, including lack of time and access to facilities, compared to traditional MICT prescription used with ERS and improve health related outcomes. We hypothesized that Home-HIIT would mediate greater improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by virtue of greater adherence and compliance to the exercise prescription, compared to MICT. Methods: Patients enrolled on an ERS (Liverpool, United Kingdom) were recruited for a pragmatic trial. Participants self-selected either 12 weeks of MICT (45-135 min/week at 50-70% HR_max) or Home-HIIT (4-9 min × 1 min intervals at ≥80% of HR_max, interspersed with 1 min rest). The primary outcome was the change in CRF (VO_{2 peak}) at post-intervention (12 weeks) and follow-up (3-month post intervention), using intention-to-treat analysis. Results: 154 participants (age 48 ± 10y; BMI 30.5 ± 6.1 kg/m²) were recruited between October 2017 and March 2019, 87 (56%) participants chose Home-HIIT and 67 (44%) MICT. VO_{2 peak} increased post-intervention in both groups (MICT 3.9 ± 6.0 ml.kg^-1.min^-1, Home-HIIT 2.8 ± 4.5 ml.kg^-1.min^-1, P < 0.001), and was maintained at follow-up (P < 0.001). Fat mass was only reduced post MICT (MICT -1.5 ± 6.3 kg, P < 0.05, Home-HIIT -0.2 ± 2.0 kg, P = 1.00), but the reduction was not maintained at follow-up (MICT -0.6 ± 5.1 kg, Home-HIIT 0.0 ± 2.2 kg, P > 0.05). Adherence to the prescribed programs was similar (MICT 48 ± 35%, Home-HIIT 39 ± 36%, P = 0.77). Conclusion: This is the first study to evaluate the use of Home-HIIT for individuals in a primary care setting. Contrary to our hypothesis, adherence to both exercise prescriptions was poor, and CRF improved to a similar extent in both groups with improvements maintained at 3-month follow-up. We provide evidence that, although not superior, Home-HIIT could be an effective and popular additional exercise choice for patients within primary care based ERS. Clinical Trial Registration: [ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT04553614].

Slow and Steady, or Hard and Fast? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Comparing Body Composition Changes between Interval Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training

Purpose: To conduct a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis of the current literature as to the effects of interval training (IT) vs moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on measures of body composition, both on a whole-body and regional level. Methods: We searched English-language papers on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and sportrxiv for the following inclusion criteria: (a) randomized controlled trials that directly compared IT vs MICT body composition using a validated measure in healthy children and adults; (b) training was carried out a minimum of once per week for at least four weeks; (c) published in a peer-reviewed English language journal or on a pre-print server. Results: The main model for fat mass effects revealed a trivial standardized point estimate with high precision for the interval estimate, with moderate heterogeneity (−0.016 (95%CI −0.07 to 0.04); I² = 36%). The main model for fat-free mass (FFM) effects revealed a trivial standardized point estimate with high precision for the interval estimate, with negligible heterogeneity (−0.0004 (95%CI −0.05 to 0.05); I² = 16%). The GRADE summary of findings suggested high certainty for both main model effects. Conclusions: Our findings provide compelling evidence that the pattern of intensity of effort and volume during endurance exercise (i.e., IT vs MICT) has minimal influence on longitudinal changes in fat mass and FFM, which are likely to minimal anyway. Trial registration number: This study was preregistered on the Open Science Framework.

Effects of Four Lipid Metabolism-Related Polymorphisms on Body Composition Improvements After 12 Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training and Dietary Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Adult Women: A Pilot Study

Background: Polymorphisms in lipid metabolism-related genes have been associated with obesity and body composition, but these have been scarcely described concerning the magnitude of the response to exercise interventions in the overweight/obese population.

Objective: To evaluate the association of perilipin 1 (PLIN1; rs1052700 and rs2304795), lipoprotein lipase (rs283), and adrenoceptor beta 3 (rs4994) polymorphisms with high and low responders (LoRes) to fat mass reduction after 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and dietary energy restriction in overweight/obese adult women. In addition, we examined the effect of these genetic variants on body composition changes.

Methods: Forty-three unrelated overweight/obese adult women were incorporated and genotyped, of which 30 women (age = 27.4 ± 7.9 years; BMI = 29.9 ± 3.3 kg/m²) successfully completed the 12-week supervised HIIT program plus an individually prescribed home hypocaloric diet.

Results: An association was observed between the PLIN1 rs1052700 polymorphism with high and LoRes (χ² = 8.138; 2 df; p = 0.01). Moreover, after the intervention, the carriers of TT genotype of PLIN1 rs1052700 as compared to AA and AT showed a greater reduction in absolute fat mass (Δ: −5.1 ± 1.8 vs. − 1.8 ± 1.4 vs. − 2.1 ± 2.3 kg; p = 0.04). The effect size of this fat mass reduction between TT and AT genotypes was a mean difference of −3.01 kg [95%IC − 4.88– − 1.1], and between TT and AA genotypes was −3.29 kg [95%IC − 4.86– − 1.65]. No differences were observed for other polymorphisms investigated.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the rs1052700 (14995A>T) polymorphism of the PLIN1 gene is associated with a differential response to fat mass reduction after a 12-week intervention in overweight/obese adult women. In addition, women with the TT genotype of this genetic variant showed greater changes in fat mass than AA and AT genotypes. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Physical activity in the management of obesity in adults: A position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia

This Position Statement examines the evidence for physical activity in weight and adiposity loss, prevention of weight and adiposity gain, and in weight regain in adults, and provides guidance on implications for exercise practitioners. Research evidence indicates that >150 min but preferably 300 min per week of aerobic activity of at least moderate intensity is required to prevent weight and adiposity gain, and at least the upper end of this range of activity to prevent weight regain after weight loss. For meaningful weight and total adiposity loss, a minimum of 300-420 min per week of aerobic activity of at least moderate intensity is required. The evidence around the volume of aerobic physical activity required to reduce central adiposity is emerging, and research suggests that it may be substantially less than that required for weight loss. The impact of high-intensity physical activity and resistance exercise for weight management is uncertain. During consultations for weight management, exercise practitioners should advise that metabolic and cardiovascular health benefits can be achieved with physical activity at any weight, and irrespective of weight change.

HIIT'ing or MISS'ing the Optimal Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of High- Versus Moderate-Intensity Exercise Prescription

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic disorder associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Exercise is an effective treatment strategy to manage symptoms and reduce long-term health risk. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been suggested as a more efficient exercise mode in PCOS; however, it is not clear whether HIIT is superior to moderate intensity steady state exercise (MISS).

Methods: We synthesized available data through a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of isolated HIIT and MISS exercise interventions. Our primary outcome measures were cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin resistance, measured using V˙O_2max and HOMA-IR respectively.

Results: A total of 16 studies were included. Moderate-quality evidence from 16 studies identified significant improvements in V˙O_2max following MISS (Δ = 1.081 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001, n = 194), but not HIIT (Δ = 0.641 ml/kg/min, p = 0.128, n = 28). Neither HIIT nor MISS improved HOMA-IR [(Δ = −0.257, p = 0.374, n = 60) and (Δ = −0.341, p = 0.078, n = 159), respectively].

Discussion: A significant improvement in V˙O_2max was evident following MISS, but not HIIT exercise in women with PCOS. This contrasts with previous literature in healthy and clinical cohorts that report superior benefits of HIIT. Therefore, based on available moderate-quality evidence, HIIT exercise does not provide superior outcomes in V˙O_2max compared with MISS, although larger high-quality interventions are needed to fully address this. Additional dietary/pharmacological interventions may be required in conjunction with exercise to improve insulin sensitivity.

Effects and dose-response relationship of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This study aims to quantify the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by considering potential moderators and to characterise dose-response relationships of HIIT variables that could maximise CRF improvements in overweight and obese adults. Following a comprehensive search through four electronic databases, 19 studies met eligibility criteria. Random-effects models were applied to weight all included studies and to compute the weighted mean standardised mean differences (SMD_wm). Meta-analysis showed that HIIT was a highly effective approach for improving CRF in overweight and obese adults (SMD_wm = 1.13). Effects were modified by sex and baseline CRF level. Dose-response relationship analysis provided some preliminary data regarding the training period, training intensity, and session duration. However, it is still not possible to provide accurate recommendations currently. Further studies are still needed to identify the most appropriate training variables to prescribe effective HIIT programmes for improving CRF in overweight and obese adults.

Physiological Effects and Inter-Individual Variability to 12 Weeks of High Intensity-Interval Training and Dietary Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Adult Women

Background: Human adaptive response to exercise interventions is often described as group average and SD to represent the typical response for most individuals, but studies reporting individual responses to exercise show a wide range of responses.

Objective: To characterize the physiological effects and inter-individual variability on fat mass and other health-related and physical performance outcomes after 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and dietary energy restriction in overweight/obese adult women.

Methods: Thirty untrained adult overweight and obese women (age = 27.4 ± 7.9 years; BMI = 29.9 ± 3.3 kg/m²) successfully completed a 12-week supervised HIIT program and an individually prescribed home hypocaloric diet (75% of daily energy requirements) throughout the whole intervention. High and low responders to the intervention were those individuals who were able to lose ≥ 10 and < 10% of initial absolute fat mass (i.e., kilograms), respectively.

Results: The prevalence for high and low responders was 33% (n = 11) and 66% (n = 19), respectively. At the whole group level, the intervention was effective to reduce the absolute fat mass (30.9 ± 7.2 vs. 28.5 ± 7.2 kg; p < 0.0001), body fat percentage (39.8 ± 4.3 vs. 37.8 ± 4.9%; p < 0.0001), and total body mass (76.7 ± 10.1 vs. 74.4 ± 9.9 kg; p < 0.0001). In addition, there were improvements in systolic blood pressure (SBP; Δ% = −5.1%), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; Δ% = −6.4%), absolute VO₂peak (Δ% = +14.0%), relative VO₂peak (Δ% = +13.8%), peak power output (PPO; Δ% = +19.8%), anaerobic threshold (AT; Δ% = +16.7%), maximal ventilation (VE; Δ% = +14.1%), and peak oxygen pulse (O₂ pulse; Δ% = +10.4%). However, at the individual level, a wide range of effects were appreciated on all variables, and the magnitude of the fat mass changes did not correlate with baseline body mass or fat mass.

Conclusion: A 12-week supervised HIIT program added to a slight dietary energy restriction effectively improved fat mass, body mass, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, a wide range of inter-individual variability was observed in the adaptative response to the intervention. Furthermore, subjects classified as low responders for fat mass reduction could be high responders (HiRes) in many other health-related and physical performance outcomes. Thus, the beneficial effects of exercise in obese and overweight women go further beyond the adaptive response to a single outcome variable such as fat mass or total body mass reduction.

The effectiveness of vigorous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Traditional forms of upper-body moderate intensity exercise consistently provide little cardiovascular benefits for persons with spinal cord injury (PwSCI). Explorations of new training methods are vital to improve cardiovascular fitness among PwSCI. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of vigorous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in PwSCI.

METHODS

Database search through PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was conducted from the databases' inception to November 2020 to identify relevant exercise studies with PwSCI. Two independent reviewers screened articles for inclusion. Data were extracted from included studies and methodological quality evaluated.

RESULTS

Sixteen trials (eight pre-post trials and eight controlled trials [CTs]) with a total of 145 participants were analyzed. Results from pre-post studies revealed significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness following high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (Peak Oxygen Uptake [VO_2peak], standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.81; 95% CI 0.23-1.39; P < 0.01 and Peak Power Output [PPO], SMD = 0.91; 95% CI 0.32-1.5; P < 0.01) and circuit resistance training (CRT) (VO_2peak, MD = 0.38; 95% CI 0.19-0.57; P < 0.01 and PPO, MD = 20.17; 95% CI 8.26-32.08; P < 0.01). Meta-analysis of CTs did not demonstrate significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness following vigorous training interventions in comparison to lower intensity training interventions.

CONCLUSION

Evidence from HIIT and CRT interventions suggest benefits for cardiovascular functions; however, vigorous training was not more beneficial than other forms of endurance training. More CTs are needed to better understand the effectiveness of vigorous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in PwSCI.

Scientific Challenges on Theory of Fat Burning by Exercise

Exercise training decreases abdominal fat in an intensity-dependent manner. The fat loss effect of exercise has been intuitively thought to result from increased fat burning during and after exercise, defined by conversion of fatty acid into carbon dioxide in consumption of oxygen. Nevertheless, increasing exercise intensity decreases oxidation of fatty acids derived from adipose tissue despite elevated lipolysis. The unchanged 24-h fatty acid oxidation during and after exercise does not provide support to the causality between fat burning and fat loss. In this review, alternative perspectives to explain the fat loss outcome are discussed. In brief, carbon and nitrogen redistribution to challenged tissues (muscle and lungs) for fuel replenishment and cell regeneration against abdominal adipose tissue seems to be the fundamental mechanism underlying the intensity-dependent fat loss effect of exercise. The magnitude of lipolysis (fatty acid release from adipocytes) and the amount of post-meal carbon and nitrogen returning to abdominal adipose tissue determines the final fat tissue mass. Therefore, meal arrangement at the time when muscle has the greatest reconstruction demand for carbon and nitrogen could decrease abdominal fat accumulation while increasing muscle mass and tissue repair.

Towards Optimized Care After Bariatric Surgery by Physical Activity and Exercise Intervention: a Review

Although there is growing evidence on the importance of physical activity and exercise intervention after bariatric surgery, it remains to be clarified as to why and how post-operative exercise intervention should be implemented. In this narrative and practically oriented review, it is explained why exercise interventions and physical activity are important after bariatric surgery, how to prescribe exercise and monitor physical activity and how and when physical fitness, muscle strength, fat (-free) mass and bone mineral density could be assessed during follow-up. It is suggested that the inclusion of physical activity and exercise training in the clinical follow-up trajectory could be of great benefit to bariatric surgery patients, since it leads to greater improvements in body composition, bone mineral density, muscle strength and physical fitness.

Comparison of High-Intensity Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Fat Percentage in Persons With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND

High-intensity training is comprised of sprint interval training (SIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study compared high-intensity training with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage for overweight or obese persons.

METHODS

A systematic search of randomized controlled trials using the health science databases occurred up to April, 2020. Twenty-six studies were included for complete analysis. A total of 784 participations were analyzed. The unstandardized mean difference for each outcome measurement was extracted from the studies and pooled with the random effects model.

RESULTS

MICT was significantly better at improving CRF compared with SIT (mean difference = -0.92; 95% confidence interval, -1.63 to -0.21; P = .01; I2 = 10%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between MICT versus HIIT on CRF (mean difference = -0.52; 95% confidence interval, -1.18 to 0.13; P = .12; I2 = 23%). There was no significant difference in body fat percentage between MICT versus HIIT and MICT versus SIT.

CONCLUSIONS

MICT was significantly better at improving CRF than SIT in overweight or obese persons.

The impact of high intensity interval training on liver fat content in overweight or obese adults: A meta-analysis

Liver fat is a marker of the metabolic derangements associated with obesity for which exercise training is a potential therapy. We therefore performed a systematic meta-analysis to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on liver fat content in overweight or obese adults with metabolic disorders. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane were searched up to October 2020 for HIIT vs. Control (CON) or HIIT vs. moderate intensity interval training (MICT) studies on liver fat content in overweight and obese individuals with metabolic disorders. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Ten studies involving 333 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Based on studies that directly compared HIIT and CON (6 studies), HIIT was beneficial for promoting a reduction in liver fat [-0.51 (95% CI: -0.85 to -0.17), p = 0.003]. However, there were no significant evidence for an effect of HIIT on liver fat [-0.07 (95% CI: -0.33 to 0.19), p = 0.59], when compared with MICT (7 studies). These results suggest that a HIIT could induce improvements in liver fat of overweight and obese adults with metabolic disorders despite no weight loss.

Changes in Anthropometric and Performance Parameters in High-Level Endurance Athletes during a Sports Season

Several anthropometric and performance parameters related to aerobic metabolism are associated with performance in endurance runners and are modified according to the training performed. The objective of this study was to investigate the ergospirometric and body composition changes in endurance runners during a sports season in relation to their training. Twenty highly trained men endurance runners performed an incremental test until exhaustion (initial, and at 3, 6, and 9 months) on a treadmill to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max), second ventilatory threshold (VT₂), and their associated running speeds. Skinfolds, perimeters, and weights were measured. No changes were obtained in VO₂ max or VT₂ during the study, although their associated running speeds increased (p < 0.05) after 3 months of the study. Decreases in fat mass (p < 0.05) and muscle mass (p < 0.05) were observed at the end of the season (9 months). Changes occurred in the different skinfolds according to the characteristics of the training performed during the season. In conclusion, vVO₂ max and vVT₂ increase with a greater volume of kilometres trained and can be adversely affected by loss of muscle mass.

Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Health and Disease: A Meta-analysis

PURPOSE

We aimed to investigate differences between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, including high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physical fitness, body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function.

METHODS

Differences between HIIE and MICT were summarized using a random-effects meta-analysis on the effect size (Cohen's d). A meta-regression was conducted using the following subgroups: population, age, training duration, men ratio, exercise type, baseline values (clinical relevant ranges), and type of HIIE. Studies were included if at least one of the following outcomes were reported: maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), body mass index (BMI), body mass, percent body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A total of 55 studies were included.

RESULTS

Overall, HIIE was superior to MICT in improving V˙O2max (d = 0.40, P < 0.001) and FMD (d = 0.54, P < 0.05). Oppositely, MICT was superior to HIIE in improving HbA1c (d = -0.27, P < 0.05). No differences were observed in BMI (d = -0.02), body mass (d = -0.05), percent body fat (d = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (d = -0.04), diastolic blood pressure (d = 0.03), HDL (d = -0.05), LDL (d = 0.08), triglycerides (d = 0.03), total cholesterol (d = 0.14), CRP (d = -0.11), fasting insulin (d = 0.02), fasting glucose (d = 0.02), and HOMA-IR (d = -0.04). Moderator analyses indicated that the difference between HIIE and MICT was affected by different subgroups.

CONCLUSION

Overall, HIIE showed to be more effective in improving cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas MICT was superior in improving long-term glucose metabolism. In the process of personalized training counseling, health-enhancing effects of exercise training may be improved by considering the individual risk profiles.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic component risks in persons with paraplegia: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and present with a multitude of elevated cardiometabolic component risks. Although upper-body exercise appears an effective strategy to improve some of these outcomes, the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has yet to be determined for this population. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of a 6 week home-based upper-body HIIT intervention on biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in persons with spinal cord injury, in comparison to a control (CON) group. We will recruit 40 individuals with chronic (>1 year post-injury) paraplegia (spinal cord lesion between the second thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae), aged between 18 and 65 years. After baseline testing, participants will be assigned randomly, using a 2:1 allocation, to the home-based exercise intervention (HIIT, n = 26) or control group (CON, n = 14). The HIIT intervention will consist of 30 min of arm crank-based HIIT (60 s intervals at 80-90% peak heart rate) four times per week. Participants in the CON group will be asked to maintain their habitual diet and physical activity patterns over the study period. Baseline and follow-up assessments will be made for determination of body composition, postprandial glycaemic control, fasting blood lipids and systemic inflammation, aerobic capacity, physical activity and energy intake, resting metabolic rate, resting blood pressure, and subjective measures of health and well-being. ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT04397250. Registered on 21 May 2020.

The sub-acute effects of high-intensity interval training in healthy young adults: respiratory parameters, aerobic capacity and perceived stress

BACKGROUND

Although the effects of sub-maximal continuous aerobic training (SCT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are well studied in performance athletes and in several patient groups, there is not much evidence about the effects of these exercises in sedentary healthy young population. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of these two different types of aerobic exercises on respiratory parameters, aerobic capacity and perceived stress in healthy university students.

METHODS

Thirty-six healthy, young subjects with a mean age of 20.83±0.97 years were included in the study (N.=19 in HIIT and N.=17 in SCT). Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) assessments were done using a desktop spirometer. Aerobic capacity was estimated with the Bruce treadmill exercise test. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used for the assessment of stress perception. All participants exercised 3 times per week for 4 weeks (a total of 12 sessions).

RESULTS

After 12 sessions, the peak expiratory flow parameter (a PFT value) of both groups showed significant increases, but there was no difference between the groups. The RMS of the subjects increased significantly in both the groups (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups. Both groups showed significant increases in terms of aerobic capacity (P>0.05), and the improvement was significantly higher in the HIIT group. Perceived stress values showed a significant increase in the SCT group.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of this study, the two exercise types were found to have similar effects on RMS. Also, when compared with SCT, HIIT was found to have more effect on aerobic capacity.

Effects of very low volume high intensity versus moderate intensity interval training in obese metabolic syndrome patients: a randomized controlled study

Physical activity is a cornerstone in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Given the leading physical activity barrier of time commitment and safety concerns about vigorous exercise in high-risk groups, this study aimed to investigate the effects of two extremely time-efficient training protocols (< 30 min time effort per week), either performed as high- (HIIT) or moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) over 12 weeks, in obese MetS patients. In total, 117 patients (49.8 ± 13.6 years, BMI: 38.2 ± 6.2 kg/m²) were randomized to HIIT (n = 40), MIIT (n = 37) or an inactive control group (n = 40). All groups received nutritional counseling to support weight loss. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), MetS severity (MetS z-score), body composition and quality of life (QoL) were assessed pre-and post-intervention. All groups significantly reduced body weight (~ 3%) but only the exercise groups improved VO_2max, MetS z-score and QoL. VO_2max (HIIT: + 3.1 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001; MIIT: + 1.2 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05) and MetS z-score (HIIT: − 1.8 units, p < 0.001; MIIT: − 1.2 units, p < 0.01) improved in an exercise intensity-dependent manner. In conclusion, extremely low-volume interval training, even when done at moderate intensity, is sufficiently effective to improve cardiometabolic health in obese MetS patients. These findings underpin the crucial role of exercise in the treatment of obesity and MetS.

Can Simulated Partners Boost Workout Effort in Long-Term Exercise?

Feltz, DL, Hill, CR, Samendinger, S, Myers, ND, Pivarnik, JM, Winn, B, Ede, A, and Ploutz-Snyder, L. Can simulated partners boost workout effort in long-term exercise? J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2434-2442, 2020-We tested whether exercising with a stronger simulated (i.e., software-generated) partner leads to greater work effort compared to exercising alone, to help those seeking to maintain or improve fitness levels with long-term high-intensity training, but who find it necessary or practical to exercise in social isolation. Forty-one middle-aged adults, who participated in at least 30 minutes of vigorous exercise 3x·wk, trained on a cycle ergometer 6 days per week for 24 weeks in an alternating regimen of moderate-intensity 30-minute continuous and 3 types of high-intensity interval sessions (8 × 30-second sprints, 6 × 2-minute ladders, and 4 × 4-minute intervals). They were assigned either no partner (control), an always superior partner, or a not always superior partner. Participants varied cycle power output to increase or decrease session intensity during the repeated moderate-intensity sessions (30-minute continuous) and 1 of the 3 high-intensity sessions (4 × 4-minute intervals). Changes in intensity were used as a measure of effort motivation over time. Nested multilevel models of effort trajectory were developed and alpha was set to 0.05. For continuous and interval sessions, effort trajectory was positive and significant for those with an always superior partner, but not significantly different from control. Within interval sessions, those with an always superior partner significantly increased effort in the fourth interval compared to control (p = 0.02). Exercising with an always superior partner leads to greater work efforts during the hardest interval training compared to exercising alone.

Narrative review of the influence of high-intensity interval training on adolescents' bone health: commentary and perspectives

Although several benefits have been associated to high-intensity interval training (HIIT), there is a lack of clarity on the HIIT effects in adolescents, especially on bone health outcomes. To address this gap, our research aimed to perform a systematic review, which focus on the influence of HIIT on adolescents' bone health. Our search strategy was conducted on three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase). For our review, we included articles with the following characteristics: (I) sample consisting of adolescents (10-19 years old), (II) HIIT interventions; and (III) assessment of bone health outcomes. Longitudinal and clinical trials studies with no language and year of publications restrictions were eligible to be included. A total of 63 eligible studies were identified. After removing the duplicates and screening the titles and abstracts, six articles remained to be read in full text. However, none of the articles met our criteria. Studies in which no article meets the eligibility criteria are also essential and need to be shared with the academic community because it may stimulate appropriate future investigations in this field. This lack in the review results highlights the need for further epidemiological research focusing on this topic, including high quality, large scale, and longitudinal studies, as well as randomized controlled trials to confirm or refute efficacy.

Physical exercise and epicardial adipose tissue: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

We performed a meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus (since inception to 1 February 2020) of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of exercise interventions alone (with no concomitant weight loss intervention) on EAT. The standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) and 95% confidence interval between interventions were computed using a random effects model. Ten studies (including 521 participants who had, on average, overweight/obesity) met all inclusion criteria. Interventions were supervised and lasted 2 to 16 weeks (≥3 sessions·per week). Exercise significantly reduced EAT (g = 0.82 [0.57-1.07]) irrespective of the duration of the intervention or the EAT imaging assessment method. Exercise benefits were separately confirmed for endurance (six studies, n = 287; g = 0.83 [0.52-1.15]) but not for resistance exercise training (due to insufficient data for quantitative synthesis). It was not possible to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous training (two studies, one reporting higher benefits with HIIT and the other no differences). Physical exercise interventions-particularly endurance training, with further evidence needed for other exercise modalities-appear as an effective strategy for reducing EAT in individuals with overweight/obesity, which supports their implementation for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Post-exercise Effects and Long-Term Training Adaptations of Hormone Sensitive Lipase Lipolysis Induced by High-Intensity Interval Training in Adipose Tissue of Mice

Although studies have proven that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) shows a comparable effect to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on reducing body fat, especially visceral fat, the mechanism is still unclear. Since MICT consumes more fat during exercise, the mechanism of HIIT weight loss may be related to post-exercise effects, long-term adaptive changes, and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The objective of this study was to compare the post-effects of acute exercise, long-term adaptive changes on HSL activity, and catecholamine-induced lipolysis between HIIT and MICT. Following a 14-week high-fat diet (HFD), obese female C57Bl/6 mice were divided into acute exercise groups (one time training, sacrificed at rest and 0, 1, and 12 h after exercise, n = 49), -L groups (12-week long-term training, 12-h fasting, n = 21), and -C groups (12-week training, primary adipocytes were isolated and stimulated by catecholamine in vitro, n = 18). MICT or HIIT treadmill protocols (running distance matched) were carried out during training. Comparison of acute exercise effects by two-way ANOVA showed no time × group interaction effect, however, a significant increase in HSL-Ser563 (at 0 and 1 h) and Ser660 phosphorylation (at 0, 1, and 12 h) in inguinal (subcutaneous) fat was only observed in HIIT mice (p < 0.05 vs. rest), but not in MICT mice. The periuterine (visceral) fat HSL expression and phosphorylation of HIIT mice was similar to or lower than MICT mice. After long-term training, 12-h fasting significantly increased periuterine fat Ser563 phosphorylation in HIIT mice (p < 0.05), but there was no change in MICT mice. Under stimulation of catecholamine in vitro, isolated primary adipocytes from periuterine fat of long-term HIIT mice showed a higher Ser563 increase than that found in MICT mice (p < 0.05). The quantity of triglyceride (TG) lipid bonds (representing lipolysis level) was significantly lower after HIIT than MICT (p < 0.05). The results indicate that (1) acute HIIT can induce an increase of HSL phosphorylation in subcutaneous fat lasting at least 12 h, implying longer post-exercise lipolysis than MICT and (2) long-time HIIT has a better effect on improving catecholamine resistance of visceral adipocytes caused by a HFD, which allows fat to be mobilized more easily when stimulated.

[The role of interval training in the physical rehabilitation of strength sports athletes with hypertension: a randomized controlled study]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval aerobic work on blood pressure and body composition in strength sports athletes of heavy weight categories.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The examination and physical rehabilitation of 55 strength sports athletes of heavy weight categories with arterial hypertension were performed. Athletes were randomized into two groups: the main group (n=35) and the control group (n=20). The main group athletes trained 120 days (3 times a week) on a bicycle ergometer according to the high-intensity interval protocol, and the control group participants trained 120 days (3 times a week) according to their traditional strenght protocol. All athletes underwent a complex examination, including: a survey, examination, three-time measurement of blood pressure, bioelectrical impedance analysis and calculations of body composition indices, Before and after the physical rehabilitation.

RESULTS

After 120 days of physical rehabilitation, there was an improvement in body composition and a significant decrease in blood pressure: systolic blood pressure by 4.7%, diastolic blood pressure by 5.6%.

CONCLUSIONS

High-intensity aerobic interval work, regardless of the athlete's body composition, has a therapeutic and prophylactic effect on the cardiovascular system. The aerobic workout training protocol taking into account metabolic variables, that we developed, will allow athletes to effectively and safely influence the prevention and treatment of hypertension.

Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Abdominal Fat Lipolysis: An Update

Exercise is a powerful and effective preventive measure against chronic diseases by increasing energy expenditure and substrate mobilization. Long-duration acute exercise favors lipid mobilization from adipose tissue, i.e., lipolysis, as well as lipid oxidation by skeletal muscles, while chronic endurance exercise improves body composition, facilitates diet-induced weight loss and long-term weight maintenance. Several hormones and factors have been shown to stimulate lipolysis in vitro in isolated adipocytes. Our current knowledge supports the view that catecholamines, atrial natriuretic peptide and insulin are the main physiological stimuli of exercise-induced lipolysis in humans. Emerging evidences indicate that contracting skeletal muscle can release substances capable of remote signaling to organs during exercise. This fascinating crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue during exercise is currently challenging our classical view of the physiological control of lipolysis, and provides a conceptual framework to better understand the pleotropic benefits of exercise at the whole-body level.

Low-volume high-intensity interval training improves cardiometabolic health, work ability and well-being in severely obese individuals: a randomized-controlled trial sub-study

BACKGROUND

Obesity is associated with impaired health and lower work ability. Increased physical activity is a cornerstone in the treatment of obesity and related risk factors. Recently, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a popular exercise option. However, data regarding the effects on cardiometabolic health, perceived work ability and well-being in severely obese individuals are lacking.

METHODS

Sixty-five obese individuals with sedentary occupation (48.7 ± 9.9 years, BMI: 39.6 ± 7.1 kg/m²) were randomly allocated to an extremely time-efficient HIIT (5 × 1 min at 80-95% maximal heart rate on cycle ergometers, 2×/week for 12 weeks) or an inactive control group (CON). Both groups received nutritional counseling to support weight loss. Primary outcome was maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), secondary outcomes were cardiometabolic risk indices, body composition, work ability index (WAI), quality of life (QoL, EQ-5D-5L-questionnaire) and perceived stress (PSQ-questionnaire).

RESULTS

Mean body weight reduction was 5.3 kg [95% confidence interval (95% CI) - 7.3 to - 3.3 kg] in the HIIT group (P < 0.001) and 3.7 kg (95% CI - 5.3 to - 2.1 kg) in CON (P < 0.001), respectively. Only the HIIT group showed significant (P < 0.001) changes in VO_2max [+ 3.5 mL/kg/min (95% CI 2.5 to 4.6 mL/kg/min)], waist circumference [-7.5 cm (95% CI - 9.8 to - 5.1 kg)], mean arterial blood pressure [- 11 mmHg (95% CI - 14 to - 8 mmHg)], WAI [+ 3.0 points (95% CI 1.7 to 4.3 points)] and QoL [+ 10% (95% CI 5 to 16%)]. In CON, none of these parameters improved significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

Low-volume HIIT may induce significant improvements in cardiometabolic health, especially VO_2max, WAI and well-being in obese individuals after only 12 weeks. Our results underpin the wide range of benefits on health and subjective measures through exercise that go well beyond simple weight loss through dietary restriction alone.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Id: NCT03306069. Registered 10 October 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03306069 .

High-Intensity Interval Training: Methodological Considerations for Interpreting Results and Conducting Research

In recent years, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained prominence in the health and fitness area, becoming a worldwide trend. Given the positive results of HIIT, researchers have compared it with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). However, much of that research has presented methodological challenges. Therefore, the aim of this opinion article is to address an important risk of bias common in research comparing HIIT and MICT: the lack of equalisation among protocols. This limitation can be considered a risk of bias that limits the conclusions of many studies. Thus, it is necessary to achieve the equalisation of sessions in some way such as using equalisation by energy expenditure, by workload performed in the session, or by duration of the session.

Profile of blood pressure and glycemic responses after interval exercise in older women attending (in) a public health physical activity program

BACKGROUND

and purpose: Interval exercise causes a positive impact on health status. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a feasible and low-cost interval exercise on blood pressure and glycemic responses in people with controlled systemic arterial hypertension.

METHODS

Thirteen women with hypertension (HG; age: 60.2 ± 2.8 years) and 11 without hypertension (CG; age: 54.4 ± 3.8 years) were recruited. Groups performed one session of interval exercise with elastic resistance (10 series of 1:1 min/effort:rest).

RESULTS

There were slight reductions of absolute systolic blood pressure values for HG at 10, 30, and 60 min (4, 9, and 8 mmHg, respectively) at post-compared to pre-exercise. Glycemia was reduced (respectively, 17.6%, 17.6%, 19.4%, and 23.1%; p < 0.05) at pre-exercise vs. 0 min and 10, 30, and 60 min post-exercise for the HG.

CONCLUSION

A single session of a feasible and low-cost interval exercise modifies and promotes significant clinical effects in blood pressure and glycemic levels in female older adults with and without hypertension.