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Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Paulussen KJM, Askow AT, Deutz MT, McKenna CF, Garvey SM, Guice JL, Kesler RM, Barnes TM, Tinker KM, Paluska SA, Ulanov AV, Bauer LL, Dilger RN, Burd NA. Acute Microbial Protease Supplementation Increases Net Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations After Pea Protein Ingestion in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:1549-1560. [PMID: 38467279 PMCID: PMC11130700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestibility is a primary factor in determining the quality of dietary protein. Microbial protease supplementation may be a strategy for improving protein digestion and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of co-ingesting a microbial protease mixture with pea protein on postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations. DESIGN A mixture of 3 microbial protease preparations (P3) was tested for proteolytic efficacy in an in vitro static simulation of gastrointestinal digestion. Subsequently, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 24 healthy adults (27 ± 4 y; 12 females, 12 males) ingested 25 g pea protein isolate (20 g protein, 2.2 g fat) with either P3 or maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Blood samples were collected at baseline and throughout a 0‒5 h postprandial period and both the early (0-2 h) iAUC and total (0-5 h) iAUC were examined. RESULTS Plasma glucose concentrations decreased in both conditions (P < 0.001), with higher concentrations after P3 ingestion compared with PLA (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin concentrations increased for both conditions (P < 0.001) with no difference between conditions (P = 0.331). Plasma total amino acid (TAA) concentrations increased over time (P < 0.001) with higher concentrations observed for P3 compared with PLA (P = 0.010) during the 0‒5 h period. There was a trend for elevated essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations for P3 compared with PLA (P = 0.099) during the 0‒5 h postprandial period but not for leucine (P = 0.282) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, P = 0.410). The early net exposure (0‒2 h iAUC) to amino acids (leucine, BCAA, EAA, and TAA) was higher for P3 compared with PLA (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Microbial protease co-ingestion increases plasma TAA concentrations (0-5 h) and leucine, BCAA, EAA, and TAA availability in the early postprandial period (0‒2 h) compared with ingesting pea protein with placebo in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Max T Deutz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sean M Garvey
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Justin L Guice
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Richard M Kesler
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Takeshi M Barnes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kelly M Tinker
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, States
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Nielsen LLK, Lambert MNT, Haubek D, Bastani NE, Skålhegg BS, Overgaard K, Jensen J, Jeppesen PB. The Effect of Alginate Encapsulated Plant-Based Carbohydrate and Protein Supplementation on Recovery and Subsequent Performance in Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:413. [PMID: 38337697 PMCID: PMC10857232 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a novel alginate-encapsulated carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO ratio 2:1) supplement (ALG) on cycling performance. The ALG, designed to control the release of nutrients, was compared to an isocaloric carbohydrate-only control (CON). Alginate encapsulation of CHOs has the potential to reduce the risk of carious lesions. METHODS In a randomised cross-over clinical trial, 14 men completed a preliminary test over 2 experimental days separated by ~6 days. An experimental day consisted of an exercise bout (EX1) of cycling until exhaustion at W~73%, followed by 5 h of recovery and a subsequent time-to-exhaustion (TTE) performance test at W~65%. Subjects ingested either ALG (0.8 g CHO/kg/hr + 0.4 g PRO/kg/hr) or CON (1.2 g CHO/kg/hr) during the first 2 h of recovery. RESULTS Participants cycled on average 75.2 ± 5.9 min during EX1. Levels of plasma branched-chain amino acids decreased significantly after EX1, and increased significantly with the intake of ALG during the recovery period. During recovery, a significantly higher plasma insulin and glucose response was observed after intake of CON compared to ALG. Intake of ALG increased plasma glucagon, free fatty acids, and glycerol significantly. No differences were found in the TTE between the supplements (p = 0.13) nor in the pH of the subjects' saliva. CONCLUSIONS During the ALG supplement, plasma amino acids remained elevated during the recovery. Despite the 1/3 less CHO intake with ALG compared to CON, the TTE performance was similar after intake of either supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte L. K. Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Max Norman Tandrup Lambert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Municipal Dental Service, Jammerbugt Municipality, Kattedamsvej 34, 9440 Aabybro, Denmark
| | - Nasser E. Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn S. Skålhegg
- Department of Nutrition, Division of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Overgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Sport Science, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Bendix Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Goldstein ER, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Antonio J, Vasenina E, Fukuda DH. Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2178858. [PMID: 36843067 PMCID: PMC9970201 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2178858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate (CHO) and carbohydrate-protein co-ingestion (CHO-P) have been shown to be equally effective for enhancing glycogen resynthesis and subsequent same-day performance when CHO intake is suboptimal (≤0.8 g/kg). Few studies have specifically examined the effect of isocaloric CHO vs CHO-P consumption on subsequent high-intensity aerobic performance with limited time to recover (≤2 hours) in masters class endurance athletes. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind between-subject design. Twenty-two male masters class endurance athletes (age 49.1 ± 6.9 years; height 175.8 ± 4.8 cm; body mass 80.7 ± 8.6 kg; body fat (%) 19.1 ± 5.8; VO2peak 48.6 ± 6.7 ml·kg·min-1) were assigned to consume one of three beverages during a 2-hour recovery period: Placebo (PLA; electrolytes and water), CHO (1.2 g/kg bm), or CHO-P (0.8 g/kg bm CHO + 0.4 g/kg bm PRO). All beverages were standardized to one liter (~32 oz.) of total fluid volume regardless of the treatment group. During Visit #1, participants completed graded exercise testing on a cycle ergometer to determine VO2peak and peak power output (PPO, watts). Visit #2 consisted of familiarization with the high-intensity protocol including 5 × 4 min intervals at 70-80% of PPO with 2 min of active recovery at 50 W, followed by a time to exhaustion (TTE) test at 90% PPO. During Visit#3, the same high-intensity interval protocol with TTE was conducted pre-and post-beverage consumption. RESULTS A one-way ANCOVA indicated a significant difference among the group means for the posttest TTE (F2,18 = 6.702, p = .007, ƞ2 = .427) values after adjusting for the pretest differences. TTE performance in the second exercise bout improved for the CHO (295.48 ± 24.90) and CHO-P (255.08 ± 25.07 sec) groups. The water and electrolyte solution was not effective in restoring TTE performance in the PLA group (171.13 ± 23.71 sec). CONCLUSIONS Both CHO and CHO-P effectively promoted an increase in TTE performance with limited time to recover in this sample of masters class endurance athletes. Water and electrolytes alone were not effective for restoring endurance capacity during the second bout of exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica R. Goldstein
- Department of Health Sciences, Stetson University, Deland, Florida, USA,CONTACT Erica R. Goldstein Department of Health Sciences, Stetson University, Brown Hall 218, Deland, FL32723, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Laboratory, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Ecaterina Vasenina
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Jin A, Kan Z, Tan Q, Shao J, Han Q, Chang Y, An N, Yi M. Supplementation with food-derived oligopeptides promotes lipid metabolism in young male cyclists: a randomized controlled crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2254741. [PMID: 37674290 PMCID: PMC10486287 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2254741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of body fat and dyslipidemia are associated with the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. Moreover, the degree to which lipids can be metabolized has been cited as a determinant of cardiometabolic health and prolonged endurance capacity. In the backdrop of increasing obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, lipid metabolism and its modulation by physical activity, dietary adjustments, and supplementation play a significant role in maintaining health and endurance. Food-derived oligopeptides, such as rice and soybean peptides, have been shown to directly regulate abnormal lipid metabolism or promote hypolipidemia and fat oxidation in cell culture models, animal models, and human studies. However, whether supplementation with oligopeptides derived from multiple food sources can promote lipid degradation and fat oxidation in athletes remains unclear. Therefore, in a randomized controlled crossover trial, we investigated the impact of food-derived oligopeptide supplementation before and during exercise on lipid metabolism in young male cyclists. METHODS Sixteen young male cyclists (age: 17.0 ± 1.0 years; height: 178.4 ± 6.9 cm; body mass: 68.7 ± 12.7 kg, body mass index: 21.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2; maximum oxygen uptake: 56.3 ± 5.8 mL/min/kg) participated in this randomized controlled crossover trial. Each participant drank two beverages, one containing a blend of three food-derived oligopeptides (treatment, 0.5 g/kg body weight in total) and the other without (control), with a 2-week washout period between two experiments. The cyclists completed a one-day pattern protocol that consisted of intraday fasting, 30 min of sitting still, 85 min of prolonged exercise plus a 5-min sprint (PE), a short recovery period of 60 min, a 20-min time trial (TT), and recovery till next morning. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses of serum lipids and other biomarkers. We analyzed plasma triglyceride species (TGs), free amino acids (FAAs), and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates using omics methods. In addition, exhaled gas was collected to assess the fat oxidation rate. RESULTS Five of 20 plasma FAAs were elevated pre-exercise (pre-Ex) only 20 min after oligopeptide ingestion, and most FAAs were markedly increased post PE and TT. Serum levels of TG and non-esterified fatty acids were lower in the experimental condition than in the control condition at the post PE and TT assessments, respectively. Further, the omics analysis of plasma TGs for the experimental condition demonstrated that most TGs were lower post PE and at the next fasting when compared with control levels. Simultaneously, the fat oxidation rate began to increase only 20 min after ingestion and during the preceding 85 min of PE. Levels of TCA cycle intermediates did not differ between the conditions. CONCLUSIONS The study noted that continuous ingestion of food-derived oligopeptides accelerated total body triglyceride breakdown, non-esterified fatty acid uptake, and fat oxidation during both sedentary and exercise states. Elevated circulating and intracellular FAA flux may modulate the selection of substrates for metabolic pathways in conjunction with the release of neuroendocrinological factors that slow down carbohydrate metabolism via acetyl coenzyme A feedback inhibition. This may increase the availability of fatty acids for energy production, with FAAs supplying more substrates for the TCA cycle. The findings of this study provide novel insight into strategies for promoting lipid metabolism in populations with dyslipidemia-related metabolic disorders such as obesity and for improving physiological functioning during endurance training. However, the absence of a non-exercising control group and verification of long-term supplementation effects was a limitation. Future studies will emphasize the impacts of whole protein supplementation as a control and of combined food-derived peptides or oligopeptides with probiotics and healthy food components on lipid metabolism in individuals who exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Jin
- Beijing Sport University, Exercise Biochemistry, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaobo Kan
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushi Tan
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Shao
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Han
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Yashan Chang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Nan An
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Muqing Yi
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Nutrition, Beijing, China
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Kaspy MS, Hannaian SJ, Bell ZW, Churchward-Venne TA. The effects of branched-chain amino acids on muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein breakdown and associated molecular signalling responses in humans: an update. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37681443 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are three of the nine indispensable amino acids, and are frequently consumed as a dietary supplement by athletes and recreationally active individuals alike. The popularity of BCAA supplements is largely predicated on the notion that they can stimulate rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and suppress rates of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), the combination of which promotes a net anabolic response in skeletal muscle. To date, several studies have shown that BCAA (particularly leucine) increase the phosphorylation status of key proteins within the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in the regulation of translation initiation in human muscle. Early research in humans demonstrated that BCAA provision reduced indices of whole-body protein breakdown and MPB; however, there was no stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS. In contrast, recent work has demonstrated that BCAA intake can stimulate postprandial MPS rates at rest and can further increase MPS rates during recovery after a bout of resistance exercise. The purpose of this evidence-based narrative review is to critically appraise the available research pertaining to studies examining the effects of BCAA on MPS, MPB and associated molecular signalling responses in humans. Overall, BCAA can activate molecular pathways that regulate translation initiation, reduce indices of whole-body and MPB, and transiently stimulate MPS rates. However, the stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS rates is less than the response observed following ingestion of a complete protein source providing the full complement of indispensable amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Kaspy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Room D6 237.F, 1650 Cedar Avenue, H3G 1A4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ravindra PV, Janhavi P, Divyashree S, Muthukumar SP. Nutritional interventions for improving the endurance performance in athletes. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:851-858. [PMID: 32223574 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1733025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endurance refers to the ability of skeletal muscles to perform continuously withstanding the hardships of exercise. Endurance exercises have three phases: pre-, during-, and post-workout phase. The nutritional requirements that drive these phases vary on intensity, type of workout, individual's body composition, training, weather conditions, etc. Generally, the pre-workout phase requires glycogen synthesis and spare glycogen breakdown. While workout phase, requires rapid absorption of exogenous glucose, insulin release to transport glucose into muscle cells, replenish the loss of electrolytes, promote fluid retention, etc. However, post-workout phase requires quick amino acid absorption, muscle protein synthesis, repair of damaged muscle fibres and tendon, ameliorate inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. Therefore, nutritional sources that can help these metabolic requirements is recommended. In this review, various dietary interventions including timing and amount of nutrient consumption that can promote the above metabolic requirements that in turn support in improving the endurance potential in athletes are discussed.HIGHLIGHTSReview article describes nutritional requirements of endurance exercises.It also describes nutritional interventions to enhance the endurance potential in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Ravindra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, India
| | - P Janhavi
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, India
| | - S Divyashree
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, India
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Hartono FA, Martin-Arrowsmith PW, Peeters WM, Churchward-Venne TA. The Effects of Dietary Protein Supplementation on Acute Changes in Muscle Protein Synthesis and Longer-Term Changes in Muscle Mass, Strength, and Aerobic Capacity in Response to Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:1295-1328. [PMID: 35113389 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging in both resistance and endurance exercise within the same training program, termed 'concurrent exercise training,' is common practice in many athletic disciplines that require a combination of strength and endurance and is recommended by a number of organizations to improve muscular and cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of chronic metabolic disease. Dietary protein ingestion supports skeletal muscle remodeling after exercise by stimulating the synthesis of muscle proteins and can optimize resistance exercise-training mediated increases in skeletal muscle size and strength; however, the effects of protein supplementation on acute and longer-term adaptive responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise are unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of dietary protein supplementation on acute changes in muscle protein synthesis and longer-term changes in muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity in responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in five databases: Scopus, Embase, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science. Acute and longer-term controlled trials involving concurrent exercise and protein supplementation in healthy adults (ages 18-65 years) were included in this systematic review. Main outcomes of interest were changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle mass, muscle strength, and whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., maximal/peak aerobic capacity [VO2max/peak]). The quality of studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment for Controlled Intervention Studies. RESULTS Four acute studies including 84 trained young males and ten longer-term studies including 167 trained and 391 untrained participants fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All included acute studies demonstrated that protein ingestion enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, but not mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery after an acute bout of concurrent exercise. Of the included longer-term training studies, five out of nine reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle mass, while five out of nine studies reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle strength and/or power. In terms of aerobic adaptations, all six included studies reported no effect of protein supplementation on concurrent training-mediated increases in VO2max/peak. CONCLUSION Protein ingestion after an acute bout of concurrent exercise further increases myofibrillar, but not mitochondrial, protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery. There is some evidence that protein supplementation during longer-term training further enhances concurrent training-mediated increases in skeletal muscle mass and strength/power, but not whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., VO2max/peak).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick W Martin-Arrowsmith
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada
| | - Wouter M Peeters
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sports Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Muscle Protein Synthesis Responses Following Aerobic-Based Exercise or High-Intensity Interval Training with or Without Protein Ingestion: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:2713-2732. [PMID: 35675022 PMCID: PMC9585015 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic investigation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) responses with or without protein ingestion has been largely limited to resistance training. OBJECTIVE This systematic review determined the capacity for aerobic-based exercise or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to stimulate post-exercise rates of MPS and whether protein ingestion further significantly increases MPS compared with placebo. METHODS Three separate models analysed rates of either mixed, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, or mitochondrial protein synthesis (PS) following aerobic-based exercise or HIIT: Model 1 (n = 9 studies), no protein ingestion; Model 2 (n = 7 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with no placebo comparison; Model 3 (n = 14 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with placebo comparison. RESULTS Eight of nine studies and all seven studies in Models 1 and 2, respectively, demonstrated significant post-exercise increases in either mixed or a specific muscle protein pool. Model 3 observed significantly greater MPS responses with protein compared with placebo in either mixed or a specific muscle fraction in 7 of 14 studies. Seven studies showed no difference in MPS between protein and placebo, while three studies reported no significant increases in mitochondrial PS with protein compared with placebo. CONCLUSION Most studies reporting significant increases in MPS were confined to mixed and myofibrillar PS that may facilitate power generating capacity of working skeletal muscle with aerobic-based exercise and HIIT. Only three of eight studies demonstrated significant increases in mitochondrial PS post-exercise, with no further benefits of protein ingestion. This lack of change may be explained by the acute analysis window in most studies and apparent latency in exercise-induced stimulation of mitochondrial PS.
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Muros JJ, Knox E, Hinojosa-Nogueira D, Rufián-Henares JÁ, Zabala M. Profiles for identifying problematic dietary habits in a sample of recreational Spanish cyclists and triathletes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15193. [PMID: 34312481 PMCID: PMC8313546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of sufficient information on the dietary intake and nutritional supplementation of recreational endurance athletes throughout the year. The present observational study sought to assess the dietary intake and nutritional supplementation habits of recreational cyclists and triathletes from Spain. 4,037 cyclists and triathletes completed self-report measures. Nutritional profiles were developed and differences were examined according to sporting discipline and gender. Differences between groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U or chi-squared test. Next, micro- and macro-nutrients were grouped according to whether or not guideline intake amounts were met. The clustering of dietary habits was then examined via K-means cluster analysis. Triathletes took more supplements than cyclists (X2 = 36.489; p value = .000) and females took more supplements than males (X2 = 5.920; p value = .017). Females and triathletes reported greater protein and CHO consumption than males and cyclists, respectively. Triathletes also reported a higher consumption of total fat, MUFA, PUFA, EPA, DHA and fibre. Females and triathletes tended to consume more vitamins and minerals than males and cyclists, respectively. Two main dietary habit clusters emerged which may be used to inform nutritional interventions targeting recreational athletes not meeting nutritional requirements. There is an imbalance in the main nutrients making up the diet of recreational Spanish athletes, characterised by insufficient CHO and excessive protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Muros
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Emily Knox
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - José Á Rufián-Henares
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Andari NNI, Dieny FF, Tsani AA, Fitranti DY, Widyastuti N. Diet Quality, Nutritional Status, and Haemoglobin Level of Female Adolescent Athletes in Endurance and Non Endurance Sports. AMERTA NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v5i2.2021.140-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Based on the duration and intensity of the exercise, sports can b classified into two types: endurance and non endurance (strength and power). Endurance sports is a high risk sport with low diet quality, nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage), and haemoglobin level. Objectives: The aimed of this study is to analyze the differences of diet quality, nutritionl status, and haemoglobin level of female adolescent athletes in endurance and non endurance sports. Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 23 endurance athletes and 21 non endurance athletes in BBLOP Central Java, UNNES swimming and athletic sports club, and Salatiga atlhetic sports club. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling. BMI and body was measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (Tanita DC-360). Haemoglobin level was assessed by cyanmethemoglobin method. Diet quality was measured by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) form. Data was analyzed by independent t-test and Mann-Whitney. Results: The majority of nutritional status based on BMI and perventage body fat in endurance and non endurance athlete were normal. About 9,5% of non endurance athlete had anemia. There were significant difference in diet quality (p=0,029) and variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake (p<0,001; p=0,028; p=0,045; p<0,001) of endurance and non endurance athletes, but no significant difference in body fat percentage (p=0,573) and haemoglobin level (p=0,714). Conclusion: There were significant difference on diet quality, variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake between endurance and non endurance athletes.
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12
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The Effects of an Acute "Train-Low" Nutritional Protocol on Markers of Recovery Optimization in Endurance-Trained Male Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1764-1776. [PMID: 34044369 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of an acute "train-low" nutritional protocol on markers of recovery optimization compared to standard recovery nutrition protocol. METHODS After completing a 2-hour high-intensity interval running protocol, 8 male endurance athletes consumed a standard dairy milk recovery beverage (CHO; 1.2 g/kg body mass [BM] of carbohydrate and 0.4 g/kg BM of protein) and a low-carbohydrate (L-CHO; isovolumetric with 0.35 g/kg BM of carbohydrate and 0.5 g/kg BM of protein) dairy milk beverage in a double-blind randomized crossover design. Venous blood and breath samples, nude BM, body water, and gastrointestinal symptom measurements were collected preexercise and during recovery. Muscle biopsy was performed at 0 hour and 2 hours of recovery. Participants returned to the laboratory the following morning to measure energy substrate oxidation and perform a 1-hour distance test. RESULTS The exercise protocol resulted in depletion of muscle glycogen stores (250 mmol/kg dry weight) and mild body-water losses (BM loss = 1.8%). Neither recovery beverage replenished muscle glycogen stores (279 mmol/kg dry weight) or prevented a decrease in bacterially stimulated neutrophil function (-21%). Both recovery beverages increased phosphorylation of mTORSer2448 (main effect of time = P < .001) and returned hydration status to baseline. A greater fold increase in p-GSK-3βSer9/total-GSK-3β occurred on CHO (P = .012). Blood glucose (P = .005) and insulin (P = .012) responses were significantly greater on CHO (618 mmol/L per 2 h and 3507 μIU/mL per 2 h, respectively) compared to L-CHO (559 mmol/L per 2 h and 1147 μIU/mL per 2 h, respectively). Rates of total fat oxidation were greater on CHO, but performance was not affected. CONCLUSION A lower-carbohydrate recovery beverage consumed after exercise in a "train-low" nutritional protocol does not negatively impact recovery optimization outcomes.
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Williams J, Douglas J, Davies E, Bloom F, Castejon-Riber C. Performance demands in the endurance rider. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endurance is one of the fastest growing equestrian disciplines worldwide. Races are long distance competitions (40-160 km), organised into loops, over variable terrain usually within one day. Horse and rider combinations in endurance races have to complete the course in good condition whilst also aiming to win. Horse welfare is paramount within the sport and horses are required to ‘pass’ a veterinary check prior to racing, after each loop of the course and at the end of the race. Despite the health, fitness and welfare of both athletes within the horse-rider dyad being essential to achieve success, few equivalent measures assessing the wellbeing of the endurance rider are implemented. This review considers evidence from ultra-endurance sports and rider performance in other equestrian disciplines, to consider physiological and psychological strategies the endurance rider could use to enhance their competition performance. Successful endurance riding requires an effective partnership to be established between horse and rider. Within this partnership, adequate rider health and fitness are key to optimal decision-making to manage the horse effectively during training and competition, but just as importantly riders should manage themselves as an athlete. Targeted management for superior rider performance can underpin more effective decision-making promoting ethical equitation practices and optimising competition performance. Therefore, the responsible and competitive endurance rider needs to consider how they prepare themselves adequately for participation in the sport. This should include engaging in appropriate physiological training for fitness and musculoskeletal strength and conditioning. Alongside planning nutritional strategies to support rider performance in training and within the pre-, peri- and post-competition periods to promote superior physical and cognitive performance, and prevent injury. By applying an evidence informed approach to self-management, the endurance athlete will support the horse and rider partnership to achieve to their optimal capacity, whilst maximising both parties physical and psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J. Douglas
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - E. Davies
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - F. Bloom
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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14
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Russo I, Della Gatta PA, Garnham A, Porter J, Burke LM, Costa RJS. Assessing Overall Exercise Recovery Processes Using Carbohydrate and Carbohydrate-Protein Containing Recovery Beverages. Front Physiol 2021; 12:628863. [PMID: 33613323 PMCID: PMC7890126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.628863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the impact of two different, but commonly consumed, beverages on integrative markers of exercise recovery following a 2 h high intensity interval exercise (i.e., running 70-80% V̇O2 max intervals and interspersed with plyometric jumps). Participants (n = 11 males, n = 6 females) consumed a chocolate flavored dairy milk beverage (CM: 1.2 g carbohydrate/kg BM and 0.4 g protein/kg BM) or a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CEB: isovolumetric with 0.76 g carbohydrate/kg BM) after exercise, in a randomized-crossover design. The recovery beverages were provided in three equal boluses over a 30 min period commencing 1 h post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were performed at 0 h and 2 h in recovery. Venous blood samples, nude BM and total body water were collected before and at 0, 2, and 4 h recovery. Gastrointestinal symptoms and breath hydrogen (H2) were collected before exercise and every 30 min during recovery. The following morning, participants returned for performance assessment. In recovery, breath H2 reached clinical relevance of >10 ppm following consumption of both beverages, in adjunct with high incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms (70%), but modest severity. Blood glucose response was greater on CEB vs. CM (P < 0.01). Insulin response was greater on CM compared with CEB (P < 0.01). Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide stimulated neutrophil function reduced on both beverages (49%). p-GSK-3β/total-GSK-3β was greater on CM compared with CEB (P = 0.037); however, neither beverage achieved net muscle glycogen re-storage. Phosphorylation of mTOR was greater on CM than CEB (P < 0.001). Fluid retention was lower (P = 0.038) on CEB (74.3%) compared with CM (82.1%). Physiological and performance outcomes on the following day did not differ between trials. Interconnected recovery optimization markers appear to respond differently to the nutrient composition of recovery nutrition, albeit subtly and with individual variation. The present findings expand on recovery nutrition strategies to target functionality and patency of the gastrointestinal tract as a prerequisite to assimilation of recovery nutrition, as well as restoration of immunocompetency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A. Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Judi Porter
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
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15
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Ahnen RT, Jonnalagadda SS, Slavin JL. Role of plant protein in nutrition, wellness, and health. Nutr Rev 2021; 77:735-747. [PMID: 31322670 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets, and more specifically plant-based proteins, have been the subject of growing interest from researchers and consumers because of their potential health benefits as well as their positive environmental impact. Of course, plant proteins are found in plant foods, and positive health benefits of plant foods are linked to dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. In epidemiological studies it is not possible to separate out the health benefits of plant foods in general as opposed to plant proteins specifically. Additionally, few vegans, who consume only plant-based proteins, are included in existing prospective cohort studies. Isolated plant proteins (soy, pea) have been used in intervention trials, but often to improve biomarkers linked to disease risk, including serum lipids or blood pressure. This review is an overview of plant proteins, the whole foods they are associated with, and the potential health benefits linked to consumption of protein from plant sources. Plant proteins and their potential for reducing the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, diabetes management, cancer prevention, and weight management are each discussed, as are the various rating systems currently used to determine protein quality from plant sources. Although additional research is needed that focuses specifically on the role that plant protein plays in the prevention and management of these chronic illnesses, rather than the role played by a more general plant-based diet, evidence suggests that plant proteins offer nutritional benefits to those who consume them. Limitations to plant proteins, including lower protein quality, must also be considered in this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylee T Ahnen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Nutritional Practice and Nitrogen Balance in Elite Japanese Swimmers during a Training Camp. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020017. [PMID: 33494249 PMCID: PMC7909811 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein requirement in athletes increases as a result of exercise-induced changes in protein metabolism. In addition, the frequency, quantity, and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the protein intake modulates the protein metabolism. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether nutritional practice (particularly, protein and amino acid intake at each eating occasion) meets the protein needs required to achieve zero nitrogen balance in elite swimmers during a training camp. Eight elite swimmers (age 21.9 ± 2.3 years, body weight 64.2 ± 7.1 kg, sex M:2 F:6) participated in a four-day study. The nitrogen balance was calculated from the dietary nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The amino acid intake was divided over six eating occasions. The nitrogen balance was found to be positive (6.7 ± 3.1 g N/day, p < 0.05) with protein intake of 2.96 ± 0.74 g/kg/day. The frequency and quantity of leucine and the protein intake were met within the recommended range established by the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Thus, a protein intake of 2.96 g/kg/day with a well-designated pattern (i.e., frequency throughout the day, as well as quantity and quality) of protein and amino acid intake may satisfy the increased need for protein in an elite swimmer.
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Jendricke P, Kohl J, Centner C, Gollhofer A, König D. Influence of Specific Collagen Peptides and Concurrent Training on Cardiometabolic Parameters and Performance Indices in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Nutr 2020; 7:580918. [PMID: 33330579 PMCID: PMC7710701 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.580918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to examine the effects of concurrent training (CT) combined with specific collagen peptides (SCP) intake on cardiometabolic parameters and performance indices in women. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial recreationally active women (n = 59) completed a 12-week CT training (3 day/week) and ingested 15 g of SCP (treatment group [TG]) or placebo (control group [CG]) on a daily basis. Running distance as a marker of endurance performance (time trial), velocity and heart rate at the lactate and anaerobic threshold (incremental running test) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA]) were measured. BIA measurements included determination of fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM). Additionally, muscular strength (one-repetition-maximum [1RM]) and muscular endurance (60% of 1RM) were assessed. After 12-weeks, TG had a higher increase in running distance (1,034 ± 643 m) compared to the CG (703 ± 356 m) indicated by a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05). Velocity at lactate and anaerobic threshold improved in both groups over time (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between groups. Similarly, heart rate at lactate threshold decreased over time (p < 0.001), with no time × group interaction. TG declined more in heart rate at anaerobic threshold (−8 ± 14 bpm) than the CG (−1 ± 7 bpm), which resulted in a significant interaction effect (p < 0.01). FM decreased over time in TG and CG (p < 0.001), with no group differences. On contrary, TG had a higher increase in FFM (0.8 ± 0.9 kg) compared to the CG (0.3 ± 1.0 kg) (time × group interaction: p < 0.05). Both, 1RM and muscular endurance improved over time (p < 0.001), with no significant group differences. In conclusion, supplementation of SCP in combination with CT resulted in a significant increase in endurance performance compared to the control group. This might potentially be a consequence of improved structural and cardiometabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jendricke
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Sports Science, Institute for Nutrition and Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Mercer D, Convit L, Condo D, Carr AJ, Hamilton DL, Slater G, Snipe RMJ. Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3527. [PMID: 33207749 PMCID: PMC7696053 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic literature review aimed to determine the protein requirements of pre-menopausal (e.g., 18-45 years) female athletes and identify if the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use influence protein requirements. Four databases were searched for original research containing pre-menopausal female athletes that ingested protein alongside exercise. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist was used to determine study quality. Fourteen studies, which included 204 recreationally active or competitive females, met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review, and all were assessed as positive quality. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein intake of pre-menopausal recreational and/or competitive female athletes is similar for those undertaking aerobic endurance (1.28-1.63 g/kg/day), resistance (1.49 g/kg/day) and intermittent exercise (1.41 g/kg/day) of ~60-90 min duration. The optimal acute protein intake and influence of menstrual cycle phase or hormonal contraceptive use on protein requirements could not be determined. However, pre- and post-exercise protein intakes of 0.32-0.38 g/kg have demonstrated beneficial physiological responses in recreational and competitive female athletes completing resistance and intermittent exercise. The protein requirements outlined in this review can be used for planning and assessing protein intakes of recreational and competitive pre-menopausal female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Mercer
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Amelia J. Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore 4558, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Rhiannon M. J. Snipe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
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Effects of Post-Exercise Whey Protein Consumption on Recovery Indices in Adolescent Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217761. [PMID: 33114186 PMCID: PMC7660601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effect of whey protein consumption following high-intensity interval swimming (HIIS) on muscle damage, inflammatory cytokines and performance in adolescent swimmers. Methods: Fifty-four swimmers (11-17 years-old) were stratified by age, sex and body mass to a whey protein (PRO), isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO) or a water/placebo (H2O) group. Following baseline blood samples (06:00 h) and a standardised breakfast, participants performed a maximal 200 m swim, followed by HIIS. A total of two post-exercise boluses were consumed following HIIS and ~5 h post-baseline. Blood and 200 m performance measurements were repeated at 5 h, 8 h and 24 h from baseline. Muscle soreness was assessed at 24 h. Creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in plasma. Results: No difference in 200 m swim performance was observed between groups. CK activity was elevated at 5 h compared to baseline and 24 h and at 8 h compared to all other timepoints, with no differences between groups. Muscle soreness was lower in PRO compared to H2O (p = 0.04). Anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased at 8 h in PRO, while it decreased in CHO and H2O. Conclusions: Post-exercise consumption of whey protein appears to have no additional benefit on recovery indices following HIIS compared to isoenergetic amounts of carbohydrate in adolescent swimmers. However, it may assist with the acute-inflammatory response.
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Areta JL, Iraki J, Owens DJ, Joanisse S, Philp A, Morton JP, Hallén J. Achieving energy balance with a high‐fat meal does not enhance skeletal muscle adaptation and impairs glycaemic response in a sleep‐low training model. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1778-1791. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Areta
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Juma Iraki
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst Australia
- St Vincent's Medical School UNSW Medicine UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Jostein Hallén
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
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21
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Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplementation on endurance training adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2273-2287. [PMID: 32757065 PMCID: PMC7502056 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the influence of post-exercise protein feeding upon the adaptive response to endurance exercise training. Methods In a randomised parallel group design, 25 healthy men and women completed 6 weeks of endurance exercise training by running on a treadmill for 30–60 min at 70–75% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 4 times/week. Participants ingested 1.6 g per kilogram of body mass (g kg BM−1) of carbohydrate (CHO) or an isocaloric carbohydrate–protein solution (CHO-P; 0.8 g carbohydrate kg BM−1 + 0.8 g protein kg BM−1) immediately and 1 h post-exercise. Expired gas, blood and muscle biopsy samples were taken at baseline and follow-up. Results Exercise training improved VO2max in both groups (p ≤ 0.001), but this increment was not different between groups either in absolute terms or relative to body mass (0.2 ± 0.2 L min−1 and 3.0 ± 2 mL kg−1 min−1, respectively). No change occurred in plasma albumin concentration from baseline to follow-up with CHO-P (4.18 ± 0.18 to 4.23 ± 0.17 g dL−1) or CHO (4.17 ± 0.17 to 4.12 ± 0.22 g dL−1; interaction: p > 0.05). Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene expression was up-regulated in CHO-P (+ 46%; p = 0.025) relative to CHO (+ 4%) following exercise training. Conclusion Post-exercise protein supplementation up-regulated the expression of mTOR in skeletal muscle over 6 weeks of endurance exercise training. However, the magnitude of improvement in VO2max was similar between groups.
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Jonvik KL, Paulussen KJM, Danen SL, Ceelen IJM, Horstman AM, Wardenaar FC, VAN Loon LJC, VAN Dijk JW. Protein Supplementation Does Not Augment Adaptations to Endurance Exercise Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2041-2049. [PMID: 31525168 PMCID: PMC6798744 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Introduction Recently, it has been speculated that protein supplementation may further augment the adaptations to chronic endurance exercise training. We assessed the effect of protein supplementation during chronic endurance exercise training on whole-body oxidative capacity (V˙O2max) and endurance exercise performance. Methods In this double-blind, randomized, parallel placebo-controlled trial, 60 recreationally active males (age, 27 ± 6 yr; body mass index, 23.8 ± 2.6 kg·m−2; V˙O2max, 47 ± 6 mL·min−1·kg−1) were subjected to 12 wk of triweekly endurance exercise training. After each session and each night before sleep, participants ingested either a protein supplement (PRO; 28.7 g casein protein) or an isoenergetic carbohydrate placebo (PLA). Before and after the 12 wk of training, V˙O2max and endurance exercise performance (~10-km time trial) were assessed on a cycle ergometer. Muscular endurance (total workload achieved during 30 reciprocal isokinetic contractions) was assessed by isokinetic dynamometry and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Mixed-model ANOVA was applied to assess whether training adaptations differed between groups. Results Endurance exercise training induced an 11% ± 6% increase in V˙O2max (time effect, P < 0.0001), with no differences between groups (PRO, 48 ± 6 to 53 ± 7 mL·min−1·kg−1; PLA, 46 ± 5 to 51 ± 6 mL·min−1·kg−1; time–treatment interaction, P = 0.50). Time to complete the time trial was reduced by 14% ± 7% (time effect, P < 0.0001), with no differences between groups (time–treatment interaction, P = 0.15). Muscular endurance increased by 6% ± 7% (time effect, P < 0.0001), with no differences between groups (time–treatment interaction, P = 0.84). Leg lean mass showed an increase after training (P < 0.0001), which tended to be greater in PRO compared with PLA (0.5 ± 0.7 vs 0.2 ± 0.6 kg, respectively; time–treatment interaction, P = 0.073). Conclusion Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment the gains in whole-body oxidative capacity and endurance exercise performance after chronic endurance exercise training in recreationally active, healthy young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Jonvik
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Kevin J M Paulussen
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Shiannah L Danen
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Ingrid J M Ceelen
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Floris C Wardenaar
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Luc J C VAN Loon
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS.,Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Jan-Willem VAN Dijk
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS
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23
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Case Study: Resumption of Eumenorrhea in Parallel With High Training Load After 4 Years of Menstrual Dysfunction: A 5-Year Follow-Up of an Elite Female Cyclist. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:229–234. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The female athlete triad is a condition where low energy availability is typically observed together with menstrual dysfunction and/or low bone mineral density. How this condition affects maximal work capacity in endurance athletes is not clear, and the recovery time course of menses with increased energy availability with concomitant high training load is unknown. This case study of an amenorrheic elite road cyclist reports resumption of normal menstrual function after weight gain during a 5-year period (2014–2019), while engaged in high training load and competition. The athlete ( 3.54 L/min, 64 ml·min−1·kg−1, aerobic peak power output 300 W, 5.4 W/kg) reported amenorrhea (2013–2015) and oligomenorrhea (2015–2018). Training load increased from 2014 to 2019 (584–818 hr/year and 26,707–41,945 training stress score/year). Regular menses (every 23–35 days) resumed in June 2018, ∼5–6 months after a weight gain episode. During the period of menstrual dysfunction, body mass was 51.3 ± 2.25 kg (mean ± 95% confidence limit) and fat percentage was 19% (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 2016), and after weight gain, body mass was 56.8 ± 2.63 kg and fat percentage was 25% (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 2019). Crank-based power meter data showed absolute mean maximal power (in watts) improvement over the 5 s to 4 hr range through the 2014–2019 period, while relative mean maximal power (in watts per kilogram) likely peaked in the 2015–2016 season for 5 min, 20 min, and 30 min, but remained mostly unchanged across seasons. Results suggest that (a) the best relative power output associated with aerobic capacity (5 min to 1 hr) can be achieved during menstrual dysfunction, (b) high performance achieved despite an increase in body mass, and (c) resumption of menses is achievable while maintaining high training loads when coupled with high energy availability.
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24
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Schranner D, Kastenmüller G, Schönfelder M, Römisch-Margl W, Wackerhage H. Metabolite Concentration Changes in Humans After a Bout of Exercise: a Systematic Review of Exercise Metabolomics Studies. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:11. [PMID: 32040782 PMCID: PMC7010904 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Exercise changes the concentrations of many metabolites, which are small molecules (< 1.5 kDa) metabolized by the reactions of human metabolism. In recent years, especially mass spectrometry-based metabolomics methods have allowed researchers to measure up to hundreds of metabolites in a single sample in a non-biased fashion. To summarize human exercise metabolomics studies to date, we conducted a systematic review that reports the results of experiments that found metabolite concentrations changes after a bout of human endurance or resistance exercise. Methods We carried out a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and searched for human metabolomics studies that report metabolite concentrations before and within 24 h after endurance or resistance exercise in blood, urine, or sweat. We then displayed metabolites that significantly changed their concentration in at least two experiments. Results Twenty-seven studies and 57 experiments matched our search criteria and were analyzed. Within these studies, 196 metabolites changed their concentration significantly within 24 h after exercise in at least two experiments. Human biofluids contain mainly unphosphorylated metabolites as the phosphorylation of metabolites such as ATP, glycolytic intermediates, or nucleotides traps these metabolites within cells. Lactate, pyruvate, TCA cycle intermediates, fatty acids, acylcarnitines, and ketone bodies all typically increase after exercise, whereas bile acids decrease. In contrast, the concentrations of proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids change in different directions. Conclusion Across different exercise modes and in different subjects, exercise often consistently changes the average concentrations of metabolites that belong to energy metabolism and other branches of metabolism. This dataset is a useful resource for those that wish to study human exercise metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schranner
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schönfelder
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Römisch-Margl
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020390. [PMID: 32024038 PMCID: PMC7071320 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.
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26
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Oikawa SY, Macinnis MJ, Tripp TR, McGlory C, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Lactalbumin, Not Collagen, Augments Muscle Protein Synthesis with Aerobic Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1394-1403. [PMID: 31895298 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein ingestion and the ensuing hyperaminoacidemia stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in the postexercise period. This response facilitates muscle remodeling, which is important during intensified training. The aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation with α-lactalbumin (LA), with high leucine and tryptophan contents, would improve responses to short periods of intensified aerobic training compared with supplementation with an isonitrogenous quantity of collagen peptides (CP). METHODS Endurance-trained participants (5 male, 6 female, 24 ± 4 yr, V˙O2 = 53.2 ± 9.1 mL·kg·min, peak power output = 320 ± 48 W; means ± SD) consumed a controlled diet (1.0 g·kg·d protein) and refrained from habitual training for 11 d while taking part in this double-blind randomized, crossover trial. The two intervention phases, which consisted of brief intensified training (4 × 4-min cycling intervals at 70% of peak power output on 3 consecutive days) combined with the ingestion of LA or CP supplements after exercise (20 g) and before sleep (40 g), were separated by 4 d of washout without protein supplementation (i.e., the control phase). In response to each phase, myofibrillar (MyoPS), sarcoplasmic protein synthesis (SarcPS) rates (via H2O ingestion) and parameters of sleep quality were measured. RESULTS LA ingestion increased plasma leucine (P < 0.001) and tryptophan concentrations (P < 0.001) relative to CP. Intensified training increased MyoPS and SarcPS above the washout phase in LA- and CP-supplemented phases (P < 0.01), with increases being 13% ± 5% and 5% ± 7% greater with LA than CP for MyoPS (P < 0.01) and SarcPS, respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Despite an isonitrogenous diet, protein synthesis was enhanced to a greater extent when trained participants consumed LA compared with CP during intensified aerobic training, suggesting that protein quality is an important consideration for endurance-trained athletes aiming to augment adaption to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Oikawa
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | | | | | - Chris McGlory
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Steven K Baker
- Department of Neurology, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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27
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Mjøs I, Thorsen E, Hausken T, Lied E, Nilsen RM, Brønstad I, Edvardsen E, Frisk B. The effect of low dose marine protein hydrolysates on short-term recovery after high intensity performance cycling: a double-blinded crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:48. [PMID: 31665070 PMCID: PMC6819466 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the effect of marine protein hydrolysate (MPH) supplementation to promote recovery after high intensity performance training is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of MPH supplementation to whey protein (WP) and carbohydrate (CHO): (CHO-WP-MPH), on short-term recovery following high intensity performance, compared to an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous supplement of WP and CHO: (CHO-WP), in male cyclists. Methods This was a double-blinded crossover study divided into three phases. Fourteen healthy men participated. In phase I, an incremental bicycle exercise test was performed for establishment of intensities used in phase II and III. In phase II (9–16 days after phase 1), the participants performed first one high intensity performance cycling session, followed by nutrition supplementation (CHO-WP-MPH or CHO-WP) and 4 hours of recovery, before a subsequent high intensity performance cycling session. Phase III (1 week after phase II), was similar to phase II except for the nutrition supplementation, where the participants received the opposite supplementation compared to phase II. Primary outcome was difference in time to exhaustion between the cycling sessions, after nutrition supplementations containing MPH or without MPH. Secondary outcomes were differences in heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate concentration and glucose. Results The mean age of the participants was 45.6 years (range 40–58). The maximal oxygen uptake (mean ± SD) measured at baseline was 54.7 ± 4.1 ml∙min− 1∙kg− 1. There were no significant differences between the two nutrition supplementations measured by time to exhaustion at the cycling sessions (meandiff = 0.85 min, p = 0.156, 95% confidence interval (CI), − 0.37, 2.06), HR (meandiff = 0.8 beats pr.min, p = 0.331, 95% CI, − 0.9, 2.5), RER (meandiff = − 0.05, p = 0.361, 95% CI -0.07 – 0.17), blood lactate concentration (meandiff = − 0.24, p = 0.511, 95% CI, − 1.00, 0.53) and glucose (meandiff = 0.23, p = 0.094, 95% CI, − 0.05, 0.51). Conclusions A protein supplement with MPH showed no effects on short-term recovery in middle-aged healthy male cyclists compared to a protein supplement without MPH. Trial registration The study was registered 02.05.2017 at ClinicalTrials.gov (Protein Supplements to Cyclists, NCT03136133, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03136133?cond=marine+peptides&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Mjøs
- Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Pb. 7030, 5020, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Physiotherapy, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Einar Thorsen
- Dept. of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Dept. of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Einar Lied
- Firmenich Bjørge Biomarin A/S, Aalesund, Norway
| | - Roy M Nilsen
- Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Pb. 7030, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Brønstad
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Edvardsen
- Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Frisk
- Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Pb. 7030, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Physiotherapy, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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28
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Presleep Protein Supplementation Does Not Improve Recovery During Consecutive Days of Intense Endurance Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:426–434. [PMID: 30632413 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that protein ingestion immediately before sleep improves muscle recovery during the night following resistance exercise. Whether this feeding strategy benefits recovery from endurance training has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of whey protein isolate ingested every night before sleep on subsequent performance and circulatory markers of muscular recovery during a week of intensified endurance training mimicking a training camp. In a parallel design, 32 trained runners underwent a 1-week intervention with a rigorously controlled diet (carbohydrate = 7.2 g·kg-1·day-1, protein = 1.8 g·kg-1·day-1, and fat = 1.0 g·kg-1·day-1) and exercise program (11 sessions) while receiving either a protein (0.5 g·kg-1·day-1) or carbohydrate (0.5 g·kg-1·day-1) beverage every night before sleep. Blood samples were obtained on the morning of Days 1, 4, 7, and 8 and analyzed for markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and myoglobin). The postintervention 5-km time-trial performance was significantly impaired in both groups (11 ± 24 s, p < .01). Plasma creatine kinase (227% ± 221%, p < .01), lactate dehydrogenase (18% ± 22%, p < .01), and myoglobin (72% ± 62%, p < .01) increased gradually throughout the week with no difference between the groups (p > .05). In conclusion, the presleep protein ingestion did not reduce the decline in performance or ameliorate the rise of circulatory markers of muscle damage during a week of intensified training when compared with the isocaloric carbohydrate ingestion.
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29
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Rocha JC, van Dam E, Ahring K, Almeida MF, Bélanger-Quintana A, Dokoupil K, Gökmen-Özel H, Robert M, Heidenborg C, Harbage E, MacDonald A. A series of three case reports in patients with phenylketonuria performing regular exercise: first steps in dietary adjustment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:635-641. [PMID: 31112507 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare, inherited metabolic condition, is treated with a strict low-phenylalanine (Phe) diet, supplemented with Phe-free protein substitute. The optimal nutritional management of a sporting individual with PKU has not been described. Therefore, guidelines for the general athlete have to be adapted. Case presentation Three clinical scenarios of sporting patients with PKU are given, illustrating dietary adaptations to usual management and challenges to attain optimal sporting performance. Therefore, the main objectives of sports nutrition in PKU are to (1) maintain a high carbohydrate diet; (2) carefully monitor hydration status; and (3) give attention to the timing of protein substitute intake in the immediate post-exercise recovery phase. Optimal energy intake should be given prior to, during and post exercise training sessions or competition. Fortunately, a usual low-Phe diet is rich in carbohydrate, but attention is required on the types of special low-protein foods chosen. Acute exercise does not seem to influence blood Phe concentrations, but further evidence is needed. Summary Well-treated PKU patients should be able to participate in sports activities, but this is associated with increased nutritional requirements and dietary adjustments. Conclusions It should be the goal of all sporting patients with PKU to maintain good metabolic Phe control and attain maximal athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Rocha
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto de Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), EPE, Praça Pedro Nunes, 88, 4099-028 Porto, Portugal.,Centro de Referência na área de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - CHUP, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther van Dam
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ahring
- PKU Clinic, Kennedy Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Manuela Ferreira Almeida
- Centro de Referência na área de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - CHUP, Porto, Portugal.,Centro de Genética Médica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Porto, Portugal.,Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto-UMIB/ICBAS/UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Amaya Bélanger-Quintana
- Unidad de Enfermedades Metabolicas Servicio de Pediatria, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharina Dokoupil
- Div. of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hülya Gökmen-Özel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martine Robert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carina Heidenborg
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Does Beef Protein Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Exercise Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061429. [PMID: 31242624 PMCID: PMC6628355 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation might improve body composition and exercise performance. Supplements containing whey protein (WP) have received the most attention, but other protein sources such as beef protein (BP) are gaining popularity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of exercise training combined with BP, WP or no protein supplementation (NP), on body composition or exercise performance. Secondary endpoints included intervention effects on total protein intake and hematological parameters. Seven studies (n = 270 participants) were included. No differences were found between BP and WP for total protein intake (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.04, p = 0.892), lean body mass (LBM) (SMD = -0.01, p = 0.970) or fat mass (SMD = 0.07, p = 0.760). BP significantly increased total daily protein intake (SMD = 0.68, p < 0.001), LBM (SMD = 0.34, p = 0.049) and lower-limb muscle strength (SMD = 0.40, p = 0.014) compared to NP, but no significant differences were found between both conditions for fat mass (SMD = 0.15, p = 0.256), upper-limb muscle strength (SMD = 0.16, p = 0.536) or total iron intake (SMD = 0.29, p = 0.089). In summary, BP provides similar effects to WP on protein intake and body composition and, compared to NP, might be an effective intervention to increase total daily protein intake, LBM and lower-limb muscle strength.
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Burd NA, McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Paulussen KJ, Moore DR. Dietary Protein Quantity, Quality, and Exercise Are Key to Healthy Living: A Muscle-Centric Perspective Across the Lifespan. Front Nutr 2019; 6:83. [PMID: 31245378 PMCID: PMC6563776 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy eating pattern, regardless of age, should consist of ingesting high quality protein preferably in adequate amounts across all meals throughout the day. Of particular relevance to overall health is the growth, development, and maintenance of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle not only contributes to physical strength and performance, but also contributes to efficient macronutrient utilization and storage. Achieving an optimal amount of muscle mass begins early in life with transitions to "steady-state" maintenance as an adult, and then safeguarding against ultimate decline of muscle mass with age, all of which are influenced by physical activity and dietary (e.g., protein) factors. Current protein recommendations, as defined by recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for the US population or the population reference intakes (PRI) in Europe, are set to cover basic needs; however, it is thought that a higher protein intake might be necessary for optimizing muscle mass, especially for adults and individuals with an active lifestyle. It is necessary to balance the accurate assessment of protein quality (e.g., digestible indispensable amino acid score; DIAAS) with methods that provide a physiological correlate (e.g., established measures of protein synthesis, substrate oxidation, lean mass retention, or accrual, etc.) in order to accurately define protein requirements for these physiological outcomes. Moreover, current recommendations need to shift from single nutrient guidelines to whole food based guidelines in order to practically acknowledge food matrix interactions and other required nutrients for potentially optimizing the health effects of food. The aim of this paper is to discuss protein quality and amount that should be consumed with consideration to the presence of non-protein constituents within a food matrix and potential interactions with physical activity to maximize muscle mass throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kevin J.M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R. Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gwin JA, Karl JP, Lutz LJ, Gaffney-Stomberg E, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Higher Protein Density Diets Are Associated With Greater Diet Quality and Micronutrient Intake in Healthy Young Adults. Front Nutr 2019; 6:59. [PMID: 31134205 PMCID: PMC6514148 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study characterized habitual dietary protein intake in healthy young adults entering military service and explored whether diet protein density is associated with diet quality and micronutrient intake. Methods: An FFQ was used to estimate habitual dietary intake and calculate HEI scores in 276 males [mean(SD), age:21.1y(3.8)] and 254 females [age:21.2y(3.7)]. Multivariate-adjusted MANCOVA and ANCOVA models were used to identify associations between protein density quartiles and HEI scores and micronutrient intake. Higher HEI components scores for sodium, refined grains, and empty calories indicate lower intake; higher scores for all other components indicate higher intakes. Results: Mean(SD) energy-adjusted protein intakes were 29.3(3.2), 36.0(1.4), 40.8(1.3), and 47.9(3.9) g/1,000 kcal for protein density quartiles 1-4, respectively. For males, empty calorie scores as well as dark green and orange vegetable scores were higher in quartiles 3 and 4 than 1 and 2 (all, p < 0.05). Scores for total vegetable, dairy, and total protein foods were lower in quartile 1 vs. quartiles 2, 3, and 4 (all, p < 0.05). Sodium scores decreased as quartiles increased (p < 0.001). Total HEI, fruit, whole grains, seafood and plant protein, fatty acids, and refined grain scores did not differ. For females, total HEI, vegetable, and total protein foods scores were higher in quartiles 3 and 4 than 1 and 2 (all, p < 0.05). Empty calorie scores increased as quartile increased (p < 0.05). Dairy scores were higher in quartiles 2, 3, and 4 than 1 (p < 0.05). Whole fruit scores were lowest in quartile 1 (p < 0.05). Whole grain as well as seafood and plant protein scores were higher in quartile 4 vs. 1 (both, p < 0.05). Sodium scores decreased as quartile increased (p < 0.001). Fatty acids scores did not differ. For males and females, micronutrient intakes progressively increased across quartiles with the exception of calcium and vitamin C, (all, p < 0.05). Intakes remained nearly the same when controlled for fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusion: These cross-sectional data suggest that habitually consuming a higher protein density diet is associated with better scores for some, but not all, diet quality components in males, better overall diet quality scores in females, and greater intakes of micronutrients in both male and female healthy, young adults entering military service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Gwin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Supporting the Military Nutrition Division of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Military Nutrition Division of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Laura J Lutz
- Military Performance Division of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Erin Gaffney-Stomberg
- Military Performance Division of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
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Pre- and post-exercise nutritional practices of amateur runners in the UK: are they meeting the guidelines for optimal carbohydrate and protein intakes? SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise. Sports Med 2019; 49:185-197. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Matsuda T, Kato H, Suzuki H, Mizugaki A, Ezaki T, Ogita F. Within-Day Amino Acid Intakes and Nitrogen Balance in Male Collegiate Swimmers during the General Preparation Phase. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1809. [PMID: 30463354 PMCID: PMC6266158 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher protein intake is recommended for athletes compared to healthy non-exercising individuals. Additionally, the distribution and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the proteins consumed throughout the day should be optimized. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intakes in competitive swimmers during the general preparation phase. Thirteen swimmers (age: 19.7 ± 1.0 years; VO₂max: 63.9 ± 3.7 mL·kg-1·min-1, mean ± standard deviation) participated in a five-day experimental training period. Nutrient intakes were assessed using dietary records. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The intake amounts of amino acids and protein at seven eating occasions were determined. The average and population-safe intakes for zero nitrogen balance were estimated at 1.43 and 1.92 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively. The intake amounts of protein and leucine at breakfast, lunch, and dinner satisfied current guidelines for the maximization of muscle protein synthesis, but not in the other four occasions. The population-safe protein intake level in competitive swimmers was in the upper range (i.e., 1.2⁻2.0 g·kg-1·day-1) of the current recommendations for athletes. The protein intake distribution and quality throughout the day may be suboptimal for the maximization of the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsuda
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Haruka Suzuki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Ami Mizugaki
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Ezaki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Ogita
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
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Abstract
The exploits of elite athletes delight, frustrate, and confound us as they strive to reach their physiological, psychological, and biomechanical limits. We dissect nutritional approaches to optimal performance, showcasing the contribution of modern sports science to gold medals and world titles. Despite an enduring belief in a single, superior “athletic diet,” diversity in sports nutrition practices among successful athletes arises from the specificity of the metabolic demands of different sports and the periodization of training and competition goals. Pragmatic implementation of nutrition strategies in real-world scenarios and the prioritization of important strategies when nutrition themes are in conflict add to this variation. Lastly, differences in athlete practices both promote and reflect areas of controversy and disagreement among sports nutrition experts.
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McCartney D, Desbrow B, Irwin C. Post-exercise Ingestion of Carbohydrate, Protein and Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Effects on Subsequent Athletic Performance. Sports Med 2018; 48:379-408. [PMID: 29098657 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes may complete consecutive exercise sessions with limited recovery time between bouts (e.g. ≤ 4 h). Nutritional strategies that optimise post-exercise recovery in these situations are therefore important. OBJECTIVE This two-part review investigated the effect of consuming carbohydrate (CHO) and protein with water (W) following exercise on subsequent athletic (endurance/anaerobic exercise) performance. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified by searching the online databases SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND INTERVENTIONS Investigations that measured endurance performance (≥ 5 min duration) ≤ 4 h after a standardised exercise bout (any type) under the following control vs. intervention conditions were included: Part 1: W vs. CHO ingested with an equal volume of W (CHO + W); and, Part 2: CHO + W vs. protein (PRO) ingested with CHO and an equal volume of W (PRO + CHO + W), where CHO or energy intake was matched. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Publications were examined for bias using the Rosendal scale. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted to evaluate intervention efficacy. RESULTS The quality assessment yielded a Rosendal score of 63 ± 9% (mean ± standard deviation). Part 1: 45 trials (n = 486) were reviewed. Ingesting CHO + W (102 ± 50 g CHO; 0.8 ± 0.6 g CHO kg-1 h-1) improved exercise performance compared with W (1.6 ± 0.7 L); %Δ mean power output = 4.0, 95% confidence interval 3.2-4.7 (I 2 = 43.9). Improvement was attenuated when participants were 'Fed' (a meal 2-4 h prior to the initial bout) as opposed to 'Fasted' (p = 0.012). Part 2: 13 trials (n = 125) were reviewed. Ingesting PRO + CHO + W (35 ± 26 g PRO; 0.5 ± 0.4 g PRO kg-1) did not affect exercise performance compared with CHO + W (115 ± 61 g CHO; 0.6 ± 0.3 g CHO·kg body mass-1 h-1; 1.2 ± 0.6 L); %Δ mean power output = 0.5, 95% confidence interval - 0.5 to 1.6 (I 2 = 72.9). CONCLUSIONS Athletes with limited time for recovery between consecutive exercise sessions should prioritise CHO and fluid ingestion to enhance subsequent athletic performance. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016046807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Roberson PA, Romero MA, Mumford PW, Osburn SC, Haun CT, Vann CG, Kluess HA, Roberts MD. Protein Supplementation Throughout 10 Weeks of Progressive Run Training Is Not Beneficial for Time Trial Improvement. Front Nutr 2018; 5:97. [PMID: 30456213 PMCID: PMC6230989 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Protein supplementation is proposed to promote recovery and adaptation following endurance exercise. While prior literature demonstrates improved performance when supplementing protein during or following endurance exercise, chronic supplementation research is limited. Methods: Runners (VO2peak = 53.6 ± 8.9 ml/kg/min) were counter-balanced into a placebo group (PLA; n = 8) or protein group (PRO; n = 9) based on sex and VO2peak, and underwent 10 weeks of progressive endurance training. Prior to training, body composition, blood cell differentials, non-invasive mitochondrial capacity using near-infrared spectroscopy, and a 5 km treadmill time trial (TT) were evaluated. Progressive training then commenced (5–10% increase in weekly volume with a recovery week following 3 weeks of training) whereby PRO supplemented with 25 g of whey protein following workouts and prior to sleep (additional 50 g daily). PLA supplemented similarly with a < 1 g sugar pill per day. Following training, participants were reanalyzed for the aforementioned tests. Results: VO2peak and initial 5 km TT were not significantly different between groups. PRO consumed significantly more dietary protein throughout the training period (PRO = 132 g/d or 2.1 g/kg/day; PLA = 84 g/d or 1.2 g/kg/day). Running volume increased significantly over time, but was not significantly different between groups throughout training. Blood measures were unaltered with training or supplementation. Mitochondrial capacity trended toward improving over time (time p = 0.063) with no difference between groups. PLA increased lean mass 0.7 kg (p < 0.05) while PRO experienced infinitesimal change (−0.1 kg, interaction p = 0.049). PLA improved 5 km TT performance 6.4% (1 min 31 s), while PRO improved only 2.7% (40 s) (interaction p = 0.080). Conclusion: This is the first evidence to suggest long-term protein supplementation during progressive run training is not beneficial for runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Matthew A Romero
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Heidi A Kluess
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
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Whey Protein Augments Leucinemia and Postexercise p70S6K1 Activity Compared With a Hydrolyzed Collagen Blend When in Recovery From Training With Low Carbohydrate Availability. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:651-659. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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James LJ, Stevenson EJ, Rumbold PLS, Hulston CJ. Cow's milk as a post-exercise recovery drink: implications for performance and health. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:40-48. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1534989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J. James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Penny L. S. Rumbold
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carl J. Hulston
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Cintineo HP, Arent MA, Antonio J, Arent SM. Effects of Protein Supplementation on Performance and Recovery in Resistance and Endurance Training. Front Nutr 2018; 5:83. [PMID: 30255023 PMCID: PMC6142015 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is robust evidence which shows that consuming protein pre- and/or post-workout induces a significant rise in muscle protein synthesis. It should be noted, however, that total daily caloric and protein intake over the long term play the most crucial dietary roles in facilitating adaptations to exercise. However, once these factors are accounted for, it appears that peri-exercise protein intake, particularly in the post-training period, plays a potentially useful role in terms of optimizing physical performance and positively influencing the subsequent recovery processes for both resistance training and endurance exercise. Factors that affect the utility of pre- or post-workout feeding include but are not necessarily limited to: training status (e.g., novice vs. advanced, or recreational vs. competitive athlete), duration of exercise, the number of training sessions per day, the number of competitive events per day, etc. From a purely pragmatic standpoint, consuming protein post-workout represents an opportunity to feed; this in turn contributes to one's total daily energy and protein intake. Furthermore, despite recent suggestions that one does not “need” to consume protein during the immediate (1 h or less) post-training time frame, it should be emphasized that consuming nothing offers no advantage and perhaps even a disadvantage. Thus, based on performance and recovery effects, it appears that the prudent approach would be to have athletes consume protein post-training and post-competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry P Cintineo
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Michelle A Arent
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Nutritionally non-essential amino acids are dispensable for whole-body protein synthesis after exercise in endurance athletes with an adequate essential amino acid intake. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1679-1684. [PMID: 30145710 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The increased protein requirement of endurance athletes may be related to the need to replace exercise-induced oxidative losses, especially of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). However, it is unknown if non-essential amino acids (NEAA) influence the requirement for essential amino acids (EAA) during post-exercise recovery. Seven endurance-trained males ran 20 km prior to consuming [13C]phenylalanine, sufficient energy, and: (1) deficient protein (BASE); (2) BASE supplemented with sufficient BCAA (BCAAsup); (3) an equivalent EAA intake as BCAA (LowEAA), and; (4) sufficient EAA intake (HighEAA). [13C]Phenylalanine oxidation (the reciprocal of protein synthesis) for BCAAsup and HighEAA (0.54 ± 0.15, 0.49 ± 0.11 µmol kg-1 h-1; Mean ± SD) were significantly lower than BASE (0.74 ± 0.14 µmol kg-1 h-1; P < 0.01 for both) and LowEAA (0.70 ± 0.11 µmol kg-1 h-1; P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that exogenous NEAA are dispensable for whole-body protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise provided sufficient EAA are consumed. Endurance athletes who may be at risk of not meeting their elevated protein requirements should prioritize the intake of EAA-enriched foods and/or supplements.
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Muros JJ, Sánchez-Muñoz C, Hoyos J, Zabala M. Nutritional intake and body composition changes in a UCI World Tour cycling team during the Tour of Spain. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:86-94. [PMID: 30016187 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1497088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the food intake of an International Cyclist Union (UCI) World Tour professional cyclist team and to analyse changes in body composition during the Tour of Spain. Nine male professional road cyclists (31.3 ± 3.0 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Nutritional data were collected each day throughout the 3-week Tour by two trained investigators who weighed the food ingested by the cyclists. Mean nutritional intake of the cyclists was as follows: carbohydrate, 12.5 ± 1.8 g/kg/day of body weight (BW) (65.0 ± 5.9%); fat, 1.5 ± 0.5 g/kg/day BW (17.9 ± 5.6%); and protein, 3.3 ± 0.3 g/kg/day BW (17.1 ± 1.6%). Intake of all micronutrients, except for folate, vitamin D and potassium (which were 78.7%, 46% and 84% of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), respectively), exceeded the RDA. Height, weight, skinfolds, circumferences and diameters were taken following the guidelines outlined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body density, body fat percentage, muscle mass, total muscle mass and fat mass of the arms and thighs were calculated. Percentage body fat, fat mass and upper arm fat mass significantly decreased (p < .05) after the Tour independent of the equation method used in the calculations. Total muscle mass remained unchanged. Generally, this sample of cyclists consumed more protein and less fat than the recommended amount and had low weight, BMI and fat mass. It is suggested that sports nutritionists design personalised diets in order to maintain a correct proportion of nutrients as well as controlling possible anthropometrical changes that could affect performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Muros
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Cycling Research Center , Granada , Spain
| | - Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz
- b Cycling Research Center , Granada , Spain.,c Department of Physical Education, School of Sport Science , University of Granada , Melilla , Spain
| | | | - Mikel Zabala
- b Cycling Research Center , Granada , Spain.,d Movistar Cycling Team , Spain.,e Department of Physical Education, School of Sport Science , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
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Abstract
Elite athletes and coaches are in a constant search for training methods and nutritional strategies to support training and recovery efforts that may ultimately maximize athletes’ performance. Recently, there has been a re-emerging interest in the role of ketone bodies in exercise metabolism, with considerable media speculation about ketone body supplements being routinely used by professional cyclists. Ketone bodies can serve as an important energy substrate under certain conditions, such as starvation, and can modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Dietary strategies to increase endogenous ketone body availability (i.e., a ketogenic diet) require a diet high in lipids and low in carbohydrates for ~4 days to induce nutritional ketosis. However, a high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet may impair exercise performance via reducing the capacity to utilize carbohydrate, which forms a key fuel source for skeletal muscle during intense endurance-type exercise. Recently, ketone body supplements (ketone salts and esters) have emerged and may be used to rapidly increase ketone body availability, without the need to first adapt to a ketogenic diet. However, the extent to which ketone bodies regulate skeletal muscle bioenergetics and substrate metabolism during prolonged endurance-type exercise of varying intensity and duration remains unknown. Therefore, at present there are no data available to suggest that ingestion of ketone bodies during exercise improves athletes’ performance under conditions where evidence-based nutritional strategies are applied appropriately.
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Kato H, Suzuki K, Bannai M, Moore DR. Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are the Primary Limiting Amino Acids in the Diets of Endurance-Trained Men after a Bout of Prolonged Exercise. J Nutr 2018; 148:925-931. [PMID: 29746639 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method estimates the protein intake required to maximize whole-body protein synthesis and identify the daily protein requirement in a variety of populations. However, it is unclear whether the greater requirements for endurance athletes previously determined by the IAAO reflect an increased demand for all or only some amino acids. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the primary rate-limiting amino acids in endurance-trained athletes after prolonged exercise, by measuring the oxidation of ingested [1-13C]phenylalanine in response to variable amino acid intake. Methods Five endurance-trained men (means ± SDs: age, 26 ± 7 y; body weight, 66.9 ± 9.5 kg; maximal oxygen consumption, 63.3 ± 4.3 mL · kg-1 · min-1) performed 5 trials that involved 2 d of controlled diet (1.4 g protein · kg-1 · d-1) and running (10 km on day 1 and 5 km on day 2) prior to performing an acute bout of endurance exercise (20-km treadmill run) on day 3. During recovery on day 3, participants consumed test diets as 8 isocaloric hourly meals providing sufficient energy and carbohydrate but a variable amino acid intake. The test diets, consumed in random order, were deficient (BASE: 0.8 g · kg-1 · d-1) and sufficient (SUF; 1.75 g · kg-1 · d-1) amino acid diets modeled after egg protein, and BASE supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA diet; 1.03 g · kg-1 · d-1), essential amino acids (EAA diet; 1.23 g · kg-1 · d-1), or nonessential amino acids (NEAA diet; 1.75 g · kg-1 · d-1). Whole-body phenylalanine flux (Q), 13CO2 excretion (F13CO2), and phenylalanine oxidation (OX) were determined according to standard IAAO methodology. Results There was no effect of amino acid intake on Q (P = 0.43). F13CO2 was significantly (all P < 0.01) lower than BASE for the BCAA (∼32%), EAA (∼31%), and SUF (∼36%) diet treatments. F13CO2 for the NEAA diet was ∼18% lower than for BASE (P < 0.05) but ∼28% greater than for SUF (P < 0.05). OX was similarly decreased (∼24-41%) in all conditions compared with BASE (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggest that the BCAAs may be the primary rate-liming amino acids in the greater daily protein requirement of endurance trained men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02628249.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kato
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Bannai
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Knuiman P, Hopman MTE, Verbruggen C, Mensink M. Protein and the Adaptive Response With Endurance Training: Wishful Thinking or a Competitive Edge? Front Physiol 2018; 9:598. [PMID: 29875696 PMCID: PMC5974122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of carbohydrates for endurance training has been well established, whereas the role of protein and the adaptive response with endurance training is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this perspective is to discuss the current evidence on the role of dietary protein and the adaptive response with endurance training. On a metabolic level, a single bout of endurance training stimulates the oxidation of several amino acids. Although the amount of amino acids as part of total energy expenditure during exercise is relatively low compared to other substrates (e.g., carbohydrates and fat), it may depress the rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and thereby have a negative effect on training adaptation. A low supply of amino acids relative to that of carbohydrates may also have negative effects on the synthesis of capillaries, synthesis and turn-over of mitochondrial proteins and proteins involved in oxygen transport including hamoglobin and myoglobin. Thus far, the scientific evidence demonstrating the significance of dietary protein is mainly derived from research with resistance exercise training regimes. This is not surprising since the general paradigm states that endurance training has insignificant effects on skeletal muscle growth. This could have resulted in an underappreciation of the role of dietary protein for the endurance athlete. To conclude, evidence of the role of protein on endurance training adaptations and performance remains scarce and is mainly derived from acute exercise studies. Therefore, future human intervention studies must unravel whether dietary protein is truly capable of augmenting endurance training adaptations and ultimately performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Knuiman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Conor Verbruggen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Shamim B, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Protein Availability and Satellite Cell Dynamics in Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2018; 48:1329-1343. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mazzulla M, Parel JT, Beals JW, VAN Vliet S, Abou Sawan S, West DWD, Paluska SA, Ulanov AV, Moore DR, Burd NA. Endurance Exercise Attenuates Postprandial Whole-Body Leucine Balance in Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:2585-2592. [PMID: 28767524 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endurance exercise increases indices of small intestinal damage and leucine oxidation, which may attenuate dietary amino acid appearance and postprandial leucine balance during postexercise recovery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an acute bout of endurance exercise on postprandial leucine kinetics and net leucine balance. METHODS In a crossover design, seven trained young men (age = 25.6 ± 2.3 yr; V˙O2peak = 61.4 ± 2.9 mL·kg·min; mean ± SEM) received a primed constant infusion of L-[1-C]leucine before and after ingesting a mixed macronutrient meal containing 18 g whole egg protein intrinsically labeled with L-[5,5,5-H3]leucine, 17 g fat, and 60 g carbohydrate at rest and after 60 min of treadmill running at 70% V˙O2peak. RESULTS Plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein concentrations and leucine oxidation both increased (P < 0.01) to peaks that were ~2.5-fold above baseline values during exercise with a concomitant decrease (P < 0.01) in nonoxidative leucine disposal. Meal ingestion attenuated (P < 0.01) endogenous leucine rates of appearance at rest and after exercise. There were no differences (both, P > 0.05) in dietary leucine appearance rates or in the amount of dietary protein-derived leucine that appeared into circulation over the 5-h postprandial period at rest and after exercise (62% ± 2% and 63% ± 2%, respectively). Leucine balance over the 5-h postprandial period was positive (P < 0.01) in both conditions but was negative (P < 0.01) during the exercise trial after accounting for exercise-induced leucine oxidation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that endurance exercise does not modulate dietary leucine availability from a mixed meal but attenuates postprandial whole-body leucine balance in trained young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mazzulla
- 1Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA; 2Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL; 3Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL; 4Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL; and 5Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
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Vliet SV, Beals JW, Martinez IG, Skinner SK, Burd NA. Achieving Optimal Post-Exercise Muscle Protein Remodeling in Physically Active Adults through Whole Food Consumption. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020224. [PMID: 29462924 PMCID: PMC5852800 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein ingestion is critical to maintaining the quality and quantity of skeletal muscle mass throughout adult life. The performance of acute exercise enhances muscle protein remodeling by stimulating protein synthesis rates for several hours after each bout, which can be optimized by consuming protein during the post-exercise recovery period. To date, the majority of the evidence regarding protein intake to optimize post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates is limited to isolated protein sources. However, it is more common to ingest whole food sources of protein within a normal eating pattern. Emerging evidence demonstrates a promising role for the ingestion of whole foods as an effective nutritional strategy to support muscle protein remodeling and recovery after exercise. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of the ingestion of nutrient-rich and protein-dense whole foods to support post-exercise muscle protein remodeling and recovery with pertinence towards physically active people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
| | - Isabel G Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Sarah K Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Wooding DJ, Packer JE, Kato H, West DWD, Courtney-Martin G, Pencharz PB, Moore DR. Increased Protein Requirements in Female Athletes after Variable-Intensity Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:2297-2304. [PMID: 28692631 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein requirements are primarily studied in the context of resistance or endurance exercise with little research devoted to variable-intensity intermittent exercise characteristic of many team sports. Further, female populations are underrepresented in dietary sports science studies. We aimed to determine a dietary protein requirement in active females performing variable-intensity intermittent exercise using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method. We hypothesized that these requirements would be greater than current IAAO-derived estimates in nonactive adult males. METHODS Six females (21.2 ± 0.8 yr, 68.8 ± 4.1 kg, 47.1 ± 1.2 mL O2·kg·min; mean ± SE) completed five to seven metabolic trials during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Participants performed a modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test before consuming eight hourly mixed meals providing the test protein intake (0.2-2.66 g·kg·d), 6 g·kg·d CHO and sufficient energy for resting and exercise-induced energy expenditure. Protein was provided as crystalline amino acid modeling egg protein with [C]phenylalanine as the indicator amino acid. Phenylalanine turnover (Q) was determined from urinary [C]phenylalanine enrichment. Breath CO2 excretion (FCO2) was analyzed using mixed effects biphase linear regression with the breakpoint and upper 95% confidence interval approximating the estimated average requirement and recommended dietary allowance, respectively. RESULTS Protein intake had no effect on Q (68.7 ± 7.3 μmol·kg·h; mean ± SE). FCO2 displayed a robust biphase response (R = 0.66) with an estimated average requirement of 1.41 g·kg·d and recommended dietary allowance of 1.71 g·kg·d. CONCLUSIONS The protein requirement estimate of 1.41 and 1.71 g·kg·d for females performing variable-intensity intermittent exercise is greater than the IAAO-derived estimates of adult males (0.93 and 1.2 g·kg·d) and at the upper range of the American College of Sports Medicine athlete recommendations (1.2-2.0 g·kg·d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Wooding
- 1Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA; 2Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, JAPAN; 3Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, CANADA; 4Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA; and 5Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
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