1
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Williams ME, Asia LK, Lindeque Z, Jansen van Vuren E. The association between HIV-1 Tat and Vif amino acid sequence variation, inflammation and Trp-Kyn metabolism: an exploratory investigation. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:943. [PMID: 39251983 PMCID: PMC11385500 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 has well-established mechanisms to disrupt essential pathways in people with HIV, such as inflammation and metabolism. Moreover, diversity of the amino acid sequences in fundamental HIV-1 proteins including Tat and Vif, have been linked to dysregulating these pathways, and subsequently influencing clinical outcomes in people with HIV. However, the relationship between Tat and Vif amino acid sequence variation and specific immune markers and metabolites of the tryptophan-kynurenine (Trp-Kyn) pathway remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between Tat/Vif amino acid sequence diversity and Trp-Kyn metabolites (quinolinic acid (QUIN), Trp, kynurenic acid (KA), Kyn and Trp/Kyn ratio), as well as specific immune markers (sCD163, suPAR, IL-6, NGAL and hsCRP) in n = 67 South African cART-naïve people with HIV. METHODS Sanger sequencing was used to determine blood-derived Tat/Vif amino acid sequence diversity. To measure Trp-Kyn metabolites, a LC-MS/MS metabolomics platform was employed using a targeted approach. To measure immune markers, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and the Particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay was used. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, sCD163 (p = 0.042) and KA (p = 0.031) were higher in participants with Tat signatures N24 and R57, respectively, and amino acid variation at position 24 (adj R2 = 0.048, β = -0.416, p = 0.042) and 57 (adj R2 = 0.166, β = 0.535, p = 0.031) of Tat were associated with sCD163 and KA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that amino acid variation in Tat may have an influence on underlying pathogenic HIV-1 mechanisms and therefore, this line of work merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monray E Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Levanco K Asia
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Zander Lindeque
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Esmé Jansen van Vuren
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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2
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Aboalroub AA, Al Azzam KM. Protein S-Nitrosylation: A Chemical Modification with Ubiquitous Biological Activities. Protein J 2024; 43:639-655. [PMID: 39068633 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) induces protein posttranslational modification (PTM), known as S-nitrosylation, which has started to gain attention as a critical regulator of thousands of substrate proteins. However, our understanding of the biological consequences of this emerging PTM is incomplete because of the limited number of identified S-nitrosylated proteins (S-NO proteins). Recent advances in detection methods have effectively contributed to broadening the spectrum of discovered S-NO proteins. This article briefly reviews the progress in S-NO protein detection methods and discusses how these methods are involved in characterizing the biological consequences of this PTM. Additionally, we provide insight into S-NO protein-related diseases, focusing on the role of these proteins in mitigating the severity of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Aboalroub
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center (PDRC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan.
| | - Khaldun M Al Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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3
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Park IW, Fiadjoe HK, Chaudhary P. Impact of Annexin A2 on virus life cycles. Virus Res 2024; 345:199384. [PMID: 38702018 PMCID: PMC11091703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Due to the limited size of viral genomes, hijacking host machinery by the viruses taking place throughout the virus life cycle is inevitable for the survival and proliferation of the virus in the infected hosts. Recent reports indicated that Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a calcium- and lipid-binding cellular protein, plays an important role as a critical regulator in various steps of the virus life cycle. The multifarious AnxA2 functions in cells, such as adhesion, adsorption, endocytosis, exocytosis, cell proliferation and division, inflammation, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, etc., are intimately related to the various clinical courses of viral infection. Ubiquitous expression of AnxA2 across multiple cell types indicates the broad range of susceptibility of diverse species of the virus to induce disparate viral disease in various tissues, and intracellular expression of AnxA2 in the cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, and nucleus suggests the involvement of AnxA2 in the regulation of the different stages of various virus life cycles within host cells. However, it is yet unclear as to the molecular processes on how AnxA2 and the infected virus interplay to regulate virus life cycles and thereby the virus-associated disease courses, and hence elucidation of the molecular mechanisms on AnxA2-mediated virus life cycle will provide essential clues to develop therapeutics deterring viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
| | - Hope K Fiadjoe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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4
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Arribas L, Menéndez-Arias L, Betancor G. May I Help You with Your Coat? HIV-1 Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7167. [PMID: 39000271 PMCID: PMC11241228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid is a protein core formed by multiple copies of the viral capsid (CA) protein. Inside the capsid, HIV-1 harbours all the viral components required for replication, including the genomic RNA and viral enzymes reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). Upon infection, the RT transforms the genomic RNA into a double-stranded DNA molecule that is subsequently integrated into the host chromosome by IN. For this to happen, the viral capsid must open and release the viral DNA, in a process known as uncoating. Capsid plays a key role during the initial stages of HIV-1 replication; therefore, its stability is intimately related to infection efficiency, and untimely uncoating results in reverse transcription defects. How and where uncoating takes place and its relationship with reverse transcription is not fully understood, but the recent development of novel biochemical and cellular approaches has provided unprecedented detail on these processes. In this review, we present the latest findings on the intricate link between capsid stability, reverse transcription and uncoating, the different models proposed over the years for capsid uncoating, and the role played by other cellular factors on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arribas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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5
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D'Orso I. The HIV-1 Transcriptional Program: From Initiation to Elongation Control. J Mol Biol 2024:168690. [PMID: 38936695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A large body of work in the last four decades has revealed the key pillars of HIV-1 transcription control at the initiation and elongation steps. Here, I provide a recount of this collective knowledge starting with the genomic elements (DNA and nascent TAR RNA stem-loop) and transcription factors (cellular and the viral transactivator Tat), and later transitioning to the assembly and regulation of transcription initiation and elongation complexes, and the role of chromatin structure. Compelling evidence support a core HIV-1 transcriptional program regulated by the sequential and concerted action of cellular transcription factors and Tat to promote initiation and sustain elongation, highlighting the efficiency of a small virus to take over its host to produce the high levels of transcription required for viral replication. I summarize new advances including the use of CRISPR-Cas9, genetic tools for acute factor depletion, and imaging to study transcriptional dynamics, bursting and the progression through the multiple phases of the transcriptional cycle. Finally, I describe current challenges to future major advances and discuss areas that deserve more attention to both bolster our basic knowledge of the core HIV-1 transcriptional program and open up new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván D'Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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6
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Padron A, Dwivedi R, Chakraborty R, Prakash P, Kim K, Shi J, Ahn J, Pandhare J, Luban J, Aiken C, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C. Cyclophilin A Facilitates HIV-1 DNA Integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.15.599180. [PMID: 38948800 PMCID: PMC11212919 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.15.599180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) promotes HIV-1 infection by facilitating reverse transcription, nuclear entry and by countering the antiviral activity of TRIM5α. These multifunctional roles of CypA are driven by its binding to the viral capsid. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that the HIV-1 capsid lattice enters the nucleus of an infected cell and uncoats just before integration. Therefore, we tested whether CypA-capsid interaction regulates post-nuclear entry steps of infection, particularly integration. First, we challenged CypA-expressing (CypA +/+ ) and CypA-depleted (CypA -/- ) cells with HIV-1 particles and quantified the resulting levels of provirus. Surprisingly, CypA-depletion significantly reduced integration, an effect that was independent of CypA's effect on reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and the presence or absence of TRIM5α. Additionally, cyclosporin A, an inhibitor that disrupts CypA-capsid binding, inhibited HIV-1 integration in CypA +/+ cells but not in CypA -/- cells. Accordingly, HIV-1 capsid mutants (G89V and P90A) deficient in CypA binding were also blocked at integration in CypA +/+ cells but not in CypA -/- cells. Then, to understand the mechanism, we assessed the integration activity of HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs) extracted from infected cells. The PICs from CypA -/- cells had lower activity in vitro compared to those from CypA +/+ cells. PICs from cells depleted for CypA and TRIM5α also had lower activity, suggesting that CypA's effect on PIC activity is independent of TRIM5α. Finally, addition of CypA protein significantly stimulated the integration activity of PICs extracted from both CypA +/+ and CypA -/- cells. Collectively, these results suggest that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration, a previously unknown role of this host factor. Importance HIV-1 capsid interaction with host cellular factors is essential for establishing a productive infection. However, the molecular details of such virus-host interactions are not fully understood. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is the first host protein identified to specifically bind to the HIV-1 capsid. Now it is established that CypA promotes reverse transcription and nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection. In this report, we show that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by binding to the viral capsid. Specifically, our results demonstrate that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by stimulating the activity of the viral preintegration complex and identifies a novel role of CypA during HIV-1 infection. This new knowledge is important because recent reports suggest that an operationally intact HIV-1 capsid enters the nucleus of an infected cell.
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7
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Tipo J, Gottipati K, Slaton M, Gonzalez-Gutierrez G, Choi KH. Structure of HIV-1 RRE stem-loop II identifies two conformational states of the high-affinity Rev binding site. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4198. [PMID: 38760344 PMCID: PMC11101469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, specific RNA-protein interaction between the Rev response element (RRE) and viral Rev protein is required for nuclear export of intron-containing viral mRNA transcripts. Rev initially binds the high-affinity site in stem-loop II, which promotes oligomerization of additional Rev proteins on RRE. Here, we present the crystal structure of RRE stem-loop II in distinct closed and open conformations. The high-affinity Rev-binding site is located within the three-way junction rather than the predicted stem IIB. The closed and open conformers differ in their non-canonical interactions within the three-way junction, and only the open conformation has the widened major groove conducive to initial Rev interaction. Rev binding assays show that RRE stem-loop II has high- and low-affinity binding sites, each of which binds a Rev dimer. We propose a binding model, wherein Rev-binding sites on RRE are sequentially created through structural rearrangements induced by Rev-RRE interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerricho Tipo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Keerthi Gottipati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Michael Slaton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Kyung H Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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8
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Hyder U, Shukla A, Challa A, D’Orso I. HIV-1 Proviral Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9 for Mechanistic Studies. Viruses 2024; 16:287. [PMID: 38400062 PMCID: PMC10892460 DOI: 10.3390/v16020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 latency remains a barrier to a functional cure because of the ability of virtually silent yet inducible proviruses within reservoir cells to transcriptionally reactivate upon cell stimulation. HIV-1 reactivation occurs through the sequential action of host transcription factors (TFs) during the "host phase" and the viral TF Tat during the "viral phase", which together facilitate the positive feedback loop required for exponential transcription, replication, and pathogenesis. The sequential action of these TFs poses a challenge to precisely delineate the contributions of the host and viral phases of the transcriptional program to guide future mechanistic and therapeutic studies. To address this limitation, we devised a genome engineering approach to mutate tat and create a genetically matched pair of Jurkat T cell clones harboring HIV-1 at the same integration site with and without Tat expression. By comparing the transcriptional profile of both clones, the transition point between the host and viral phases was defined, providing a system that enables the temporal mechanistic interrogation of HIV-1 transcription prior to and after Tat synthesis. Importantly, this CRISPR method is broadly applicable to knockout individual viral proteins or genomic regulatory elements to delineate their contributions to various aspects of the viral life cycle and ultimately may facilitate therapeutic approaches in our race towards achieving a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iván D’Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (U.H.); (A.S.); (A.C.)
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9
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Nadai M, Doria F, Frasson I, Perrone R, Pirota V, Bergamaschi G, Freccero M, Richter SN. Naphthalene Diimide-Tetraazacycloalkane Conjugates Are G-Quadruplex-Based HIV-1 Inhibitors with a Dual Mode of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:489-499. [PMID: 38175706 PMCID: PMC10862543 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) therapeutic regimens consist of three or more drugs targeting different steps of the viral life cycle to limit the emergence of viral resistance. In line with the multitargeting strategy, here we conjugated a naphthalene diimide (NDI) moiety with a tetraazacycloalkane to obtain novel naphthalene diimide (NDI)-tetraazacycloalkane conjugates. The NDI inhibits the HIV-1 promoter activity by binding to LTR G-quadruplexes, and the tetraazacycloalkane mimics AMD3100, which blocks HIV entry into cells by interfering with the CXCR4 coreceptor. We synthesized, purified, and tested the metal-free NDI-tetraazacycloalkane conjugate and the two derived metal-organic complexes (MOCs) that incorporate Cu2+ and Zn2+. The NDI-MOCs showed enhanced binding to LTR G4s as assessed by FRET and CD assays in vitro. They also showed enhanced activity in cells where they dose-dependently reduced LTR promoter activity and inhibited viral entry only of the HIV-1 strain that exploited the CXCR4 coreceptor. The time of addition assay confirmed the dual targeting at the different HIV-1 steps. Our results indicate that the NDI-MOC conjugates can simultaneously inhibit viral entry, by targeting the CXCR4 coreceptor, and LTR promoter activity, by stabilizing the LTR G-quadruplexes. The approach of combining multiple targets in a single compound may streamline treatment regimens and improve the overall patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nadai
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Frasson
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Rosalba Perrone
- Buck
Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, United States
| | - Valentina Pirota
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- National
Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
“Giulio Natta” (SCITEC–CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Freccero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara N. Richter
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
- Microbiology
and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy
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10
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Li Y, Liu X, Fujinaga K, Gross JD, Frankel AD. Enhanced NF-κB activation via HIV-1 Tat-TRAF6 cross-talk. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi4162. [PMID: 38241362 PMCID: PMC10798561 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The Tat proteins of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are essential for activating viral transcription. In addition, Tat stimulates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways to regulate viral gene expression although its molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that Tat directly activates NF-κB through the interaction with TRAF6, which is an essential upstream signaling molecule of the canonical NF-κB pathway. This interaction increases TRAF6 oligomerization and auto-ubiquitination, as well as the synthesis of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to further activate the NF-κB pathway and HIV-1 transcription. Moreover, ectopic expression of TRAF6 significantly activates HIV-1 transcription, whereas TRAF6 knockdown inhibits transcription. Furthermore, Tat-mediated activation of NF-κB through TRAF6 is conserved among HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates. Our study uncovers yet another mechanism by which HIV-1 subverts host transcriptional pathways to enhance its own transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Koh Fujinaga
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John D. Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alan D. Frankel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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11
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Wyżewski Z, Stępkowska J, Kobylińska AM, Mielcarska A, Mielcarska MB. Mcl-1 Protein and Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1138. [PMID: 38256213 PMCID: PMC10816053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
MCL-1 is the prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family. It prevents the induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms dictating the host cell viability gain importance in the context of viral infections. The premature apoptosis of infected cells could interrupt the pathogen replication cycle. On the other hand, cell death following the effective assembly of progeny particles may facilitate virus dissemination. Thus, various viruses can interfere with the apoptosis regulation network to their advantage. Research has shown that viral infections affect the intracellular amount of MCL-1 to modify the apoptotic potential of infected cells, fitting it to the "schedule" of the replication cycle. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus-dependent deregulation of the MCL-1 level may contribute to several virus-driven diseases. In this work, we have described the role of MCL-1 in infections caused by various viruses. We have also presented a list of promising antiviral agents targeting the MCL-1 protein. The discussed results indicate targeted interventions addressing anti-apoptotic MCL1 as a new therapeutic strategy for cancers as well as other diseases. The investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in viral infections engaging MCL1 may contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death and survival balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Stępkowska
- Institute of Family Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Maria Kobylińska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
| | - Adriana Mielcarska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Av. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
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12
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Hokello J, Tyagi K, Owor RO, Sharma AL, Bhushan A, Daniel R, Tyagi M. New Insights into HIV Life Cycle, Th1/Th2 Shift during HIV Infection and Preferential Virus Infection of Th2 Cells: Implications of Early HIV Treatment Initiation and Care. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:104. [PMID: 38255719 PMCID: PMC10817636 DOI: 10.3390/life14010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The theory of immune regulation involves a homeostatic balance between T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses. The Th1 and Th2 theories were introduced in 1986 as a result of studies in mice, whereby T-helper cell subsets were found to direct different immune response pathways. Subsequently, this hypothesis was extended to human immunity, with Th1 cells mediating cellular immunity to fight intracellular pathogens, while Th2 cells mediated humoral immunity to fight extracellular pathogens. Several disease conditions were later found to tilt the balance between Th1 and Th2 immune response pathways, including HIV infection, but the exact mechanism for the shift from Th1 to Th2 cells was poorly understood. This review provides new insights into the molecular biology of HIV, wherein the HIV life cycle is discussed in detail. Insights into the possible mechanism for the Th1 to Th2 shift during HIV infection and the preferential infection of Th2 cells during the late symptomatic stage of HIV disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hokello
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University, Tororo P.O. Box 236, Uganda;
| | - Kratika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur 304022, India;
| | - Richard Oriko Owor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University, Tororo P.O. Box 236, Uganda;
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (A.L.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Alok Bhushan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Rene Daniel
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (A.L.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (A.L.S.); (R.D.)
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13
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Jackson PEH, Dzhivhuho G, Huang J, Hammarskjold ML, Rekosh D. Measurement of HIV Rev-Rev Response Element Functional Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2807:175-194. [PMID: 38743229 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3862-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Retroviruses must overcome cellular restrictions to the nucleocytoplasmic export of viral mRNAs that retain introns in order to complete their replication cycle. HIV accomplishes this using a system comprised of a trans-acting viral protein, Rev, and a cis-acting RNA secondary structure in the viral genome, the Rev-Response Element (RRE). HIV primary isolates differ with respect to the sequence and functional activity of the Rev-RRE system. Here, we describe a high throughput assay system for analyzing Rev-RRE functional activity using packageable viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E H Jackson
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Godfrey Dzhivhuho
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Hammarskjold
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Rekosh
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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14
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Thamamongood T, Jengarn J, Muangsanit P, Petpiroon N, Srisutthisamphan K, Attasombat K, Wongwanakul R, Aueviriyavit S, Laohathai S, Jongkaewwattana A, Teeravechyan S. Pseudotyped zoonotic thogotoviruses exhibit broad entry range in mammalian cells. Virology 2024; 589:109914. [PMID: 37931589 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses in the thogotovirus genus of the family Orthomyxoviridae are much less well-understood than influenza viruses despite documented zoonotic transmission and association with human disease. This study therefore developed a cell-cell fusion assay and three pseudotyping tools and used them to assess envelope function and cell tropism. Envelope glycoproteins of Dhori (DHOV), Thogoto (THOV), Bourbon, and Sinu viruses were all revealed to exhibit pH-dependent triggering of membrane fusion. Lentivirus vectors were robustly pseudotyped with these glycoproteins while influenza virus vectors showed pseudotyping compatibility, albeit at lower efficiencies. Replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus expressing DHOV or THOV glycoproteins were also successfully generated. These pseudotyped viruses mediated entry into a wide range of mammalian cell lines, including human primary cells. The promiscuousness of these viruses suggests the use of a relatively ubiquitous receptor and their entry into numerous mammalian cells emphasize their high potential as veterinary and zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiprampai Thamamongood
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Juggragarn Jengarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Papon Muangsanit
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nalinrat Petpiroon
- Nano Safety and Bioactivity Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Srisutthisamphan
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Khemphitcha Attasombat
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ratjika Wongwanakul
- Nano Safety and Bioactivity Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- Nano Safety and Bioactivity Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sira Laohathai
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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15
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Linkner TR, Ambrus V, Kunkli B, Szojka ZI, Kalló G, Csősz É, Kumar A, Emri M, Tőzsér J, Mahdi M. Comparative Analysis of Differential Cellular Transcriptome and Proteome Regulation by HIV-1 and HIV-2 Pseudovirions in the Early Phase of Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:380. [PMID: 38203551 PMCID: PMC10779251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In spite of the similar structural and genomic organization of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), striking differences exist between them in terms of replication dynamics and clinical manifestation of infection. Although the pathomechanism of HIV-1 infection is well characterized, relatively few data are available regarding HIV-2 viral replication and its interaction with host-cell proteins during the early phase of infection. We utilized proteo-transcriptomic analyses to determine differential genome expression and proteomic changes induced by transduction with HIV-1/2 pseudovirions during 8, 12 and 26 h time-points in HEK-293T cells. We show that alteration in the cellular milieu was indeed different between the two pseudovirions. The significantly higher number of genes altered by HIV-2 in the first two time-points suggests a more diverse yet subtle effect on the host cell, preparing the infected cell for integration and latency. On the other hand, GO analysis showed that, while HIV-1 induced cellular oxidative stress and had a greater effect on cellular metabolism, HIV-2 mostly affected genes involved in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization or cellular differentiation. Proteomics analysis revealed that HIV-2 significantly downregulated the expression of proteins involved in mRNA processing and translation. Meanwhile, HIV-1 influenced the cellular level of translation initiation factors and chaperones. Our study provides insight into the understudied replication cycle of HIV-2 and enriches our knowledge about the use of HIV-based lentiviral vectors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Richárd Linkner
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Viktor Ambrus
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Balázs Kunkli
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsófia Ilona Szojka
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gergő Kalló
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Ajneesh Kumar
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Miklós Emri
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - József Tőzsér
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Mohamed Mahdi
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
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16
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Nafchi NAM, Chilcott EM, Brown S, Fuller HR, Bowerman M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Enhanced expression of the human Survival motor neuron 1 gene from a codon-optimised cDNA transgene in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther 2023; 30:812-825. [PMID: 37322133 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease particularly characterised by degeneration of ventral motor neurons. Survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene mutations cause SMA, and gene addition strategies to replace the faulty SMN1 copy are a therapeutic option. We have developed a novel, codon-optimised hSMN1 transgene and produced integration-proficient and integration-deficient lentiviral vectors with cytomegalovirus (CMV), human synapsin (hSYN) or human phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK) promoters to determine the optimal expression cassette configuration. Integrating, CMV-driven and codon-optimised hSMN1 lentiviral vectors resulted in the highest production of functional SMN protein in vitro. Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors also led to significant expression of the optimised transgene and are expected to be safer than integrating vectors. Lentiviral delivery in culture led to activation of the DNA damage response, in particular elevating levels of phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (pATM) and γH2AX, but the optimised hSMN1 transgene showed some protective effects. Neonatal delivery of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV9) vector encoding the optimised transgene to the Smn2B/- mouse model of SMA resulted in a significant increase of SMN protein levels in liver and spinal cord. This work shows the potential of a novel codon-optimised hSMN1 transgene as a therapeutic strategy for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda A M Nafchi
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ellie M Chilcott
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Sharon Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Heidi R Fuller
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
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17
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Zhou Y, Jadlowsky J, Baiduc C, Klattenhoff AW, Chen Z, Bennett AD, Pumphrey NJ, Jakobsen BK, Riley JL. Chimeric antigen receptors enable superior control of HIV replication by rapidly killing infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011853. [PMID: 38100526 PMCID: PMC10773964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered T cells hold great promise to become part of an effective HIV cure strategy, but it is currently unclear how best to redirect T cells to target HIV. To gain insight, we generated engineered T cells using lentiviral vectors encoding one of three distinct HIV-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) or a previously optimized HIV-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and compared their functional capabilities. All engineered T cells had robust, antigen-specific polyfunctional cytokine profiles when mixed with artificial antigen-presenting cells. However, only the CAR T cells could potently control HIV replication. TCR affinity enhancement did not augment HIV control but did allow TCR T cells to recognize common HIV escape variants. Interestingly, either altering Nef activity or adding additional target epitopes into the HIV genome bolstered TCR T cell anti-HIV activity, but CAR T cells remained superior in their ability to control HIV replication. To better understand why CAR T cells control HIV replication better than TCR T cells, we performed a time course to determine when HIV-specific T cells were first able to activate Caspase 3 in HIV-infected targets. We demonstrated that CAR T cells recognized and killed HIV-infected targets more rapidly than TCR T cells, which correlates with their ability to control HIV replication. These studies suggest that the speed of target recognition and killing is a key determinant of whether engineered T cell therapies will be effective against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie Jadlowsky
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Baiduc
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex W. Klattenhoff
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | - Bent K. Jakobsen
- Adaptimmune Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
- Immunocore Ltd., Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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18
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Padron A, Prakash P, Pandhare J, Luban J, Aiken C, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C. Emerging role of cyclophilin A in HIV-1 infection: from producer cell to the target cell nucleus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0073223. [PMID: 37843371 PMCID: PMC10688351 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 genome encodes a small number of proteins with structural, enzymatic, regulatory, and accessory functions. These viral proteins interact with a number of host factors to promote the early and late stages of HIV-1 infection. During the early stages of infection, interactions between the viral proteins and host factors enable HIV-1 to enter the target cell, traverse the cytosol, dock at the nuclear pore, gain access to the nucleus, and integrate into the host genome. Similarly, the viral proteins recruit another set of host factors during the late stages of infection to orchestrate HIV-1 transcription, translation, assembly, and release of progeny virions. Among the host factors implicated in HIV-1 infection, Cyclophilin A (CypA) was identified as the first host factor to be packaged within HIV-1 particles. It is now well established that CypA promotes HIV-1 infection by directly binding to the viral capsid. Mechanistic models to pinpoint CypA's role have spanned from an effect in the producer cell to the early steps of infection in the target cell. In this review, we will describe our understanding of the role(s) of CypA in HIV-1 infection, highlight the current knowledge gaps, and discuss the potential role of this host factor in the post-nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Padron
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Peng Y, Zong Y, Wang D, Chen J, Chen ZS, Peng F, Liu Z. Current drugs for HIV-1: from challenges to potential in HIV/AIDS. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1294966. [PMID: 37954841 PMCID: PMC10637376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1294966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in latently infected CD4+T cells and integrates with the host genome until cell death. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with HIV-1. Possibly, treating HIV/AIDS is an essential but challenging clinical goal. This review provides a detailed account of the types and mechanisms of monotherapy and combination therapy against HIV-1 and describes nanoparticle and hydrogel delivery systems. In particular, the recently developed capsid inhibitor (Lenacapavir) and the Ainuovirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine combination (ACC008) are described. It is interestingly to note that the lack of the multipass transmembrane proteins serine incorporator 3 (SERINC3) and the multipass transmembrane proteins serine incorporator 5 (SERINC5) may be one of the reasons for the enhanced infectivity of HIV-1. This discovery of SERINC3 and SERINC5 provides new ideas for HIV-1 medication development. Therefore, we believe that in treating AIDS, antiviral medications should be rationally selected for pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis to avoid the emergence of drug resistance. Attention should be paid to the research and development of new drugs to predict HIV mutations as accurately as possible and to develop immune antibodies to provide multiple guarantees for the cure of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanjun Zong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junbing Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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20
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Ali Zaidi SS, Fatima F, Ali Zaidi SA, Zhou D, Deng W, Liu S. Engineering siRNA therapeutics: challenges and strategies. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:381. [PMID: 37848888 PMCID: PMC10583313 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a potential method of gene silencing to target specific genes. Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved multiple siRNA-based therapeutics, many biological barriers limit their use for treating diseases. Such limitations include challenges concerning systemic or local administration, short half-life, rapid clearance rates, nonspecific binding, cell membrane penetration inability, ineffective endosomal escape, pH sensitivity, endonuclease degradation, immunological responses, and intracellular trafficking. To overcome these barriers, various strategies have been developed to stabilize siRNA, ensuring their delivery to the target site. Chemical modifications implemented with nucleotides or the phosphate backbone can reduce off-target binding and immune stimulation. Encapsulation or formulation can protect siRNA from endonuclease degradation and enhance cellular uptake while promoting endosomal escape. Additionally, various techniques such as viral vectors, aptamers, cell-penetrating peptides, liposomes, and polymers have been developed for delivering siRNA, greatly improving their bioavailability and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saqib Ali Zaidi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Faria Fatima
- College of Medical Technology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, 74700, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Wuquan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chongqing Diabetic Foot Medical Research Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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21
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Guillin O, Albalat E, Vindry C, Errazuriz-Cerda E, Ohlmann T, Balter V, Chavatte L. Zinc Uptake by HIV-1 Viral Particles: An Isotopic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15274. [PMID: 37894953 PMCID: PMC10607083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc, an essential trace element that serves as a cofactor for numerous cellular and viral proteins, plays a central role in the dynamics of HIV-1 infection. Among the viral proteins, the nucleocapsid NCp7, which contains two zinc finger motifs, is abundantly present viral particles and plays a crucial role in coating HIV-1 genomic RNA, thus concentrating zinc within virions. In this study, we investigated whether HIV-1 virus production impacts cellular zinc homeostasis and whether isotopic fractionation occurs between the growth medium, the producing cells, and the viral particles. We found that HIV-1 captures a significant proportion of cellular zinc in the neo-produced particles. Furthermore, as cells grow, they accumulate lighter zinc isotopes from the medium, resulting in a concentration of heavier isotopes in the media, and the viruses exhibit a similar isotopic fractionation to the producing cells. Moreover, we generated HIV-1 particles in HEK293T cells enriched with each of the five zinc isotopes to assess the potential effects on the structure and infectivity of the viruses. As no strong difference was observed between the HIV-1 particles produced in the various conditions, we have demonstrated that enriched isotopes can be accurately used in future studies to trace the fate of zinc in cells infected by HIV-1 particles. Comprehending the mechanisms underlying zinc absorption by HIV-1 viral particles offers the potential to provide insights for developing future treatments aimed at addressing this specific facet of the virus's life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Guillin
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France; (O.G.); (C.V.); (T.O.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Division Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Albalat
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Division Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5276 (UMR5276), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Vindry
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France; (O.G.); (C.V.); (T.O.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Division Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Errazuriz-Cerda
- Center of Quantitative Imagery Lyon Est (CIQLE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France; (O.G.); (C.V.); (T.O.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Division Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Balter
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Division Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5276 (UMR5276), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Chavatte
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France; (O.G.); (C.V.); (T.O.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Division Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), 69007 Lyon, France
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22
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Chaudhary P, Proulx J, Park IW. Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) mediation of viral infection and human diseases. Virus Res 2023; 335:199191. [PMID: 37541588 PMCID: PMC10430597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A, UBE3A, also known as E6-associated protein (E6-AP), is known to play an essential role in regulating the degradation of various proteins by transferring Ub from E2 Ub conjugating enzymes to the substrate proteins. Several studies indicate that UBE3A regulates the stabilities of key viral proteins in the virus-infected cells and, thereby, the infected virus-mediated diseases, even if it were reported that UBE3A participates in non-viral-related human diseases. Furthermore, mutations such as deletions and duplications in the maternally inherited gene in the brain cause human neurodevelopmental disorders such as Angelman syndrome (AS) and autism. It is also known that UBE3A functions as a transcriptional coactivator for the expression of steroid hormone receptors. These reports establish that UBE3A is distinguished by its multitudinous functions that are paramount to viral pathology and human diseases. This review is focused on molecular mechanisms for such intensive participation of UBE3A in disease formation and virus regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
| | - Jessica Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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23
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Jackson PEH, Holsey J, Turse L, Hammarskjold ML, Rekosh D. Rev-Rev Response Element Activity Selection Bias at the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Bottleneck. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad486. [PMID: 37854107 PMCID: PMC10580148 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is inefficient and results in selection of viral variants based on incompletely understood factors. Functional variation in the Rev-Rev response element (RRE) regulatory axis of HIV affect replication kinetics and relative expression of viral proteins. We explored whether differences in this axis among viral isolates affect transmission fitness. Methods HIV sequences were identified from nine female-to-male transmission pairs. Using a rapid flow cytometric assay, we analyzed Rev-RRE functional activity of primary isolates. Results Rev-RRE activity was significantly lower in recipient viruses compared with corresponding donor viruses. In most transmission events, recipient virus Rev-RRE activity clustered at the extreme low end of the range of donor virus activity. Conclusions These data indicate selection pressure on the Rev-RRE axis during female-to-male sexual transmission. Variation in Rev-RRE activity may permit viral adaptation to different fitness landscapes and could play an important role in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E H Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordan Holsey
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Turse
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Hammarskjold
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David Rekosh
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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24
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Zgheib S, Taha N, Zeiger M, Glushonkov O, Lequeu T, Anton H, Didier P, Boutant E, Mély Y, Réal E. The human cellular protein NoL12 is a specific partner of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein NCp7. J Virol 2023; 97:e0004023. [PMID: 37695057 PMCID: PMC10537728 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00040-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) is a nucleic acid chaperone protein with two highly conserved zinc fingers. To exert its key roles in the viral cycle, NCp7 interacts with several host proteins. Among them, the human NoL12 protein (hNoL12) was previously identified in genome wide screens as a potential partner of NCp7. hNoL12 is a highly conserved 25 kDa nucleolar RNA-binding protein implicated in the 5'end processing of ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus and thus in the assembly and maturation of ribosomes. In this work, we confirmed the NCp7/hNoL12 interaction in cells by Förster resonance energy transfer visualized by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. The interaction between NCp7 and hNoL12 was found to strongly depend on their both binding to RNA, as shown by the loss of interaction when the cell lysates were pretreated with RNase. Deletion mutants of hNoL12 were tested for their co-immunoprecipitation with NCp7, leading to the identification of the exonuclease domain of hNoL12 as the binding domain for NCp7. Finally, the interaction with hNoL12 was found to be specific of the mature NCp7 and to require NCp7 basic residues. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 mature nucleocapsid (NCp7) results from the maturation of the Gag precursor in the viral particle and is thus mostly abundant in the first phase of the infection which ends with the genomic viral DNA integration in the cell genome. Most if not all the nucleocapsid partners identified so far are not specific of the mature form. We described here the specific interaction in the nucleolus between NCp7 and the human nucleolar protein 12, a protein implicated in ribosomal RNA maturation and DNA damage response. This interaction takes place in the cell nucleolus, a subcellular compartment where NCp7 accumulates. The absence of binding between hNoL12 and Gag makes hNoL12 one of the few known specific cellular partners of NCp7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Zgheib
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Nedal Taha
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Manon Zeiger
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Oleksandr Glushonkov
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Thiebault Lequeu
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Halina Anton
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Emmanuel Boutant
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Mély
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Eléonore Réal
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies - LBP, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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25
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Herd CL, Mellet J, Mashingaidze T, Durandt C, Pepper MS. Consequences of HIV infection in the bone marrow niche. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163012. [PMID: 37497228 PMCID: PMC10366613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the bone marrow niche resulting from the direct and indirect effects of HIV infection contributes to haematological abnormalities observed in HIV patients. The bone marrow niche is a complex, multicellular environment which functions primarily in the maintenance of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). These adult stem cells are responsible for replacing blood and immune cells over the course of a lifetime. Cells of the bone marrow niche support HSPCs and help to orchestrate the quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation of HSPCs through chemical and molecular signals and cell-cell interactions. This narrative review discusses the HIV-associated dysregulation of the bone marrow niche, as well as the susceptibility of HSPCs to infection by HIV.
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26
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Ahmadi SE, Shabestari RM, kojabad AA, Safa M. A straightforward microfluidic-based approach toward optimizing transduction efficiency of HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors in BCP-ALL cells. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 38:e00792. [PMID: 36950261 PMCID: PMC10025989 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Background HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) are capable of transducing human cells by integrating the transgene into the host genome. In order to do that, LVs should have enough time and space to interact with the surface of the target cells. Herein, we used a microfluidic system to facilitate the transduction of BCP-ALL cells. Methods and Results We used a SU-8 mold to fabricate a PDMS microfluidic chip containing three channels with a 50 μm height and a surface matching 96-well plates. In order to produce LVs, we used HEK293T cells to package the second generation of LVs. First, we evaluated the cell recovery from the microfluidic chip. Cell recovery assessment showcased that 3 h and 6 h of incubation in microfluidic channels containing 100,000 NALM-6 (BCP-ALL) cells with 2μL of culture media yielded 87±7.2% and 80.6 ± 10% of cell recovery, respectively. Afterward, the effects of LV-induced toxicity were evaluated using 10-30% LV concentrations in time frames ranging from 3 h to 24 h. In 96-well plates, it took 12-24 h for the viruses with 20% and 30% concentrations to affect the cell survival significantly. These effects were intensified in the microfluidic system implying that microfluidic is capable of enhancing LV transduction. Based on the evidence of cell recovery and cell survival we chose 6 h of incubation with 20% LV. Conclusion The results from EGFP expression showcased that a microfluidic system could increase the LV transduction in BCP-ALL cells by almost 9-folds. All in all, the microfluidic system seems to be a great armamentarium in optimizing LV-based transduction.
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27
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Shen W, Liu C, Hu Y, Ding Q, Feng J, Liu Z, Kong X. Spastin is required for human immunodeficiency virus-1 efficient replication through cooperation with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) protein. Virol Sin 2023:S1995-820X(23)00054-8. [PMID: 37172824 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) encodes simply 15 proteins and thus depends on multiple host cellular factors for virus reproduction. Spastin, a microtubule severing protein, is an identified HIV-1 dependency factor, but the mechanism regulating HIV-1 is unclear. Here, the study showed that knockdown of spastin inhibited the production of the intracellular HIV-1 Gag protein and new virions through enhancing Gag lysosomal degradation. Further investigation showed that increased sodium tolerance 1 (IST1), the subunit of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), could interact with the MIT domain of spastin to regulate the intracellular Gag production. In summary, spastin is required for HIV-1 replication, while spastin-IST1 interaction facilitates virus production by regulating HIV-1 Gag intracellular trafficking and degradation. Spastin may serve as new target for HIV-1 prophylactic and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Shen
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Spine Surgery, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiabin Feng
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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28
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Niu A, Zou J, Hu X, Zhang Z, Su L, Wang J, Lu X, Zhang W, Chen W, Zhang X. Differences in the phenotypes and transcriptomic signatures of chimeric antigen receptor T lymphocytes manufactured via electroporation or lentiviral transfection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1068625. [PMID: 37228617 PMCID: PMC10203401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1068625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is an innovative treatment for CD19-expressing lymphomas. CAR-T cells are primarily manufactured via lentivirus transfection or transposon electroporation. While anti-tumor efficacy comparisons between the two methods have been conducted, there is a current dearth of studies investigating the phenotypes and transcriptome alterations induced in T cells by the two distinct manufacturing methods. Here, we established CAR-T signatures using fluorescent imaging, flow cytometry, and RNA-sequencing. A small fraction of CAR-T cells that were produced using the PiggyBac transposon (PB CAR-T cells) exhibited much higher expression of CAR than those produced using a lentivirus (Lenti CAR-T cells). PB and Lenti CAR-T cells contained more cytotoxic T cell subsets than control T cells, and Lenti CAR-T cells presented a more pronounced memory phenotype. RNA-sequencing further revealed vast disparities between the two CAR-T cell groups, with PB CAR-T cells exhibiting greater upregulation of cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. Intriguingly, PB CAR-T cells singularly expressed IL-9 and fewer cytokine release syndrome-associated cytokines when activated by target cells. In addition, PB CAR-T cells exerted faster in vitro cytotoxicity against CD19-expressing K562 cells but similar in vivo anti-tumor efficacy with Lenti CAR-T. Taken together, these data provide insights into the phenotypic alterations induced by lentiviral transfection or transposon electroporation and will attract more attention to the clinical influence of different manufacturing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Zou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Hu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Su
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nanhu Laboratory, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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29
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Priyadarsani Mandhata C, Ranjan Sahoo C, Nath Padhy R. A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023:S2095-4964(23)00040-7. [PMID: 37244763 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a worldwide epidemic caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Newer medicines for eliminating the viral reservoir and eradicating the virus are urgently needed. Attempts to locate relatively safe and non-toxic medications from natural resources are ongoing now. Natural-product-based antiviral candidates have been exploited to a limited extent. However, antiviral research is inadequate to counteract for the resistant patterns. Plant-derived bioactive compounds hold promise as powerful pharmacophore scaffolds, which have shown anti-HIV potential. This review focuses on a consideration of the virus, various possible HIV-controlling methods and the recent progress in alternative natural compounds with anti-HIV activity, with a particular emphasis on recent results from natural sources of anti-HIV agents. Please cite this article as: Mandhata CP, Sahoo CR, Padhy RN. A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment. J Integr Med. 2023; Epub ahead of print.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Priyadarsani Mandhata
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India.
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30
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Qian G, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li M, Xin B, Jiang W, Han W, Wang Y, Tang X, Li L, Zhu L, Sun T, Yan B, Zheng Y, Xu J, Ge B, Zhang Z, Yan D. Glutamylation of an HIV-1 protein inhibits the immune response by hijacking STING. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112442. [PMID: 37099423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes Y-form cDNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and initiates antiviral immune response through cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-TBK1-IRF3-type I interferon (IFN-I) signalingcascade. Here, we report that the HIV-1 p6 protein suppresses HIV-1-stimulated expression of IFN-I and promotes immune evasion. Mechanistically, the glutamylated p6 at residue Glu6 inhibits the interaction between STING and tripartite motif protein 32 (TRIM32) or autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR). This subsequently suppresses the K27- and K63-linked polyubiquitination of STING at K337, therefore inhibiting STING activation, whereas mutation of the Glu6 residue partially reverses the inhibitory effect. However, CoCl2, an agonist of cytosolic carboxypeptidases (CCPs), counteracts the glutamylation of p6 at the Glu6 residue and inhibits HIV-1 immune evasion. These findings reveal a mechanism through which an HIV-1 protein mediates immune evasion and provides a therapeutic drug candidate to treat HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yinan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Manman Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bowen Xin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wendong Han
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518112, China
| | - Liuyan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongtang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai TB Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518112, China
| | - Dapeng Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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31
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Jackson PEH, Holsey J, Turse L, Marie-Louise H, Rekosh D. Rev-Rev Response Element Activity Selection Bias at the HIV Transmission Bottleneck. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.05.535732. [PMID: 37066242 PMCID: PMC10104022 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.05.535732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
HIV is not efficiently transmitted between hosts, and selection of viral variants occurs during the process of sexual transmission. The factors that confer selective advantage at the transmission bottleneck remain incompletely understood. We explored whether differences in the Rev-Rev Response Element (RRE) regulatory axis of HIV affect transmission fitness, since functional variation in the Rev-RRE axis in different viral isolates has been shown to affect replication kinetics and relative expression of many HIV proteins. Single genome HIV sequences were identified from nine linked subject pairs near the time of female-to-male transmission. Using a rapid flow-cytometric assay, we found that the functional Rev-RRE activity varied significantly between isolates. Moreover, it was generally lower in recipients' viruses compared to the corresponding donor viruses. In six of nine transmission events, recipient virus Rev-RRE activity clustered at the extreme low end of the range of donor virus activity. Rev-RRE pair activity was an unpredictable product of component Rev and RRE activity variation. These data indicate selection pressure on the Rev-RRE axis during female-to-male sexual transmission. Variation in the activity of the Rev-RRE axis may permit viral adaptation to different fitness landscapes and could play an important role in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E. H. Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordan Holsey
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Turse
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Hammarskjold Marie-Louise
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David Rekosh
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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32
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Gotora PT, van der Sluis R, Williams ME. HIV-1 Tat amino acid residues that influence Tat-TAR binding affinity: a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:164. [PMID: 36932337 PMCID: PMC10020771 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 remains a global health concern and to date, nearly 38 million people are living with HIV. The complexity of HIV-1 pathogenesis and its subsequent prevalence is influenced by several factors including the HIV-1 subtype. HIV-1 subtype variation extends to sequence variation in the amino acids of the HIV-1 viral proteins. Of particular interest is the transactivation of transcription (Tat) protein due to its key function in viral transcription. The Tat protein predominantly functions by binding to the transactivation response (TAR) RNA element to activate HIV-1 transcriptional elongation. Subtype-specific Tat protein sequence variation influences Tat-TAR binding affinity. Despite several studies investigating Tat-TAR binding, it is not clear which regions of the Tat protein and/or individual Tat amino acid residues may contribute to TAR binding affinity. We, therefore, conducted a scoping review on studies investigating Tat-TAR binding. We aimed to synthesize the published data to determine (1) the regions of the Tat protein that may be involved in TAR binding, (2) key Tat amino acids involved in TAR binding and (3) if Tat subtype-specific variation influences TAR binding. A total of thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria and the key findings were that (1) both N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids outside the basic domain (47-59) may be important in increasing Tat-TAR binding affinity, (2) substitution of the amino acids Lysine and Arginine (47-59) resulted in a reduction in binding affinity to TAR, and (3) none of the included studies have investigated Tat subtype-specific substitutions and therefore no commentary could be made regarding which subtype may have a higher Tat-TAR binding affinity. Future studies investigating Tat-TAR binding should therefore use full-length Tat proteins and compare subtype-specific variations. Studies of such a nature may help explain why we see differential pathogenesis and prevalence when comparing HIV-1 subtypes.
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Diakite M, Shaw-Saliba K, Lau CY. Malignancy and viral infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1103737. [PMID: 37476029 PMCID: PMC10358275 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The burden of malignancy related to viral infection is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In 2018, approximately 2 million new cancer cases worldwide were attributable to infection. Prevention or treatment of these infections could reduce cancer cases by 23% in less developed regions and about 7% in developed regions. Contemporaneous increases in longevity and changes in lifestyle have contributed to the cancer burden in SSA. African hospitals are reporting more cases of cancer related to infection (e.g., cervical cancer in women and stomach and liver cancer in men). SSA populations also have elevated underlying prevalence of viral infections compared to other regions. Of 10 infectious agents identified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, six are viruses: hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus type 8, HHV-8). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) also facilitates oncogenesis. EBV is associated with lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; HBV and HCV are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; KSHV causes Kaposi's sarcoma; HTLV-1 causes T-cell leukemia and lymphoma; HPV causes carcinoma of the oropharynx and anogenital squamous cell cancer. HIV-1, for which SSA has the greatest global burden, has been linked to increasing risk of malignancy through immunologic dysregulation and clonal hematopoiesis. Public health approaches to prevent infection, such as vaccination, safer injection techniques, screening of blood products, antimicrobial treatments and safer sexual practices could reduce the burden of cancer in Africa. In SSA, inequalities in access to cancer screening and treatment are exacerbated by the perception of cancer as taboo. National level cancer registries, new screening strategies for detection of viral infection and public health messaging should be prioritized in SSA's battle against malignancy. In this review, we discuss the impact of carcinogenic viruses in SSA with a focus on regional epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamadou Diakite
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Overmars RJ, Krullaars Z, Mesplède T. Investigational drugs for HIV: trends, opportunities and key players. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:127-139. [PMID: 36751107 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2178415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the first antiretroviral drug was described, the field of HIV treatment and prevention has undergone two drug-based revolutions: the first one, enabled by the virtually concomitant discovery of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, was the inception of combined antiretroviral therapy. The second followed the creation of integrase strand-transfer inhibitors with improved safety, potency, and resistance profiles. Long-acting antiretroviral drugs, including broadly neutralizing antibodies, now offer the opportunity for a third transformational change in HIV management. AREAS COVERED Our review focused on HIV treatment and prevention with investigational drugs that offer the potential for infrequent dosing, including drugs not yet approved for clinical use. We also discussed approved drugs for which administration modalities or formulations are being optimized. We performed a literature search in published manuscripts, conference communications, and registered clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION While the field focuses on extending dosing intervals, we identify drug tissue penetration as an understudied opportunity to improve HIV care. We repeat that self-administration remains an essential milestone to reach the full potential of long-acting drugs. Treatments and prevention strategies based on broadly neutralizing antibodies require a deeper understanding of their antiretroviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Overmars
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoë Krullaars
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Davis SE, Ferris MJ, Ananthan S, Augelli-Szafran CE, Zhu J. Novel Allosteric Modulator Southern Research Institute-32743 Reverses HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription-Induced Increase in Dopamine Release in the Caudate Putamen of Inducible Transactivator of Transcription Transgenic Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:306-314. [PMID: 36456195 PMCID: PMC9875314 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of neurocognitive disorder in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has been linked to dysregulation of dopamine by the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, a negative allosteric modulator of dopamine transporter (DAT). Using fast scan cyclic voltammetry, the present study determined the effects of in vivo Tat expression on dopamine release in the caudate putamen of inducible Tat transgenic (iTat-tg) mice and the impact of a novel DAT allosteric modulator, Southern Research Institute (SRI)-32743, on the Tat effect. We found that 7- or 14-day doxycycline (Dox)-induced Tat expression in iTat-tg mice resulted in a 2-fold increase in phasic but not tonic stimulated baseline dopamine release relative to saline control mice. To determine whether the Tat-induced increase in dopamine release is mediated by DAT regulation, we examined the effect of an in vitro applied DAT inhibitor, nomifensine, on the dopamine release. Nomifensine (1 nM-10 µM) concentration-dependently enhanced phasic stimulated dopamine release in both saline- and Dox-treated iTat-tg mice, while the magnitude of the nomifensine-mediated dopamine release was unchanged between saline and Dox treatment groups. A single systemic administration of SRI-32743 prior to animal sacrifice reversed the increased dopamine release in the baseline of phasic dopamine release and nomifensine-augmented dopamine levels in Dox-treated iTat-tg mice, while SRI-32743 alone did not alter baseline of dopamine release. These findings suggest that Tat expression induced an increase in extracellular dopamine levels by not only inhibiting DAT-mediated dopamine transport but also stimulating synaptic dopamine release. Thus, DAT allosteric modulators may serve as a potential therapeutic intervention for HIV infection-dysregulated dopamine system observed in HIV-1 positive individuals. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: HIV infection-induced dysregulation of the dopaminergic system has been implicated in the development of neurocognitive impairments observed in HIV positive patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying HIV-1 Tat protein-induced alteration of extracellular dopamine levels will provide insights into the development of molecules that can attenuate Tat interaction with targets in the dopaminergic system. Here, we determined whether Tat alters dopamine release and how the novel DAT allosteric modulator, SRI-32743, impacts dopamine neurotransmission to attenuate Tat-induced effects on extracellular dopamine dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Davis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (S.E.D., J.Z.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama (S.A., C.E.A.)
| | - Mark J Ferris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (S.E.D., J.Z.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama (S.A., C.E.A.)
| | - Subramaniam Ananthan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (S.E.D., J.Z.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama (S.A., C.E.A.)
| | - Corinne E Augelli-Szafran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (S.E.D., J.Z.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama (S.A., C.E.A.)
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (S.E.D., J.Z.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (M.M.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama (S.A., C.E.A.)
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Johnson MM, Jones CE, Clark DN. The Effect of Treatment-Associated Mutations on HIV Replication and Transmission Cycles. Viruses 2022; 15:107. [PMID: 36680147 PMCID: PMC9861436 DOI: 10.3390/v15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS mortality has been decreasing over the last decade. While promising, this decrease correlated directly with increased use of antiretroviral drugs. As a natural consequence of its high mutation rate, treatments provide selection pressure that promotes the natural selection of escape mutants. Individuals may acquire drug-naive strains, or those that have already mutated due to treatment. Even within a host, mutation affects HIV tropism, where initial infection begins with R5-tropic virus, but the clinical transition to AIDS correlates with mutations that lead to an X4-tropic switch. Furthermore, the high mutation rate of HIV has spelled failure for all attempts at an effective vaccine. Pre-exposure drugs are currently the most effective drug-based preventatives, but their effectiveness is also threatened by viral mutation. From attachment and entry to assembly and release, the steps in the replication cycle are also discussed to describe the drug mechanisms and mutations that arise due to those drugs. Revealing the patterns of HIV-1 mutations, their effects, and the coordinated attempt to understand and control them will lead to effective use of current preventative measures and treatment options, as well as the development of new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Weber State University, Ogden, UT 84408, USA
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Asia LK, Jansen Van Vuren E, Williams ME. The influence of viral protein R amino acid substitutions on clinical outcomes in people living with HIV: A systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 53:e13943. [PMID: 36579370 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV viral protein R (Vpr) is a multifunction protein involved in the pathophysiology of HIV-1. Recent evidence has suggested that Vpr amino acid substitutions influence the pathophysiology of HIV-1 and clinical outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH). Several studies have linked Vpr amino acid substitutions to clinical outcomes in PLWH; however, there is no clear consensus as to which amino acids or amino acid substitutions are most important in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes in PLWH. We, therefore, conducted a systematic review of studies investigating Vpr amino acid substitutions and clinical outcomes in PLWH. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched according to PRISMA guidelines using a search protocol designed specifically for this study. RESULTS A total of 22 studies were included for data extraction, comprising 14 cross-sectional and 8 longitudinal studies. Results indicated that Vpr amino acid substitutions were associated with specific clinical outcomes, including disease progressions, neurological outcomes and treatment status. Studies consistently showed that the Vpr substitution 63T was associated with slower disease progression, whereas 77H and 85P were associated with no significant contribution to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Vpr-specific amino acid substitutions may be contributors to clinical outcomes in PLWH, and future studies should consider investigating the Vpr amino acid substitutions highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levanco K Asia
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Esmé Jansen Van Vuren
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Monray E Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Shi Y, Han J, Zhu B, Liu Z, Liang Q, Lan C, Li Z, Li H, Liu Y, Jia L, Li T, Wang X, Li J, Zhang B, Jiang J, Li L. Limited nucleotide changes of HIV-1 subtype B Rev response element in China affect overall Rev-RRE activity and viral replication. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044676. [PMID: 36578566 PMCID: PMC9791959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Rev response element (RRE) is a cis-acting RNA element that facilitates the nuclear export of mRNA-containing introns by binding specifically to the Rev protein, enabling a critical step in the viral replication cycle. This study aims to determine the subtype-specific loci of HIV-1 subtype B RRE circulating in China and to analyze their effects on Rev-RRE function and HIV-1 replication. We amplified 71 HIV-1 subtype B RRE full-length sequences from the HIV patients' blood samples collected in China, analyzed the subtype-specific loci on them by comparing them with subtype B in the United States, and predicted their RNA secondary structures. Rev-RRE activity assay was used to test the binding activity of Rev and different RREs. Infectious clones were mutated to test the effect of the subtype-specific loci on replication capacity. In this study, two sites were determined to be the subtype-specific loci of HIV-1 subtype B RRE circulating in China. Both site 186 and site 56-57insAAC can significantly increase the viral mRNA transcription and Rev-RRE activity, but only the site 186 can significantly improve viral replication ability. Collectively, the subtype-specific loci of subtype B RRE circulating in China have a significant effect on the Rev-RRE activity and viral replication. This study investigates the subtype-specific loci of RRE, which are unique to retroviruses and essential for viral replication, and will help to explore the reasons why subtype B circulating in China is more widespread and persistent than American subtype B in China at the genetic level, and will provide theoretical support for the development of more inclusive detection and treatment methods for subtype B circulating in China. At the same time, it will also provide insight into the impact of different subtype HIV-1 genetic characteristics on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China,Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwan Han
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmiao Liang
- School of Graduate Studies, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunlin Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China,Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyang Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hanping Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China,Junjun Jiang,
| | - Lin Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Lin Li,
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Schlachetzki JCM, Zhou Y, Glass CK. Human microglia phenotypes in the brain associated with HIV infection. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102637. [PMID: 36194988 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in individuals infected with HIV is highly prevalent despite life-long antiretroviral therapy. A growing line of evidence suggests that the human brain serves as a sanctuary for HIV persistence. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain parenchyma, may serve as a reservoir for HIV and drive the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding microglia diversity in HIV regarding their epigenome, transcriptome, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA. https://twitter.com/jojoyizhou_JOY
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA. https://twitter.com/UCSDGlassLab
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Dzhivhuho G, Holsey J, Honeycutt E, O'Farrell H, Rekosh D, Hammarskjold ML, Jackson PEH. HIV-1 Rev-RRE functional activity in primary isolates is highly dependent on minimal context-dependent changes in Rev. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18416. [PMID: 36319640 PMCID: PMC9626594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, intron-containing viral mRNAs are exported from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm to complete the replication cycle. Cellular restrictions on the export of incompletely spliced transcripts are overcome by a viral protein, Rev, and an RNA structure found in all unspliced and incompletely spliced viral mRNAs, the Rev Response Element (RRE). Primary HIV isolates display substantial variation in the sequence and functional activity of Rev proteins. We analyzed Rev from two primary isolates with disparate activity that resulted in differences in in vitro fitness of replication-competent viral constructs. The results showed that amino acid differences within the oligomerization domain, but not the arginine-rich motif or the nuclear export signal, determined the level of Rev activity. Two specific amino acid substitutions were sufficient to alter the low-activity Rev to a high-activity phenotype. Other mutations in Rev sequences had unpredictable effects on activity that differed between the two Rev backbones. The sensitivity of Rev function level to small sequence changes likely permits modulation of Rev-RRE activity during HIV infection, which may play a role in pathogenesis. The functional consequences of Rev mutations differed between primary isolates, highlighting the challenge of generalizing studies of Rev conducted using laboratory HIV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Dzhivhuho
- Myles H. Thaler Center for HIV and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jordan Holsey
- Myles H. Thaler Center for HIV and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ethan Honeycutt
- Myles H. Thaler Center for HIV and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Heather O'Farrell
- Myles H. Thaler Center for HIV and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Rekosh
- Myles H. Thaler Center for HIV and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Hammarskjold
- Myles H. Thaler Center for HIV and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patrick E H Jackson
- Myles H. Thaler Center for HIV and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Strauss MJ, Porter KD, Quizon PM, Davis SE, Lin S, Yuan Y, Martinez-Muniz GA, Sun WL, Zhan CG, Zhu J. Mutations of tyrosine 467 in the human norepinephrine transporter attenuate HIV-1 Tat-induced inhibition of dopamine transport while retaining physiological function. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275182. [PMID: 36170295 PMCID: PMC9518868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of dopaminergic transmission induced by the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) has been implicated as a central factor in the development of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We have demonstrated that the tyrosine470 residue of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) plays a critical role in Tat-hDAT interaction. Based on the computational modeling predictions, the present study sought to examine the mutational effects of the tyrosine467 residue of the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET), a corresponding residue of the hDAT tyrosine470, on Tat-induced inhibition of reuptake of dopamine through the hNET. Mutations of the hNET tyrosine467 to a histidine (Y467H) or a phenylalanine (Y467F) displayed similar kinetic properties of reuptake of [3H]dopamine and [3H]norepinephrine in PC12 cells expressing wild-type hNET and its mutants. Compared to wild-type hNET, neither of Y467H or Y467F altered Bmax and Kd values of [3H]WIN35,428 binding, whereas Y467H but not Y467F decreased the Bmax of [3H]nisoxetine binding without changes in Kd. Y467H also increased the affinity of nisoxetine for inhibiting [3H]dopamine uptake relative to wild-type hNET. Recombinant Tat1-86 (140 nM) induced a significant reduction of [3H]dopamine uptake in wild-type hNET, which was attenuated in both Y467H and Y467F. Compared to wild-type hNET, neither Y467H or Y467F altered [3H]dopamine efflux in CHO cells expressing WT hNET and mutants, whereas Y467F but not Y467H decreased [3H]MPP+ efflux. These results demonstrate tyrosine467 as a functional recognition residue in the hNET for Tat-induced inhibition of dopamine transport and provide a novel insight into the molecular basis for developing selective compounds that target Tat-NET interactions in the context of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Strauss
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Katherine D. Porter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Pamela M. Quizon
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Davis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Steven Lin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Yaxia Yuan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Gustavo A. Martinez-Muniz
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Wei-Lun Sun
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, United States of America
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
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Bereznicka A, Mikolajczyk K, Czerwinski M, Kaczmarek R. Microbial lectome versus host glycolipidome: How pathogens exploit glycosphingolipids to invade, dupe or kill. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958653. [PMID: 36060781 PMCID: PMC9437549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are ubiquitous components of the cell membranes, found across several kingdoms of life, from bacteria to mammals, including humans. GSLs are a subclass of major glycolipids occurring in animal lipid membranes in clusters named “lipid rafts.” The most crucial functions of GSLs include signal transduction and regulation as well as participation in cell proliferation. Despite the mainstream view that pathogens rely on protein–protein interactions to survive and thrive in their hosts, many also target the host lipids. In particular, multiple pathogens produce adhesion molecules or toxins that bind GSLs. Attachment of pathogens to cell surface receptors is the initial step in infections. Many mammalian pathogens have evolved to recognize GSL-derived receptors. Animal glycosphingolipidomes consist of multiple types of GSLs differing in terminal glycan and ceramide structures in a cell or tissue-specific manner. Interspecies differences in GSLs dictate host specificity as well as cell and tissue tropisms. Evolutionary pressure exerted by pathogens on their hosts drives changes in cell surface glycoconjugates, including GSLs, and has produced a vast number of molecules and interaction mechanisms. Despite that abundance, the role of GSLs as pathogen receptors has been largely overlooked or only cursorily discussed. In this review, we take a closer look at GSLs and their role in the recognition, cellular entry, and toxicity of multiple bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens.
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Monroe MK, Wang H, Anderson CF, Jia H, Flexner C, Cui H. Leveraging the therapeutic, biological, and self-assembling potential of peptides for the treatment of viral infections. J Control Release 2022; 348:1028-1049. [PMID: 35752254 PMCID: PMC11022941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and peptide-based materials have an increasing role in the treatment of viral infections through their use as active pharmaceutical ingredients, targeting moieties, excipients, carriers, or structural components in drug delivery systems. The discovery of peptide-based therapeutic compounds, coupled with the development of new stabilization and formulation strategies, has led to a resurgence of antiviral peptide therapeutics over the past two decades. The ability of peptides to bind cell receptors and to facilitate membrane penetration and subsequent intracellular trafficking enables their use in various antiviral systems for improved targeting efficiency and treatment efficacy. Importantly, the self-assembly of peptides into well-defined nanostructures provides a vast library of discrete constructs and supramolecular biomaterials for systemic and local delivery of antiviral agents. We review here the recent progress in exploiting the therapeutic, biological, and self-assembling potential of peptides, peptide conjugates, and their supramolecular assemblies in treating human viral infections, with an emphasis on the treatment strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya K Monroe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Caleb F Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Charles Flexner
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America.
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Deptartment of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America; Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America.
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Arsenijevic Y, Berger A, Udry F, Kostic C. Lentiviral Vectors for Ocular Gene Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081605. [PMID: 36015231 PMCID: PMC9414879 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review offers the basics of lentiviral vector technologies, their advantages and pitfalls, and an overview of their use in the field of ophthalmology. First, the description of the global challenges encountered to develop safe and efficient lentiviral recombinant vectors for clinical application is provided. The risks and the measures taken to minimize secondary effects as well as new strategies using these vectors are also discussed. This review then focuses on lentiviral vectors specifically designed for ocular therapy and goes over preclinical and clinical studies describing their safety and efficacy. A therapeutic approach using lentiviral vector-mediated gene therapy is currently being developed for many ocular diseases, e.g., aged-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, inherited retinal dystrophies (Leber congenital amaurosis type 2, Stargardt disease, Usher syndrome), glaucoma, and corneal fibrosis or engraftment rejection. In summary, this review shows how lentiviral vectors offer an interesting alternative for gene therapy in all ocular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Arsenijevic
- Unit Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (C.K.)
| | - Adeline Berger
- Group Epigenetics of ocular diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Florian Udry
- Unit Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Corinne Kostic
- Group for Retinal Disorder Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (C.K.)
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Troyano-Hernáez P, Reinosa R, Holguín A. Genetic Diversity and Low Therapeutic Impact of Variant-Specific Markers in HIV-1 Pol Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:866705. [PMID: 35910645 PMCID: PMC9330395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.866705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of new HIV-1 variants pose a challenge for the effectiveness of antiretrovirals (ARV) targeting Pol proteins. During viral evolution, non-synonymous mutations have fixed along the viral genome, leading to amino acid (aa) changes that can be variant-specific (V-markers). Those V-markers fixed in positions associated with drug resistance mutations (DRM), or R-markers, can impact drug susceptibility and resistance pathways. All available HIV-1 Pol sequences from ARV-naïve subjects were downloaded from the United States Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database, selecting 59,733 protease (PR), 6,437 retrotranscriptase (RT), and 6,059 integrase (IN) complete sequences ascribed to the four HIV-1 groups and group M subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Using a bioinformatics tool developed in our laboratory (EpiMolBio), we inferred the consensus sequences for each Pol protein and HIV-1 variant to analyze the aa conservation in Pol. We analyzed the Wu–Kabat protein variability coefficient (WK) in PR, RT, and IN group M to study the susceptibility of each site to evolutionary replacements. We identified as V-markers the variant-specific aa changes present in >75% of the sequences in variants with >5 available sequences, considering R-markers those V-markers that corresponded to DRM according to the IAS-USA2019 and Stanford-Database 9.0. The mean aa conservation of HIV-1 and group M consensus was 82.60%/93.11% in PR, 88.81%/94.07% in RT, and 90.98%/96.02% in IN. The median group M WK was 10 in PR, 4 in RT, and 5 in IN. The residues involved in binding or catalytic sites showed a variability <0.5%. We identified 106 V-markers: 31 in PR, 28 in RT, and 47 in IN, present in 11, 12, and 13 variants, respectively. Among them, eight (7.5%) were R-markers, present in five variants, being minor DRM with little potential effect on ARV susceptibility. We present a thorough analysis of Pol variability among all HIV-1 variants circulating to date. The relatively high aa conservation observed in Pol proteins across HIV-1 variants highlights their critical role in the viral cycle. However, further studies are needed to understand the V-markers’ impact on the Pol proteins structure, viral cycle, or treatment strategies, and periodic variability surveillance studies are also required to understand PR, RT, and IN evolution.
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Wang S, Li H, Lian Z, Deng S. The Role of RNA Modification in HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7571. [PMID: 35886919 PMCID: PMC9317671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA plays an important role in biology, and more than 170 RNA modifications have been identified so far. Post-transcriptional modification of RNA in cells plays a crucial role in the regulation of its stability, transport, processing, and gene expression. So far, the research on RNA modification and the exact role of its enzymes is becoming more and more comprehensive. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is an RNA virus and the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is one of the most devastating viral pandemics in history. More and more studies have shown that HIV has RNA modifications and regulation of its gene expression during infection and replication. This review focuses on several RNA modifications and their regulatory roles as well as the roles that different RNA modifications play during HIV-1 infection, in order to find new approaches for the development of anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Huanxiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Shoulong Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Mechanism of Viral Suppression among HIV Elite Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors in Nigeria and South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061270. [PMID: 35746741 PMCID: PMC9228396 DOI: 10.3390/v14061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup among people living with HIV (PLHIV) experience viral suppression, sometimes to an undetectable level in the blood and/or are able to maintain a healthy CD4+ T-cell count without the influence of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. One out of three hundred PLHIV fall into this category, and a large sample of this group can be found in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection such as Nigeria and South Africa. Understanding the mechanism underpinning the nonprogressive phenotype in this subgroup may provide insights into the control of the global HIV epidemic. This work provides mechanisms of the elite control and nonprogressive phenotype among PLHIV in Nigeria and South Africa and identifies research gaps that will contribute to a better understanding on HIV controllers among PLHIV.
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Hu M, Zheng H, Wu J, Sun Y, Wang T, Chen S. DDX5: an expectable treater for viral infection- a literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:712. [PMID: 35845539 PMCID: PMC9279824 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective DEAD-box protein (DDX)5 plays important roles in multiple aspects of cellular processes that require modulating RNA structure. Alongside the canonical role of DDX5 in RNA metabolism, many reports have shown that DDX5 influences viral infection by directly interacting with viral proteins. However, the functional role of DDX5 in virus-associated cancers, as well as the identity of DDX5 in virus infection-associated signaling pathways, has remained largely unexplained. Here, we further explore the precise functions of DDX5 and its potential targets for antiviral treatment. Methods We searched the PubMed and PMC databases to identify studies on role of DDXs, especially DDX5, during various viral infection published up to May 2022. Key Content and Findings DDX5 functions as both a viral infection helper and inhibitor, which depends on virus type. DDXs proteins have been identified to play roles on multiple aspects covering RNA metabolism and function. Conclusions DDX5 influences viral pathogenesis by participating in viral replication and multiple viral infection-related signaling pathways, it also plays a double-edge sword role under different viral infection conditions. Deep investigation into the mechanism of DDX5 modulating immune response in host cells revealed that it holds highly potential usage for future antiviral therapy. We reviewed current studies to provide a comprehensive update of the role of DDX5 in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Hu
- Clinical Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- Clinical Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao China
| | - Jingqi Wu
- Microbiology Department, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Clinical Lab, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Insights into HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Inhibition and Drug Resistance from Thirty Years of Structural Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051027. [PMID: 35632767 PMCID: PMC9148108 DOI: 10.3390/v14051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) plays a central role in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and RT has been an important drug target. Elucidations of the RT structures trapping and detailing the enzyme at various functional and conformational states by X-ray crystallography have been instrumental for understanding RT activities, inhibition, and drug resistance. The structures have contributed to anti-HIV drug development. Currently, two classes of RT inhibitors are in clinical use. These are nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). However, the error-prone viral replication generates variants that frequently develop resistance to the available drugs, thus warranting a continued effort to seek more effective treatment options. RT also provides multiple additional potential druggable sites. Recently, the use of single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) enabled obtaining structures of NNRTI-inhibited HIV-1 RT/dsRNA initiation and RT/dsDNA elongation complexes that were unsuccessful by X-ray crystallography. The cryo-EM platform for the structural study of RT has been established to aid drug design. In this article, we review the roles of structural biology in understanding and targeting HIV RT in the past three decades and the recent structural insights of RT, using cryo-EM.
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Safari M, Jayaraman B, Yang S, Smith C, Fernandes JD, Frankel AD. Functional and structural segregation of overlapping helices in HIV-1. eLife 2022; 11:e72482. [PMID: 35511220 PMCID: PMC9119678 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overlapping coding regions balance selective forces between multiple genes. One possible division of nucleotide sequence is that the predominant selective force on a particular nucleotide can be attributed to just one gene. While this arrangement has been observed in regions in which one gene is structured and the other is disordered, we sought to explore how overlapping genes balance constraints when both protein products are structured over the same sequence. We use a combination of sequence analysis, functional assays, and selection experiments to examine an overlapped region in HIV-1 that encodes helical regions in both Env and Rev. We find that functional segregation occurs even in this overlap, with each protein spacing its functional residues in a manner that allows a mutable non-binding face of one helix to encode important functional residues on a charged face in the other helix. Additionally, our experiments reveal novel and critical functional residues in Env and have implications for the therapeutic targeting of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Safari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Bhargavi Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Shumin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Cynthia Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jason D Fernandes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alan D Frankel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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