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Lutz MR, Orr CJ, Shonna Yin H, Heerman WJ, Flower KB, Sanders LM, Rothman RL, Schildcrout JS, Bian A, Kay MC, Wood CT, Delamater AM, Perrin EM. Television Time, Especially During Meals, Is Associated With Less Healthy Dietary Practices in Toddlers. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:741-747. [PMID: 37802249 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While several studies examine the relationship between screen time and dietary practices in children and teenagers, there is limited research in toddlers. This study evaluates the association between television (TV) exposure and dietary practices in 2-year-old children. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, secondary data analysis from the Greenlight Intervention Study. Toddlers' daily TV watching time, mealtime TV, and dietary practices were assessed by caregiver report at the 24-month well-child visit. Separate regression models were used and adjusted for sociodemographic/household characteristics and clinic site. RESULTS Five hundred and thirty-two toddlers were included (51% Latino; 30% non-Latino Black; 59% ≤$20,000 annual household income). Median daily TV watching time was 42 minutes (interquartile range: 25, 60); 25% reported the TV was "usually on" during mealtimes. After adjustment, toddlers who watched more TV daily had higher odds of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages, fast food, and more junk food; those watching less TV had higher odds of consuming more fruits/vegetables. Those with the TV "usually on" during mealtimes were more likely to consume sugar-sweetened beverages (aOR 3.72 [95% confidence interval {CI} 2.16-6.43]), fast food (aOR 2.83 [95%CI 1.54-5.20]), and more junk food (aOR 4.25 [95%CI 2.71-6.65]). CONCLUSIONS Among toddlers from primarily minoritized populations and of lower socioeconomic status, those who watched more TV daily and usually had the TV on during meals had significantly less healthy dietary practices, even after adjusting for known covariates. This study supports the current American Academy of Pediatrics screen time guidelines and underscores the importance of early counseling on general and mealtime TV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Lutz
- Department of Pediatrics (MR Lutz and EM Perrin), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
| | - Colin J Orr
- Department of Pediatrics (CJ Orr and KB Flower), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
| | - Hsiang Shonna Yin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health (HS Yin), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.
| | - William J Heerman
- Department of Pediatrics (WJ Heerman and RL Rothman), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
| | - Kori B Flower
- Department of Pediatrics (CJ Orr and KB Flower), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
| | - Lee M Sanders
- Departments of Pediatrics and Health Policy (LM Sanders), Stanford University, Calif.
| | | | - Jonathan S Schildcrout
- Department of Biostatistics (JS Schildcrout and A Bian), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
| | - Aihua Bian
- Department of Biostatistics (JS Schildcrout and A Bian), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
| | - Melissa C Kay
- Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
| | - Charles T Wood
- Department of Pediatrics (CT Wood), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
| | - Alan M Delamater
- Mailman Center for Child Development (AM Delamater), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Fla.
| | - Eliana M Perrin
- Department of Pediatrics (MR Lutz and EM Perrin), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Division of General Pediatrics (EM Perrin), Department of Pediatrics, Schools of Medicine and Nursing.
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Bruijns BA, Bourke M, Loh A, Tucker P. Movement behaviour education for parents in prenatal, postnatal, and pediatric care in Canada: A needs assessment. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:164. [PMID: 38459485 PMCID: PMC10921676 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents/guardians can greatly influence their child's movement behaviours (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep). Yet, they have reported to lack sufficient background knowledge to foster healthy movement habits, and little is known about specific educational gaps. The aim of this study was to explore the educational background and needs regarding promoting healthy movement behaviours in early childhood among parents/guardians living in Canada. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with parents/guardians living in Canada who had at least one child under the age of 5 years. Participants completed an online survey capturing their demographics, information they received about movement behaviours in early childhood during their prenatal/postnatal care or child's pediatrician appointments, where they sourced information about these topics, content areas they would like more information on, and preferred format for delivery. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were calculated for all outcome variables and logistic regression was used to explore if sociodemographic variables were associated with receiving movement behaviour-related education across care types. RESULTS Among the 576 parents/guardians who completed the survey, many reported no mention of any movement behaviour in their prenatal (49.4%), postnatal (29.6%), and pediatric care (37.2%). Physical activity was the most cited movement behaviour across care types, with 42.4%, 57.9%, and 54.8% of participants indicating this was discussed in their prenatal, postnatal, and pediatric care, respectively. Only 41.7% of parents/guardians reported asking their child's pediatrician about movement behaviours, while most relied on social media (70.9%), internet websites/news articles (68.7%), and family/friends (67.6%). The most sought-after movement behaviour topics included incorporating movement into traditionally sedentary activities (68.8%) and activity ideas to break up sitting time (65.0%), and participants expressed preference to receive more information via social media (63.2%), an online resource package (47.8%), or email (46.6%). CONCLUSIONS Given the noted inconsistencies in education relating to movement behaviours in maternal and pediatric care, this study highlights the opportunity for greater integration of this type of education across care types. Ensuring all parents/guardians receive evidence-based and consistent guidance on their child's movement behaviours will help ensure young children receive the best start to a healthy active life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Bruijns
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Matthew Bourke
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Aidan Loh
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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Morawska A, Mitchell AE, Tooth LR. Managing Screen Use in the Under-Fives: Recommendations for Parenting Intervention Development. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:943-956. [PMID: 37171529 PMCID: PMC10640456 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of excessive screen use on children's health and development is a public health concern and many countries have published recommendations to limit and guide the use of screen media in childhood. Despite this, international studies report that the majority of parents and children do not adhere to screen use recommendations. Existing research aiming to understand children' screen use has largely focused on older children, and on demographic and structural aspects of the child's environment. Parents play a central role in determining young children's screen use and identify numerous barriers to developing healthy screen use practices with their children. However, no clear models exist that incorporate key parenting factors in understanding children's screen use, which presents an impediment to intervention development. Likewise, while some evidence exists for interventions to improve children's screen use behaviours, most are focused on older children and parental involvement has generally been limited. In this paper, we overview key factors associated with screen use in young children (< 5 years) and summarise the existing evidence base for interventions designed to support healthy screen use. This paper proposes a conceptual model linking aspects of parenting and the socio-ecological environment to young children's screen use. Our proposed model could be used to design longitudinal studies of screen use predictors and outcomes, and inform intervention development. Finally, the paper provides key recommendations for future research, intervention development and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Morawska
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 13 Upland Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - Amy E Mitchell
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leigh R Tooth
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Bagatini NC, Feil Pinho CD, Leites GT, da Cunha Voser R, Gaya AR, Santos Cunha GD. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiometabolic risk factors in schoolchildren. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:454. [PMID: 37689621 PMCID: PMC10492303 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of physical fitness established during childhood and adolescence have been associated with positive effects on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), which persist into adulthood. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle, overweight, and obesity during this period are considered public health problems. These conditions tend to worsen in adulthood, increasing the incidence of chronic diseases, deteriorating CMRF, and consequently leading to higher comorbidity and mortality rates. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body mass index (BMI) on CMRF in children and adolescents. METHODS The sample consisted of 49 schoolchildren of both sexes aged 10-17 years. Anthropometric assessments, CRF test, muscle strength test, and blood pressure (BP) measurement were conducted. Participants were allocated into groups based on BMI (eutrophic, overweight, obese), and CRF levels (low-fit, normal-fit, and high-fit). RESULTS Obese individuals had lower CRF values compared to the eutrophic and overweight groups. The cardiometabolic risk profile (CMRP) was significantly higher in the obese group compared to the eutrophic group but showed no significant difference compared to the overweight group. The hight-fit group had lower CMRP values compared to the low-fit group. CONCLUSIONS Higher BMI and CRF values had negative and positive effects on CMRF and CMRP in schoolchildren, respectively. Overweight or obese schoolchildren with low levels of CRF constitute an unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Carvalho Bagatini
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Dertzbocher Feil Pinho
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério da Cunha Voser
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovani Dos Santos Cunha
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Szpunar M, Bruijns BA, Vanderloo LM, Shelley J, Burke SM, Tucker P. Development of a Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Policy for Canadian Childcare Settings: A Delphi Study. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37360589 PMCID: PMC10042097 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-023-01473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain consensus on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) policy items for use in Canadian childcare settings. Purposeful sampling of Canadian experts in PA/SB (n = 19) and Early Childhood Education (ECE; n = 20) was used to form two distinct (i.e., PA/SB and ECE) panels for a 3-round Delphi study. In round 1, the PA/SB experts suggested their top 10 items for a Canadian childcare PA/SB policy. Policy items were then pooled to generate a list of 24 unique items. In round 2, experts in both panels rated the importance of the 24 policy items using a 7-point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = Not at all important to 7 = Extremely important). The ECE panel was also asked to report on the feasibility of the policy items using a 4-point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = Not at all feasible to 4 = Very feasible). Policy items that received an interquartile deviation (IQD) score of ≤ 1 (indicating consensus) and a median score of ≥ 6 (indicating importance) in both panels were considered shared priorities. In round 3, members of both panels re-rated the importance of the policy items that did not achieve consensus among their respective panel in round 2 and were asked to order items based on importance. Descriptive statistics were used to assess feasibility of policy items, and differences in panel ratings were quantified using Mann Whitney U tests. Consensus was achieved for 23 policy items in the PA/SB panel and 17 items in the ECE panel. Overall, 15 shared priorities were identified (e.g., provide 120 min of outdoor time per day, sedentary behaviour should not be used as a punishment), and six policy items exhibited a statistical difference in ratings across panels. Members of the ECE panel indicated that the policy item, "children should be permitted to go outside whenever they want, for as long as they want" (M = 1.78; SD = 0.65) was lowest in terms of feasibility, and the policy item, "children should receive opportunities to engage in both unstructured and structured physical activity opportunities daily" (M = 3.89; SD = 0.32) was the most feasible for daily implementation. Findings from this study can inform the development of an expert-generated and feasibility-informed institutional PA/SB policy for use in Canadian childcare settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10643-023-01473-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szpunar
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Brianne A. Bruijns
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Leigh M. Vanderloo
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- ParticipACTION, 77 Bloor Street West, Suite 1205, Toronto, ON M5S 1M2 Canada
| | - Jacob Shelley
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Shauna M. Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 4V3 Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 4V3 Canada
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6
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Ullevig SL, Parra-Medina D, Liang Y, Howard J, Sosa E, Estrada-Coats VM, Errisuriz V, Li S, Yin Z. Impact of ¡Míranos! on parent-reported home-based healthy energy balance-related behaviors in low-income Latino preschool children: a clustered randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:33. [PMID: 36944986 PMCID: PMC10029790 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread establishment of home-based healthy energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs), like diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, screen time, and sleep, among low-income preschool-aged children could curb the childhood obesity epidemic. We examined the effect of an 8-month multicomponent intervention on changes in EBRBs among preschool children enrolled in 12 Head Start centers. METHODS The Head Start (HS) centers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms: center-based intervention group (CBI), center-based plus home-based intervention group (CBI + HBI), or control. Before and following the intervention, parents of 3-year-olds enrolled in participating HS centers completed questionnaires about their child's at-home EBRBs. Adult-facilitated physical activity (PA) was measured by an index based on questions assessing the child's level of PA participation at home, with or facilitated by an adult. Fruit, vegetable, and added sugar intake were measured via a short food frequency questionnaire, and sleep time and screen time were measured using 7-day logs. A linear mixed effects model examined the intervention's effect on post-intervention changes in PA, intake of fruit, vegetable, and added sugar, sleep time, and screen time from baseline to post-intervention. RESULTS A total of 325 parents participated in the study (CBI n = 101; CBI + HBI n = 101; and control n = 123). Compared to control children, CBI and CBI + HBI parents reported decreases in children's intake of added sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages. Both CBI and CBI + HBI parents also reported smaller increases in children's average weekday screen time relative to controls. In addition, CBI + HBI parents reported CBI + HBI parents reported increases in children's adult-facilitated PA, fruit and vegetable intake, and daily sleep time during weekdays (excluding weekends) and the total week from baseline to post-intervention, while children in the CBI increased sleep time over the total week compared to the children in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Parent engagement strengthened the improvement in parent-reported EBRBs at home in young children participating in an evidence-based obesity prevention program in a childcare setting. Future studies should investigate equity-related contextual factors that influence the impact of obesity prevention in health-disparity populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03590834. Registered July 18, 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03590834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Ullevig
- College for Health, Community and Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Parra-Medina
- Latino Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 210 W. 24th Street, GWB 1.102, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Howard
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erica Sosa
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa M Estrada-Coats
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Errisuriz
- Latino Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 210 W. 24th Street, GWB 1.102, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Shiyu Li
- School of Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zenong Yin
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Neck and Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Symptoms Secondary to Maladaptive Postures Caused by Cell Phones and Backpacks in School-Aged Children and Adolescents. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060819. [PMID: 36981476 PMCID: PMC10048647 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Technology is an essential part of our lives. Nowadays, it is almost impossible to leave the house without a cell phone. Despite the wide range of benefits of cell phones and handheld electronic devices, this evolution of technology has not come without a price. The pandemic of cell phone use among children and young adolescents has led to the emergence of a set of musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms that have not been seen before in this age group. These symptoms can range from neck and shoulder discomfort to pain, peripheral neurological symptoms of the upper extremity, and long-term complications such as disk prolapse and degenerative disk disease of the cervical spine. This clinical presentation is known as “text neck syndrome.” In addition to MSK symptoms, text neck syndrome could also include eye and ear symptoms, psychological problems, peripheral neurological symptoms, and poor academic performance. Multiple mechanisms have been discussed by which cell phone use causes MSK symptoms. Maladaptive postures, a decrease in physical activity leading to obesity, and the direct effect of electromagnetic radiation are some of the mechanisms by which long-term use of cell phones leads to the clinical presentation of text neck syndrome and its long-term consequences. The purpose of this article is to review the literature, discuss the epidemiology of cell phone use and MSK symptoms associated with its use in children and adolescents, describe its clinical presentation, explain the pathophysiology behind it, and provide preventative guidelines that can be used by this age group to allow for the continued use of these electronics without harmful effects on their posture and long-term health.
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Domaradzki J. The Discriminant Power of Specific Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors to Distinguish between Lean, Normal and Excessive Fat Groups in Late Adolescents. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051230. [PMID: 36904229 PMCID: PMC10005529 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and dietary behaviors (DBs) are crucial determinants of body mass composition. This work is a continuation of the previous study of PA and DBs patterns in late adolescents. The main aim of this work was to assess the discriminant power of PA and dietary behaviors and to identify the set of variables that discriminated participants with low, normal, and excessive fat the most. The results were also canonical classification functions that can allow the classification of individuals into adequate groups. A total of 107 individuals (48.6% male) participated in examinations, which used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Questionnaire of Eating Behaviors (QEB) to assess PA and DBs. The participants self-reported body height, body weight, and BFP, with the accuracy of the data confirmed and empirically verified. Analyses included the metabolic equivalent task (MET) minutes of PA domains and intensity, and indices of healthy and non-healthy DBs, calculated as a sum of the intake frequency of specific food items. At the beginning, Pearson's r-coefficients and chi-squared tests were calculated to study various relationships between variables, while the main considerations were based on discriminant analyses conducted to determine the set of variables with the most power to distinguish between lean, normal, and excessive body fat groups of participants. Results showed weak relationships between PA domains and strong relationships between PA intensity, sitting time, and DBs. Vigorous and moderate PA intensity related positively to healthy behaviors (r = 0.14, r = 0.27, p < 0.05), while sitting time related negatively to unhealthy DBs (r = -0.16). Sankey diagrams illustrated that lean persons displayed healthy DBs and low sitting time, while those with excessive fat had non-healthy DBs spent more time sitting. The variables that effectively distinguished between the groups include active transport and leisure time domains alongside low-intensity PA, represented by walking intensity and healthy dietary behaviors. The first three variables participated significantly in the optimal discriminant subset (p = 0.002, p = 0.010, p = 0.01, respectively). The discriminant power of the optimal subset (contained four above-mentioned variables) was average (Wilk's Λ = 0.755) and determined that weak relationships between PA domains and DBs resulted from heterogeneous behaviors and mixed patterns of behaviors. Identifying the trajectory of the frequency flow through specific PA and DBs allowed for well-designed tailored intervention programs to improve healthy habits in adolescents. Therefore, identifying the set of variables that discriminate the most between lean, normal, and excessive fat groups is a suitable target for intervention. The practical achievements are canonical classification functions that can be used to classify (predict) participants in groups based on the three the most discriminating PA and DB variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Domaradzki
- Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
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Mixed-Methods Systematic Review to Identify Facilitators and Barriers for Parents/Carers to Engage Pre-School Children in Community-Based Opportunities to Be Physically Active. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9111727. [DOI: 10.3390/children9111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Low physical activity levels in young children is a major concern. For children aged 0–5 years, engagement with opportunities to be physically active are often driven by the adults responsible for the child’s care. This systematic review explores the barriers and facilitators to parents/caregivers engaging pre-school children in community-based opportunities for physical activity, within real-world settings, or as part of an intervention study. Methods: EBSCOhost Medline, CINHAL plus, EBSCOhost SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and ASSIA were systematically searched for quantitative and qualitative studies published in English between 2015 and 16 May 2022. Data extracted from 16 articles (485 parents/carers; four countries) were quality-assessed using the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool and coded and themed via thematic analysis. Results: Nine themes (eight core, one minor) were identified and conceptualised into a socio-ecological model, illustrating factors over four levels: Individual—beliefs and knowledge (and parental parameters); Interpersonal—social benefits, social network, and family dynamic; Community—organisational factors and affordability; and Built and Physical Environment—infrastructure. Discussion: The findings provide valuable insights for practitioners and policy makers who commission, design, and deliver community-based physical activity opportunities for pre-school children. Developing strategies and opportunities that seek to address the barriers identified, as well as build on the facilitators highlighted by parents, particularly factors related to infrastructure and affordability, are imperative for physical activity promotion in pre-school children. The perspectives of fathers, socioeconomic and geographical differences, and the importance parents place on physical activity promotion all need to be explored further.
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Sedentary Behaviors and Health Outcomes among Young Adults: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081480. [PMID: 36011137 PMCID: PMC9408295 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to review and provide an informative synthesis of the findings from longitudinal studies that describe the relationship between sedentary behavior and various health outcomes among young adults. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, APA PsycInfo, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for articles that examined the association between sedentary behavior and health outcomes among young adults aged 18–34 years. Two reviewers independently examined the articles and performed data extraction and quality assessment. The level of evidence was determined using the best-evidence synthesis. Results: A total of 34 studies were included in the analysis, 18 of which were high-quality studies. On the basis of inconsistency in the findings among studies, insufficient evidence was concluded for sedentary behavior and adiposity indicators, physical fitness, metabolic syndrome/cardiovascular disease risk factors, cognitive function, and mood disorders. Based on one high-quality study, moderate evidence for a negative relationship between sedentary behavior and physical fitness was observed. Conclusions: Given the trend toward increased time in sedentary behaviors and the inconsistent current findings, additional longitudinal studies of high methodologic quality are recommended to clarify the relationships between sedentary behavior and health outcomes among young adults.
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Longitudinal Associations of Children’s Hyperactivity/Inattention, Peer Relationship Problems and Mobile Device Use. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Children with emotional, behavioral or relationship problems may be more inclined to use mobile touchscreen devices (MTSDs: mobiles and tablets) to regulate their emotions or compensate for the lack of social relationships, which, in turn, may affect their symptoms. Bi-directional longitudinal associations between behavioral difficulties and MTSD use were analyzed. Participants were parents of children aged 4–6 years old at first data collection (n = 173), and 7–9 years old at second data collection (n = 98). They reported on their child’s MTSD use and behavioral difficulties at two time points (T1 and T2). It was analyzed whether T1 MTSD use predicts T2 behavioral difficulties (controlling for demographics and T1 behavioral difficulties); and whether T1 behavioral difficulties predict T2 MTSD use (controlling for demographics and T1 MTSD use). Additionally, cross-sectional associations between behavioral difficulties and MTSD use were analyzed. Children’s T1 hyperactivity/inattention score positively associated with T2 MTSD use, and peer relationship problems and MTSD use positively associated in T2. Pre-schoolers with more hyperactive inattentive symptoms may use MTSDs more to regulate their emotions. The association between peer relationship problems and MTSD use in T2 is consistent with poorer socio-cognitive skills in MTSD user children and may be bi-directional.
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Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, Deori N, Kaur S, Jethani J, Singh D, Agarkar S, Hussaindeen JR, Sukhija J, Mishra D. Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review. Ophthalmol Ther 2022; 11:1655-1680. [PMID: 35809192 PMCID: PMC9434525 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital eye strain (DES) is an entity encompassing visual and ocular symptoms arising due to the prolonged use of digital electronic devices. It is characterized by dry eyes, itching, foreign body sensation, watering, blurring of vision, and headache. Non-ocular symptoms associated with eye strain include stiff neck, general fatigue, headache, and backache. A variable prevalence ranging from 5 to 65% has been reported in the pre-COVID-19 era. With lockdown restrictions during the pandemic, outdoor activities were restricted for all age groups, and digital learning became the norm for almost 2 years. While the DES prevalence amongst children alone rose to 50-60%, the symptoms expanded to include recent onset esotropia and vergence abnormalities as part of the DES spectrum. New-onset myopia and increased progression of existing myopia became one of the most significant ocular health complications. Management options for DES include following correct ergonomics like reducing average daily screen time, frequent blinking, improving lighting, minimizing glare, taking regular breaks from the screen, changing focus to distance object intermittently, and following the 20-20-20 rule to reduce eye strain. Innovations in this field include high-resolution screens, inbuilt antireflective coating, matte-finished glass, edge-to-edge displays, and image smoothening graphic effects. Further explorations should focus on recommendations for digital screen optimization, novel spectacle lens technologies, and inbuilt filters to optimize visual comfort. A paradigm shift is required in our understanding of looking at DES from an etiological perspective, so that customized solutions can be explored accordingly. The aim of this review article is to understand the pathophysiology of varied manifestations, predisposing risk factors, varied management options, along with changing patterns of DES prevalence post COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirandeep Kaur
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Pondicherry, 605007, India.
| | - Bharat Gurnani
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Pondicherry, 605007, India
| | - Swatishree Nayak
- Department of Ophthalmology, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India
| | | | - Savleen Kaur
- Advanced Eye Center, Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jitendra Jethani
- Baroda Children Eye Care and Squint Clinic, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390007, India
| | | | - Sumita Agarkar
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, Sankara Nethralaya, 18 College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600006, India
| | | | - Jaspreet Sukhija
- Advanced Eye Center, Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Deepak Mishra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
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Wanderley Júnior RDS, Queiroz DDR, Guerra PH, Martins CL, Hardman CM, Umpierre D, da Silva LR, Souza Filho AND, Azevedo Cavalcante FVS, Sandreschi PF, Barros MVGD. Correlatos de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em crianças pré-escolares sul-americanas: revisão de escopo. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022. [PMID: 34131427 PMCID: PMC9168416 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo.
Sintetizar os achados sobre correlatos da atividade física (AF) e do comportamento sedentário (CS) em crianças sul-americanas.
Método.
Realizou-se uma busca dos artigos no período de 24 de junho até 27 de outubro de 2020, nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science. Para ampliar a busca, foram examinadas as referências dos artigos de revisão identificados e realizada uma consulta a um painel de especialistas. Foram incluídos estudos com delineamentos observacional e de intervenção com foco em crianças sul-americanas de zero a 5 anos de idade.
Resultados.
Dos 3 111 artigos inicialmente identificados, 18 foram elegíveis: 14 com delineamento observacional, 12 realizados no Brasil e 17 conduzidos com pré-escolares (3 a 5 anos de idade). Além do Brasil, os únicos países representados foram o Chile e o Equador. A AF e o CS foram medidos por acelerômetros em sete estudos, porém houve alta variabilidade nos instrumentos e pontos de corte usados. Embora as crianças tenham sido consideradas fisicamente ativas em 12 estudos, seis estudos mostraram que elas despendiam muito tempo em CS. Os domínios de influência mais avaliados foram o individual (14 estudos) e o interpessoal (11 estudos), seguidos pelo ambiental (oito estudos) e o político (um estudo). As intervenções no contexto escolar (quatro estudos) aumentaram os níveis de AF e diminuíram o tempo em CS. Entretanto, as evidências dos estudos transversais e de intervenção apresentaram alto risco de viés.
Conclusão.
Diante das lacunas identificadas, recomendam-se estudos com delineamentos robustos que incluam mais países sul-americanos, com foco em bebês e crianças com menos de 3 anos de idade e que investiguem correlatos dos domínios ambiental e político.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel da Rocha Queiroz
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Educação Física, Recife (PE), Brasil
| | | | - Clarice Lucena Martins
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Departamento de Educação Física, João Pessoa (PB), Brasil
| | - Carla Menêses Hardman
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Educação Física, Recife (PE), Brasil
| | - Daniel Umpierre
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil
| | - Larissa Rosa da Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Departamento de Educação Física, Marechal Candido Rondon (PR), Brasil
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Christian H, Murray K, Trost SG, Schipperijn J, Trapp G, Maitland C, Divitini M. Meeting the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years is associated with better social-emotional development in preschool boys. Prev Med Rep 2022; 27:101770. [PMID: 35321215 PMCID: PMC8935500 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only 8% of preschool children meet all three 24-hour movement guidelines. Meeting 24-hour movement guidelines associated with boy’s social-emotional development. Dose–response evidence needed to identify guideline thresholds for health outcomes.
24-hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years promote that achieving all three-movement behaviour (sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity) recommendations is important for child health and development. We examined the association between meeting all, none and combinations of the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years and social-emotional development in 1363 preschool (2–5 years) boys (52%) and girls. The PLAYCE study (Perth, Western Australia) parent survey collected data on children’s social-emotional development (Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire), screen time, sleep and socio-demographic factors. Physical activity was measured using seven-day accelerometry. Only 8% of preschoolers met all three guidelines (5% met none). A higher proportion of boys than girls met physical activity-related guideline combinations (physical activity only, physical activity plus screen, physical activity plus sleep, all), while more girls than boys met sleep only guidelines (all p < 0.05). In boys, meeting all guidelines, compared with none, was associated with a lower total difficulties score (adjusted difference in means −1.90; 95%CI: −3.88, −0.10). Meeting the screen only guideline or the screen plus sleep guidelines, compared with none, were associated with lower total difficulties, conduct problems and hyperactivity scores in boys (all p < 0.05). Meeting the physical activity plus sleep guidelines, compared with none, were associated with lower total difficulties and conduct problems scores in boys (all p < 0.05). No significant associations were found for girls. These findings highlight the positive impact for boys social-emotional development in meeting all guidelines. Future guideline development should consider dose–response evidence to identify guideline thresholds for specific health and developmental outcomes for boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Christian
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia.
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stewart G. Trost
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Georgina Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Clover Maitland
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mark Divitini
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
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Kelly LA, Knox A, Gonzalez C, Lennartz P, Hildebrand J, Carney B, Wendt S, Haas R, Hill MD. Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time of Suburban Toddlers Aged 12-36 Months. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116707. [PMID: 35682292 PMCID: PMC9180469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of physical activity may predispose children to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases in later life. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) quantitatively describe the levels of habitual physical activity in a contemporary sample of suburban children aged 12 to 36 months; (2) assess for gender differences in physical activity and sedentary behavior; (3) examine the specific effects of ethnicity, gender and overweight status on the objectively measured physical activity; and (4) quantify the tracking of physical activity in a subset of children over 1 year. During year one, 142 participants wore the GT3X Actigraph for 3 days. At a 1-year follow-up, a subset of 25 participants wore the Actigraph for 7 consecutive days. GLM and t-tests as appropriate were carried out to assess the influence of gender on the physical activity level. Spearman rank correlations, percentage agreement and kappa statistics assessed the tracking of physical activity. The results showed no significant gender differences in any anthropometric measurements, sedentary behavior or MVPA (p > 0.05). There were also no significant gender, ethnicity or overweight interaction for sedentary behavior, time spent in light PA and time spent in MVPA (p > 0.05). For tracking, there was a moderate strength of agreement for MVPA. Considering the disproportionate effects of obesity in minority groups, culturally appropriate interventions targeting the reduction in sedentary behavior are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Kelly
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-805-493-3407
| | - Allan Knox
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Carlos Gonzalez
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Patrick Lennartz
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Jordan Hildebrand
- Biology Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA;
| | - Blake Carney
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Spencer Wendt
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Rebecca Haas
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Mason D. Hill
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 93065, USA; (A.K.); (C.G.); (P.L.); (B.C.); (S.W.); (R.H.); (M.D.H.)
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Parent-perceived neighbourhood environment, parenting practices and preschool-aged children physical activity and screen time: a cross-sectional study of two culturally and geographically diverse cities. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:309. [PMID: 35624474 PMCID: PMC9137173 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool-aged children's physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) are important health-related behaviours likely influenced by PA opportunities, parental perceptions of neighbourhood safety and parenting practices pertaining to PA and ST. How these factors interact to impact on young children's PA and ST, and whether their effects are generalisable across cultures and geographical location is not known. This study addressed these knowledge gaps by conducting pooled analyses of comparable data from two culturally and geographically diverse samples - Chinese parent-child dyads from an ultra-dense city (Hong Kong, China) and Latino parent-child dyads from a low-density city (Houston, USA). METHODS The analytical sample consisted of 164 Hong Kong Chinese and 84 US Latino parent-child dyads with data on socio-demographic characteristics, parent-perceived neighbourhood destinations and facilities for children's PA, physical and social safety-related neighbourhood attributes, PA-related parenting practices and child's ST and accelerometer-assessed PA. Generalised linear models with robust standard errors accounting for neighbourhood-level clustering were used to estimate associations and interaction effects. RESULTS Hong Kong Chinese children accumulated less PA than US Latino children, although the latter had more ST. Hong Kong Chinese parents reported more parenting practices promoting inactivity. Neighbourhood PA opportunities were positively related to children's PA only if parental perceptions of neighbourhood safety were favourable, and the associations of physical neighbourhood environment characteristics with children's PA and ST depended on PA-related parenting practices. Community cohesion was positively related to children's PA and negatively related to ST, while parental promotion of ST was positively associated with children's ST. Correlates of children's PA and ST did not differ by city. CONCLUSIONS The substantial differences in activity patterns between Hong Kong Chinese and US Latino preschool-aged children observed in this study are likely due to a combination of cultural and built environmental factors. However, the fact that no between-city differences in correlates of PA and ST were detected indicates that both populations of children are equally affected by parent-perceived neighbourhood environmental characteristics and parenting practices. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering how various individual-, home- and neighbourhood physical and social factors interact to influence young children's health-promoting activity levels.
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Training Pre-Service Early Childhood Educators in Physical Activity (TEACH): Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073890. [PMID: 35409573 PMCID: PMC8997760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Early childhood educators (ECEs) influence young children’s early uptake of positive health behaviours in childcare settings and serve as important daytime role models. As such, it is imperative that post-secondary early childhood education programs provide students with the foundational knowledge and professional training required to confidently facilitate quality active play opportunities for young children. The primary objective of the Training pre-service EArly CHildhood educators in physical activity (TEACH) study is to develop and implement an e-Learning course in physical activity and sedentary behaviour to facilitate improvements in: pre-service ECEs’ self-efficacy and knowledge to lead physical activity and outdoor play opportunities and minimize sedentary behaviours in childcare. This study will also explore pre-service ECEs’ behavioural intention and perceived control to promote physical activity and outdoor play, and minimize sedentary behaviour in childcare, and the implementation of the e-Learning course. Methods/Design: A mixed-methods quasi-experimental design with three data collection time points (baseline, post-course completion, 3-month follow-up) will be employed to test the e-Learning course in early childhood education programs (n = 18; 9 experimental, 9 comparison) across Canada. Pre-service ECEs enrolled in colleges/universities assigned to the experimental group will be required to complete a 4-module e-Learning course, while programs in the comparison group will maintain their typical curriculum. Pre-service ECEs’ self-efficacy, knowledge, as well as behavioural intention and perceived behavioural control will be assessed via online surveys and module completion rates will be documented using website metrics. Group differences across timepoints will be assessed using linear mixed effects modelling and common themes will be identified through thematic analysis. Discussion: The TEACH study represents a novel, evidence-informed approach to address the existing gap in physical activity and sedentary behaviour-related education in Canadian post-secondary early childhood education programs. Moreover, e-Learning platforms, can be employed as an innovative, standardized, and scalable way to provide ECEs with consistent training across jurisdictions.
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Prioreschi A, Norris SA. Describing correlates of early childhood screen time and outdoor time in Soweto, South Africa. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Prioreschi
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Shane A. Norris
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre University of Southampton Southampton UK
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Bruijns BA, Vanderloo LM, Johnson AM, Adamo KB, Burke SM, Carson V, Heydon R, Irwin JD, Naylor PJ, Timmons BW, Tucker P. Change in pre- and in-service early childhood educators’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and intentions following an e-learning course in physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a pilot study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:244. [PMID: 35125100 PMCID: PMC8818368 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood educators (ECEs) are the primary daytime role models for many young children, and are responsible for facilitating physical activity (PA) opportunities and minimizing sedentary behaviour (SB) in childcare. However, they have reportedly received little related education in their pre-service training. The purpose of the Training pre-service EArly CHildhood educators in physical activity (TEACH) pilot study was to explore changes in pre- and in-service ECEs’ knowledge, self-efficacy, behavioural intention, and perceived behavioural control following the TEACH e-Learning course in PA and SB. Methods Pre-service ECEs were purposefully recruited from three Canadian colleges, while in-service ECEs were recruited via social media. A pre-post study design was used. ECEs completed two online surveys; one prior to, and one immediately following the completion of the TEACH e-Learning course (~ 5 h). Descriptive statistics were reported, and McNemar Chi-Square tests and paired samples t-tests were used to examine changes in ECEs’ question-specific, and total knowledge scores, respectively. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests were employed to examine changes in self-efficacy, behavioural intention, and perceived behavioural control. Results Both pre- (n = 32) and in-service (n = 121) ECEs significantly increased their total knowledge scores from pre- to post-course completion (p < .05*). Significant positive changes in self-efficacy (p < .025*), behavioural intention (p < .007*), and perceived behavioural control (p < .007*) were demonstrated by in-service ECEs following course completion, while only select composite scores within these tools were significant among pre-service ECEs. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary evidence of the potential efficacy of the e-Learning course at improving ECEs’ knowledge, self-efficacy, behavioural intention, and perceived behavioural control to support PA and minimize SB in childcare. Following the success of the pilot study, testing the effectiveness of the TEACH e-Learning course on a larger scale, with a comparison group, is warranted prior to recommending broader dissemination of the training in pre-service ECE programs and for in-service ECE professional learning.
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The Influence of Parent Media Use, Parent Attitude on Media, and Parenting Style on Children's Media Use. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9010037. [PMID: 35053662 PMCID: PMC8774813 DOI: 10.3390/children9010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parents play a vital role in mediating children’s media use, especially at a young age. We examined the link between the media use of younger children and the media use, attitude toward media, and parenting styles of parents. One thousand and twenty parents of children between 4 and 6 years of age completed a questionnaire on their media use, positive and negative attitudes on media, parenting styles, and the media use of their children. Multigroup structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant positive relation between the parent’s media time and the child’s daytime and nighttime media use. Additionally, the parent’s positive attitude toward media use was positively related to the child’s daytime media use, but not the child’s nighttime media use, while the parent’s negative attitude toward media was not associated with the child’s daytime and nighttime media use. Further, among the seven parenting styles, material rewards and autonomy were positively associated with the child’s daytime media use. Discipline was negatively related to the child’s nighttime media use, whereas material rewards were positively associated with the child’s nighttime media use. Collectively, the parent’s positive attitude toward media use was the strongest predictor of the child’s daytime media use, and material rewards were the strongest predictor of the child’s nighttime media use. These results can be of significant use to inform policymakers, researchers, and parents regarding the development of parental guidelines on children’s media use.
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Jáuregui A, Argumedo G, Medina C, Bonvecchio-Arenas A, Romero-Martínez M, Okely AD. Factors associated with changes in movement behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national cross-sectional study in Mexico. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101552. [PMID: 34976621 PMCID: PMC8683886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about physical activity, screen time and sleep among Mexican toddlers and preschoolers. The COVID-19 pandemic led to the closure of childcare education centers and restrictions to spend time outdoors. This study aimed to investigate the correlates of changes in movement behaviors from before to during the early stages of the COVID-19 lockdown in a national sample of toddlers and preschoolers in Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an open online survey completed by caretakers of children aged 1-5 years from April to July 2020. The questionnaire enquired about the time spent in each movement behavior during a regular week before and during lockdown, and family and household characteristics. Factors associated with changes in movement behaviors were explored using adjusted linear regression models. A total of 631 children (3.3y, 95% CI: 3.1, 3.4) were included in the study. During lockdown, physical activity decreased by 25%, screen time doubled, and sleep quality declined in 17% (p < 0.001). Toddlers and preschoolers of older age, attending a childcare education center before the lockdown, with a screen in their bedroom, higher access to electronic devices, and lower socioeconomic level experienced greater changes during this period. Those with limits on the use of electronic devices, who had someone available to play with them, and availability of toys experienced less pronounced changes. Pandemic restrictions have impacted movement behaviors of toddlers and preschoolers, with disproportionate effects among lower socioeconomic levels. Interventions with a multi-level equity-oriented approach are urgently needed to mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Jáuregui
- Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Argumedo
- Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Catalina Medina
- Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Martín Romero-Martínez
- Population Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Phillips SM, Summerbell C, Hobbs M, Hesketh KR, Saxena S, Muir C, Hillier-Brown FC. A systematic review of the validity, reliability, and feasibility of measurement tools used to assess the physical activity and sedentary behaviour of pre-school aged children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:141. [PMID: 34732219 PMCID: PMC8567581 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) of pre-school aged children are associated with important health and developmental outcomes. Accurate measurement of these behaviours in young children is critical for research and practice in this area. The aim of this review was to examine the validity, reliability, and feasibility of measurement tools used to assess PA and SB of pre-school aged children.Searches of electronic databases, and manual searching, were conducted to identify articles that examined the measurement properties (validity, reliability or feasibility) of measurement tools used to examine PA and/or SB of pre-school aged children (3-7 years old). Following screening, data were extracted and risk of bias assessment completed on all included articles.A total of 69 articles, describing 75 individual studies were included. Studies assessed measurement tools for PA (n = 27), SB (n = 5), and both PA and SB (n = 43). Outcome measures of PA and SB differed between studies (e.g. moderate to vigorous activity, step count, posture allocation). Most studies examined the measurement properties of one measurement tool only (n = 65). Measurement tools examined included: calorimetry, direct observation, combined heart rate and accelerometry, heart rate monitors, accelerometers, pedometers, and proxy report (parent, carer or teacher reported) measures (questionnaires or diaries). Studies most frequently assessed the validity (criterion and convergent) (n = 65), face and content validity (n = 2), test-retest reliability (n = 10) and intra-instrument reliability (n = 1) of the measurement tools. Feasibility data was abstracted from 41 studies.Multiple measurement tools used to measure PA and SB in pre-school aged children showed some degree of validity, reliability and feasibility, but often for different purposes. Accelerometers, including the Actigraph (in particular GT3X versions), Actical, ActivPAL and Fitbit (Flex and Zip), and proxy reported measurement tools used in combination may be useful for a range of outcome measures, to measure intensity alongside contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. Phillips
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, UK
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, UK
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn R. Hesketh
- Population Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sonia Saxena
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cassey Muir
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Frances C. Hillier-Brown
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre of Research Excellence in Healthier Lives Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Children's only profession: Playing with toys. North Clin Istanb 2021; 8:414-420. [PMID: 34585080 PMCID: PMC8430366 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2020.48243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts of games and toys have a very important role in children's lives. It contributes to the development of cognitive, motor, psychosocial, emotional, and linguistic skills. It also plays a key role in raising self-confident, creative, and happy children. Therefore, attention should be paid to the concepts of games and toys, which are so important for the child to be a part of society as a healthy individual at every stage of his development. On the other hand, providing playgrounds where children can play comfortably and safely are essential in reducing the risk of accidents related to toys. All health-care components, especially pediatricians and family physicians, should take an active role in ensuring that these play processes, which are the most beautiful parts of childhood, are healthy and safe.
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Gil-Campos M, Pérez-Ferreirós A, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Anguita-Ruiz A, Bedoya-Carpente JJ, Kalén A, Moreno LA, Bueno G, Gil Á, Aguilera CM, Leis R. Association of Diet, Physical Activity Guidelines and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092954. [PMID: 34578831 PMCID: PMC8466174 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to identify different dietary and physical activity (PA) patterns in 5- to 14-year-old children with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity using cluster analysis based on their adherence to the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition dietary guidelines and levels of PA, and to determine their associations with age, sex, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk markers. In 549 children, hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups with similar adherence to dietary recommendations and level of PA. Three clusters were identified: Cluster 1, with the lowest level of vigorous PA and adherence to dietary recommendations; Cluster 2, with the lowest levels of moderate and vigorous PA and the highest adherence to dietary recommendations; and Cluster 3, with the highest level of PA, especially vigorous PA and a medium level adherence to dietary recommendations. Cluster 3 had lower total body fat and higher lean body mass percentages than Cluster 2. Cluster 2 had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than Cluster 1. The results from our study suggest that it is important to consider adherence to PA recommendations together with adherence to dietary guidelines to understand patterns of obesogenic habits in pediatric populations with high prevalence of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Gil-Campos
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pérez-Ferreirós
- Unit of Investigation in Human Nutrition, Growth and Development of Galicia (GALINUT), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.P.-F.); (J.J.B.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Francisco Jesús Llorente-Cantarero
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- Department of Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Augusto Anguita-Ruiz
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute (IBS), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan José Bedoya-Carpente
- Unit of Investigation in Human Nutrition, Growth and Development of Galicia (GALINUT), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.P.-F.); (J.J.B.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Anton Kalén
- Unit of Investigation in Human Nutrition, Growth and Development of Galicia (GALINUT), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.P.-F.); (J.J.B.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- GENUD Research Group, Institute of Sanitary Research of Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Agri-Food Institute of Aragon (IA2), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gloria Bueno
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- GENUD Research Group, Institute of Sanitary Research of Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Agri-Food Institute of Aragon (IA2), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Clinical Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (R.L.); Tel.: +34-619223420 (G.B.); +34-619019196 (R.L.)
| | - Ángel Gil
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute (IBS), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción M. Aguilera
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute (IBS), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosaura Leis
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (L.A.M.); (Á.G.); (C.M.A.)
- Unit of Investigation in Human Nutrition, Growth and Development of Galicia (GALINUT), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.P.-F.); (J.J.B.-C.); (A.K.)
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pediatric Service, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Pediatric Nutrition Research Group, Institute of Sanitary Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), CHUS–USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (R.L.); Tel.: +34-619223420 (G.B.); +34-619019196 (R.L.)
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A Longitudinal Analysis Examining the Associations of Tummy Time With Active Playtime, Screen Time, and Sleep Time. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:1215-1222. [PMID: 34380110 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence links tummy time (ie, the time spent in awake prone positioning that is encouraged and supervised by an adult) to infants' health outcomes such as gross motor and total development. However, the associations between tummy time and other movement and sleep behaviors as the child develops remain unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether early introduction and practice of tummy time within the first 6 months of age were associated with active and outdoor playtime, screen time, and nocturnal sleep time of children when they were 12 and 24 months old. METHODS A longitudinal analysis was conducted using data extracted from an Australian trial. Using telephone surveys with mothers, demographic data were collected from third trimester of pregnancy and tummy time data were collected at 6 months of age. Data on playtime, screen time, and nocturnal sleep duration as dependent variables were collected at 12 and 24 months of age. Multiple logistic regression models were built to investigate the associations. RESULTS Children who started tummy time within 4 weeks of age were more likely to have >10 hours sleep at night at 12 months (adjusted odds ratio 1.54, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.19). They were more likely to have >3 hours per day of outdoor play and have <1 hour per day of screen time at 24 months. Children who practiced tummy time every day were more likely to have >2 hours per day of active play at 12 months and have <1 hour per day of screen time at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Starting tummy time earlier and frequently was associated with more favorable movement and sleep of young children at 12 and 24 months of age.
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Byrne R, Terranova CO, Trost SG. Measurement of screen time among young children aged 0-6 years: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13260. [PMID: 33960616 PMCID: PMC8365769 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of screen-based devices on children's health and development cannot be properly understood without valid and reliable tools that measure screen time within the evolving digital landscape. This review aimed to summarize characteristics of measurement tools used to assess screen time in young children; evaluate reporting of psychometric properties; and examine time trends related to measurement and reporting of screen time. A systematic review of articles published in English across three databases from January 2009 to April 2020 was undertaken using PROSPERO protocol (registration: CRD42019132599) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Included articles measured screen time as outcome, exposure, or confounder in children 0-6 years. The search identified 35,868 records, 1035 full-text articles were screened for eligibility, and 622 met inclusion criteria. Most measures (60%) consisted of one to three items and assessed duration of screen time on a usual day. Few measures assessed content (11%) or coviewing (7%). Only 40% of articles provided a citation for the measure, and only 69 (11%) reported psychometric properties-reliability n = 58, validity n = 19, reliability and validity n = 8. Between 2009 and 2019, the number of published articles increased from 28 to 71. From 2015, there was a notable increase in the proportion of articles published each year that assessed exposure to mobile devices in addition to television. The increasing number of published articles reflects increasing interest in screen time exposure among young children. Measures of screen time have generally evolved to reflect children's contemporary digital landscape; however, the psychometric properties of measurement tools are rarely reported. There is a need for improved measures and reporting to capture the complexity of children's screen time exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Byrne
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Caroline O. Terranova
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Stewart G. Trost
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) Policy on Young Children's Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: A Pilot Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147468. [PMID: 34299917 PMCID: PMC8304787 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The importance of daily physical activity is crucial for healthy development during the early years. Currently, a formal written physical activity policy is lacking in Canadian childcare centers, but holds promise for offering consistent physical activity opportunities. With eight recommendations, the Childcare PLAY policy is an evidence-informed, institutional-level document, targeting children’s physical activity, outdoor play, and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) policy on the physical activity and sedentary time of young children (18 months–4 years) in childcare. Methods: Nine childcare centers in London, Ontario participated in the cluster, randomized controlled trial. The centers in the control condition (n = 4) continued their typical daily routines, while the centers in the intervention condition (n = 5) implemented the PLAY policy for eight weeks. To assess physical activity levels, toddlers and preschoolers wore ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers for five consecutive days during childcare hours, at baseline, mid- and post-intervention, and at the six-month follow-up. Raw accelerometry data were converted to 15 s epochs, and age- and device-specific cut-points were applied. The participants with two or more days of at least 5 h/day of wear-time at baseline, and at one additional time point, were included in the linear mixed-effects models. An adjusted alpha (p < 0.017) was used to account for multiple comparison bias. Results: A total of 148 children (31.92 ± 7.41 months) had valid accelerometry data. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in light physical activity among the participants in the experimental group at the six-month follow-up (+1.07 min/h, an 11.16% increase; p = 0.0017). The intervention did not have a statistically significant effect on the total physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or sedentary time. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the Childcare PLAY policy was effective at increasing the toddlers’ and preschoolers’ light physical activity. This pilot intervention appears promising for supporting some improved movement behaviors among children in childcare settings; however, additional investigations are needed to explore the feasibility and effectiveness with larger and more-diverse samples.
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Breidokienė R, Jusienė R, Urbonas V, Praninskienė R, Girdzijauskienė S. Sedentary Behavior among 6-14-Year-Old Children during the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Relation to Physical and Mental Health. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:756. [PMID: 34207421 PMCID: PMC8235225 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and consequent restrictions in spring 2020, children in many countries might be engaged in more sedentary behavior and have limited possibilities to access the necessary level of physical activity to maintain their physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between child sedentary behavior, physical activity, mental and physical health, and parental distress in a sample of Lithuanian children aged 6-14 years during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in March-June 2020. Parents of 306 children (52.9% female) completed an online survey in May-June 2020 and reported on their children's screen time for educational and recreational (leisure) purposes, the level of physical activity and time outdoors, somatic symptoms, and emotional well-being and behavior. Parents also reported on stressful life events in the family and personal distress. The results revealed that 57.5% of children exceeded the recommended maximum of 2 h of recreational screen time per day, and 33.6% of the children did not meet the recommended guidelines of 60 min of physical activity per day. Longer screen time for educational purposes and parental distress significantly predicted a higher prevalence of somatic symptoms in children and parental distress also served as a significant predictor of children's decreased emotional well-being and behavior. These results highlight the importance of psychosocial support interventions for parents who experience distress when raising children at a stressful time, such as during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Breidokienė
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Roma Jusienė
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Vaidotas Urbonas
- Clinic of Children’s Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.U.); (R.P.)
| | - Rūta Praninskienė
- Clinic of Children’s Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.U.); (R.P.)
| | - Sigita Girdzijauskienė
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.J.); (S.G.)
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Exploring Preschoolers' Physical Activity and Sedentary Time During Outdoor Play at Childcare: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Supporting Physical Activity in the Childcare Environment Study. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:949-956. [PMID: 34098527 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) offers many health benefits for preschoolers (2.5-5 y). In childcare, MVPA is predominantly accumulated outdoors, with higher rates purported among children within the first few minutes outside. The Supporting Physical Activity in the Childcare Environment intervention included shorter, more frequent outdoor play sessions; this study sought to explore children's activity levels during various outdoor play schedules. METHODS During the final week of the Supporting Physical Activity in the Childcare Environment intervention, preschoolers wore an Actical™ accelerometer for 5 days during childcare and staff logged outdoor times. Separate linear mixed effects models were run to explore the effect of the intervention on preschoolers' physical activity (total and MVPA) and sedentary time during outdoor play. Sex was entered as an interaction effect. RESULTS Preschoolers (n = 292) were significantly more active in the first 10 minutes outdoors compared with remaining time (P < .0083). For total outdoor time, children in the experimental group engaged in significantly less sedentary time than those in the control group (P < .017), and experimental group boys and girls engaged in higher MVPA than boys and girls in the control group (P < .017). CONCLUSIONS Findings support scheduling more frequent outdoor play sessions in childcare to increase physical activity participation among young children.
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Hasanen E, Koivukoski H, Kortelainen L, Vehmas H, Sääkslahti A. Sociodemographic Correlates of Parental Co-Participation in Digital Media Use and Physical Play of Preschool-Age Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115903. [PMID: 34072856 PMCID: PMC8198474 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Young children’s digital media use and physical activity have gained attention in recent research. Parental co-participation has a major impact on children’s health consequences. This study addressed a gap in the research by investigating daily parental co-participation in children’s digital media use and physical play, using the family ecological model theoretical framework. The participants in this nationally representative cross-sectional study were 2512 Finnish parents with two- to six-year-old children. Parents completed a questionnaire. Sociodemographic correlates of co-participation and of the awareness of guidelines regarding co-participation and correlation between co-participation in digital media use and physical play were analysed. Parental co-participation in physical play and digital media use correlated positively. Lower parental age, male parental gender, Finnish and Swedish languages, a fewer number of children, and a male child gender were associated with more co-participation in one or both activities, and parental female gender and low family income were associated with more awareness. The awareness of guidelines was not associated with co-participation in digital media use. There were sociodemographic differences in parental co-participation. From a health counselling perspective, parents may benefit from national recommendations on digital media use and physical activity, but adherence to guidelines depends on the family context.
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What behavior change techniques are associated with effective interventions to reduce screen time in 0-5 year olds? A narrative systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2021; 23:101429. [PMID: 34178587 PMCID: PMC8213959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily screen time reduced by 25–39 min in interventions targeting 0–5 year olds. Eleven behavior change techniques (BCTs) were considered promising. Promising BCTs included “behavior substitution” and “demonstration of the behavior”. Promising BCTs related to self-efficacy, role modelling, and developmental outcomes. BCTs are identified which can be included in future public health interventions.
Screen time has been linked to obesity in young children. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate which Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs) are associated with the effectiveness of interventions to reduce screen time in 0–5 year olds. Seven databases were searched, including PsycInfo, PubMed, and Medline. Grey literature searches were conducted. Inclusion criteria were interventions reporting pre- and post- outcomes with the primary objective of reducing screen time in 0-5 year olds. Studies were quality assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project criteria. Data extracted included participant characteristics, intervention characteristics and screen time outcomes. The BCT Taxonomy was used to extract BCTs. Interventions were categorised as “very”, “quite” or “non” promising based on effect sizes. BCTs were deemed promising if they were in twice as many very/quite promising interventions as non-promising interventions. Seven randomised controlled trials were included, involving 642 participants between 2.5 and 5.0 years old. One very promising, four quite promising, and two non-promising interventions were identified. Screen time decreased by 25-39 min per day in very/quite promising interventions. Eleven BCTs were deemed promising, including “behavior substitution” and “information about social and environmental consequences”. This review identified eleven promising BCTs, which should be incorporated into future screen time interventions with young children. However, most included studies were of weak quality and limited by the populations targeted. Therefore, future methodologically rigorous interventions targeting at-risk populations with higher screen time, such as those of a low socioeconomic status and children with a high BMI, should be prioritized.
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Feng J, Huang WY, Reilly JJ, Wong SHS. Compliance with the WHO 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with body weight status among preschool children in Hong Kong. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1273-1278. [PMID: 33945770 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the extent to which preschool children in Hong Kong meet the WHO 24-hour movement guidelines and to examine the associations between meeting the guidelines and body weight status. Data from 251 preschoolers (141 boys) aged between three and six years old were analysed. The children wore an activPAL for seven consecutive days to measure physical activity and sleep. Their screen time was reported by their parents using validated questions. Their body weight status was classified as underweight, normal weight or overweight/obese. A total of 2.9% of the preschoolers met all three movement guidelines. Children in compliance with the physical activity, screen time and sleep guidelines accounted for 14.5%, 67.4% and 39.0% of the sample, respectively. There was no significant association between meeting the individual or combined guidelines and body mass index or the odds ratio for being of normal weight. Meeting more guidelines was not associated with body mass index or the odds ratio for being normal weight. Compliance with the 24-hour movement guidelines was extremely low among preschool children in Hong Kong. Meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines was not associated with a favourable weight status among preschoolers. Novelty • Compliance with the WHO 24-hour movement guidelines was extremely low for the early years in Hong Kong. • Further evidence is needed to understand the associations between meeting the guidelines and weight status among preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Hong Kong Baptist University, 26679, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Kowloon, Hong Kong;
| | - Wendy Y Huang
- Hong Kong Baptist University, 26679, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Kowloon, Hong Kong;
| | - John J Reilly
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Physical Activity and Health Group, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong;
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de Sousa Lima JL, de Oliveira Cavalcante AM, Chagas AKO, Leite GDO, Campos AR. Audiovisual overstimulation in childhood and adolescence promotes hyperactive behaviour in adult mice. Physiol Behav 2021; 233:113348. [PMID: 33545208 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a discussion about the impact of technological development on behavioural aspects, a nuance that the present study aimed to assess. p21, p26 and p36 mice were subjected to audio (70 db) and visual stimulation (flashing lights) for 2 or 6 h per day until p64. Naive animals were included. From p74 onwards, the animals were subjected to tests to assess their locomotion, depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, and nociception behaviours. Weight assessment was also performed. The animals that received stimulation for 2 h a day since p21 showed a decrease in rearing and grooming behaviour in the open field test, as well as in the mechanical orofacial sensitivity. Animals that received stimulation for 6 h daily since p21 showed increased locomotor activity in the open field test. Animals that received stimulation for 2 h a day since p26 showed an increase in locomotor activity and a decrease in grooming behaviour in the open field test, in addition to a reduction in the number of entries in the closed arm of the elevated plus maze. Animals stimulated from p26 for 6 h daily increased the reaction time to the thermal stimulus. Animals that received stimulation for 2 h daily since p36 showed an increase in locomotor activity and a decrease in grooming behaviour in the open field test. Taken together, these findings suggest that audiovisual overstimulation during critical periods of brain development may have adverse effects compatible with hyperactivity in adulthood.
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Sigmundová D, Sigmund E. Weekday-Weekend Sedentary Behavior and Recreational Screen Time Patterns in Families with Preschoolers, Schoolchildren, and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Three Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094532. [PMID: 33923313 PMCID: PMC8123206 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Excessive recreational screen time (RST) has been associated with negative health consequences already being apparent in preschoolers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal parent-child sedentary behavior, and RST patterns and associations with respect to the gender, age category of children, and days of the week. Methods: Our cross-sectional survey included 1175 parent-child dyads with proxy-reported RST data collected during a regular school week during the spring and fall between 2013 and 2019. The parent-child RST (age and RST) relationship was quantified using Pearson’s (rP) correlation coefficient. Results: Weekends were characterized by longer RST for all family members (daughters/sons: +34/+33 min/day, mothers/fathers: +43/+14 min/day) and closer parent-child RST associations than on weekdays. The increasing age of children was positively associated with an increase in RST on weekdays (+6.4/+7.2 min per year of age of the daughter/son) and weekends (+5.8/+7.5 min per year of age of the daughter/son). Conclusions: Weekends provide a suitable target for implementation of programs aimed at reducing excessive RST involving not only children, but preferably parent-child dyads.
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Objectively Measured Sedentary Levels and Bouts by Day Type in Australian Young Children. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:580-586. [PMID: 33837164 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to understand whether a higher number of sedentary bouts (SED bouts) and higher levels of sedentary time (SED time) occur according to different day types (childcare days, nonchildcare weekdays, and weekends) in Australian toddlers (1-2.99 y) and preschoolers (3-5.99 y). METHODS The SED time and bouts were assessed using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. The sample was composed of 264 toddlers and 343 preschoolers. The SED bouts and time differences were calculated using linear mixed models. RESULTS The toddlers' percentage of SED time was higher on nonchildcare days compared with childcare days (mean difference [MD] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.7 to 3.9). The toddlers had a higher number of 1- to 4-minute SED bouts on nonchildcare days compared with childcare days. The preschoolers presented higher percentages of SED time during nonchildcare days (MD = 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.5) and weekends (MD = 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 3.4) compared with childcare days. The preschoolers presented a higher number of SED bouts (1-4, 5-9, 10-19, and 20-30 min) during nonchildcare days and weekends compared with childcare days. No SED times or bout differences were found between nonchildcare days and weekends, neither SED bouts >30 minutes on toddlers nor on preschoolers. CONCLUSION The SED time and bouts seem to be lower during childcare periods, which means that interventions to reduce sedentary time should consider targeting nonchildcare days and weekends.
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Bruijns BA, Johnson AM, Irwin JD, Burke SM, Driediger M, Vanderloo LM, Tucker P. Training may enhance early childhood educators' self-efficacy to lead physical activity in childcare. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:386. [PMID: 33607984 PMCID: PMC7893737 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood educators (ECEs) play a critical role in promoting physical activity (PA) among preschoolers in childcare; thus, PA-related training for ECEs is essential. The Supporting PA in the Childcare Environment (SPACE) intervention incorporated: 1. shorter, more frequent outdoor play sessions; 2. provision of portable play equipment; and, PA training for ECEs. An extension of the SPACE intervention (the SPACE-Extension) incorporated only the shorter, more frequent outdoor play periods component of the original SPACE intervention. The purpose of this study was to explore the individual impact of these interventions on ECEs’ PA-related self-efficacy and knowledge. Methods ECEs from the SPACE (n = 83) and SPACE-Extension (n = 31) were administered surveys at all intervention time-points to assess: self-efficacy to engage preschoolers in PA (n = 6 items; scale 0 to 100); self-efficacy to implement the intervention (n = 6 items); and, knowledge of preschooler-specific PA and screen-viewing guidelines (n = 2 items). A linear mixed effects model was used to analyze the impact of each intervention on ECEs’ self-efficacy and knowledge and controlled for multiple comparison bias. Results The SPACE intervention significantly impacted ECEs’ self-efficacy to engage preschoolers in PA for 180 min/day (main effect), and when outdoor playtime was not an option (interaction effect). Further, the interaction model for ECEs’ knowledge of the total PA guideline for preschoolers approached significance when compared to the main effects model. Participants within the SPACE-Extension did not demonstrate any significant changes in self-efficacy or knowledge variables. Conclusions Findings from this study highlight the benefit of ECE training in PA with regard to fostering their PA-related self-efficacy and knowledge. Future research should explore the impact of PA training for ECEs uniquely in order to determine if this intervention component, alone, can produce meaningful changes in children’s PA behaviours at childcare. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10400-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Bruijns
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Andrew M Johnson
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer D Irwin
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shauna M Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly Driediger
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- Child Health and Evaluative Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada.
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Kaur N, Gupta M, Malhi P, Grover S. A Multicomponent Intervention to Reduce Screen Time Among Children Aged 2-5 Years in Chandigarh, North India: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e24106. [PMID: 33570499 PMCID: PMC7906833 DOI: 10.2196/24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive digital screen exposure (≥1 hour per day) is associated with limited growth and development in children. Objective This study aims to develop and assess a multicomponent intervention program's effectiveness in reducing excessive screen time among children aged 2-5 years. Methods A theory-based multicomponent intervention known as Program to Lower Unwanted Media Screens (PLUMS) at the household level has been developed. It is based on the social cognitive theory for children and self-determination theory for caregivers. After pretesting, a randomized control trial will be conducted to assess this intervention's effectiveness among healthy children aged 2-5 (±3 months) years and their primary caregivers who have at least one digital media gadget at home in zone three of Chandigarh (population of 2,730,035). A sample size of 428 children is estimated per arm. PLUMS includes disseminating specific information, education, communication in the form of videos and posters to the primary caregivers, and conducting motivational interviewing as and when needed. Children will be provided suggestions for playful activities as alternatives to digital media gadgets. The primary outcome is the mean change in the duration of screen time, and secondary outcomes are sleep duration and patterns, emotional-behavioral problems, and level of physical activity of the children. Per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses will be conducted using SPSS for Macintosh, Version 25.0. Results The intervention package will be disseminated once a week for 8 weeks to the participants via the caregivers' preferred means of communication. The endline assessment will be done immediately postintervention and after the 6 months of follow-up. The
Institute's ethics committee, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, has approved this study (INT/IEC/2019/000711). The Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi (3/1/3/Next-100/JRF-2015/HRD), and PGIMER, Chandigarh (71/2-Edu-16/92, Dated 08/01/2018) funded this study. Conclusions PLUMS might be effective in reducing excessive screen time among children aged 2-5 years in a North Indian Union Territory. Trial Registration Clinical Trial Registry India CTRI/2017/09/009761; https://tinyurl.com/53q6dpjs International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/24106
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimran Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prahbhjot Malhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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David D, Giannini C, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Text Neck Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041565. [PMID: 33562204 PMCID: PMC7914771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neck pain is a prevalent health problem, largely reported in adult patients. However, very recent data show that new technologies are inducing a shift in the prevalence of this relevant issue from adulthood to all of the pediatric ages. In fact, the precocious and inappropriate use of personal computers and especially cell phones might be related to the development of a complex cluster of clinical symptoms commonly defined as "text neck syndrome". The purpose of this article is to analyze the new phenomenon of the "text neck syndrome", the underlying causes and risk factors of musculoskeletal pain, that can be modified by changes in routine life, in different cultures and habits, and on the "text neck syndrome" as increased stresses on the cervical spine, that can lead to cervical degeneration along with other developmental, medical, psychological, and social complications. Findings support the contention that an appropriate approach for an early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to properly evaluate this emerging issue worldwide in children and adolescents who spend a lot of time watching smartphones and computers; additional research with more rigorous study designs and objective measures of musculoskeletal pain are needed to confirm significant relationships. Existing evidence is limited by non-objective measures and the subjective nature of musculoskeletal pain.
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Mougharbel F, Goldfield GS. Psychological Correlates of Sedentary Screen Time Behaviour Among Children and Adolescents: a Narrative Review. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:493-511. [PMID: 32870464 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aims of this narrative review were to (1) synthesise the literature on the relationship between screen time and important mental health outcomes and (2) examine the underpinning factors that can influence this association. RECENT FINDINGS Paralleling the rise of mental health issues in children and adolescents is the ubiquitous overuse of screens, but it is unclear how screen time is related to important mental health outcomes and whether this association differs by gender, age and screen type. METHODS Medline/PubMed, PsychINFO and Google Scholar databases were searched on December 2019 for articles published mainly in the last 5 years. The search focused on two main concepts: (i) screen time and (ii) mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, psychological and psychosocial well-being and body image concerns. RESULTS Sixty studies were included in the review. Higher levels of screen time were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. We found moderate evidence for an association between screen time and poor psychological well-being and body dissatisfaction especially among females. Relationships between screen time and anxiety were inconsistent and somewhat gender specific. Social media use was consistently associated with poorer mental health. Higher levels of screen time are generally associated with poorer mental health outcomes, but associations are influenced by screen type, gender and age. Practitioners, parents, policy makers and researchers should collectively identify and evaluate strategies to reduce screen time, or to use screens more adaptively, as a means of promoting better mental health among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Mougharbel
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
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Vanderloo LM, Keown-Stoneman CD, Sivanesan H, Parkin PC, Maguire JL, Anderson LN, Tremblay MS, Birken CS. Association of screen time and cardiometabolic risk in school-aged children. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101183. [PMID: 32923316 PMCID: PMC7475188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Screen use has become a pervasive behaviour among children and has been linked to adverse health outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the association between screen time and a comprehensive total cardiometabolic risk (CMR) score in school-aged children (7-12-years), as well as individual CMR factors. In this longitudinal study, screen time was measured over time (average duration of follow-up was 17.4 months) via parent-report. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biospecimens were collected over time and used to calculate CMR score [sum of age and sex standardized z-scores of systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, log-triglycerides, waist circumference (WC), and negative high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)/square-root of 5]. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine the association between screen time and total CMR score as well as individual CMR factors. A total of 567 children with repeated measures were included. There was no evidence of an association between parent-reported child screen time and total CMR score (adjusted β = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.005], 0.16). Screen time was inversely associated HDL-c (adjusted β = -0.008, 95% CI [-0.011, -0.005], p = 0.016), but there was no evidence that the other CMR components were associated with screen time. Among children 7-12 years, there was no evidence of an association between parent-reported child screen time and total CMR, but increased screen time was associated with slightly lower HDL-c. Research is needed to understand screen-related contextual factors which may be related to CMR factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M. Vanderloo
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles D.G. Keown-Stoneman
- The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harunya Sivanesan
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Dalla Lana Public Health, Epidemiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C. Parkin
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1XB, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathon L. Maguire
- The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura N. Anderson
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Catherine S. Birken
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Dalla Lana Public Health, Epidemiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - on behalf of the TARGet Kids! Collaborative
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Dalla Lana Public Health, Epidemiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1XB, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Keech JJ, Hatzis D, Kavanagh DJ, White KM, Hamilton K. Parents' role constructions for facilitating physical activity‐related behaviours in their young children. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Keech
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia,
| | - Denise Hatzis
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia,
| | - David J. Kavanagh
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia,
| | - Katherine M. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia,
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia,
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Dooley EE, Pettee Gabriel K, Kohl HW, Durand CP, Hoelscher DM, Byrd-Williams CE. Adiposity, cardiovascular, and health-related quality of life indicators and the reallocation of waking movement behaviors in preschool children with overweight and obesity: An isotemporal data analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242088. [PMID: 33170898 PMCID: PMC7654794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isotemporal substitution evaluates hypothetical time replacement scenarios of physical movement on health, with few studies conducted among ethnically diverse preschool-aged populations. This study examines the reallocation of waking movement behaviors on adiposity, cardiovascular, and quality of life indicators among low-income, majority Hispanic preschool-aged youth (2–5 years) with overweight. Methods Participants wore an ActiGraph monitor (waist) and completed adiposity, cardiovascular, and health-related quality of life health assessments. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The isotemporal substitution approach was employed to address study aims. Results Complete data were available for 131 preschoolers. For boys, reallocating 5 minutes of stationary time with light intensity, moderate to vigorous intensity, or total physical activity showed a relation with beneficial reductions in adiposity indicators; for girls, these relations were statistically null. For boys and girls, reallocating 5 minutes of stationary time [-2.2 (95% CI: -3.7, -0.7) mmHg], light intensity [-2.1 (95% CI: -3.7, -0.7) mmHg], or moderate intensity activity [-2.7 (95% CI: -5.0, -0.4) mmHg] to vigorous intensity activity was related to favorable systolic blood pressure. Reallocating 5 minutes of stationary time to moderate to vigorous intensity activity [0.6 (95% CI: -1.0, -0.1) mmHg] or total physical activity [-0.2 (95% CI: -0.3, -0.01) mmHg] was related to lowered systolic blood pressure. Reallocating 5 minutes of stationary time to moderate to vigorous intensity activity [0.6 (95% CI: -1.1, -0.02) bpm] was related to lowered resting heart rate. No significant results for quality of life were found. Conclusion Reallocation of time from stationary time to other movement behaviors is associated with several favorable adiposity and cardiovascular health outcomes among preschool children with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Dooley
- Risk Factor Assessment Branch, Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Harold W. Kohl
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Casey P. Durand
- Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deanna M. Hoelscher
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Courtney E. Byrd-Williams
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Andersen E, Øvreås S, Jørgensen KA, Borch-Jenssen J, Moser T. Children's physical activity level and sedentary behaviour in Norwegian early childhood education and care: effects of a staff-led cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1651. [PMID: 33148218 PMCID: PMC7640688 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggest that the children's physical activity (PA) level in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings are insufficient. Since most children attend ECEC settings for many hours on most days of the week, and these institutions reach children across the socioeconomic spectrum, the ECEC settings may serve as an ideal avenue for increasing physical activity level, reduce sedentary time and enhance the overall health of young children. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the "Active Kindergarten - Active Children" study to increase children's PA level and reduce sedentary time within the ECEC setting. METHODS Accelerometers were used to asses PA and sedentary time. A total of 116 three to four-year olds took part in a randomised controlled trial in 11 ECEC settings. Participants were cluster-randomised, by ECEC setting, to either a 12 week staff-led and expert-supported intervention or a waiting list control group. RESULTS The intervention group increased time spent in moderate- and vigorous intensity PA by 10 min/day (95% CI = 3, 18; P = 0.01), took 1909 more steps per day (95% CI = 1130, 2688; P < 0.01) and reduced sedentary time with 14 min/day (95% CI = - 27, - 1; P = 0.04) compared to the control group. The intervention group had a 2.4 higher odds (95% CI = 1.05, 5.7; P = 0.04) of meeting the PA recommendations compared to the control group at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that a flexible staff-led and expert-supported multicomponent PA intervention can increase total PA level, moderate- and vigorous intensity PA and reduce time spent sedentary in three to four-year old children during their stay in ECEC settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was retrospectively registered on September 19, 2020 and available online at ClinicalTrials.gov: No. NCT04555746 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Andersen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway.
| | - Steinar Øvreås
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Kari Anne Jørgensen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Moser
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
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Bekelman TA, Sauder KA, Rockette-Wagner B, Glueck DH, Dabelea D. Sociodemographic Predictors of Adherence to National Diet and Physical Activity Guidelines at Age 5 Years: The Healthy Start Study. Am J Health Promot 2020; 35:514-524. [PMID: 33118362 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120968654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess adherence to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines, and identify sociodemographic predictors of adherence among children. DESIGN Cross sectional. SETTING Colorado, United States. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 5 (n = 482). MEASURES Sex, race/ethnicity, maternal education, maternal employment, maternal subjective social status and household income were assessed via questionnaires. Diet was assessed via 2 interviewer-administered 24-hour dietary recalls. Physical activity was objectively-measured with accelerometry for 7 days. Adherence was defined as a Healthy Eating Index-2015 score of ≥70 and/or ≥6 hours/day of light, moderate and vigorous activity. ANALYSIS For each predictor, logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for adherence to the diet guidelines only, the activity guidelines only or both guidelines. RESULTS In the full sample, 29% of children were non-adherent to both guidelines, 6% adhered to the dietary guidelines only, 50% adhered to the activity guidelines only and 14% adhered to both. Girls had a 41% lower odds of adhering to the physical activity guidelines than boys (p = 0.01), after adjustment for race/ethnicity, household income and maternal education level, perceived social status and employment status. CONCLUSION Efforts to improve the health of young children should promote adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans among all children. Targeted interventions that increase physical activity among girls may help to mitigate health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A Bekelman
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Deborah H Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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45
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Wong S, Cantoral A, Téllez-Rojo MM, Pantic I, Oken E, Svensson K, Dorman M, Gutiérrez-Avila I, Rush J, McRae N, Wright RO, Baccarelli AA, Kloog I, Just AC. Associations between daily ambient temperature and sedentary time among children 4-6 years old in Mexico City. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241446. [PMID: 33125398 PMCID: PMC7598506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior is a worldwide public health concern. There is consistent and growing evidence linking sedentary behavior to mortality and morbidity. Early monitoring and assessment of environmental factors associated with sedentary behaviors at a young age are important initial steps for understanding children's sedentary time and identifying pertinent interventions. OBJECTIVE This study examines the association between daily temperature (maximum, mean, minimum, and diurnal variation) and all-day sedentary time among 4-6 year old children in Mexico City (n = 559) from the year 2013 to 2015. METHODS We developed a spatiotemporally resolved hybrid satellite-based land use regression temperature model and calculated percent daily sedentary time from aggregating 10-second epoch vertical counts captured by accelerometers that participants wore for one week. We modeled generalized additive models (GAMs), one for each temperature type as a covariate (maximum, mean, minimum, and diurnal variation). All GAMs included percent all-day sedentary time as the outcome and participant-level random intercepts to account for repeated measures of sedentary time. Our models were adjusted for demographic factors and environmental exposures. RESULTS Daily maximum temperature, mean temperature, and diurnal variation have significant negative linear relationships with all-day sedentary time (p<0.01). There is no significant association between daily minimum temperature and all-day sedentary time. Children have on average 0.26% less daily sedentary time (approximately 2.2 minutes) for each 1°C increase in ambient maximum temperature (range 7.1-30.2°C), 0.27% less daily sedentary time (approximately 2.3 minutes) for each 1°C increase in ambient mean temperature (range 4.3-22.2°C), and 0.23% less daily sedentary time (approximately 2.0 minutes) for each 1°C increase in diurnal variation (range 3.0-21.6°C). CONCLUSIONS These results are contrary to our hypothesis in which we expected a curvilinear relationship between temperature (maximum, mean, minimum, and diurnal variation) and sedentary time. Our findings suggest that temperature is an important environmental factor that influences children's sedentary behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Centro de Investigacion en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- Centro de Investigacion en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ivan Pantic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Svensson
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Dorman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Iván Gutiérrez-Avila
- Centro de Investigacion en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Johnathan Rush
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nia McRae
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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46
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Bruijns BA, Johnson AM, Tucker P. Content development for a physical activity and sedentary behaviour e-learning module for early childhood education students: a Delphi study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1600. [PMID: 33097030 PMCID: PMC7584084 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood educators play a prominent role in promoting healthy activity behaviours in childcare. However, they have expressed that they lack the appropriate pre-service training to confidently lead physical activity (PA), and minimize sedentary behaviour (SB), in childcare. As such, the purpose of this Delphi study was to generate and reach agreement on content areas for inclusion in a PA and SB e-Learning module for Early Childhood Education (ECE) students. Methods Purposeful sampling of Canadian/international researchers was used to form two expert panels: a PA/SB expert panel (n = 26), and a Canadian ECE panel (n = 35). The PA/SB experts suggested their top 12 PA/SB topics for the module via online survey. These topics were then pooled to generate a list of 19 content areas. In a second online survey, both panels of experts rated the importance of each content area (0 = unimportant to 5 = very important). Mean ratings (M) were ranked separately for each panel, and then ratings were pooled to create an overall ranking of the 19 content areas. Inter-panel agreement of importance rankings was visually represented as a scatterplot and quantified using Spearman’s rho (rs). Results The top-rated content area was Outdoor Play (M = 4.77 ± 0.64), followed by Benefits of PA in the Early Years (M = 4.75 ± 0.66), and Factors Influencing PA and SB in Childcare (M = 4.71 ± .74). Monitor PA and Sedentary Time Within Your Classroom had the lowest combined score (M = 3.77 ± 1.44). There was moderate-to strong inter-panel agreement for content area importance rankings (rs = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.83). The majority of the ECE expert panel considered this training important for ECE students (94.3%), aligning with ECE curriculum objectives (91.4%) and accreditation standards (78.8%), and complementary to the present ECE curriculum (88.6%). Conclusions Providing PA and SB training to ECE students is a proactive way to ensure healthy movement behaviours are prioritized in childcare programming. With the PA/SB expert-developed content areas, and endorsement by the ECE expert panel, implementing this training within ECE programs is a necessary next step. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12889-020-09670-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Bruijns
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M Johnson
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada.
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47
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Tariq A, Javed S, Farhat SM, Ahmed T. Effects of curcuminoids on cognitive deficits in young audiovisually overstimulated mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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48
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Bao R, Chen ST, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang L, Zou L, Cai Y. Sedentary Behavior Research in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3576. [PMID: 32443711 PMCID: PMC7277100 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: The negative effects of sedentary behavior (SB) on public health have been extensively documented. A large number of studies have demonstrated that high prevalence of SB is a critical factor of all-cause mortality. Globally, the frequency of SB research has continued to rise, but little is known about SB in the Chinese population. Therefore, this review was conducted to scope the research situation and to fill the gaps related to the effects of SB in the Chinese population. Methods: Using a scoping review based on York methodology, a comprehensive search of published journal articles and grey literature was carried out through 12 databases. The literature research was conducted by two authors in July 2019, and included journal articles that targeted on the Chinese population were published between 1999 and 2019. The two authors screened the records independently and included those research topics related to SB in the Chinese population. Results: The number of included studies increased from 1 to 29 per year during the analyzed period, during which, a remarkable climb happened from 8 in 2013 to 19 in July 2019. Out of the 1303 screened studies, a total of 162 studies (81 English and 81 Chinese journal articles) met the inclusion criteria in this review. Most of the included studies (66.0%) reported the overall estimated prevalence of SB, in which, 43.2% of studies reported the average time of SB, and 40.0% of studies reported the cutoff point of SB. Besides this, 54.9% and 23.5% of studies focused on the outcomes and correlates/determinants of SB, and the proportions of studies based on testing the validation of measurement tools and on interventions were 3.7% and 4.9%, respectively. Nearly all of the reviewed articles used data from cross-sectional studies (75.9%) and longitudinal studies (13.6%), while intervention trials are less developed. The majority of the studies (64.8%) used self-reported surveys, and only 3.7% studies used device-based measurement tools. Furthermore, 35.8% of the included studies were focused on children and adolescents, while only a few studies investigated infants/toddlers and older adults. Both female and male were examined in most studies, and non-clinical populations were investigated in the context of SB in a relatively large number of studies. Conclusions: The number of research articles on SB in the Chinese population published per year has increased year by year, indicating a growing interest in this research area. More studies using population subgroup samples are needed, particularly among infants/toddlers, older adults, and clinical populations. To provide stronger evidence of the determinants and outcomes of SB, longitudinal studies using device-based measures of SB are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Bao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (R.B.); (J.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Si-Tong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3000, Australia;
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Harbin Institute of Physical Education, Harbin 150006, China;
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (R.B.); (J.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (R.B.); (J.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Yujun Cai
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (R.B.); (J.X.); (L.W.)
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49
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Leis R, Jurado-Castro JM, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Anguita-Ruiz A, Iris Rupérez A, Bedoya-Carpente JJ, Vázquez-Cobela R, Aguilera CM, Bueno G, Gil-Campos M. Cluster Analysis of Physical Activity Patterns, and Relationship with Sedentary Behavior and Healthy Lifestyles in Prepubertal Children: Genobox Cohort. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051288. [PMID: 32370020 PMCID: PMC7282254 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary habits during childhood are associated with adverse health outcomes. The aim of this work was to cluster lifestyle behaviors and metabolic biomarkers to establish different patterns in children. Their physical and sedentary activities were evaluated by accelerometry, and questionnaires that included lifestyle behaviors, such as adherence to a Mediterranean diet, anthropometry and blood biochemical markers. Cluster analysis was performed to establish different groups based on physical activity levels. A total of 489 children were finally selected. Cluster 1 included children with a mostly sedentary state, whereas Cluster 3 included the most active children and Cluster 2 included children that did not fit into either the sedentary or the highly active groups. In Cluster 3, 56% of children were in a sports club, and a lower percentage used electronic devices in their rooms compared to the other groups. Cluster 1 children exhibited higher insulin, HOMA-IR and triacylglycerides with respect to the other groups. No differences were found regarding adherence to a Mediterranean diet. The choice to practice an extracurricular sport could be an influencing factor to increase exercise and ensure an active lifestyle in children. Reducing or limiting screen time mainly in children’s rooms could contribute to an active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Leis
- Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Humano de Galicia, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.L.); (J.J.B.-C.); (R.V.-C.)
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (C.M.A.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Francisco Jesus Llorente-Cantarero
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (C.M.A.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Artistic and Corporal Education, Faculty of Education, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Augusto Anguita-Ruiz
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (C.M.A.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Azahara Iris Rupérez
- GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza; Spain;
| | - Juan Jose Bedoya-Carpente
- Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Humano de Galicia, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.L.); (J.J.B.-C.); (R.V.-C.)
| | - Rocío Vázquez-Cobela
- Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Humano de Galicia, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.L.); (J.J.B.-C.); (R.V.-C.)
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (C.M.A.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Concepción María Aguilera
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (C.M.A.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Gloria Bueno
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (C.M.A.); (M.G.-C.)
- GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza; Spain;
- Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Clínico Lozano Blesa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-619223420
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.L.-C.); (A.A.-R.); (C.M.A.); (M.G.-C.)
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
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50
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Pereira JR, Zhang Z, Sousa-Sá E, Santos R, Cliff DP. Correlates of sedentary time in young children: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:118-130. [PMID: 32154761 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1741689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young children appear to spend large portions of their waking time being sedentary. Understanding the correlates of sedentary time would assist in developing effective interventions among young children. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the current literature on the correlates of objectively measured sedentary time in young children aged 1-5.99y. Methods: This review was registered with PROSPERO (registration no. CRD42017081374) and aligned with the PRISMA Statement for systematic reviews. Five electronic databases (MEDline, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, Scopus) were searched up to October 26, 2017 for studies investigating correlates of sedentary time measured using objective devices. A semiquantitative approach was used to synthesize data. Results: Forty-five studies were retrieved comprising 13,430 participants, and 84 correlates of sedentary time in young children were evaluated. The associations between sex, sleep habits, daily patterns (childcare vs. non-childcare hours), childcare type and sedentary time were indeterminate. Thirty-nine correlates were consistently unrelated. Forty-one potential correlates were examined in too few studies (<4) to make confident conclusions. Parental sedentary behaviour was reported 3 times and maternal sedentary behaviour was reported once. Out of these four studies, three were positively associated with child sedentary time. Conclusions: Despite reviewing 45 studies that evaluated associations for 84 correlates, this review was unable to identify any consistent correlates of sedentary time in young children. Additional research is needed in this area to provide robust evidence of the correlates of sedentary time in young children, particularly for those examined in only a small number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal.,Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity - CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Z Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - E Sousa-Sá
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - R Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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