1
|
Carvalho Silva R, Vezzoli M, Menesello V, Meattini M, Sartori R, Minelli A. Everything changes but nothing changes: gender stereotypes in the Italian population. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024; 27:537-545. [PMID: 38319355 PMCID: PMC11230945 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gender stereotypes refer to consensual or cultural shared beliefs about the attributes of men and women, influencing society behaviors, interpersonal relationships, education, and workplace. The literature has shown the existence of gender stereotypes on career choices, internalization of roles, and school and social experiences and demonstrates the impact of demographic factors on stereotypes. However, all the studies conducted in Italy available in scientific literature analyzed small sample sizes within specific schools of university settings, with a limited age range. METHODS To assess the current state of gender stereotypes in Italy, we conducted an online survey from October 2022 to January 2023 on the general population residing in Italy. The questionnaire comprised sociodemographic factors and questions about gender stereotypes, investigating six fields: games, jobs, personality traits, home and family activities, sports, and moral judgments. RESULTS The study involved 1854 participants, mostly women (70.1%) with an undergraduate or postgraduate degree (57.5%). The statistical and descriptive analyses revealed that gender stereotypes influenced respondents' beliefs, with statistically significant effects observed in most questions when stratifying by age, gender, and degree. Principal component analysis was performed to assess latent variables in different fields, revealing significant main stereotypes in each category. No statistically significant differences between men and women were found for the fields home and family activities, games, and moral judgments, confirming that stereotypes affect both men and women in the same way. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the persistence of gender stereotypes in any fields investigated, although our cohort is predominantly composed of high educational level women living in the North of Italy. This demonstrates that the long-standing gender stereotypes are prevalent, pernicious, and, unfortunately, internalized at times even by successful women pushbacking and sabotaging them unconsciously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Carvalho Silva
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marika Vezzoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Menesello
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Meattini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sartori
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Niekerk SM, Mason-Mackay A, Eljazzar J, Albader L, Saied R, Qubaiah R, Latrous M. How are sex-gender differences in chair-and-desk-based postural variability explained? A scoping review. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39042025 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2354395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desk-work-related musculoskeletal pain is more prevalent among female workers than male workers. This may be contributed to by sex and/or gender differences in postural variability however, the mechanisms underpinning these differences are poorly understood. This review investigates whether desk-based postural variability studies investigate sex-gender differences and, how they explain the mechanisms behind these differences. METHODS A scoping review was conducted with four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus and ProQuest) searched in June and July 2023. Studies investigating postural variability among desk-based workers were included and a narrative approach used to synthesise results. RESULTS 15 studies were included. Only four reported on sex-gender differences. None collected psychological or social information to explore reasons for sex-gender differences. CONCLUSION The mechanisms behind postural variability differences between sexes and genders are complex and multifactorial. Studies largely do not consider sex and gender and do not collect the information necessary to explain their results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjan-Mari van Niekerk
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Science Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anna Mason-Mackay
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Science Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jana Eljazzar
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Science Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lujain Albader
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Science Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rahma Saied
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Science Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raneem Qubaiah
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Science Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mariem Latrous
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Science Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caricati L, Bonetti C, Rossi F. Are Gender Identities and Gender Ideologies Associated with the Variety and Type of Owned Sex Toys? Evidence from a Large Italian Sample of Cisgender Individuals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024:10.1007/s10508-024-02944-z. [PMID: 39014277 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Research on the use of sex toys has been primarily performed from a medical perspective, while there is still limited research from a psychosocial perspective. To bridge this gap, in this study we examined whether some psychosocial variables might be linked to sex toy ownership in a sample of 3960 Italian (cisgender men and women) sex toy buyers. More specifically, we investigated the association between gender identities and ideologies and the variety and types of sex toys owned. Based on the data, we detected two dimensions underlying the ownership of sex toys: (1) orientation to owning kinky sex toys and (2) orientation to owning clit-oriented sex toys. Results showed that benevolent sexism and gender system justification were negatively correlated with owning clit-oriented toys. Moreover, strongly gender-identified participants owned a small variety of different toys and preferred toys that were designed to stimulate the vagina or clitoris over less commonly-used toys. No significant correlation between feminist identification and sex toy type owned was found when gender identification was taken into account. These results suggest that the owning of sex toys might be associated with traditional gender ideology and the strength of gender identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Caricati
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, b.go Carissimi 10, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, b.go Carissimi 10, 43121, Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, b.go Carissimi 10, 43121, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matković E, Borić I, Ćosić A, Sočo A. Challenging the status quo: gender norms in Croatian juvenile correctional settings. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2024; 9:1411894. [PMID: 38988645 PMCID: PMC11234850 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1411894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Gender norms and issues related to gender are highly relevant when it comes to treatment of juveniles in correctional institutions, especially related to their risky behavior and personal characteristics (such as personality traits, intellectual capability, culture, ethnicity etc.). Furthermore, many juveniles in correctional institutions are exposed to violence and are also perpetrators of violent criminal acts. This paper will give an overview of national policies related to gender-sensitive treatment in Croatia as a background to research aimed to describe the reflection of gender issues and gender norms in practical work with juveniles in Croatian correctional institutions. The research is based on qualitative approach and includes focus groups with youth workers from various organizations who implemented programs for youth in correctional institutions. Preliminary results show that gender and gender norms are not specifically targeted in treatment programs within the institutions. The initiative to implement gender issues mainly comes from organizations from the civil sector through different workshops. Juveniles express relatively rigid gender norms that are supported by rigid organization of correctional institutions especially for males. This research shows the importance of clearer focus to gender-sensitive programing and gender sensitive treatment programs that will strongly be integrated in everyday practice of correctional institutions. The precondition for this is largely connected to deconstructing stereotypes about gender and gender norms both for youth and professionals working with them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Borić
- Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Ćosić
- Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie Y, Lan X, Tang L. Gender differences in mathematics anxiety: A meta-analysis of Chinese children. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104373. [PMID: 38917717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mathematics anxiety (MA) is a widespread phenomenon that affects an individual's learning of mathematics. MA between different genders has been of great interest to researchers. Meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship between MA and gender in Chinese children, along with the influencing factors. After literature search and screening, 83 papers and 91 independent samples met the inclusion criteria. The results of the main effect test of the random effect model revealed a correlation of significant levels between MA and gender, r = -0.131, 95%CI [-0.158, -0.105], Z = -9.508, and p < 0.001. Girls had higher MA than boys. The outcomes of the moderating effect test indicated that the moderating effect of age, economic region and measurement instrument in the relationship between MA and gender was significant. But the moderating effect of period was not significant. Specifically, gender differences in MA were greater at the middle school compared to the elementary school. And the greatest correlation between children's MA and gender was in the western region. The gender difference of MA measured by different instruments varied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Xie
- Department of Applied Psychology, Changsha Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xingyang Lan
- Department of Applied Psychology, Changsha Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Changsha Normal University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Andreoli G, Rafanelli C, Gremigni P, Hofmann SG, Casu G. Positive sexuality, relationship satisfaction, and health: a network analysis. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1420148. [PMID: 38903470 PMCID: PMC11189356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1420148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Positive sexuality, defined as the happiness and fulfillment individuals derive from their sexual experiences, expressions, and behaviors, has been linked to relationship satisfaction and health. However, the intricate associations between positive sexuality and relationship functioning and health indicators have rarely been explored from a network perspective. This approach, by analyzing the interconnections among these factors within a broader system, can offer insights into complex dynamics and identify key variables for targeted interventions. Methods The present study applied network analysis to uncover interconnections between positive sexuality, relationship satisfaction, and health indicators, highlight the most relevant variables and explore potential gender-based differences in a sample of 992 partnered individuals (51% women, aged 18-71 years). Networks were estimated via Gaussian Graphical Models, and network comparison test was used to compare men and women. Results Results indicated that variables related to positive sexuality were more highly interconnected than the rest of the network. There were small-to-negligible connections between positive sexuality and relationship satisfaction variables, both of which had negligible or no connections with health. The network was globally invariant across gender, though a few connections were gender-specific. The most important variables, regardless of gender, related to pleasurable feelings during sexual intercourse. Discussion The findings underscore the importance of enhancing positive sexual experiences within intimate relationships and have implications for research and clinical practice in positive sexuality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanbattista Andreoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Paola Gremigni
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Casu
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dallimore CJ, Smith K, Hutchison J, Slessor G, Martin D. Many Mickles Make a Muckle: Evidence That Gender Stereotypes Reemerge Spontaneously Via Cultural Evolution. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241254695. [PMID: 38829014 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241254695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We explore whether societal gender stereotypes re-emerge as social information is repeatedly passed from person to person. We examined whether peoples' memories of personality attributes associated with female and male social targets became increasingly consistent with societal gender stereotypes as information was passed down social transmission chains. After passing through the memories of just four generations of participants, our initially gender-balanced micro-societies became rife with traditional gender stereotypes. While we found some evidence of the re-emergence of gender stereotypes in Experiment 1, we found the effects were stronger when targets appeared in a feminine-stereotyped occupational context (Experiment 2), and a masculine-stereotyped occupational context (Experiment 3); conversely, the re-emergence of gender stereotypes was attenuated when targets appeared in a single gender context (Experiment 4). The current findings demonstrate that gender schematic memory bias, if widely shared, might cause gender stereotypes to be maintained through cultural evolution.
Collapse
|
8
|
Allen EM, Frisancho A, Llanten C, Knep ME, Van Skiba MJ, Izarra C. The Role of Community Health Agents in Promoting Social Change in Peru. J Community Health 2024; 49:485-491. [PMID: 38117386 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community health agents (CHAs) provide basic health services and increase health care access thereby improving health outcomes for peri-urban regions in Peru. Few studies analyze the effect that becoming a CHA has on women's interpersonal interactions. We aim to explore the impact CHAs may have on gender and social norms through their roles as trusted leaders in male-dominated communities. METHODS We conducted six 90-minute group discussions with CHAs working in Huancayo and Trujillo, Peru. We designed the discussions to extract data about family and community norms that changed as a result of working as a CHA. RESULTS A total of 53 female CHAs participated in six discussion groups. CHAs reported shifting family support (a change in how their family supported them in their role as a CHA), gaining status within their family (feeling more valued for their knowledge and experience), and shifting family gender roles (men and boys taking on more household responsibilities) as a result of their work. CHAs also reported a change in community norms and felt they were more valued and respected within their communities as women leaders. CONCLUSIONS Working as a CHA creates an opportunity to enact social change through altering family dynamics and community perceptions. Moreover, empowering women to become CHAs not only generates tangible benefits in community health, but can help create social change that ultimately improves the lives of women and realize their human rights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Allen
- St. Catherine University, Public Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
| | | | | | - Maren E Knep
- St. Catherine University, Public Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grissom NM, Glewwe N, Chen C, Giglio E. Sex mechanisms as nonbinary influences on cognitive diversity. Horm Behav 2024; 162:105544. [PMID: 38643533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Essentially all neuropsychiatric diagnoses show some degree of sex and/or gender differences in their etiology, diagnosis, or prognosis. As a result, the roles of sex-related variables in behavior and cognition are of strong interest to many, with several lines of research showing effects on executive functions and value-based decision making in particular. These findings are often framed within a sex binary, with behavior of females described as less optimal than male "defaults"-- a framing that pits males and females against each other and deemphasizes the enormous overlap in fundamental neural mechanisms across sexes. Here, we propose an alternative framework in which sex-related factors encompass just one subset of many sources of valuable diversity in cognition. First, we review literature establishing multidimensional, nonbinary impacts of factors related to sex chromosomes and endocrine mechanisms on cognition, focusing on value- based decision-making tasks. Next, we present two suggestions for nonbinary interpretations and analyses of sex-related data that can be implemented by behavioral neuroscientists without devoting laboratory resources to delving into mechanisms underlying sex differences. We recommend (1) shifting interpretations of behavior away from performance metrics and towards strategy assessments to avoid the fallacy that the performance of one sex is worse than another; and (2) asking how much variance sex explains in measures and whether any differences are mosaic rather than binary, to avoid assuming that sex differences in separate measures are inextricably correlated. Nonbinary frameworks in research on cognition will allow neuroscience to represent the full spectrum of brains and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Grissom
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, United States of America.
| | - Nic Glewwe
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cathy Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Erin Giglio
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu JL, Yan L, Zhang YH, Gan JH, Yang LC. Lower class competence stereotypes of the upper class increase class conflict: mediation by intergroup envy and moderation by upward social mobility belief. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1360951. [PMID: 38873511 PMCID: PMC11169697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1360951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With increasing gaps between the rich and poor, potential risk factors for class conflict have attracted increasing attention from researchers. Although cognitive factors are known to be significant predictors of class-conflict behavior, limited attention has been paid to competence stereotypes of the upper class. When considering economic inequality, people pay more attention to competence stereotypes of the upper class, which may have adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between competence stereotypes held by the lower class about the upper class and class conflict, and to test the mediating role of intergroup envy in this relationship and the moderating role of upward social mobility belief. Methods Data were collected from a convenience sample from a comprehensive university in China. Based on scores on subjective and objective class scales, 284 lower-class college students (103 males and 181 females) aged 18-24 were selected to participate (both their subjective and objective scores were lower than 3 points). Their endorsement of upper-class competence stereotypes, intergroup envy, upward social mobility beliefs, and class conflict were measured using a well-validated self-report questionnaire. Results The main data were analyzed using correlation analysis, the SPSS macro PROCESS (Model 7), and simple slope analysis. The results show a significant positive correlation between competence stereotypes held by lower-class college students toward the higher class and class conflict, and this connection was mediated by intergroup envy. Moreover, the indirect effect of intergroup envy on this link was moderated by upward social mobility beliefs; this effect was stronger for college students with lower upward social mobility beliefs. Conclusion This study broadens our understanding of how and when competence stereotypes among the lower class concerning the upper class are related to class conflict. Researchers and policymakers should pay special attention to competence stereotypes of the upper class, especially intergroup envy and class conflict among lower-class individuals with lower levels of upward social mobility beliefs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Liu
- College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Social Psychology Research Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Yan
- College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Social Psychology Research Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhang
- College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Social Psychology Research Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jin-Hua Gan
- College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Social Psychology Research Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Lin-Chuan Yang
- College of Education, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vara-Horna AA, Giraldo-Mejia W, Guzman-Melgar C, Quintana-Otiniano M, Navarro-Viacava M, Delgado-Zegarra J. SDGs Managers' Assessment Bias and Their Implications for Preventing Violence Against Women in Companies. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241251970. [PMID: 38693859 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241251970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the role of managers' perceptions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in preventing violence against women in companies. Surveying 673 managers in Lima, Peru, it found gender-based discrepancies in SDG priorities, with men leaning toward industry goals and women toward well-being and gender equality. Socially ingrained gender biases influence prevention strategies: men often comply with mandatory measures, while women opt for noncompulsory strategic actions. Notably, a high valuation of SDG-5 (gender equality) correlates with diverse prevention efforts. The findings highlight the importance of addressing gender bias in company practices and improving business school formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arístides A Vara-Horna
- School of Administrative Sciences and Human Resources, San Martin de Porres University, Santa Anita, Lima, Perú
| | - Wilfredo Giraldo-Mejia
- School of Administrative Sciences and Human Resources, San Martin de Porres University, Santa Anita, Lima, Perú
| | - Catalina Guzman-Melgar
- School of Administrative Sciences and Human Resources, San Martin de Porres University, Santa Anita, Lima, Perú
| | - María Quintana-Otiniano
- School of Administrative Sciences and Human Resources, San Martin de Porres University, Santa Anita, Lima, Perú
| | - Marco Navarro-Viacava
- School of Administrative Sciences and Human Resources, San Martin de Porres University, Santa Anita, Lima, Perú
| | - Jaime Delgado-Zegarra
- School of Administrative Sciences and Human Resources, San Martin de Porres University, Santa Anita, Lima, Perú
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hollingshaus M, Smith KR, Meeks H, Ornstein K, Iacob E, Tay D, Stephens C, Utz RL. Mortality risk following end-of-life caregiving: A population-based analysis of hospice users and their families. Soc Sci Med 2024; 348:116781. [PMID: 38547806 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Experiencing the death of a family member and providing end-of-life caregiving can be stressful on families - this is well-documented in both the caregiving and bereavement literatures. Adopting a linked-lived theoretical perspective, exposure to the death and dying of one family member could be conceptualized as a significant life stressor that produces short and long-term health consequences for surviving family members. This study uses familial-linked administrative records from the Utah Population Database to assess how variations in family hospice experiences affect mortality risk for surviving spouses and children. A cohort of hospice decedents living in Utah between 1998 and 2016 linked to their spouses and adult children (n = 37,271 pairs) provides an ideal study population because 1) hospice typically involves family members in the planning and delivery of end-of-life care, and 2) hospice admission represents a conscious awareness and acknowledgment that the decedent is entering an end-of-life experience. Thus, hospice duration (measured as the time between admission and death) is a precise measure of the family's exposure to an end-of-life stressor. Linking medical records, vital statistics, and other administrative microdata to describe decedent-kin pairs, event-history models assessed how hospice duration and characteristics of the family, including familial network size and coresidence with the decedent, were associated with long-term mortality risk of surviving daughters, sons, wives (widows), and husbands (widowers). Longer hospice duration increased mortality risk for daughters and husbands, but not sons or wives. Having other family members in the state was protective, and living in the same household as the decedent prior to death was a risk factor for sons. We conclude that relationship type and sex likely modify the how of end-of-life stressors (i.e., potential caregiving demands and bereavement experiences) affect health because of normative gender roles. Furthermore, exposure to dementia deaths may be particularly stressful, especially for women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hollingshaus
- Senior Demographer, Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Ken R Smith
- Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Huong Meeks
- Assistant Professor, Pediatrics, University of Utah, United States.
| | | | - Eli Iacob
- Assistant Research Professor, College of Nursing, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Djin Tay
- Assistant Professor, College of Nursing, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Caroline Stephens
- Associate Professor, College of Nursing, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Rebecca L Utz
- Professor, Sociology Department, University of Utah, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Harel T, Koslowsky M. Development and validation of the relational behavior interactions scale for couples. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8086. [PMID: 38582916 PMCID: PMC10998839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, we developed and validated a measure of couple-based reported behavior interactions (RBI). Specifically, Study 1 was designed to describe the development of the scale and to examine its reliability; Study 2 (N = 222), was designed to examine factors that could differentiate men and women. Additionally, we tested if women's behaviors could predict their partner's behavior. Results from the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a three-factor structure for couples' RBI which were labelled: Social Companionship and Affective Behavior Interactions (SAI) (Factor 1), Fulfilling Obligations and Duties of the Partner (FOD) (Factor 2) and Openness in the Relationship (OR) (Factor 3). In linear regression analyses, there was a significant difference between men and women in the second factor, which represents behaviors associated with fulfilling the responsibilities of a partner. On the other hand, neither the SAI factor nor the OR factor showed any distinct gender differences. The SPSS PROCESS analysis revealed that women's Social Companionship and Affective Behavior Interactions (Factor 1), and Openness in the Relationship (Factor 3) significantly predicted their male partner's behaviors. The relationship duration significantly moderated the association between women's and men's behaviors for both factors. Results are discussed in light of the need for a broader understanding of romantic behavioral interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Harel
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Meni Koslowsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Riedijk L, Aarntzen L, van Veelen R, Derks B. Gender (in)equality at the kitchen table: A diary study on how Parents' coordination facilitates an equal task division and relationship quality. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:681-707. [PMID: 37983753 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Although women's labour force participation has increased, women still lag behind in financial independence and men in spending time on parenting. Insight in individuals' explicit conversations with their partner about how to coordinate daily household, childcare and paid work may help to overcome these persistent inequalities. Using a daily diary design, the present study examined to what extent daily conversations with the partner about household, childcare and paid work can boost a more equal, fair task division and relationship quality among Dutch mothers and fathers in a heterosexual relationship (N = 1235 daily reported conversations nested in 157 participants; 66.2% female). Mixed model results showed that (1) on days when participants conversed more with their partner about household tasks, they reported a more egalitarian task division and higher satisfaction with and fairness of the task division, and higher relationship quality (2) this higher daily satisfaction with and perceived fairness of the task division (but not egalitarianism) were, in turn, associated with higher relationship quality and (3) conversations had limited spill-over effects to the next day, stressing the importance of daily coordination. Together, these findings imply that daily household coordination helps parents to overcome traditional gender roles and align with their desired work/family division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Riedijk
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Aarntzen
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth van Veelen
- Department of Sustainable Productivity and Employability, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Belle Derks
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reggev N. Motivation and prediction-driven processing of social memoranda. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105613. [PMID: 38437974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Social semantic memory guides many aspects of behavior. Individuals rely on acquired and inferred knowledge about personal characteristics and group membership to predict the behavior and character of social targets. These predictions then determine the expectations from, the behavior in, and the interpretations of social interactions. According to predictive processing accounts, mnemonic and attentional mechanisms should enhance the processing of prediction-violating events. However, empirical findings suggest that prediction-consistent social events are often better remembered. This mini-review integrates recent evidence from social and non-social memory research to highlight the role of motivation in explaining these discrepancies. A particular emphasis is given to the continuous nature of prediction-(in)consistency, the epistemic tendency of perceivers to maintain or update their knowledge, and the dynamic influences of motivation on multiple steps in prediction-driven social memory. The suggested framework provides a coherent outlook of existing work and offers promising future directions to better understand the ebb and flow of social memoranda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niv Reggev
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rippon G, Losse K, White S. Impression management in sex and gender neuroscience research reporting: the MAGIC guidelines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2826. [PMID: 38561359 PMCID: PMC10985000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, the authors discuss guidelines to avoid miscommunication of findings in research into sex and gender-based differences in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Rippon
- Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | | | - Simon White
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cao X, Kosinski M. Large language models know how the personality of public figures is perceived by the general public. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6735. [PMID: 38509191 PMCID: PMC10954708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We show that people's perceptions of public figures' personalities can be accurately predicted from their names' location in GPT-3's semantic space. We collected Big Five personality perceptions of 226 public figures from 600 human raters. Cross-validated linear regression was used to predict human perceptions from public figures' name embeddings extracted from GPT-3. The models' accuracy ranged from r = .78 to .88 without controls and from r = .53 to .70 when controlling for public figures' likability and demographics, after correcting for attenuation. Prediction models showed high face validity as revealed by the personality-descriptive adjectives occupying their extremes. Our findings reveal that GPT-3 word embeddings capture signals pertaining to individual differences and intimate traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Cao
- Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Butovskaya ML, Rostovstseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Kavina A, Rizwan M, Shi Y, Vilimek V, Davletshin A. Cross-cultural perception of strength, attractiveness, aggressiveness and helpfulness of Maasai male faces calibrated to handgrip strength. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5880. [PMID: 38467751 PMCID: PMC10928163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that Maasai and Europeans tend to align in their ratings of the physical strength and aggressiveness of Maasai male faces, calibrated to hand grip strength (HGS). However, perceptions of attractiveness of these faces differed among populations. In this study, three morphs of young Maasai men created by means of geometric morphometrics, and depicting the average sample and two extrema (± 4 SD of HGS), were assessed by men and women from Tanzania, Czech Republic, Russia, Pakistan, China, and Mexico (total sample = 1540). The aim of this study was to test cross-cultural differences in the perception of young Maasai men's composites calibrated to HGS, focusing on four traits: physical strength, attractiveness, aggressiveness, and helpfulness. Individuals from all six cultures were able to distinguish between low, medium, and high HGS portraits. Across all study populations, portrait of Maasai men with lower HGS was perceived as less attractive, more aggressive, and less helpful. This suggests that people from diverse populations share similar perceptions of physical strength based on facial shape, as well as attribute similar social qualities like aggressiveness and helpfulness to these facial images. Participants from all samples rated the composite image of weak Maasai men as the least attractive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 32a, 119334, Moscow, Russia.
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victoria V Rostovstseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 32a, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Mezentseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 32a, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu J, Yang J, Sadikova E, Tiemeier H. The association of sexual minority status and bullying victimization is modified by sex and grade: findings from a nationally representative sample. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:504. [PMID: 38365609 PMCID: PMC10874033 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual minority status is associated with face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying victimization. However, limited studies have investigated whether such a relationship differs by sex or grade in a nationally representative sample. METHODS We concatenated the national high school data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) chronologically from 2015 to 2019, resulting in a sample of 32,542 high school students. We constructed models with the interaction term between sexual minority status and biological sex assigned at birth to test the effect modification by sex on both the multiplicative and additive scales. A similar method was used to test the effect modification by grade. RESULTS Among heterosexual students, females had a higher odds of being bullied than males, while among sexual minority students, males had a higher odds of being bullied. The effect modification by sex was significant on both the multiplicative and additive scales. We also found a decreasing trend of bullying victimization as the grade increased among both heterosexual and sexual minority students. The effect modification by the grade was significant on both the multiplicative and the additive scale. CONCLUSIONS Teachers and public health workers should consider the difference in sex and grade when designing prevention programs to help sexual minority students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Lu
- Department of Social and Behavior Sciences, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ekaterina Sadikova
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Social and Behavior Sciences, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang X, Li Q, Hao Y, An N. The Relationship between a Competitive School Climate and School Bullying among Secondary Vocational School Students in China: A Moderated Mediation Model. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:129. [PMID: 38392482 PMCID: PMC10886260 DOI: 10.3390/bs14020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
School bullying is widespread in countries around the world and has a continuous negative impact on the physical and mental health of students. However, few studies have explored the influence mechanism of a competitive school climate on school bullying among Chinese secondary vocational school students. This study aims to explore the relationship between a competitive school climate and bullying in secondary vocational schools in the Chinese context, as well as the mediating role of school belonging and the moderating role of gender. Logit regression analysis and a moderated mediation model were used to analyze 1964 secondary vocational students from China based on PISA 2018 data from Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, China. (1) The detection rate of school bullying in secondary vocational schools in China is 17.8%, lower than the world average. (2) A competitive school climate is significantly and positively correlated with secondary vocational school students' exposure to school bullying. (3) A moderated mediation model suggests that school belonging is an important mechanism by which a competitive school climate influences the occurrence of school bullying, whereas gender moderates the direct effect of a competitive school climate and the indirect effect of school belonging, which mitigates the negative effects of a competitive school climate to some extent. The research results show that creating a healthy competitive climate in schools, cultivating students' sense of belonging, and facing up to gender differences are helpful to prevent school bullying in secondary vocational schools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhong Huang
- Normal School of Vocational Techniques, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Qianyu Li
- Normal School of Vocational Techniques, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yipu Hao
- School of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ni An
- Normal School of Vocational Techniques, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ryan MK, Morgenroth T. Why We Should Stop Trying to Fix Women: How Context Shapes and Constrains Women's Career Trajectories. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:555-572. [PMID: 38236650 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-032620-030938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this review we examine two classes of interventions designed to achieve workplace gender equality: (a) those designed to boost motivations and ambition, such as those that aim to attract more women into roles where they are underrepresented; and (b) those that try to provide women with needed abilities to achieve these positions. While such initiatives are generally well meaning, they tend to be based upon (and reinforce) stereotypes of what women lack. Such a deficit model leads to interventions that attempt to "fix" women rather than address the structural factors that are the root of gender inequalities. We provide a critical appraisal of the literature to establish an evidence base for why fixing women is unlikely to be successful. As an alternative, we focus on understanding how organizational context and culture maintain these inequalities by looking at how they shape and constrain (a) women's motivations and ambitions, and (b) the expression and interpretation of their skills and attributes. In doing so, we seek to shift the interventional focus from women themselves to the systems and structures in which they are embedded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Ryan
- Global Institute for Women's Leadership, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thekla Morgenroth
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ciaffoni S, Rubini M, Moscatelli S. Turning ingroup wounds into bonds: perceptions of gender inequalities predict attitudes toward other minorities. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1327262. [PMID: 38259557 PMCID: PMC10800884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1327262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant strides in reducing gender disparities over the past decades, women still face disparities in several domains. While extensive research has explored the various consequences of gender inequalities for women, this study (N = 493 participants) delves into a less-explored dimension, investigating whether and how perceiving gender inequalities is associated with attitudes toward minorities. Drawing on relative deprivation theory and intra-minority solidarity research, we examined the relationship between women's perceptions of gender inequalities-spanning workplace inequality, domestic inequality, sexual harassment, and social expectations-and attitudes toward gays and lesbians, transgender women, and immigrants. We also explored whether indignation, arising from recognizing unjust circumstances, mediated these relationships, and the moderating role of perceived friends' support for gender equality. The results of the path analyses unveiled a nuanced relationship. While women who were more aware of gender inequalities exhibited more positive attitudes toward gays and lesbians and transgender women, no such relationship was observed regarding immigrants. Indignation and perceived friends' support for gender equality were key factors in fostering positive intergroup attitudes. Regarding their moderating role, perceived social norms only influenced the relationship between indignation and attitudes toward gays and lesbians. These findings shed light on the intricate interplay between gender inequalities and minority group attitudes. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of gender inequality and its emotional impact can catalyze promoting coalitional attitudes and collective action among disadvantaged groups. The study also underscores the potential of close groups' norms in promoting positive intergroup attitudes, warranting further exploration.
Collapse
|
23
|
Mason-Mackay AR. Gender, Sex and Desk-Based Postural Behaviour: A systematic review re-interpreting biomechanical evidence from a social perspective. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 114:104073. [PMID: 37945179 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomechanical and pain prevalence differences between sex/gender groups are frequently attributed to biological differences between sexes without considering the influence of socially-constructed gender. This may lead to interventions which are insufficient and culturally unresponsive. This review reinterprets the evidence regarding differences in desk-based postural behaviour between sex/gender groups from a gender-based perspective. METHODS Four prominent databases were searched using terms such as 'desk based', 'posture', and 'position'. Articles were included if they objectively investigated desk-based positional variability, postural variability and/or habitual alignment in healthy adults. RESULTS Nine studies were included. Differences were found in postural variability and habitual alignment between sex/gender groups and were not explored from a gender-based perspective. CONCLUSION Gender-based expectations regarding 'acceptable' posture and movement likely contribute to biomechanical and pain differences between genders. This should be considered by clinicians intending to affect patients' movement and postural patterns and by researchers working in this space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ruth Mason-Mackay
- Physiotherapy, Centre for Health and Social Practice, Wintec Te Pūkenga, Kirikiriroa, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang J, Mei K, Deng Y, Ren Y, Huang S. Household Income and Early Adolescents' Executive Function: The Different Roles of Perceived Discrimination and Shift-and-Persist. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2636-2646. [PMID: 37659969 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Household income predicts early adolescents' cognitive development. However, the mechanism underlying this association and protective factors are unclear. This study assessed one-year longitudinal data to examine whether perceived discrimination mediated the association between household income and executive function and the moderating role of shift-and-persist. 344 early adolescents in rural China were included in the study (mean = 10.88 years, SD = 1.32 years, girls: 51.74%). The latent variable model revealed that household income predicted early adolescents' cognitive flexibility and working memory in the subsequent year through perceived discrimination. Shift-and-persist moderated the negative effects of perceived discrimination on cognitive flexibility: perceived discrimination impeded cognitive flexibility only among early adolescents with low shift-and-persist. The findings highlight perceived discrimination in the relation between household income and early adolescents' executive function and underscore the protective role of shift-and-persist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kehan Mei
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Deng
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Silin Huang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martinelli A, Bonetto C, Pozzan T, Procura E, Cristofalo D, Ruggeri M, Killaspy H. Exploring gender impact on collaborative care planning: insights from a community mental health service study in Italy. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:834. [PMID: 37957583 PMCID: PMC10644654 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Personal recovery is associated with socio-demographic and clinical factors, and gender seems to influence the recovery process. This study aimed to investigate: i) differences in the recovery goals of men and women users of a community mental health service in Italy; ii) any differences by gender in recovery over six months using the Mental Health Recovery Star (MHRS). METHODS Service users and staff completed the MHRS together at recruitment and six months later to agree the recovery goals they wished to focus on. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and ratings of symptoms (BPRS), needs (CAN), functioning (FPS), and functional autonomy (MPR) were collected at recruitment and six months follow-up. Comparisons between men and women were made using t-tests. RESULTS Ten women and 15 men completed the MHRS with 19 mental health professionals. Other than gender, men and women had similar socio-demographic, and clinical characteristics at recruitment. Women tended to choose recovery goals that focused on relationships whereas men tended to focus on work related goals. At follow-up, both men and women showed improvement in their recovery (MHRS) and women were less likely to focus on relationship related goals, perhaps because some had found romantic partners. There were also gains for both men and women in engagement with work related activities. Ratings of functional autonomy (MPR) improved for both men and women, and men also showed improvement in symptoms (BPRS) and functioning (FPS). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that collaborative care planning tools such as the MHRS can assist in identifying individualized recovery goals for men and women with severe mental health problems as part of their rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Tecla Pozzan
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Procura
- Mental Health Center, Isola Della Scala, Ospedale Di Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Doriana Cristofalo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Helen Killaspy
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Napp C. Gender stereotypes embedded in natural language are stronger in more economically developed and individualistic countries. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad355. [PMID: 38024410 PMCID: PMC10662454 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Gender stereotypes contribute to gender imbalances, and analyzing their variations across countries is important for understanding and mitigating gender inequalities. However, measuring stereotypes is difficult, particularly in a cross-cultural context. Word embeddings are a recent useful tool in natural language processing permitting to measure the collective gender stereotypes embedded in a society. In this work, we used word embedding models pre-trained on large text corpora from more than 70 different countries to examine how gender stereotypes vary across countries. We considered stereotypes associating men with career and women with family as well as those associating men with math or science and women with arts or liberal arts. Relying on two different sources (Wikipedia and Common Crawl), we found that these gender stereotypes are all significantly more pronounced in the text corpora of more economically developed and more individualistic countries. Our analysis suggests that more economically developed countries, while being more gender equal along several dimensions, also have stronger gender stereotypes. Public policy aiming at mitigating gender imbalances in these countries should take this feature into account. Besides, our analysis sheds light on the "gender equality paradox," i.e. on the fact that gender imbalances in a large number of domains are paradoxically stronger in more developed/gender equal/individualistic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Napp
- CNRS, UMR7088, France
- Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 75016 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Binesh F, Baloglu S. Are we ready for hotel robots after the pandemic? A profile analysis. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023; 147:107854. [PMID: 37389284 PMCID: PMC10291269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has changed many aspects of the hospitality and tourism industry, including technology-oriented and contactless solutions. Despite the increasing number of service companies using robots on their premises, most of the previous attempts and practices of adoption have remained unsuccessful. Prior research hints that socioeconomic factors could influence the successful adoption of these emerging technologies. Nevertheless, these studies ignore the role of profile factors and assume a homogenous response to using robots in service operations during the pandemic. Based on the theory of diffusion of innovation and a sample of 525 participants, this study investigates the differences in customers' attitudes, their level of involvement, and optimism for service robots as well as their intentions to use service robots in the five main areas of hotel operations (front desk, concierge, housekeeping, room service, and food and beverage) based on five profile factors (age, gender, income level, education, and purpose of trip). MANOVA tests show significant differences in all variables based on demographic factors; male, younger, more educated, higher income, and leisure travelers show more positive attitudes, higher involvement, optimism, and intention to use service robots across various hotel departments. In particular, mean scores were found to be smaller for the traditionally human-oriented functional areas of the hotel operations. We also clustered the participants based on their level of comfort and optimism about using service robots in hotels. Given the rapid changes in the service industry and the increasing adoption of service robots, this paper adds a much-needed contribution to the ongoing research on service robots in the service industry by investigating the impact of profile factors on guests' behavior towards service robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Binesh
- University of Florida, Department of Tourism, Health, and Event Management (THEM), PO Box 118209 Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Seyhmus Baloglu
- University of Nevada Las Vegas, William F. Harrah College of Hospitality, Box 456021 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV 89154-6021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Deslippe AL, Bergeron C, Cohen TR. Boys and girls differ in their rationale behind eating: a systematic review of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in dietary habits across countries. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1256189. [PMID: 37841404 PMCID: PMC10570531 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1256189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Boys' and girls' food habits diverge in adolescence (13-18 years). This contributes to unequal risks of adverse health outcomes based on sex and gender in adulthood (e.g., heart diseases in men vs. disorder eating in women). Though multi-factorial, why these dietary differences occur is unclear. Purpose To identify the reasons why adolescents' motivation behind dietary habits differs among genders. Methods Four databases were searched following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies had to use qualitative methodology and report at least one gender unique theme. Reported themes were thematically analyzed, with a sub-analysis by country where the studies were conducted. Quality appraisals were assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Results In the 34 eligible articles (n = 1,694 returned) two overarching themes emerged that dictated dietary habits in adolescents: Self-motivators and Uncontrollable factors. Gender differences arose whereby girls highlighted more external motivators (e.g., eat healthier, change dietary habits around boys and be thin to fit traditional norms) over their dietary habits. In contrast, boys focused on more internal motivators (e.g., gain autonomy, eat for enjoyment and pursue gains in physical performance). This suggests that motivation underlying how boys and girls eat differs. These trends were largely consistent across countries. Conclusion Boys' and girls' food habits are not motivated by the same factors. To create more effective dietary interventions targeting health promotion, unique motivations behind food habits need to be understood and incorporated. Systematic review registration Identifier: CRD42022298077.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alysha L. Deslippe
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Healthy Starts, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Coralie Bergeron
- Healthy Starts, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tamara R. Cohen
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Healthy Starts, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sepahpour-Fard M, Quayle M, Schuld M, Yasseri T. Using word embeddings to analyse audience effects and individual differences in parenting Subreddits. EPJ DATA SCIENCE 2023; 12:38. [PMID: 37745193 PMCID: PMC10511593 DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores how individuals' language use in gender-specific groups ("mothers" and "fathers") compares to their interactions when referred to as "parents." Language adaptation based on the audience is well-documented, yet large-scale studies of naturally-occurring audience effects are rare. To address this, we investigate audience and gender effects in the context of parenting, where gender plays a significant role. We focus on interactions within Reddit, particularly in the parenting Subreddits r/Daddit, r/Mommit, and r/Parenting, which cater to distinct audiences. By analyzing user posts using word embeddings, we measure similarities between user-tokens and word-tokens, also considering differences among high and low self-monitors. Results reveal that in mixed-gender contexts, mothers and fathers exhibit similar behavior in discussing a wide range of topics, while fathers emphasize more on educational and family advice. Single-gender Subreddits see more focused discussions. Mothers in r/Mommit discuss medical care, sleep, potty training, and food, distinguishing themselves. In terms of individual differences, we found that, especially on r/Parenting, high self-monitors tend to conform more to the norms of the Subreddit by discussing more of the topics associated with the Subreddit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melody Sepahpour-Fard
- Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Research Training in Foundations of Data Science, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Quayle
- Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
| | - Maria Schuld
- Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Taha Yasseri
- School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wicker P, Cunningham GB. Gender stereotypes and their correlates: the moderating role of voluntary sports club membership. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1236439. [PMID: 37744577 PMCID: PMC10513099 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the correlates of gender stereotypes and the moderating role of membership in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, this study argues that gender stereotypes are lower when individuals regularly have the opportunity to meet and play sport with such people, for example in a voluntary sports club. Methods Survey data from the European Values Study are used for the analysis (n = 36,185; 30 countries). Gender stereotypes are measured with statements on gender role attributes. Results Regression results show that membership in a voluntary sports club, being a student, income, and living in a more gender equal country significantly reduce gender stereotypes. On the contrary, male gender, living in a partnership, having children, lower and medium education, part-time employment, self-employment, unemployment, being a home maker, and living in a small town are correlates of higher gender stereotypes. Interacting the latter correlates with sports club membership support its moderating effect in the sense that most correlates turn insignificant or have smaller coefficients. The only variables retaining their coefficient size are self-employment and living in a small town. Discussion The findings support the contact hypothesis and suggest that sports clubs are places that lessen gender stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Wicker
- Department of Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - George B. Cunningham
- Laboratory for Diversity in Sport, Department of Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Villanueva-Moya L, Expósito F. How Do Women and Men Perceive the Sacrifice of Leaving Work for Their Families? A Cost-Benefit Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231195331. [PMID: 37667650 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231195331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze perceptions of the costs and benefits of family and work sacrifices. In Study 1, participants (n = 222) rated the associated benefits and costs of a sacrifice (work vs. family). In Study 2, participants (n = 213) rated the associated benefits and costs of a work sacrifice, their willingness to sacrifice, and their sense of authenticity. In Study 3, participants (n = 186) reported on commitment and relationship satisfaction, rated the associated benefits and costs of a work sacrifice, and their life satisfaction. Participants perceived that work sacrifices were costlier for men and more beneficial for women and that women felt more authentic for making them. For women, higher commitment or relationship satisfaction was associated with greater perception of benefits, which was associated with greater life satisfaction. These findings highlight the relevance of gender differences in work sacrifices and hence in women's professional advancement.
Collapse
|
32
|
Brickhill R, Atherton G, Piovesan A, Cross L. Autism, thy name is man: Exploring implicit and explicit gender bias in autism perceptions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284013. [PMID: 37611041 PMCID: PMC10446214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Males are around three times more likely to possess an autism diagnosis than females. For years this was explained by accounts that considered the male gender more compatible with the autistic phenotype. However, new research suggests that a lack of understanding and recognition of the female autistic phenotype, and a predisposition to associate males with autistic traits, could lead to structural inequalities that hinder the identification of autistic females. To explore how autism and gender are more widely perceived, the present study tested implicit and explicit associations between autism and binary gender using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Autism Quotient (AQ) presented alongside a male or female vignette. A significant association was found on the IAT, identifying an implicit bias towards males and autistic traits. The vignette AQ pairing also revealed some specific items perceived as explicitly male traits, while only reverse-scored items were perceived as female. These findings suggest that current perceptions and even metrics of autism are skewed towards males, which may hinder the identification and understanding of the female autistic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rae Brickhill
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gray Atherton
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Piovesan
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Cross
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Curtis C, Terry M. The Effect of Gender on Identification and Interpretation of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. Psychopathology 2023; 57:18-26. [PMID: 37598669 DOI: 10.1159/000531551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reported rates of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) differ by gender but may be under-reported and under-recognised in men. People engaging in NSSI rarely seek professional help without encouragement, so others play a key role in its identification and potential intervention. The current research investigated others' interpretations of NSSI, examining whether gender affects the likelihood of NSSI identification and views of how common and acceptable NSSI is. METHOD Participants (N = 429; 74.1% female, 23.3% male; please see below for further demographic information) responded to two vignettes describing a person self-injuring by punching a wall or by cutting themselves. The person's gender in each vignette was manipulated. Following each vignette, the participants rated the level to which they agreed the behaviour was common for the gender of the person described, as well as the level to which they agreed the behaviour was acceptable for the gender of the person described, on a 5-point Likert scale. Following both vignettes, participants were presented with a definition of NSSI and rated the level to which they agreed cutting and wall-punching were forms of NSSI on 5-point Likert scales. Independent-samples t tests and goodness of fit χ2 tests were conducted as appropriate. RESULTS Participants were more likely to identify wall-punching as common for men and cutting as common for women. However, there was no significant difference in whether wall-punching was identified as NSSI or considered to be an acceptable behaviour, regardless of the gender of the person engaging in it. That is, although research suggests that men are far more likely to engage in wall-punching as a form of NSSI than women, participants did not recognise this. Overall, the results indicated a gender-dependent difference in how acceptable and common NSSI is thought to be, but no noticeable difference in identification of a behaviour as NSSI. Wall-punching, typically a form of NSSI engaged in by males, tended not to be identified as such. CONCLUSION There is an effect of gender on how NSSI is interpreted, and it seems that men's NSSI is, and will continue to be, under-recognised. This has important implications for the treatment of men's NSSI, which is more likely to be seen as aggression and therefore deserving of punishment than an attempt at emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cate Curtis
- School of Psychology, Division of Arts Law Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Michaela Terry
- School of Psychology, Division of Arts Law Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Qin X, Chua RYJ, Tan L, Li W, Chen C. Gender bias in cultural tightness across the 50 US states, its correlates, and links to gender inequality in leadership and innovation. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad238. [PMID: 37538532 PMCID: PMC10396071 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Cultural tightness theory, which holds that "tight" cultures have rigid norms and sanctions, provides unique insights into cultural variations. However, current theorizing has not analyzed gender differences in cultural tightness. Addressing this gap, this research shows that women are more constrained than men by norms within the same society. By recruiting 15,425 respondents, we mapped state-level gender bias in cultural tightness across the United States. Variability in gender bias in cultural tightness was associated with state-level sociopolitical factors (religion and political ideology) and gender-related threats. Gender bias in cultural tightness was positively associated with state-level gender inequality in (business and political) leadership and innovation, two major challenges faced by women professionals. Overall, this research advances cultural tightness theory and offers a cultural norms account on persistent gender inequalities in society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Sun Yat-sen Business School, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xinggang West Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | | | - Ling Tan
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 161 Yinglong Road, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- Sun Yat-sen Business School, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xinggang West Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chen Chen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Moreno-Bella E, García-Sánchez E. Mapping gender stereotypes: a network analysis approach. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1193866. [PMID: 37533725 PMCID: PMC10393260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stereotypes have traditionally been considered as "mental pictures" of a particular social group. The current research aims to draw the structure of gender stereotypes and metastereotype schemes as complex systems of stereotypical features. Therefore, we analyze gender stereotypes as networks of interconnected characteristics. Method Through an online survey (N = 750), participants listed the common female and male features to build the structure of the gender stereotypes. Participants also listed the common features of how members of one gender think they are viewed by people of the other gender to build the structure of gender metastereotypes. Results Our results suggest that female stereotypes are characterized by a single community of features consistently associated such as intelligent, strong, and hardworkers. Female metastereotype, however, combines the previous community with another characterized by weak and sensitive. On the contrary, the male stereotype projected by women is characterized by a community of features associated such as intelligent, strong, and hardworker, but male in-group stereotypes and metastereotypes projected by men are a combination of this community with another one characterized by features associated such as strong, chauvinist, and aggressive. Discussion A network approach to studying stereotypes provided insights into the meaning of certain traits when considered in combination with different traits. (e.g., strong-intelligent vs. strong-aggressive). Thus, focusing on central nodes can be critical to understanding and changing the structure of gender stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Moreno-Bella
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
AlSamhori JF, Rayyan R, Hammouri M, Taha H, Al-Huneidy L, AlOweiwi W, AlMohtasib J, Mansour S, Dardas M, Qiqieh J, Halasa Z, Al-Huneidy Y, Al-Ani A. Factors influencing gender preference towards surgeons among Jordanian adults: an investigation of healthcare bias. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11614. [PMID: 37464087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating gender bias against female surgeons yielded conflicting results ranging from neutrality to a clear preference towards male surgeons. Yet, such bias remains understudied within Middle Eastern nations. We aimed to assess preferences of surgeons' gender among Jordanians and explore reasons for possible gender bias across different surgical specialties. A total of 1708 respondents were examined using a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire to evaluate the gender preferences of surgeons, characteristics associated with preferred surgeon's gender, and surgeon's preference in certain specialties. Nearly 52.0% of participants had no gender preference for surgeons. Among those with a preference, 75.7% preferred male surgeons while 24.3% preferred female surgeons. Reputation, knowledge, and experience were the most important factors when choosing a surgeon. Male surgeons were viewed as more trustworthy, knowledgeable, experienced, and communicative. Female surgeons were dominantly perceived as more compassionate, cooperative, and prone to listen. Male respondents were 5 times more likely to choose a surgeon of similar gender (OR 5.687; CI 3.791-8.531). Male surgeons were favored for cardiovascular and orthopedic surgeries. Similarly, female surgeons were favored in gynecological and obstetric surgeries, plastic surgeries, and breast surgeries. Female gender (OR 6.193; CI 4.077-9.408), living outside Amman (OR 1.517; CI 1.066-2.160), and being married (OR 2.504; CI 1.601-3.917) were all significant positive predictors of preferring female surgeons. Our findings highlight differences in gender preference and perception of surgeons among Jordanian adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rama Rayyan
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Hana Taha
- Department of Pharmacology, Public Health and Clinical Skills, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Leen Al-Huneidy
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Medical Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wahid AlOweiwi
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Shahd Mansour
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Majid Dardas
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jamil Qiqieh
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zeina Halasa
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Abdallah Al-Ani
- Office of Scientific Affairs and Research, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sonmez B, Makarovs K, Allum N. Public perception of scientists: Experimental evidence on the role of sociodemographic, partisan, and professional characteristics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287572. [PMID: 37418395 PMCID: PMC10328236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research shows that public trust in scientists is often bound up with the messages that they convey and the context in which they communicate. However, in the current study, we examine how the public perceives scientists based on the characteristics of scientists themselves, irrespective of their scientific message and its context. Using a quota sample of U.S. adults, we investigate how scientists' sociodemographic; partisan; and professional characteristics affect preferences and trust towards them as a scientific adviser to local government. We find that scientists' party identification and professional characteristics appear to be prominent to understand public preferences towards them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Sonmez
- Social Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirils Makarovs
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Allum
- Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tian X, Guo Y. The Effect of Deviant Workplace Behavior on Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Shame and Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:561. [PMID: 37504008 PMCID: PMC10376112 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not uncommon for employees to engage in deviant workplace behavior. Several studies have been conducted on its antecedent variables and negative effects on the organization and its members. However, the effects on employees' emotions and behavior have been ignored. According to the affective events theory and framework of organizational shame, this study examined how deviant workplace behavior affects employee performance, explored how organizational shame mediates, and investigated the role of perceived organizational support moderators. This study was completed by 435 Chinese employees in total. The results showed the following. (1) Deviant workplace behavior significantly positively predicted organizational shame and negatively predicted job performance. Organizational shame positively predicted job performance. (2) Organizational shame mediated the relationship between deviant workplace behavior and job performance, and there were gender differences in this mediating role. (3) Perceived organizational support weakened the negative effect of deviant workplace behavior on job performance. As a result, this study proves the applicability of the framework of organizational shame in a Chinese context and provides support for the affective events theory, from the perspective of actors. Furthermore, this study offers insight into how to ameliorate the negative effects of deviant workplace behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- School of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kalff MC, Dijksterhuis WPM, Wagner AD, Oertelt-Prigione S, Verhoeven RHA, Lemmens VEPP, van Laarhoven HWM, Gisbertz SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI. Sex differences in treatment allocation and survival of potentially curable gastroesophageal cancer: A population-based study. Eur J Cancer 2023; 187:114-123. [PMID: 37146505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although curative treatment options are identical for male and female gastroesophageal cancer patients, access to care and survival may vary. This study aimed to compare treatment allocation and survival between male and female patients with potentially curable gastroesophageal cancer. METHODS Nationwide cohort study including all patients with potentially curable gastroesophageal squamous cell or adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2006 and 2018 registered in the Netherlands Cancer Registry. The main outcome, treatment allocation, was compared between male and female patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Additionally, 5-year relative survival with relative excess risk (RER), that is, adjusted for the normal life expectancy, was compared. RESULTS Among 27,496 patients (68.8% men), most were allocated to curative treatment (62.8%), although rates dropped to 45.6%>70 years. Curative treatment rates were comparable among younger male and female patients (≤70 years) with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, while older females with EAC were less frequently allocated to curative treatment than males (OR = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-0.99). For those allocated to curative treatment, relative survival was superior for female patients with EAC (RER = 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.96) and ESCC (RER = 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.91), and comparable for males and females with GAC (RER = 1.02, 95% CI 0.94-1.11). CONCLUSIONS While curative treatment rates were comparable between younger male and female patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, treatment disparities were present between older patients. When treated, the survival of females with EAC and ESCC was superior to males. The treatment and survival gaps between male and female patients with gastroesophageal cancer warrant further exploration and could potentially improve treatment strategies and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne C Kalff
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Willemieke P M Dijksterhuis
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Research & Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Godebaldkwartier 419, 3511 DT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna D Wagner
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Oertelt-Prigione
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Sex, and Gender-Sensitive Medicine, Medical Faculty OWL, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rob H A Verhoeven
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Research & Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Godebaldkwartier 419, 3511 DT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valery E P P Lemmens
- Department of Research & Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Godebaldkwartier 419, 3511 DT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kumar S, Kumar R, Dixit V, Chaudhury S. Motivation for solitude, COVID-19-related anxiety and resilience among Indian medical students. Ind Psychiatry J 2023; 32:423-430. [PMID: 38161472 PMCID: PMC10756591 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_98_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent reports indicate that self-isolation because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related lockdowns had significant influence on mental health of medical students. Aim To understand the relationship between two different motivations for solitude - self-determined versus non-self-determined with medical students' COVID-19-related anxiety and psychological resilience during their self-isolation because of COVID-19-related lockdowns. Materials and Methods After the approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee, this online survey was done on undergraduate Indian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Expressing consent at the beginning of the online form, enabled the students to proceed to the next section comprising their sociodemographic details and clinical details. The last section of the form comprised the Motivation for Solitude Scale-Short Form, the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-Abbreviated. Results 282 out of 286 students of either sex gave their consent and completed the given form. Both self-determined and non-self-determined motivations for solitude were higher in female medical students. The self-determined motivation for solitude was directly related to all students' resilience. A past history of psychiatric illness was directly associated with the non-self-determined motivation for solitude of the students. The non-self-directed motivation for solitude of female students was indirectly related to their resilience. The COVID-19-related anxiety was not related to either type of motivation for solitude as well as the resilience of the medical students. Conclusion Indian female medical students are more motivated for solitude, be it self-determined or non-self-determined, than their male counterparts. The student's resilience has a direct relationship with students' self-determined motivation. The COVID-19-related anxiety among the medical students is not related to their motivations for solitude or resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Vidhata Dixit
- Department of Psychology, J D Womens College, Patna, India
| | - Suprakash Chaudhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr D Y Patil Medical College, Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fittipaldi S, Baez S, Gonzalez-Silva C, Duran-Aniotz C. Latin American women in dementia research: outstanding contributions, barriers, and opportunities from Argentinian, Chilean, and Colombian colleagues. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1168414. [PMID: 37358953 PMCID: PMC10285056 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1168414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Women's contributions to science have been consistently underrepresented throughout history. Despite many efforts and some progresses being made to reduce gender inequity in science, pursuing an academic career across disciplines, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias, remains challenging for women. Idiosyncratic difficulties of Latin American countries likely accentuate the gender gap. In this Perspective, we celebrate outstanding contributions from Argentinian, Chilean, and Colombian colleagues in dementia research and discuss barriers and opportunities identified by them. We aim to acknowledge Latin American women's work and bring visibility to the challenges they face throughout their careers in order to inform potential solutions. Also, we highlight the need to perform a systematic assessment of the gender gap in the Latin American dementia community of researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sol Fittipaldi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres (UdeSA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Baez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Silva
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Feng Q, Luo H, Li W, Chen T, Song N. Effects of gender diversity on college students' collaborative learning: From individual gender to gender pairing. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16237. [PMID: 37265618 PMCID: PMC10230217 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of gender and gender pairing on behaviors and social interaction during collaborative learning in a blended learning environment. Three types of pairing (all-female, all-male, and mixed) were considered in an empirical study with 44 undergraduate students. The results revealed that, first, female students were more likely to perform well in listening, talking, and integrating during class, and in the quality of posts after class, whereas male students tended to engage more in irrelevant behavior in collaboration. Second, same-gender groups were more active in collaborative discussion, but all-male groups performed worst in quality of posts after class. Third, both male and female students were more active in same-gender groups than in mixed groups. Finally, same-gender groups tended to have greater interpersonal connectedness than mixed-gender groups. The paper ends with a list of practical implications for facilitating effective collaborative learning in co-educational college classrooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heng Luo
- Corresponding author. 152 Luoyu Street, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Camussi E, Meneghetti D, Rella R, Sbarra ML, Calegari E, Sassi C, Annovazzi C. Life design facing the fertility gap: promoting gender equity to give women and men the freedom of a mindful life planning. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1176663. [PMID: 37325728 PMCID: PMC10264654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, society is characterized by enormous and rapid changes, erratic careers, gender discrimination, injustices, and inequities. Discrimination includes professional and educational segregation, the gender pay gap, stereotypical gender roles, and social expectations. In this context, phenomena called low fertility and fertility gap are increasing. Indeed, the birth rate necessary to ensure the replacement of the population is not reached, with severe repercussions at a social, environmental, and economic level. This study aimed to investigate 835 women's perceptions of the desire for motherhood and the associated difficulties. Hierarchical multiple regression and thematic decomposition analyses first highlight a significant difference between the number of children women realistically plan and the ideal number of children they would like. Secondly, the results showed how the parenthood choice is connected to the perception of social and gender inequity. Finally, in a Life Design perspective, preventive actions will be described to support women to get back to the center of life choices, building dignified fair paths and family projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Camussi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Daria Meneghetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rella
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Sbarra
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Elena Calegari
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sassi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Chiara Annovazzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Lombardy, Italy
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Valle D’Aosta, Aosta, Aosta Valley, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Troncoso E, Suárez-Amaya W, Ormazábal M, Sandoval L. Does the Faculty's Perception of Gender Discrimination Relate to Its Assessment of Organizational Democracy in the University? Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:450. [PMID: 37366702 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to study the relationship between the perception of organizational democracy and gender discrimination at a Chilean public university. It is known that organizational democracy is not only about organizational life but also about democratic perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in social life, as found in academic contexts. The methodology used factor analysis and descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to analyze data from a survey administered to 704 university faculty members, with a response rate of 58.1%. The gender distribution of this respondent population was 67% male and 37% female, values equivalent to the Chilean public university system (60% and 40%, respectively). The results highlight the importance of gender perspective in higher education. Indeed, academics who perceive greater gender discrimination toward women appreciate the deployment of organizational democracy to a lesser extent. Moreover, a high perception of discrimination on the part of women is confirmed (46%), them being, in turn, the ones who show a greater predisposition toward gender equality. This research intends to contribute to the development of strategies to remove obstacles to gender equality and improve the commitment of the academic community to institutional progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Troncoso
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940577, Chile
| | - Wendolin Suárez-Amaya
- Department of Organizational Management, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Dr. Hernán Alessandri 722, Providencia, Santiago 7500998, Chile
| | - María Ormazábal
- Gender and Equity Program, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Avda. Dieciocho 145, Santiago 8330300, Chile
| | - Luis Sandoval
- Office of the Vice President of Academic Affairs, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, San Ignacio de Loyola 160, Santiago 8330366, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen L, Liu J, Han M, Su Y. The effect of different representations of pictures on the activation of gender stereotypes. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37224505 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2216330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is N400 effect on the representation of gender stereotype in the different picture priming condition from the behavioral and ERP levels, and further explore whether there is hierarchical structure of upper category, secondary category, typical example and counter-example based on this. The results showed: (1) under the condition of picture priming, N400 effect would be induced when representing the conflict of gender stereotypes. (2) Category representation and example representation can activate different regions of the brain. When the priming stimulus was upper category (gender picture) and secondary category (occupational gender picture), N400 effect mainly appeared on the electrode of frontal region in left hemisphere.When the priming stimuli were typical example (typical example picture) and counter-example, the N400 effect mainly appeared on the electrodes in the frontal region of the right hemisphere.(3) the gender stereotype representation of picture activation has hierarchical structure, that is, N400 amplitude induced by upper category activation < secondary category activation < typical sample activation < counter-example activation. These findings suggest that the representation of gender stereotypes has a hierarchical structure at the picture level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangxin Liu
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meiling Han
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Su
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zivony A, Reggev N. Beliefs About the Inevitability of Sexual Attraction Predict Stereotypes About Asexuality. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023:10.1007/s10508-023-02616-4. [PMID: 37212956 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Similar to other sexual minorities, asexual individuals often face prejudice and stereotyping. However, the source of these attitudes and beliefs is not well understood. We hypothesized that asexual stereotypes stem from the belief that sexual attraction is an inevitable part of human development. This attraction inevitability assumption can lead to the deduction that people who identify as asexual do so because they are going through a transitory stage or excusing socially avoidant tendencies. To test this stereotype deduction account, we examined whether specific asexual stereotypes (immaturity and non-sociality) were associated with adherence to the attraction inevitability assumption. Heterosexual participants (N = 322; 201 women, 114 men; mean age 34.6 yrs.) from the UK and the US read vignettes describing a target character that was either asexual or heterosexual. People who assumed that attraction is inevitable were more likely to evaluate asexual targets (but not heterosexual targets) as immature and non-social. The impact of the sexual inevitability assumption was present even when social dominance orientation, an attitude closely related to negativity toward all sexual minorities, was accounted for. Participants who adhered to the attraction inevitability assumption also showed a reduced inclination to befriend asexual individuals. These findings suggest that generalized negativity toward sexual minorities does not fully explain stereotypes and prejudice against asexual people. Instead, the current study highlights how perceived deviation from the shared understanding of sexuality uniquely contributes to anti-asexual bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Zivony
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Niv Reggev
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mrozowicz-Wrońska M, Janowicz K, Soroko E, Adamczyk K. Let's Talk About Single Men: A Qualitative Investigation of Never Married Men's Experiences of Singlehood. SEX ROLES 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37360901 PMCID: PMC10192784 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-023-01380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Existing research on singlehood has largely focused on the experiences of single women, and little is known about singlehood among men. The current investigation examined the experience of long-term singlehood through individual, semi-structured interviews with 22 never-married single men living in Poland who were aged 22-43 years. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes: (1) the sense of being deficient-is there something wrong with me?; (2) navigating outside the dominant discourse of traditional masculinity, marriage and family; (3) the benefits and downsides of singlehood; (4) adaptation to singlehood; and (5) the dilemma between waiting and actively searching for a romantic partner. An analysis of single men's narratives revealed that men experience their single status in the context of their various needs and hopes and as a status that determines their adult life course. This study contributes to the singlehood literature, highlighting the complexity of singlehood for men and the importance of traditional masculinity norms in experiencing long-term singlehood. These findings challenge stereotypical and unrealistic views of singlehood among men and have practical implications for psychotherapists, counsellors and educators working with single men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mrozowicz-Wrońska
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. A. Szamarzewskiego 89/AB, Poznań, 60-568 Poland
| | - Kamil Janowicz
- Center for Research on Personality Development, SWPS University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Emilia Soroko
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. A. Szamarzewskiego 89/AB, Poznań, 60-568 Poland
| | - Katarzyna Adamczyk
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. A. Szamarzewskiego 89/AB, Poznań, 60-568 Poland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Eyring JB, Crandall A, Magnusson BM. A Modified Menstrual Attitudes Scale: Heteronormative Attitudes, Sexism, and Attitudes Toward Menstruation in Male and Female Adults. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1535-1547. [PMID: 36856958 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Social shame and stigma surround menstruation, which may compromise women's health and rights in various contexts. Men's attitudes are particularly important because men often hold positions of power that influence women's experience. This study examined factors associated with menstrual attitudes, including heteronormative attitudes, sexism, and family influences. A cross-sectional Qualtrics panel survey (n = 802; aged 18-44; 50.8% female) was performed. We tested a revised menstrual attitudes scale based on items drawn from previously validated measures. Data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling framework. Factor analysis identified and confirmed a 5-factor model for menstrual attitudes. Men endorsed more negative attitudes toward menstruation than women; however, this difference was largely explained by factors other than gender in the structural equation model. After controlling for family and demographic characteristics, attitudes toward openness and secrecy surrounding menstruation were most strongly associated with gender role expectations and hostile sexism. Benevolent sexism was associated with finding menstruation debilitating, denying menstrual symptoms, and endorsing avoidance of activities during menstruation. Heteronormative and sexist attitudes were associated with more negative menstrual attitudes, while increased menstrual knowledge was associated with more positive menstrual attitudes. The difference in menstrual attitudes between males and females was explained largely by heteronormative attitudes and sexism. This suggests that attitudes toward menstruation are closely linked to social ideals about men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Eyring
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84003, USA.
| | - AliceAnn Crandall
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Brianna M Magnusson
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Watson JD, Pierce BS, Tyler CM, Donovan EK, Merced K, Mallon M, Autler A, Perrin PB. Barriers and Facilitators to Psychologists' Telepsychology Uptake during the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085467. [PMID: 37107748 PMCID: PMC10139141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the delivery of psychological services as many psychologists adopted telepsychology for the first time or dramatically increased their use of it. The current study examined qualitative and quantitative data provided by 2619 practicing psychologists to identify variables facilitating and impeding the adoption of telepsychology in the U.S. at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The top five reported barriers were: inadequate access to technology, diminished therapeutic alliance, technological issues, diminished quality of delivered care or effectiveness, and privacy concerns. The top five reported facilitators were: increased safety, better access to patient care, patient demand, efficient use of time, and adequate technology for telepsychology use. Psychologists' demographic and practice characteristics robustly predicted their endorsement of telepsychology barriers and facilitators. These findings provide important context into the implementation of telepsychology at the beginning of the pandemic and may serve future implementation strategies in clinics and healthcare organizations attempting to increase telepsychology utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Watson
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Bradford S. Pierce
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Carmen M. Tyler
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Emily K. Donovan
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Kritzia Merced
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Margaret Mallon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Aaron Autler
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Paul B. Perrin
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
- School of Data Science and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hideg I, Hancock S, Shen W. Women With Mandarin Accent in the Canadian English-Speaking Hiring Context: Can Evaluations of Warmth Undermine Gender Equity? PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843231165475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Although many workers speak with a non-native English accent, our understanding of this phenomenon is limited because prior work predominantly focused on men. This overlooks whether the biases women experience due to their accent manifests differently. To address this omission, we use an intersectional lens to examine how non-native accents associated with more gender-traditional countries may affect women's hiring outcomes. We argue that the bias women with these accents face is subtle due to an association of non-native (vs. native) accents with perceptions of women's warmth (whereas there are no such effects for men) and consequently higher perceptions of hireability. Yet we posit that the indirect effect on hireability occurs within feminine, but not masculine, industries, which ultimately undermines equity by pushing women with these non-native accents into lower pay and prestige occupations. We found support for our hypotheses in three vignette-based experiments conducted in Canada using a Mandarin accent. Managers and decision-makers need to be aware of the insidious bias women with these non-native accents experience because it may not be immediately apparent that an association of accent with higher ratings of warmth may undermine women at work. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843231165475
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Hideg
- Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Hancock
- DAN Department of Management & Organizational Studies, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Winny Shen
- Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|