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Support for 100% Tobacco-Free Policy on a College Campus in New Jersey: Differences between students and faculty/staff. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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2
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Berg MB, Lin L. How effective are campus-wide smoking bans? A comparison of two small colleges. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:536-543. [PMID: 32407198 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1756829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective The current study tracked attitudinal and behavioral changes related to a campus-wide smoking ban. Participants: Students from 2 colleges in Massachusetts (N = 418; April 2014; N = 640 April 2018). Methods: Surveys tracked students' smoking habits, beliefs about smoking, and attitudes before and four years after the implementation of a campus-wide smoking ban. Results: While student smoking rates and secondhand exposure did drop following the campus-wide ban, they did not drop at a significantly higher rate than the control. However, attitudes toward smoking, perceived smoking, and attitudes toward a campus-wide smoking ban did improve at rates significantly above any improvements shown at the control campus. Conclusions: Campus-wide smoking bans may lower the frequency of smoking on small college campuses, but not necessarily more than other smoking cessation efforts. They do appear to uniquely influence general attitudes and the visibility of smoking on campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Berg
- Department of Psychology,Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda Lin
- Department of Psychology, Emmanuel College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chaaya M, Farran D, Saab D, Al-Hindi M, Romani M, Khairallah M, Nakkash R. Influence of a University Tobacco-Free Policy on the Attitudes, Perceptions of Compliance, and Policy Benefit Among the University Students: A Pre-Post Investigation. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:614602. [PMID: 34744578 PMCID: PMC8565293 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.614602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a university tobacco-free policy by examining differences in students' attitudes, perceptions of compliance and policy benefits, after one year of the policy's implementation. Methods: Cross-sectional studies were undertaken to collect data pre- and 1 year post-policy implementation. The two samples were selected using stratified random sampling. Results: The prevalence of smoking decreased from 26% pre-policy implementation to 21% 1 year after (p = 0.035). The proportion of smokers who thought the policy had contributed to a reduction in smoking frequency increased from 10% to 70% (p < 0.001). Smokers' support for the policy rose from 42 to 58% (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Against the background of a strongly pro-tobacco environment in Lebanon, it is possible to create a positive change in the mindset of smokers at the levels of the education and smoking cessation and more efforts should be expended to bring it about.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chaaya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dina Farran
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dahlia Saab
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud Al-Hindi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maya Romani
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mary Khairallah
- Human Resources Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Feng GC, Zhu S, Zhao X. Antecedents and Consequences of Smoking Cessation Intention in the Context of the Global COVID-19 Infodemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:684683. [PMID: 34497791 PMCID: PMC8419308 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.684683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of scientific studies has been published to inform responses to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, and some have claimed that cigarette smoking has a beneficial or mixed effect on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The presentation of such findings, unfortunately, has created an infodemic. This study integrated the theory of planned behavior and the health belief model and incorporated findings on addiction from the medical literature to predict cessation intention and support for tobacco control measures in the context of the COVID-19 infodemic. The study found that cessation intention partially mediated the effect of perceived severity and fully mediated the effects of perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and addiction on support for control measures. In addition, a positively-valenced message of the effect of smoking on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 vs. a mixedly-valenced message was significant in predicting cessation intention, and the positively-valenced message of smoking indirectly predicted support for tobacco control measures. Perceived susceptibility, barriers, and subjective norms, however, exerted neither direct nor indirect effects on the two outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shan Zhu
- College of Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinshu Zhao
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Ramachandran S, Bentley S, Casey E, Bentley JP. Prevalence of and factors associated with violations of a campus smoke-free policy: a cross-sectional survey of undergraduate students on a university campus in the USA. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e030504. [PMID: 32198295 PMCID: PMC7103814 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of smoking behaviour on campus and to identify the key factors that influence adherence to a campus smoke-free policy. DESIGN & PARTICIPANTS This study employed a cross-sectional, self-administered survey of undergraduate students at the University of Mississippi. A random sample of all available undergraduate classes was recruited for data collection. Students were provided a survey that included questions on demographics, alcohol use, smoking status, policy awareness, policy attitudes, smoking attitudes, policy support, barriers to policy success and policy violations. RESULTS The prevalence of past 30-day smoking was 23%. More than 63% of current smokers report ever smoking on campus, but less than 10% ever received a warning or a ticket for their violation. Nearly all respondents (92.5%) reported witnessing someone smoking on campus, and 22% reported witnessing someone receiving a ticket. Barriers to policy success include lack of reminders about the policy, lack of support from students and University administrators, and insufficient fines. Smoking behaviour (OR: 7.96; 95% CI: 5.13 to 12.36), beliefs about policy adherence (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.69), support for the policy (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.91) and attitudes against smoking behaviour (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.49) were all significantly associated with self-reported policy violations. CONCLUSIONS This study found that violations of the campus smoke-free policy were fairly frequent and the policy has been largely ineffective, indicating a need for other interventions. Approaches to improve adherence to the policy should address barriers such as reminders about the policy, better policy enforcement and support from the administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Ramachandran
- Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sandra Bentley
- Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ethan Casey
- Pharmacy, Wal-Mart Stores Inc, Horn Lake, Mississippi, USA
| | - John P Bentley
- Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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Smoking behaviours and attitudes towards campus-wide tobacco control policies among staff and students: a cross-sectional survey at the University of Birmingham. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:252. [PMID: 32075621 PMCID: PMC7031967 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco control policies have potential to be an effective strategy for the reduction of smoking prevalence and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in tertiary educational settings worldwide. The aims of this study were to collect baseline data among staff and students, to measure smoking behaviours and attitudes towards introduction of campus-wide tobacco control policies within a UK higher education setting. Methods Cross-sectional study using data collected by web-based questionnaire administered to employed staff and enrolled students (undergraduate/postgraduate) at the University of Birmingham from May 2016 to April 2017. Information was obtained regarding demographic characteristics, tobacco usage patterns and attitudes towards a revised campus tobacco control policy using a 21-item survey tool. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore associations between participant characteristics and support for smoke-free or tobacco-free campus policy options, evaluated by crude and adjusted Odds Radios (OR) after controlling for confounding factors (significance level: P < 0.05). Results A total of 934 survey responses were received, of whom 780 participants provided complete information on staff or student status and were included in the present analysis. Current smoking prevalence was 14% (N = 109; 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.6–16.6). Overall, 66.3% (95% CI: 62.9–69.7) of participants supported a smoke-free campus; 68.5% (95% CI: 65.2–71.8) endorsed restrictions for tobacco sales and just under half of respondents (47.3%; 95% CI: 43.8–50.9) supported a ban for electronic cigarettes/vaping device use on campus. Smoking status was an independent predictor of support for tobacco control, with the lowest level of support for a smoke-free campus among daily (adjusted OR 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01–0.05) and intermittent smokers (adjusted OR 0.06; 95% CI: 0.02–0.16). Conclusions Overall, the majority of staff and students participating in this baseline survey supported implementation of a smoke-free or comprehensive tobacco-free campus policy. These findings may inform the development and future implementation of a revised tobacco control policy at the university which reflects contemporary attitudes and considers a broad range of implementation issues, including behaviour change and environmental adaptations.
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Hilley C, Lindstrom Johnson S, Royce S, M'Cormack McGough F. Understanding factors related to nonsmoking intention among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:523-530. [PMID: 30285562 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1498345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: While cigarette smoking in the United States has declined, the age range of smoking initiation has risen to include young adults. This study investigated the relationship of Theory of Planned Behavior constructs (TPB; attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control [PBC]) to nonsmoking intention among college students. Participants: Participants were 619 students at a Southeastern US university (69.8% female, 70.8% ≤ age 21, and 73.5% white). Methods: Students were recruited by email in March 2013 to participate in an online TPB-based questionnaire. Results: Future-oriented attitudes and PBC predicted higher nonsmoking intention; subjective norms did not. Moderator analyses indicated injunctive norms were more influential for occasional smokers and PBC was less influential. Conclusions: Findings suggest TPB is useful in predicting nonsmoking intention, but differentially for nonsmokers and occasional smokers. Future work should consider the health-related utility of future-oriented attitudes toward nonhealth domains and the differing beliefs of occasional smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherer Royce
- b Coastal Carolina University , Conway , South Carolina , USA
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8
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Gatto A, Powell SE, Walters EF, Zamani S, Sales LB, DeBate R. A Mixed-Methods Assessment of a Peer-Enforced Tobacco- and Smoke-Free Policy at a Large Urban University. J Community Health 2019; 44:365-376. [PMID: 30542969 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-018-0593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the enforcement, opinions, and effectiveness of the University of South Florida's tobacco free policy one year following implementation. By assessing readiness to change and using geographic information system (GIS) mapping this study sought to introduce a unique and effective way of evaluating college tobacco free policies. A cross-sectional survey was administered to students, faculty, and staff to assess knowledge of policy and resources, tobacco use observations, stage change regarding policy enforcement, self-efficacy to enforce, and policy impact on perceived campus tobacco use (n = 5242). Additionally, using ArcGIS Collector (in: ESRI, ArcGIS desktop: release 10, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, 2011) volunteers collected geospatial data on tobacco use continuing to occur on campus following policy implementation. Overall there was moderate knowledge of the current policy and low beliefs for policy enforcement. Majority of respondents were not approaching violators to remind them of the policy and did not plan to do so in the future. There were statistically significant differences between smokers and non-smokers as well as between students and faculty and staff. The mapping of observed violations revealed continued tobacco use on campus with 158 data points. From both the geospatial results as well as the survey findings, the current policy is ineffective in reducing tobacco use across campus. With rapidly increasing numbers of smoke and tobacco free universities, new and innovative evaluation tools are needed so institution leaders can efficiently evaluate their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gatto
- University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Sarah E Powell
- University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Emily F Walters
- University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shahriar Zamani
- University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Liberty B Sales
- University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Rita DeBate
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Ickes MJ, Rayens MK, Wiggins A, Hahn EJ. Students' Beliefs About and Perceived Effectiveness of a Tobacco-Free Campus Policy. Policy Polit Nurs Pract 2017; 18:17-25. [PMID: 28558518 DOI: 10.1177/1527154417700633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-free (TF) college campus policies have potential to be a high-impact tobacco control strategy. The purposes of the study presented here were to (a) determine the demographic and personal characteristics associated with students' beliefs about and perceived effectiveness of a TF campus policy and (b) assess whether tobacco use status and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) predicted beliefs and perceived effectiveness. Five thousand randomly selected students from a large southeastern university were invited by e-mail to participate in an online survey in April 2013, three and a half years after policy implementation. Students held positive beliefs about the policy (average rating 84% of the maximum possible score). Sixty-one percent believed that the policy was successful at reducing SHS exposure; and 40% thought the policy encouraged quitting. Males were less likely than females to believe the policy was effective in reducing SHS exposure and encouraging quitting. Lower undergraduates were more likely to perceive the policy as less effective in reducing SHS exposure; international students were more likely than domestic students to perceive the policy as more effective at encouraging quitting. Students most exposed to SHS were less likely to perceive the policy was effective. Compared with nonusers, those who smoked cigarettes were less likely to perceive the policy as effective in encouraging quitting. Tailored messaging regarding policy benefits are necessary. Perceived effectiveness of TF policies may be related to compliance with the policy and should be further investigated. Objective measures of effectiveness and tobacco use behaviors are needed to fully measure the success of TF campus policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Ickes
- 1 Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,2 BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Rayens
- 2 BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,3 College of Nursing and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda Wiggins
- 2 BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,4 College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ellen J Hahn
- 2 BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,3 College of Nursing and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Braverman MT, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA, Aarø LE. Supportive of a smoke-free campus but opposed to a 100% tobacco-free campus: Identification of predictors among university students, faculty, and staff. Prev Med 2017; 94:20-26. [PMID: 27784635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many universities are adopting campus tobacco policies, but little research has explored factors influencing the choice between the policy options of smoke-free versus 100% tobacco-free. Students, faculty, and staff at a U.S. state university participated in a web-based survey in 2013, approximately one year after adoption of a smoke-free policy. Respondents who expressed support for the policy were included in an analysis to examine their opinions regarding a 100% tobacco-free policy. The samples included 4138 students and 1582 faculty/staff. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors of opposition to a tobacco-free campus. Independent variables included strength of support for a smoke-free campus, past-month tobacco use (cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, non-cigarette combustible tobacco products), campus exposure to secondhand smoke, perceptions of tobacco-related behaviors and norms, and demographics. Of these supporters of a smoke-free campus, 14.3% of students and 10.2% of faculty/staff were opposed to a tobacco-free campus. In the multivariate analyses, in both samples, smokeless tobacco use predicted opposition while smoke-free policy support and female gender predicted support. In addition, among students, current or former cigarette smoking and non-cigarette combustible tobacco use predicted opposition; international student status and secondhand smoke exposure predicted support. Among faculty/staff, age over 55 predicted support. Future research should examine why current and former smokers might oppose policies restricting non-combustible tobacco products, even when they support smoke-free policies. In policy planning, campus administrators should communicate actual tobacco usage levels. International students who do not use tobacco may be a source of policy support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Braverman
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lisa A Hoogesteger
- Advising Services, Linn-Benton Community College, Albany, OR 97321, USA.
| | - Jessica A Johnson
- Southern Nevada Health District, Office of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 280 S. Decatur Blvd., Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA.
| | - Leif Edvard Aarø
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
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Cooper TV, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Law J. A baseline assessment of attitudes toward tobacco free campus policies in a U.S./México border university. Addict Behav 2016; 60:223-7. [PMID: 27174217 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been an increase in the number of smoke/tobacco free settings, including university campuses. Given the benefits associated with the implementation of smoke and tobacco free campus policies, it is important to study attitudes toward these due to their potential association with subsequent implementation issues. The present study assessed potential predictors of attitudes toward tobacco free campus (TFC) policies, tobacco use risk perception, and perceived problematic campus tobacco use at a university located on the U.S./México border. University faculty, staff, and students (N=3002; Mage=30.4; 60% female; 67.1% Hispanic) completed an online survey regarding tobacco use history, attitudes toward TFC policies, tobacco use risk perception, perception of problematic tobacco use on campus, and awareness of the current tobacco use campus policy. Male gender, non Hispanic white ethnicity, smoking behavior (history/current), and identifying the current tobacco use policy were associated with less positive attitudes toward TFC policies and lower tobacco use risk perception. Non Hispanic white ethnicity and current smoking were associated with a lower perception of problematic campus tobacco use. Attitudes toward TFC policies and perceptions were generally positive, yet educating about the risks associated with tobacco use and addressing misconceptions about the dangers of secondhand smoke to potentially promote TFC policies seem warranted.
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Burns S, Hart E, Jancey J, Hallett J, Crawford G, Portsmouth L. A cross sectional evaluation of a total smoking ban at a large Australian university. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:288. [PMID: 27230617 PMCID: PMC4882868 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total smoking bans have been found to contribute positively to the health of non-smokers by reducing exposure to second-hand smoke, and to enhance the likelihood of cessation among smokers. METHODS Two cross-sectional electronic surveys of staff and students at a large Australian university were conducted prior (n = 969) and 1 year post (n = 670) the implementation of a smoke free campus policy. Demographics, tobacco use, intention to quit, attitudes towards smoking and smoking restrictions and awareness of and attitudes towards the campus smoking policy were measured. RESULTS Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) reduced significantly (p < 0.001) one year after policy implementation. Smoking prevalence was similar at both time periods (T1 9.3 %; T2 8.4 %) and over half of smokers indicated they were planning to quit smoking in the future (T1 65.5 vs T2 62.3 %). There was a significant increase in positive responses to the statement the campus should be totally smoke free including all outdoor areas at T2 compared to T1 (T1 60.8 vs T2 71.4 %; p < 0.001), however respondents felt there should be places on campus for smokers to smoke (T1 53.6 vs T2 47 %; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study found a significant positive difference in exposure SHS after implementation of the total ban. Although prevalence of smoking in this study was low, the proportion of respondents who were contemplating smoking cessation suggests support for smokers would be beneficial. Continued awareness raising, education and enforcement is likely to enhance the long term outcomes of the total ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Burns
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - Ellen Hart
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - Jonine Jancey
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - Jonathan Hallett
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - Gemma Crawford
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - Linda Portsmouth
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
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Bresnahan MP, Sacks R, Farley SM, Mandel-Ricci J, Patterson T, Lamberson P. Going tobacco-free on 24 New York City university campuses: A public health agency's partnership with a large urban public university system. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2016; 64:343-347. [PMID: 26700322 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene partnered with the nation's largest university system, the City University of New York (CUNY), to provide technical assistance and resources to support the development and implementation of a system-wide tobacco-free policy. This effort formed one component of Healthy CUNY-a larger initiative to support health promotion and disease prevention across the university system and resulted in the successful introduction of a system-wide tobacco-free policy on all CUNY campuses. Glassman et al (J Am Coll Health. 2011;59:764-768) published a blueprint for action related to tobacco policies that informed our work. This paper describes the policy development and implementation process and presents lessons learned from the perspective of the Health Department, as a practical case study to inform and support other health departments who may be supporting colleges and universities to become tobacco-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Bresnahan
- a NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygeine , Queens , New York , USA
| | - Rachel Sacks
- a NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygeine , Queens , New York , USA
| | - Shannon M Farley
- a NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygeine , Queens , New York , USA
| | | | - Ty Patterson
- b National Center for Tobacco , Springfield , Missouri , USA
| | - Patti Lamberson
- c Central Office of Student Affairs, City University of New York , New York , New York , USA
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14
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Karimy M, Zareban I, Araban M, Montazeri A. An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Used to Predict Smoking Behavior Among a Sample of Iranian Medical Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 4:e24715. [PMID: 26495261 PMCID: PMC4609501 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking among the youth is an important public health concern. Although several studies have investigated the correlates of smoking behavior, no theory-based study has particularly assessed this problem among medical students. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict smoking behavior among a sample of Iranian medical students. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study carried out in Ahvaz, Iran, 2014. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, which included items on demographics, smoking behavior, and components of the TPB model (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and intention), and an added construct on smoking refusal skill. Data were analyzed using descriptive correlation, and linear regression statistics by SPSS, version 16. RESULTS One hundred and seventy medical students with a mean age of 21.25 (SD = 2.9) years were enrolled in the study. Of them, 24 (13.5%) students were smokers. All components of the TPB model and smoking refusal skill were statistically significant as to intention to smoke (P < 0.001). The TPB constructs with and without smoking refusal skill accounted for 77% (adjusted R2) and 78% of the variance observed for intention to smoke, respectively. The results also revealed the highest weight for perceived behavior control (β= -0.40). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicated that all TPB variables are useful tools for prediction of the smoking behaviors among students. Particularly, students' perceived behavioral control and attitudes towards smoking were found to be important determinants of smoking intentions. Thus, the findings could be used for planning effective tobacco control programs targeting University students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Karimy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, IR Iran
| | - Iraj Zareban
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Araban
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Ali Montazeri
- Department Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, IR Iran
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Rose SW, Emery SL, Ennett S, McNaughton Reyes HL, Scott JC, Ribisl KM. Public Support for Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act Point-of-Sale Provisions: Results of a National Study. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e60-7. [PMID: 26270303 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed public and smoker support for enacted and potential point-of-sale (POS) tobacco-control policies under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. METHODS We surveyed a US nationally representative sample of 17, 507 respondents (6595 smokers) in January through February 2013, and used linear regression to calculate weighted point estimates and identify factors associated with support for POS policies among adults and smokers. RESULTS Overall, nonsmokers were more supportive than were smokers. Regardless of smoking status, African Americans, Hispanics, women, and those of older ages were more supportive than White, male, and younger respondents, respectively. Policy support varied by provision. More than 80% of respondents supported minors' access restrictions and more than 45% supported graphic warnings. Support was lowest for plain packaging (23%), black-and-white advertising (26%), and a ban on menthol cigarettes (36%). CONCLUSIONS Public support for marketing and POS provisions is low relative to other areas of tobacco control. Tobacco-control advocates and the Food and Drug Administration should build on existing levels of public support to promote and maintain evidence-based, but controversial, policy changes in the retail environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyanika W Rose
- At the time of the study, Shyanika W. Rose, Susan Ennett, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Sherry L. Emery was with the Health Media Collaboratory, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. John C. Scott was with the Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Sherry L Emery
- At the time of the study, Shyanika W. Rose, Susan Ennett, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Sherry L. Emery was with the Health Media Collaboratory, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. John C. Scott was with the Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Susan Ennett
- At the time of the study, Shyanika W. Rose, Susan Ennett, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Sherry L. Emery was with the Health Media Collaboratory, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. John C. Scott was with the Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes
- At the time of the study, Shyanika W. Rose, Susan Ennett, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Sherry L. Emery was with the Health Media Collaboratory, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. John C. Scott was with the Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - John C Scott
- At the time of the study, Shyanika W. Rose, Susan Ennett, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Sherry L. Emery was with the Health Media Collaboratory, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. John C. Scott was with the Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- At the time of the study, Shyanika W. Rose, Susan Ennett, and Kurt M. Ribisl were with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Sherry L. Emery was with the Health Media Collaboratory, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. John C. Scott was with the Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Almutairi KM. Attitudes of students and employees towards the implementation of a totally smoke free university campus policy at King Saud University in Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional baseline study on smoking behavior following the implementation of policy. J Community Health 2015; 39:894-900. [PMID: 24906791 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the preventable health issue worldwide. The harmful consequences of tobacco smoking and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke are well documented. The aim of this study is to compares the prevalence of smoking among students, faculty and staff and examines their interest to quit. Study also determines the difference on perceptions of smoking and non-smoking students, faculty and staff with regard to implementation of a smoke-free policy. A cross-sectional survey was administered to one of the largest universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during the academic year of 2013. A Likert scale was used on questionnaires towards attitude to smoking and smoking free policy. The Chi squared test was used to determine the difference of support on completely smoke free campus for smokers and non-smokers. Smoking rates were highest among staff members (36.8 %) followed by students (11.2 %) and faculty (6.4 %). About half of the smokers (53.7 %) within the university attempted to quit smoking. Students (OR 3.10, 95 % CI 1.00-9.60) and faculty (OR 4.06, 95 % CI 1.16-14.18) were more likely to make quit smoking than staff members. Majority of the respondents (89.6 %) were supportive of a smoking--free policy and indicated that should be strictly enforced especially into public places. Results also showed that smokers were more likely to support a smoke-free policy if there are no fines or penalties. These baseline findings will provide information among administrators in formulating and carrying out a total smoke free policy. Although the majority of people within the King Saud University demonstrate a high support for a smoke-free policy, administrators should consider difference between smokers and non-smokers attitudes when implementing such a policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Almutairi
- Community Health Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia,
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Braverman MT, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predictors of support among students, faculty and staff for a smoke-free university campus. Prev Med 2015; 71:114-20. [PMID: 25542670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Students, faculty, and staff at a Pacific Northwest public university were surveyed one year after enactment of a smoke-free campus policy. Objectives were to assess levels of support for a smoke-free campus, ascertain exposure levels to outdoor tobacco smoke, and identify correlates of policy support. METHOD A 2013 Web-based survey included 5691 students (response rate 26%) and 2051 faculty/staff (response rate 43%). Measures included support for a smoke-free campus, smoking status, exposure to secondhand smoke, and perceptions of levels of policy support and campus smoking. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of support. RESULTS Seventy-two percent of students and 77% of faculty/staff supported a smoke-free campus. Respondents reported limited exposure to smoke near building entrances, but exposure near campus boundaries was reported by majorities of students (77%) and faculty/staff (55%). Predictors of students' policy support included never-smoker status, perceived support by peers, perceived student smoking prevalence, campus smoke exposure, and female gender, among others. Predictors of faculty/staff support included never-smoker status, perceived policy support by students and peers, campus smoke exposure, female gender, and age. CONCLUSION Students, faculty, and staff were strongly supportive of the existing smoke-free campus policy. However, the policy led to smoking activity shifting to the campus periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Braverman
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lisa A Hoogesteger
- Office of Healthy Campus Initiatives, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jessica A Johnson
- Nellis Family Medicine Clinical Investigation Programs, Nellis Air Force Base, NV 89191, USA.
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Ickes MJ, Rayens MK, Wiggins AT, Hahn EJ. A tobacco-free campus ambassador program and policy compliance. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2015; 63:126-33. [PMID: 25612060 PMCID: PMC4334676 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2014.990972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess impact and feasibility of a Tobacco-Free Ambassador Program on campus policy compliance. PARTICIPANTS Trained Ambassadors made 253 visits to campus sites over 15 months to observe and/or approach violators. METHODS Policy violators were observed at 23 locations during Wave 1 (April-June 2012) and/or Wave 2 (April-June 2013). For locations with at least 5 visits, average violators per visit were compared between the 2 waves using a paired t test. Attributes of violators were summarized. Cigarette butts were collected over 3-day periods in 4 campus hotspots during each wave. Personnel time and cost to implement the program were determined. RESULTS There were declines in observed violators per Ambassador visit and number of cigarette butts over time. Rate of violators per visit declined from 5.47 to 1.93, a 65% decrease. Personnel time was equal to 1.5 full-time equivalents annually. CONCLUSIONS The Ambassador Program was a feasible and potentially effective strategy to increase policy compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Ickes
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, College of Education, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky
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Miller KD, Yu D, Lee JGL, Ranney LM, Simons DJ, Goldstein AO. Impact of the adoption of tobacco-free campus policies on student enrollment at colleges and universities, North Carolina, 2001-2010. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2015; 63:230-236. [PMID: 25692457 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1015023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE College and university administrators have expressed concern that adoption of tobacco-free policies may reduce applications and enrollment. This study examines adoption and implementation of 100% tobacco-free campus policies by institutions of higher education on applications and enrollment. PARTICIPANTS North Carolina private colleges and universities and public community colleges. Analysis was conducted in 2011. METHODS Student enrollment and application data were analyzed by campus type to determine (a) if there was a difference in student applications and enrollment before and after policy implementation, and (b) if there was a difference in student applications and enrollment for campuses with versus without a policy. RESULTS No significant differences were found in student enrollment or applications when comparing years prior to and following policy implementation or when comparing with institutions without 100% tobacco-free campus policies. CONCLUSIONS The authors found no evidence that 100% tobacco-free policy adoption had an impact on student enrollment or applications.
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20
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Burns S, Bowser N, Smith J, Jancey J, Crawford G. An exploratory study of smokers' and stakeholders' expectations of the implementation of a smoke-free policy in a university setting. Health Promot J Austr 2014; 25:129-35. [PMID: 24987909 DOI: 10.1071/he13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUES ADDRESSED Smoke-free policies restricting tobacco use in public places are common in many middle- and high-income countries. Implementation of a smoke-free policy does not automatically result in a smoke-free environment, and appropriate enforcement procedures must be clearly communicated and implemented. Safety and restrictions in private spaces, especially student housing, are also issues that need to be explored. This research explored perceptions and attitudes of staff and student smokers and key stakeholders before the implementation of a complete campus ban on smoking at a large Australian university. METHODS Interviews were conducted with staff and student smokers (n=9) and stakeholders (n=9). The interviews explored attitudes towards a completely smoke-free policy in the university environment, perceptions relating to enforcement of and compliance with a completely smoke-free policy, and support needed from the university for smokers. RESULTS Participants generally supported a complete smoke-free policy. Key themes associated with the policy implementation included health implications, stigmatisation and labelling, liberty, and enforcement. CONCLUSION Smoke-free policies require careful planning, evaluation, and appropriate enforcement to ensure maximum impact. Further research is needed to improve compliance with smoke-free policies in outdoor environments and diverse spaces. SO WHAT? A better understanding of attitudes and intentions towards a smoke-free policy before implementation may provide useful insight into the potential challenges and provide guidelines for the development of strategies to improve policy readiness and adherence. University support for smokers to quit is essential when implementing a smoke-free policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Burns
- Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Nicole Bowser
- Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jenny Smith
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jonine Jancey
- Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Gemma Crawford
- Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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21
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M. Seitz C, W. Strack R. Protest of tobacco-free policies on college campuses: a historical analysis. HEALTH EDUCATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/he-09-2013-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– Although the threat of protest may be a barrier toward implementing a tobacco policy on college campuses in the USA, the prevalence and severity of such opposition has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this paper was to determine how often campus communities protest against smoke-free policies and rate the disruptiveness of the protests.
Design/methodology/approach
– Researchers located and analyzed news reports regarding 21 protests over newly implemented or proposed policies on college campuses in the USA.
Findings
– Protests over college campus smoking policies are typically non-disruptive and consist of a small group of students who publicly smoke tobacco products and attempt to gain support of fellow students.
Practical implications
– Those advocating for campus tobacco policies should be aware that the campus community may protest, but that a heightened concern of a protest's effect on the campus community may be unfounded.
Originality/value
– To authors’ knowledge, research studies regarding opposition to anti-tobacco policies cannot be found in the literature. This paper may be used as a practical resource by advocates to educate campus administrators about the low turnout and lack of severity of any possible protest to a new campus tobacco policy.
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Reindl D, Glassman T, Price J, Dake J, Yingling F. Perceptions of college and university presidents regarding tobacco-free campus policies. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2014; 62:193-202. [PMID: 24372397 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.877019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify college presidents' support for tobacco-free campus policies (TFCP), perceived barriers and benefits to implementing such policies, and activities that might initiate policy adoption. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 405 presidents (51% of 796 delivered surveys) from a national sample of eligible 4-year institutions in summer 2012. METHODS A 4-page, 24-item cross-sectional questionnaire was mailed to potential participants in 4 waves to maximize the response rate. RESULTS The vast majority of presidents support TFCP (84%) and believed they should play a key role in establishing TFCP (80%). A majority agreed advocacy by campus groups was necessary to establishing TFCP. Presidents with an existing policy were twice as likely to believe advocacy was necessary for policy establishment. Presidents most commonly selected creating policy drafts and designating a committee as important to initiating TFCP. CONCLUSION Advocates would benefit from focusing on presidential involvement and solutions to personnel barriers in establishing TFCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Reindl
- a College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio
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Bakhturidze GD, Mittelmark MB, Aarø LE, Peikrishvili NT. Attitudes towards smoking restrictions and tobacco advertisement bans in Georgia. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e003461. [PMID: 24282242 PMCID: PMC3845040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to provide data on a public level of support for restricting smoking in public places and banning tobacco advertisements. DESIGN A nationally representative multistage sampling design, with sampling strata defined by region (sampling quotas proportional to size) and substrata defined by urban/rural and mountainous/lowland settlement, within which census enumeration districts were randomly sampled, within which households were randomly sampled, within which a randomly selected respondent was interviewed. SETTING The country of Georgia, population 4.7 million, located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. PARTICIPANTS One household member aged between 13 and 70 was selected as interviewee. In households with more than one age-eligible person, selection was carried out at random. Of 1588 persons selected, 14 refused to participate and interviews were conducted with 915 women and 659 men. OUTCOME MEASURES Respondents were interviewed about their level of agreement with eight possible smoking restrictions/bans, used to calculate a single dichotomous (agree/do not agree) opinion indicator. The level of agreement with restrictions was analysed in bivariate and multivariate analyses by age, gender, education, income and tobacco use status. RESULTS Overall, 84.9% of respondents indicated support for smoking restrictions and tobacco advertisement bans. In all demographic segments, including tobacco users, the majority of respondents indicated agreement with restrictions, ranging from a low of 51% in the 13-25 age group to a high of 98% in the 56-70 age group. Logistic regression with all demographic variables entered showed that agreement with restrictions was higher with age, and was significantly higher among never smokers as compared to daily smokers. CONCLUSIONS Georgian public opinion is normatively supportive of more stringent tobacco-control measures in the form of smoking restrictions and tobacco advertisement bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Bakhturidze
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Tobacco Control Research, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Implementation and Monitoring Center in Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maurice B Mittelmark
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Leif E Aarø
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nana T Peikrishvili
- Tobacco Control Research, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Implementation and Monitoring Center in Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Diepeveen S, Ling T, Suhrcke M, Roland M, Marteau TM. Public acceptability of government intervention to change health-related behaviours: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:756. [PMID: 23947336 PMCID: PMC3765153 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Governments can intervene to change health-related behaviours using various measures but are sensitive to public attitudes towards such interventions. This review describes public attitudes towards a range of policy interventions aimed at changing tobacco and alcohol use, diet, and physical activity, and the extent to which these attitudes vary with characteristics of (a) the targeted behaviour (b) the intervention and (c) the respondents. METHODS We searched electronic databases and conducted a narrative synthesis of empirical studies that reported public attitudes in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand towards interventions relating to tobacco, alcohol, diet and physical activity. Two hundred studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Over half the studies (105/200, 53%) were conducted in North America, with the most common interventions relating to tobacco control (110/200, 55%), followed by alcohol (42/200, 21%), diet-related interventions (18/200, 9%), interventions targeting both diet and physical activity (18/200, 9%), and physical activity alone (3/200, 2%). Most studies used survey-based methods (160/200, 80%), and only ten used experimental designs. Acceptability varied as a function of: (a) the targeted behaviour, with more support observed for smoking-related interventions; (b) the type of intervention, with less intrusive interventions, those already implemented, and those targeting children and young people attracting most support; and (c) the characteristics of respondents, with support being highest in those not engaging in the targeted behaviour, and with women and older respondents being more likely to endorse more restrictive measures. CONCLUSIONS Public acceptability of government interventions to change behaviour is greatest for the least intrusive interventions, which are often the least effective, and for interventions targeting the behaviour of others, rather than the respondent him or herself. Experimental studies are needed to assess how the presentation of the problem and the benefits of intervention might increase acceptability for those interventions which are more effective but currently less acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Suhrcke
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Roland
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Burns S, Jancey J, Bowser N, Comfort J, Crawford G, Hallett J, Shields B, Portsmouth L. "Moving forward: a cross sectional baseline study of staff and student attitudes towards a totally smoke free university campus". BMC Public Health 2013; 13:738. [PMID: 23924040 PMCID: PMC3750379 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baseline data were collected to inform the adoption, implementation and institutionalisation phases of a completely smoke free campus policy at a large Western Australian university with a diverse student and staff community. Methods An online survey was randomly emailed to staff and students to measure the attitudes towards and the acceptability and enforcement of the policy prior to implementation. In total, 969 respondents completed the survey. Results General attitudes towards smoking were negative. While smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers were supportive of smoke free policy on campus, 65.7% of respondents felt the campus should be completely smoke free. Respondents indicated a smoke free policy should be stringently enforced. The majority of respondents reported that they had been exposed to second-hand smoke on campus (n = 768; 79.5%). Conclusion Theory of Organisational Change provides a useful framework to support the implementation of the completely smoke free policy in the University setting. The implementation process needs to consider the broad range of issues associated with implementing a completely smoke free policy and address issues such as safety of smokers, ensuring smokers are not marginalised and ensuring a comprehensive program is implemented. These baseline findings can be used to advocate for the implementation of a comprehensive range of strategies that recognise the addictive nature of tobacco smoking and address attitude and behaviour change, environmental adaptations and effective implementation of the policy. Administration should consider smokers and non-smokers when policy is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Burns
- Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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26
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El Ansari W, Labeeb S, Kotb S, Yousafzai MT, El-Houfey A, Stock C. Correlates of smoking, quit attempts and attitudes towards total smoking bans at university: findings from eleven faculties in Egypt. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2547-56. [PMID: 22938419 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smoking among university students represents a formidable and global public health challenge. We assessed the associations between socio-demographic, health and wellbeing variables as independent variables, with daily smoking, attempts to quit smoking, and agreement with smoking ban as dependent variables. METHODS A sample of 3258 undergraduate students from eleven faculties at Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, completed a general health questionnaire. RESULTS Overall daily or occasional smoking in last three months prior to the survey was about 9% (8% occasional and 1% daily smokers), and smoking was generally more prevalent among males (male=17%, female=0.6%, P < 0.001). After adjustment for confounders, not having normal BMI and having a mother who completed at least bachelor's degree education was positively associated with daily smoking, and conversely, no history of illicit drug use was a protective factor. About 76% of smokers had attempted to quit smoking within the last 12 months prior to the survey. Although a large proportion of students agreed/ strongly agreed with the banning of smoking at university altogether (87%), such agreement was less likely among smokers. CONCLUSION There is need for implementation of non-smoking policies on university premises, as well as regular up-to-date information on, and the periodic/yearly monitoring of tobacco use by university students employing standardised data collection instruments and reference periods. In addition, it would be valuable to develop campus-based educational/ awareness campaigns designed to counteract tobacco advertisement directed towards young people in Middle East countries. Otherwise, the danger could be that the current relatively low smoking prevalence among university students may escalate in the future.
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Procter-Scherdtel A, Collins D. Social norms and smoking bans on campus: interactions in the Canadian university context. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2013; 28:101-12. [PMID: 22722782 DOI: 10.1093/her/cys075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Smoking bans offer practical protection against environmental tobacco smoke and highlight the decreasing normative status of smoking. At Canadian universities, indoor smoking is now completely prohibited, but regulations vary with respect to outdoor smoking. The purpose of this research was to conceptualize the interactions of smoking bans on campus with changing social norms around smoking. Interviews were conducted with 36 key informants, exploring the development and normative significance of smoking bans at three case study institutions. Five key themes were identified in the transcripts. First, universities were understood as community leaders and role models. Second, they were viewed as institutions with a mandate to promote health. Third, students were generally perceived to view smoke-free environments and lifestyles as normative. Fourth, respondents also acknowledged that students remain vulnerable to social and behavioural influences that can encourage smoking. Finally, they articulated bans' normative effects: restricting where smoking occurs on campus may discourage initiation and support cessation. Our findings suggest that health-promoting policies, such as smoking bans, can be motivated by changes in social norms and that their implementation reinforces this norm shift. Moreover, the contextual and compositional characteristics of universities mean they are uniquely placed to adopt such initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Procter-Scherdtel
- Human Geography Program, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
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Chaaya M, Alameddine M, Nakkash R, Afifi RA, Khalil J, Nahhas G. Students' attitude and smoking behaviour following the implementation of a university smoke-free policy: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002100. [PMID: 23585386 PMCID: PMC3641418 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In view of the high-smoking rate among university students in Lebanon and the known adverse effects of second-hand smoking, the American University of Beirut (AUB) decided to implement a non-smoking policy on campus. This study sought to examine the students' compliance and attitudes following the ban. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING A private university in Lebanon. PARTICIPANTS 545 randomly selected students were approached. A stratified cluster sample of classes offered in the spring semester of the 2008/2009 academic year was selected. Students completed a self-administered paper and pencil survey during class time. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcomes were compliance with and attitudes towards the ban. Other secondary outcomes were the perception of barriers to implementation of the ban and attitudes towards tobacco control in general. RESULTS 535 students participated in the study. Smokers were generally compliant with the ban (72.7%) and for some (20%) it led to a decrease in their smoking. Students' attitude towards the ban and the enforcement of a non-smoking policy in public places across Lebanon varied according to their smoking status whereby non-smokers possessed a more favourable attitude and strongly supported such policies compared with smokers; overall, the largest proportions of students were satisfied to a large extent with the ban and considered it justified (58.6% and 57.2%, respectively). While much smaller percentages reported that the ban would help in reducing smoking to a large extent (16.7%) or it would help smokers quit (7.4%). Perceived barriers to implementation of the non-smoking policy in AUB included the lack of compliance with and strict enforcement of the policy as well as the small number and crowdedness of the smoking areas. CONCLUSIONS An education campaign, smoking cessation services and strict enforcement of the policy might be necessary to boost its effect in further reducing students' cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chaaya
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maysam Alameddine
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima A Afifi
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joanna Khalil
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Nahhas
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Sa J, Seo DC, Nelson TF, Lohrmann DK. Cigarette smoking among Korean international college students in the United States. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2013; 61:454-467. [PMID: 24152023 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.832253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND PARTICIPANTS This study explored (1) the prevalence of cigarette smoking among South Korean international college students in the United States, (2) differences in smoking between on- and off-campus living arrangements, and (3) predictors of an increase in smoking over time in the United States METHODS An online survey was completed by 1,201 students at 52 4-year US universities (34% response rate). RESULTS The overall smoking prevalence was 43.5%. The smoking rate (29.0%) of female students was higher than that (4%) of female college students in South Korea. Sex, living place, living situation, length of stay as a student in the United States, home smoking rules, campus-wide tobacco-free policies, and levels of acculturative stress, anxiety, and depression were significantly associated with an increase in smoking (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Given the high smoking prevalence among the South Korean students on US college campuses, targeted prevention efforts for these students may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesin Sa
- a Department of Exercise Science , University of Maryland Eastern Shore , Princess Anne , Maryland
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Seitz CM, Strack RW, Rice R, Moore E, Duvall T, Wyrick DL. Using the photovoice method to advocate for change to a campus smoking policy. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2012; 60:537-540. [PMID: 23002802 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2012.688781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used the photovoice method as a strategy for empowering students to advocate for change of a campus smoking policy. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 49 college students and 160 photo-exhibit attendees during spring 2011. METHODS Students were trained in the use of the photovoice method and a public exhibit was used to educate the campus community and advocate for change. RESULTS The photovoice initiative resulted in an effective platform for students to successfully advocate for the relocation of ashtrays that were in violation of the policy and for the elicitation of future advocacy targets. CONCLUSIONS The photovoice project provided a platform for students to have their views heard by campus community members and policymakers. The project served as a useful tool for grassroots student advocacy. Those interested in addressing campus health policy issues may want to consider conducting a photovoice project similar to the one described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Seitz
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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Butler KM, Rayens MK, Hahn EJ, Adkins SM, Staten RR. Smoke-free policy and alcohol use among undergraduate college students. Public Health Nurs 2011; 29:256-65. [PMID: 22512427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes and behaviors related to smoke-free policy among undergraduate student alcohol drinkers on a campus in a community with smoke-free bars. DESIGN AND SAMPLE This was a secondary data analysis of a study in which participants completed mailed surveys assessing demographic characteristics, attitudes and behaviors related to alcohol and tobacco use and smoke-free policy (n = 337). Opinion and behavior items were summarized descriptively; associations were examined using Kruskal Wallis tests and chi-square tests of association. Logistic regression tested for predictors of importance of smoke-free policy. RESULTS Respondents were predominantly female and Caucasian; mean age 20.3 years. One fourth were current smokers. Seventy-nine percent said the community smoke-free law had no effect on frequency of visiting bars. Eighty-seven percent said smoke-free policy in campus buildings was "somewhat" or "very important." Predictors of perceived importance of smoke-free policy included gender and smoking status. CONCLUSIONS Most smokers in this sample did not experience a change in their motivation to quit smoking or in number of cigarettes smoked daily. Implementation of a community smoke-free law did not reduce the likelihood of visiting bars. Women and nonsmokers were more likely to rate smoke-free campus policy as very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Butler
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Butler KM, Fallin A, Ridner SL. Evidence-based smoking cessation for college students. Nurs Clin North Am 2011; 47:21-30. [PMID: 22289395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite a strong stance by the American College Health Association and years of prevention and control efforts on US college campuses, smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke remain a problem among college students. This article provides an overview of what is known about cigarette smoking in this population as well as existing interventions for smoking prevention, cessation, and exposure to secondhand smoke on college campuses. Strategies to reduce tobacco use are presented, many of which have been demonstrated to be effective in the short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Butler
- Tobacco Policy Research Program, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, 423 College of Nursing Building, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Fabian LEA, Bernat DH, Lenk KM, Shi Q, Forster JL. Smoke-free laws in bars and restaurants: does support among teens and young adults change after a statewide smoke-free law? Public Health Rep 2011; 126:669-76. [PMID: 21886327 DOI: 10.1177/003335491112600509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed changes in levels of support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults before and after implementation of a statewide smoke-free law. METHODS We measured support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults aged 16-24 years living in Minnesota (n=2,785) and five comparison states (n=404), up to 12 months before and up to six months after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect in October 2007. We compared changes in support among three subgroups-Minnesota participants who lived with a previous local smoke-free law, Minnesota participants who did not live with a previous local smoke-free law, and participants from the comparison states-before and after Minnesota's statewide smoke-free law went into effect. RESULTS Support for smoke-free restaurants and bars among participants in Minnesota and comparison states increased after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect. Minnesotans, both those living with and without a previous local smoke-free law, showed similar increases in support for smoke-free restaurants as participants in comparison states. However, Minnesotans living without a previous local law showed larger increases in support for smoke-free bars than both those in comparison states and those living in Minnesota with a previous local smoke-free law. CONCLUSIONS Our study employed a more robust design than similar studies and focused on the teen and young adult population. Our results will help advocates and policy makers demonstrate how public support for smoke-free laws increases following smoke-free legislation, particularly among those who were not previously living with a local smoke-free law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E A Fabian
- University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Seo DC, Macy JT, Torabi MR, Middlestadt SE. The effect of a smoke-free campus policy on college students' smoking behaviors and attitudes. Prev Med 2011; 53:347-52. [PMID: 21851836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of a smoke-free campus policy on college students' smoking behaviors and attitudes. METHODS The current study utilized repeated cross-sectional surveys with a nested 4-wave longitudinal cohort design. Data were collected from undergraduate students at two large matched public universities in Indiana before and after one of the campuses went smoke-free in January 2008. Baseline data were collected in fall 2007 (n=3266) and follow-up data were collected in fall 2009 (n=3207). In addition, volunteers provided longitudinal follow-up data at four different time points. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analyses, students exposed to the smoke-free campus policy demonstrated significant favorable changes in smoking behavior (16.5% to 12.8%, p<0.001), perceptions of peer tobacco use (73.6% to 66.8%, p<0.001), and smoking norms (45.5% to 40.4%, p<0.001) compared to students on the control campus. In the longitudinal analyses, students exposed to the smoke-free campus policy demonstrated these changes plus significant favorable changes in attitudes toward regulation of tobacco (83.2% to 89.9%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a smoke-free campus policy may be an effective intervention for reducing tobacco use among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Chul Seo
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Abstract
Objective To better estimate the burden of toxic cigarette butt waste and create awareness of the hazardous nature of cigarette butts on two large university campuses in San Diego by organizing and conducting student cigarette butt clean-up activities. Methods Two separate campus-wide clean-ups were conducted by student volunteers at San Diego State University (SDSU) and at University of California San Diego (UCSD) between April and July 2010. Results In 1 h, 63 volunteers at SDSU collected 23 885 butts; 6525 cigarette butts were collected in 1 h by 17 volunteers at UCSD. The average number of cigarette butts picked up per individual was 379.1 at SDSU and 383.8 at UCSD (range 25–1030 per volunteer). Conclusions The amount of cigarette waste on college campuses nationally may be quite substantial given the many thousands of cigarette butts gathered at each of the San Diego institutions. In just 10 s on average a volunteer could locate, walk to, pick up and put a cigarette butt in the collection bag and then begin looking for another discarded butt, indicating the saturation of cigarette butts on campus. Smoke-free policies on campus could have far-reaching effects not only in reducing smoking behaviour on campus and ground clean-up costs, but also on the environment. Campus cigarette waste clean-ups can be utilized to call attention to the issue of cigarette butt waste in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sawdey
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4162, USA
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Berg CJ, Lessard L, Parelkar PP, Thrasher J, Kegler MC, Escoffery C, Goldade K, Ahluwalia JS. College student reactions to smoking bans in public, on campus and at home. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2011; 26:106-18. [PMID: 21123843 PMCID: PMC6433431 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyq076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined college student reactions to a statewide public smoke-free policy, campus policies and private restrictions through an online survey among 2260 students at a 2-year college and a university and 12 focus groups among smokers. Among survey participants, 34.6% smoked in the past month (35.0% daily, 65.0% non-daily). Correlates of receptivity to public policies included attending the university, not living with smokers and non-smoker status (versus daily and non-daily smoking). Correlates of receptivity to outdoor campus policies included being a university student, unmarried, without children, from homes where parents banned indoor smoking and a non-smoker. Correlates of having home restrictions included not living with smokers, no children, parents banning indoor smoking and non-smoker status. Correlates of having car restrictions included attending the university, not living with smokers, having children, parents banning indoor smoking and non-smoker status. Qualitative findings indicated support for smoke-free policies in public (albeit greater support for those in restaurants versus bars) and on campus. Participants reported concern about smokers' and bar/restaurant owners' rights, while acknowledging several benefits. Overall, 2-year college students and smokers (non-daily and daily) were less supportive of smoke-free policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences.ealth Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, 5th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Glassman TJ, Reindl DM, Whewell AT. Strategies for implementing a tobacco-free campus policy. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2011; 59:764-8. [PMID: 21950260 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2010.529479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This report examines the rationale for creating a tobacco-free campus to utilize in passing antitobacco policies, and recommendations for overcoming barriers. As with any type of advocacy effort, a variety of impediments exist, including lack of administrative and staff support, absence of student involvement, and sparse resources. A variety of potential remedies and advocacy opportunities are explored and delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavis J Glassman
- Department of Health and Recreation Professions, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
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Sarna L, Bialous SA, Rice VH, Wewers ME. Promoting tobacco dependence treatment in nursing education. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010; 28:507-16. [PMID: 19737209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ISSUES There are 17.3 million nurses worldwide, the largest group of health-care professionals, and they have great potential to address the epidemic of tobacco use and its related morbidity and mortality. However, the evidence indicates that the educational preparation of nurses for tobacco control remains inadequate. APPROACH This paper provides an overview of the efficacy of nurses in the delivery of smoking cessation interventions, existing tobacco control content in nursing educational programs, model curricula, teaching resources and strategies for reducing barriers to curricular change. KEY FINDINGS Despite the efficacy of nursing intervention for tobacco cessation, lack of appropriate knowledge and/or skill presents a major problem for implementation. An important factor fostering this lack of preparation is limited tobacco control content in current nursing educational programs. Barriers to enhancing and building this curricula include lack of preparation of educators, low priority for this content in an already overloaded curricula, negative attitudes, continued smoking by nursing students and/or faculty and lack of tested curricula. The availability of new tobacco control resources, including those specifically tailored for nurses can assist educators in teaching this content and nurses in implementing interventions. IMPLICATIONS Research and changes in policy are needed to ensure that nursing education includes essential content on tobacco control. CONCLUSION Nurses can be effective in delivering tobacco cessation interventions. Efforts are needed to promote curriculum that ensures that all nursing students and practicing nurses receive tobacco control content and are competent in the delivery of interventions; and to disseminate resources to nursing educators
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sarna
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6918, USA.
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Thompson B, McLerran D, Livaudais JC, Coronado GD. A group-randomized tobacco trial among 30 Pacific Northwest colleges: results from the Campus Health Action on Tobacco study. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:635-46. [PMID: 20447935 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted a group-randomized trial to increase smoking cessation and decrease smoking onset and prevalence in 30 colleges and universities in the Pacific Northwest. METHODS Random samples of students, oversampling for freshmen, were drawn from the participating colleges; students completed a questionnaire that included seven major areas of tobacco policies and behavior. Following this baseline, the colleges were randomized to intervention or control. Three interventionists developed Campus Advisory Boards in the 15 intervention colleges and facilitated intervention activities. The freshmen cohort was resurveyed 1 and 2 years after the baseline. Two-years postrandomization, new cross-sectional samples were drawn, and students were surveyed. RESULTS At follow-up, we found no significant overall differences between intervention and control schools when examining smoking cessation, prevalence, or onset. There was a significant decrease in prevalence in private independent colleges, a significant increase in cessation among rural schools, and a decrease in smoking onset in urban schools. DISCUSSION Intervention in this college population had mixed results. More work is needed to determine how best to reach this population of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beti Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Choi Y, Choi SM, Rifon N. "I smoke but I am not a smoker": phantom smokers and the discrepancy between self-identity and behavior. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2010; 59:117-125. [PMID: 20864438 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2010.483704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents the development of a new smoking status, the "phantom smokers," who do not view themselves as smokers but report smoking cigarettes. PARTICIPANTS Students from 2 universities in Michigan (N = 899; October 2005) and Florida (N = 1,517; May 2006) participated in surveys. METHODS Respondents in Michigan completed measures regarding smoking status and tobacco use, and respondents in Florida completed measures regarding smoking status, tobacco use, smoking consequences, and norms. RESULTS The studies identify the incidence of phantom smokers (29.6% in Michigan and 5.5% in Florida). Different questions resulted in different smoking rates. Phantom smokers expect more negative affect reduction and social facilitation from smoking than nonsmokers. Phantom smokers display ambivalent attitudes toward a typical smoker's image. They experience less pressure to change their smoking behavior than smokers. CONCLUSION Phantom smokers' dissociation from smokers should be recognized and targeted as a distinct group for antismoking messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Choi
- Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Harris KJ, Stearns JN, Kovach RG, Harrar SW. Enforcing an outdoor smoking ban on a college campus: effects of a multicomponent approach. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2009; 58:121-126. [PMID: 19892648 DOI: 10.1080/07448480903221285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Data on effective strategies to enforce policies banning outdoor smoking are sparse. This study tested the effects of an enforcement package implemented on a college campus. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine observers recorded compliance of 709 outside smokers. METHODS Smoking within 25 feet of buildings was noncompliant. The intervention included moving receptacles, marking the ground, improving signage, and distributing reinforcements and reminder cards. RESULTS The proportion of smokers complying with the ban was 33% during the baseline observation period, increased to 74% during the intervention week, and was at 54% during the follow-up. Differences across conditions was statistically significant (chi2(2, N = 709) = 6.299, p <.001). Compliance proportions varied by location in all conditions. CONCLUSIONS Enforcing an outdoor smoking ban using a multiple component package increased compliance with the nonsmoking policy on a college campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Jo Harris
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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Young adult support for clean indoor air laws in restaurants and bars. J Adolesc Health 2009; 45:102-4. [PMID: 19541258 PMCID: PMC2756736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined support for clean indoor air (CIA) laws among 2044 young adults in Minnesota during 2006 and 2007. Two-thirds of young adult participants supported restaurant CIA laws and 40% supported bar/club CIA laws. A higher proportion of young adults living with CIA laws supported the laws compared with young adults living without them. Nonsmokers, college students, those with nonsmoking friends, and those living with home smoking bans were consistently more supportive of both CIA laws.
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Pericas J, González S, Bennasar M, De Pedro J, Aguiló A, Bauzá L. Cognitive dissonance towards the smoking habit among nursing and physiotherapy students at the University of Balearic Islands in Spain. Int Nurs Rev 2009; 56:95-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thompson B, Coronado GD, Chen L, Thompson LA, Hymer JC, Peterson AK. Preferred smoking policies at 30 Pacific Northwest colleges. Public Health Rep 2006; 121:586-93. [PMID: 16972512 PMCID: PMC1564453 DOI: 10.1177/003335490612100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research shows that restrictive smoking policies on college campuses could discourage smoking onset or help facilitate cessation efforts among students. However, many colleges and universities are reluctant to establish restrictive smoking policies for fear of student objections. Our study examined preferred smoking policies among college students in the Pacific Northwest. METHODS We conducted a baseline cross-sectional descriptive study of a grouped randomized controlled trial at 30 four-year colleges and universities in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. RESULTS Of the 14,237 students who responded to the survey, 17.3% were smokers. All respondents were knowledgeable about indoor smoking policies; however, there was incongruence regarding outside policies. Some 88% of never smokers wanted a completely smoke-free indoor policy, while a substantial percentage (58%) of smokers concurred (odds ratio [OR]=0.19, p<0.001). Fewer respondents were supportive of outdoor policies (43.3% for never smokers and 6.9% for smokers). Respondents agreed that the desire to breathe clean air should have priority over the desire to smoke; however, smokers agreed to a lesser extent (97.5% for never smokers and 81.5% for smokers [OR=0.012, p<0.001]). CONCLUSION Both non-smokers and smokers have high approval rates for restrictive smoking policies on campus. Administrators can use this information to help enact restrictive campus smoking policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beti Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Hammond D, Tremblay I, Chaiton M, Lessard E, Callard C. Tobacco on campus: industry marketing and tobacco control policy among post-secondary institutions in Canada. Tob Control 2005; 14:136-40. [PMID: 15791024 PMCID: PMC1748017 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2004.009753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-secondary institutions provide a unique opportunity to implement and evaluate leading edge tobacco policies, while influencing a key group of young adults. To date, however, we know little about the tobacco control environment at post-secondary institutions outside the USA. DESIGN Telephone surveys were conducted with campus informants from 35 post-secondary institutions in Canada to evaluate tobacco control policies and the presence of tobacco marketing on campus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tobacco marketing on campus, tobacco control policies, and attitudes towards tobacco control. RESULTS The findings indicate that tobacco marketing is prevalent among post-secondary institutions in Canada. Every university and half of all colleges surveyed had participated in some form of tobacco marketing in the past year. Among universities, 80% had run a tobacco advertisement in their paper and 18% had hosted a tobacco sponsored nightclub event. Tobacco control policies varied considerably between institutions. Although several campuses had introduced leading edge policies, such as campus wide outdoor smoking restrictions and tobacco sales bans, there is a general lack of awareness of tobacco issues among campus decision makers and fundamental public health measures, such as indoor smoke-free policies, have yet to be introduced in many cases. CONCLUSIONS Post-secondary institutions in Canada remain tobacco friendly environments. Without increased direction and support from the public health community, post-secondary institutions will continue to lag behind, rather than lead current policy standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hammond
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Murphy-Hoefer R, Griffith R, Pederson LL, Crossett L, Iyer SR, Hiller MD. A review of interventions to reduce tobacco use in colleges and universities. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28:188-200. [PMID: 15710275 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions have been designed to reduce the prevalence of smoking in college/university students. This review presents a summary and synthesis of the interventions published in English from 1980 to the present. METHODS Seven databases were searched for relevant published articles, and reference lists were examined for additional published studies. The studies were categorized as (1) individual approaches, such as on-campus cessation programs, and (2) institutional approaches, such as smoke-free policies. The studies were categorized by type of institution and geographic location, study design, sample demographics, and outcomes. RESULTS Fourteen studies were identified; only five received a "satisfactory" rating based on evaluation criteria. Most studies were based on convenience samples, and were conducted in 4-year institutions. Seven studies used comparison groups, and three were multi-institutional. Individual approaches included educational group sessions and/or individual counseling that were conducted on campus mostly by healthcare personnel. None used nicotine replacement or other medications for cessation. The quit rates for both smokeless tobacco and cigarette users varied, depending on definitions and duration of follow-up contact. Institutional interventions focused mainly on campus smoking restrictions, smoke-free policies, antitobacco messages, and cigarette pricing. Results indicated that interventions can have a positive influence on student behavior, specifically by reducing tobacco use (i.e., prevalence of cigarette smoking and use of smokeless products, amount smoked) among college students, and increasing acceptability of smoking policies and campus restrictions among both tobacco users and nonusers. CONCLUSIONS While some promising results have been noted, rigorous evaluations of a wider range of programs are needed, along with studies that address cultural and ethnic diversity on campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Murphy-Hoefer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health, and Division of Adolescent and School Health, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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