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Gallon ME, Muchoney ND, Smilanich AM. Viral Infection Induces Changes to the Metabolome, Immune Response and Development of a Generalist Insect Herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:152-167. [PMID: 38353894 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Host plant consumption and pathogen infection commonly influence insect traits related to development and immunity, which are ultimately reflected in the behavior and physiology of the insect. Herein, we explored changes in the metabolome of a generalist insect herbivore, Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), in response to both dietary variation and pathogen infection in order to gain insight into tritrophic interactions for insect metabolism and immunity. Caterpillars were reared on two different host plants, Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) and subjected to a viral infection by Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV), along with assays to determine the insect immune response and development. Richness and diversity of plant and caterpillar metabolites were evaluated using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach and showed that viral infection induced changes to the chemical content of V. cardui hemolymph and frass dependent upon host plant consumption. Overall, the immune response as measured by phenoloxidase (PO) enzymatic activity was higher in individuals feeding on P. lanceolata compared with those feeding on T. officinale. Additionally, infection with JcDV caused suppression of PO activity, which was not host plant dependent. We conclude that viral infection combined with host plant consumption creates a unique chemical environment, particularly within the insect hemolymph. Whether and how these metabolites contribute to defense against viral infection is an open question in chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Elias Gallon
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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2
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Bustos-Segura C, Godschalx AL, Malacari L, Deiss F, Rasmann S, Ballhorn DJ, Benrey B. Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27815. [PMID: 38524601 PMCID: PMC10957422 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms associated with plant roots significantly impact the quality and quantity of plant defences. However, the bottom-up effects of soil microbes on the aboveground multitrophic interactions remain largely under studied. To address this gap, we investigated the chemically-mediated effects of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on legume-herbivore-parasitoid multitrophic interactions. To address this, we initially examined the cascading effects of the rhizobia bean association on herbivore caterpillars, their parasitoids, and subsequently investigated how rhizobia influence on plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar. Our goal was to understand how these plant-mediated effects can affect parasitoids. Lima bean plants (Phaseoulus lunatus) inoculated with rhizobia exhibited better growth, and the number of root nodules positively correlated with defensive cyanogenic compounds. Despite increase of these chemical defences, Spodoptera latifascia caterpillars preferred to feed and grew faster on rhizobia-inoculated plants. Moreover, the emission of plant volatiles after leaf damage showed distinct patterns between inoculation treatments, with inoculated plants producing more sesquiterpenes and benzyl nitrile than non-inoculated plants. Despite these differences, Euplectrus platyhypenae parasitoid wasps were similarly attracted to rhizobia- or no rhizobia-treated plants. Yet, the oviposition and offspring development of E. platyhypenae was better on caterpillars fed with rhizobia-inoculated plants. We additionally show that rhizobia-inoculated common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) produced more extrafloral nectar, with higher hydrocarbon concentration, than non-inoculated plants. Consequently, parasitoids performed better when fed with extrafloral nectar from rhizobia-inoculated plants. While the overall effects of bean-rhizobia symbiosis on caterpillars were positive, rhizobia also indirectly benefited parasitoids through the caterpillar host, and directly through the improved production of high quality extrafloral nectar. This study underscores the importance of exploring diverse facets and chemical mechanisms that influence the dynamics between herbivores and predators. This knowledge is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ecological implications of rhizobia symbiosis on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture, L'Alimentation et L'Environnement, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris-Est-Créteil-Val-de-Marne, Université Paris Cité, Institut D’Ecologie et des Sciences de L’Environnement de Paris, Versailles, 78026, France
| | - Adrienne L. Godschalx
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Malacari
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Deiss
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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3
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De Clercq P. Plants in the rearing of arthropod predators and parasitoids: benefits, constraints, and alternatives. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 61:101139. [PMID: 37944695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the roles of plants in rearing systems for arthropod biological control agents, addressing benefits and drawbacks. The utilization of plant materials in mass rearing processes for predators and parasitoids serves various purposes. Natural rearing systems require plants for cultivating hosts or prey. Whereas these rearing systems can be economically viable, they also have important practical limitations. Alternative rearing strategies make use of plant components as sources of moisture or nutrients, and as living or oviposition substrates. Plant-derived foods, such as honey and pollen, can be used as stand-alone foods for the rearing of several omnivorous parasitoids and predators. Certain omnivorous predators show enhanced life table parameters when suboptimal food is supplemented with plant materials. However, the integration of plants into rearing systems introduces complexities that challenge their efficiency, as plant defenses and contaminants can impact natural enemy fitness. Therefore, alternatives to plant foods or substrates in the rearing environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Cuny MAC, Pierron R, Gols R, Poelman EH. Indirect plant-mediated interactions between heterospecific parasitoids that develop in different caterpillar species. Oecologia 2023; 203:311-321. [PMID: 37889312 PMCID: PMC10684628 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids induce physiological changes in their herbivorous hosts that affect how plants respond to herbivory. The signature of parasitoids on induced plant responses to feeding by parasitized herbivores indirectly impacts insect communities interacting with the plant. The effect may extend to parasitoids and cause indirect interaction between parasitoids that develop inside different herbivore hosts sharing the food plant. However, this type of interactions among parasitoid larvae has received very little attention. In this study, we investigated sequential and simultaneous plant-mediated interactions among two host-parasitoid systems feeding on Brassica oleracea plants: Mamestra brassicae parasitized by Microplitis mediator and Pieris rapae parasitized by Cotesia rubecula. We measured the mortality, development time, and weight of unparasitized herbivores and performance of parasitoids that had developed inside the two herbivore species when sharing the food plant either simultaneously or sequentially. Plant induction by parasitized or unparasitized hosts had no significant effect on the performance of the two herbivore host species. In contrast, the two parasitoid species had asymmetrical indirect plant-mediated effects on each other's performance. Cotesia rubecula weight was 15% higher on plants induced by M. mediator-parasitized hosts, compared to control plants. In addition, M. mediator development time was reduced by 30% on plants induced by conspecific but not heterospecific parasitoids, compared to plants induced by its unparasitized host. Contrary to sequential feeding, parasitoids had no effect on each other's performance when feeding simultaneously. These results reveal that indirect plant-mediated interactions among parasitoid larvae could involve any parasitoid species whose hosts share a food plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A C Cuny
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Romain Pierron
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute-Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kansman JT, Jaramillo JL, Ali JG, Hermann SL. Chemical ecology in conservation biocontrol: new perspectives for plant protection. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1166-1177. [PMID: 37271617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Threats to food security require novel sustainable agriculture practices to manage insect pests. One strategy is conservation biological control (CBC), which relies on pest control services provided by local populations of arthropod natural enemies. Research has explored manipulative use of chemical information from plants and insects that act as attractant cues for natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) and repellents of pests. In this review, we reflect on past strategies using chemical ecology in CBC, such as herbivore-induced plant volatiles and the push-pull technique, and propose future directions, including leveraging induced plant defenses in crop plants, repellent insect-based signaling, and genetically engineered crops. Further, we discuss how climate change may disrupt CBC and stress the importance of context dependency and yield outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Kansman
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Jorge L Jaramillo
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jared G Ali
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sara L Hermann
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Segoli M, Abram PK, Ellers J, Greenbaum G, Hardy ICW, Heimpel GE, Keasar T, Ode PJ, Sadeh A, Wajnberg E. Trait-based approaches to predicting biological control success: challenges and prospects. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:802-811. [PMID: 37202283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying traits that are associated with success of introduced natural enemies in establishing and controlling pest insects has occupied researchers and biological control practitioners for decades. Unfortunately, consistent general relationships have been difficult to detect, preventing a priori ranking of candidate biological control agents based on their traits. We summarise previous efforts and propose a series of potential explanations for the lack of clear patterns. We argue that the quality of current datasets is insufficient to detect complex trait-efficacy relationships and suggest several measures by which current limitations may be overcome. We conclude that efforts to address this elusive issue have not yet been exhausted and that further explorations are likely to be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segoli
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, BIDR, SIDEER, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Israel.
| | - Paul K Abram
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gili Greenbaum
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ian C W Hardy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Department of Biology, University of Haifa at Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Asaf Sadeh
- Department of Natural Resources, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Institute), Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRAE, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France and INRIA, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Li X, Shi Y, Lin X, Li Z, Xiao J, Yang X. Effects of wild, local, and cultivated tobacco varieties on the performance of Spodoptera litura and its parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2390-2396. [PMID: 36802371 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant domestication can alter plant and insect interactions and influence bottom-up and top-down effects. However, little is known about the effects of wild, local, and cultivated varieties of the same plant species in the same region on herbivores and their parasitoids. Here, six tobacco varieties were selected: wild Bishan and Badan tobaccos, local Liangqiao and Shuangguan sun-cured tobaccos, and cultivated Xiangyan 5 and Cunsanpi. We examined how wild, local, and cultivated tobacco types affect the tobacco cutworm herbivore Spodoptera litura and its parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis. RESULTS Levels of nicotine and trypsin protease inhibitor in leaves and the fitness of S. litura larvae varied significantly among the varieties. Wild tobacco had the highest levels of nicotine and trypsin protease inhibitor, which reduced the survival rate and prolonged the development period of S. litura. The tobacco types significantly influenced the life history parameters and host selection of M. pulchricornis. The cocoon weight, cocoon emergence rate, adult longevity, hind tibia length, and offspring fecundity of M. pulchricornis increased, whereas the development period decreased from wild to local to cultivated varieties. The parasitoids were more likely to select wild and local varieties than cultivated varieties. CONCLUSION Domestication of tobacco resulted in reduced resistance to S. litura in cultivated tobacco. Wild tobacco varieties suppress S. litura populations, adversely affect M. pulchricornis, and may enhance bottom-up and top-down control of S. litura. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Yimeng Shi
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - XuanXuan Lin
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Zhezhi Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Jiawei Xiao
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xianjun Yang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
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Quicke DLJ, Ghafouri Moghaddam M, Butcher BA. Dietary Challenges for Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea); Coping with Toxic Hosts, or Not? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:424. [PMID: 37505693 PMCID: PMC10467097 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insects defend themselves against predation by being distasteful or toxic. The chemicals involved may be sequestered from their diet or synthesized de novo in the insects' body tissues. Parasitoid wasps are a diverse group of insects that play a critical role in regulating their host insect populations such as lepidopteran caterpillars. The successful parasitization of caterpillars by parasitoid wasps is contingent upon their aptitude for locating and selecting suitable hosts, thereby determining their efficacy in parasitism. However, some hosts can be toxic to parasitoid wasps, which can pose challenges to their survival and reproduction. Caterpillars employ a varied array of defensive mechanisms to safeguard themselves against natural predators, particularly parasitoid wasps. These defenses are deployed pre-emptively, concurrently, or subsequently during encounters with such natural enemies. Caterpillars utilize a range of strategies to evade detection or deter and evade attackers. These tactics encompass both measures to prevent being noticed and mechanisms aimed at repelling or eluding potential threats. Post-attack strategies aim to eliminate or incapacitate the eggs or larvae of parasitoids. In this review, we investigate the dietary challenges faced by parasitoid wasps when encountering toxic hosts. We first summarize the known mechanisms through which insect hosts can be toxic to parasitoids and which protect caterpillars from parasitization. We then discuss the dietary adaptations and physiological mechanisms that parasitoid wasps have evolved to overcome these challenges, such as changes in feeding behavior, detoxification enzymes, and immune responses. We present new analyses of all published parasitoid-host records for the Ichneumonoidea that attack Lepidoptera caterpillars and show that classically toxic host groups are indeed hosts to significantly fewer species of parasitoid than most other lepidopteran groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.L.J.Q.); (M.G.M.)
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9
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Benrey B. The effects of plant domestication on the foraging and performance of parasitoids. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 57:101031. [PMID: 37028646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Domestication-related changes in the chemical traits of crop plants affect parasitoid foraging success, development, and survival. For example, herbivore-induced changes in the production of volatiles by domesticated plants can enhance or reduce parasitoid attraction. While the trade-off between nutrient content and chemical defense in cultivated plants can increase the suitability of hosts for parasitoids, their increased health and size can positively affect their immune response against parasitoids. Overall, plant domestication is expected to significantly affect their relationship with parasitoids due to altered plant morphology, physical characteristics, chemical defenses, and new plant associations. This review highlights the need for research on the effects of plant domestication on host-parasitoid interactions in the interest of better controlling insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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10
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Wen D, Li M, Dong X, Han K, Yu J, Cai Y, Hua H. Monitoring reduced accumulation and risk evaluation of Cry1Ca during food chain transfer from genetically engineered plant to endoparasitoid. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36947641 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential risk of insecticidal proteins produced by genetically engineered (GE) plants to nontarget organisms have long been an ecotoxicological concern. Apanteles chilonis, an important endoparasitoid of rice pest Chilo suppressalis, potentially is exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxins through a food chain of transgenic Bt rice - C. suppressalis - A. chilonis, and thus, a rigorous risk assessment is urgently needed. Here, we combined a tri-trophic bioassay system with high-dose exposure approach using C. suppressalis hemolymph as the carrier of insecticidal protein to evaluate the biosafety of Cry1Ca to A. chilonis. RESULTS Cry1Ca protein could be transmitted and retained along the food chain and remains bioactive in the hemolymph of C. suppressalis during the pre-adult duration of A. chilonis. No significant differences in pre-adult period, male and female longevity, adult fecundity and weight, emergence rate nor sex ratio were observed when A. chilonis parasitized C. suppressalis feeding on cry1Ca rice compared with control treatment. However, the pupal period and weight were significantly prolonged and decreased. When A. chilonis parasitized C. suppressalis injected with a high dosage of Cry1Ca protein, no adverse effects on the life-history parameters, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) or glutathione reductase (GR) of A. chilonis were observed, demonstrating that the host quality mediates adverse effects during the food chain. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that Cry1Ca posed no ecological risk to the nontarget endoparasitoid A. chilonis. This study may serve as an example for future risk assessment of transgenic crops to nontarget endoparasitoids. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wen
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Dong
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kehong Han
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiukun Yu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujuan Cai
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxia Hua
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Holmes LA, Nelson WA, Lougheed SC. Strong effects of food quality on host life history do not scale to impact parasitoid efficacy or life history. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3528. [PMID: 36864085 PMCID: PMC9981602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitoids are small insects, (e.g., small wasps or flies) that reproduce by laying eggs on or within host arthropods. Parasitoids make up a large proportion of the world's biodiversity and are popular agents of biological control. Idiobiont parasitoids paralyze their hosts upon attack and thus are expected to only target hosts large enough to support offspring development. Host resources generally impact host attributes and life histories including size, development, and life span. Some argue slow host development in response to resource quality increases parasitoid efficacy (i.e., a parasitoid's ability to successfully reproduce on or within a host) due to longer host exposure to parasitoids. However, this hypothesis is not always supported and does not consider variation in other host traits in response to resources that may be important for parasitoids (e.g., variation in host size is known to impact parasitoid efficacy). In this study we test whether trait variation within host developmental stages in response to host resources is more important for parasitoid efficacy and life histories than trait variation across host developmental stages. We exposed seed beetle hosts raised on a food quality gradient to mated female parasitoids and measured the number of hosts parasitized and parasitoid life history traits at the scale of host stage- and age-structure. Our results suggest host food quality does not cascade to impact idiobiont parasitoid life histories despite large food quality effects on host life history. Instead, variation in host life histories across host developmental stages better predicts parasitoid efficacy and life histories, suggesting finding a host in a specific instar is more important for idiobiont parasitoids than finding hosts on or within higher quality resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Holmes
- grid.47609.3c0000 0000 9471 0214University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - William A. Nelson
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Queen’s University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Stephen C. Lougheed
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Queen’s University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Yang F, Zhang X, Shen H, Xue H, Tian T, Zhang Q, Hu J, Tong H, Zhang Y, Su Q. Flavonoid-producing tomato plants have a direct negative effect on the zoophytophagous biological control agent Orius sauteri. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:173-184. [PMID: 35633508 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is often used for biological control of small arthropod pests in greenhouse vegetable production systems in Asia. In addition to feeding on arthropod prey, O. sauteri consumes small quantities of plant material. Previous studies demonstrated that tomato plant chemistry confers antixenosis resistance to phloem-feeding whiteflies, but the potential nontarget effects of phytochemicals on the beneficial predator O. sauteri are unknown. Comparison of O. sauteri confined to near-isogenic lines (NILs) of tomatoes producing high levels of flavonoids (NIL-purple hypocotyl; resistant to whiteflies) and low levels of flavonoids (NIL-green hypocotyl; susceptible to whiteflies) revealed that O. sauteri had reduced oviposition, nymphal survival, and development on resistant plants, even if they were also provided with prey that did not feed on the host plant. Moreover, O. sauteri showed a significant ovipositional preference in choice assays, laying significantly more eggs on susceptible than on resistant plants. Molecular gut content analysis using the specific chloroplast trnL gene from tomato confirmed that adult and immature O. sauteri feed on both resistant and susceptible genotypes, and feeding behavior assays revealed that resistance did not affect plant feeding or prey acceptance by O. sauteri adults. These results demonstrate a direct negative effect of phytochemicals on a nontarget beneficial species and indicate that resistance mediated by phytochemicals can affect organisms that do not solely feed on phloem sap. The results also indicate that the mode of action and the potential ecological effects of phytochemical-mediated resistance are broader than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Yang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haowei Shen
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hu Xue
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinyu Hu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Tong
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Su
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
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13
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Pekas A, Tena A, Peri E, Colazza S, Cusumano A. Competitive interactions in insect parasitoids: effects of microbial symbionts across tritrophic levels. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 55:101001. [PMID: 36494029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Competition for hosts is a common ecological interaction in insect parasitoids. In the recent years, it has become increasingly evident that microorganisms can act as 'hidden players' in parasitoid ecology. In this review, we propose that parasitoid competition should take into consideration the microbial influence. In particular, we take a tritrophic perspective and discuss how parasitoid competition can be modulated by microorganisms associated with the parasitoids, their herbivore hosts, or the plants attacked by the herbivores. Although research is still in its infancy, recent studies have shown that microbial symbionts can modulate the contest outcome. The emerging pattern is that microorganisms not only affect the competitive traits of parasitoids but also the fighting arena (i.e. the herbivore host and its food plant), in which competition takes place. We have also identified important gaps in the literature that should be addressed in future studies to advance our understanding about parasitoid competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Tena
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ezio Peri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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14
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Khallaf MA, Sadek MM, Anderson P. Predator efficacy and attraction to herbivore-induced volatiles determine insect pest selection of inferior host plant. iScience 2023; 26:106077. [PMID: 36818286 PMCID: PMC9929603 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, most invertebrates provide no direct parental care for their progeny, which makes a well-selected oviposition site crucial. However, little is known about the female evaluation of opportunities and threats during host selection. Leveraging the wide range of host plants used by the polyphagous pest, Spodoptera littoralis, we investigate oviposition choice between two plants of different nutritional quality. Females prefer to lay their eggs on the host plant, which has inferior larval development and more natural enemies but provides lower predation rates. On the superior host plant, a major predator shows more successful search behavior and is more attracted to herbivore-induced volatiles. Our findings show that predator efficacy and odor-guided attraction, rather than predator abundance, determine enemy free space. We postulate that predators' behaviors contribute to the weak correlation between preference and performance during host plant selection in S. littoralis and in polyphagous insects in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Khallaf
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - Medhat M. Sadek
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden,Corresponding author
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15
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Legarrea S, Janssen A, Dong L, Glas JJ, van Houten YM, Scala A, Kant MR. Enhanced top-down control of herbivore population growth on plants with impaired defences. Funct Ecol 2022; 36:2859-2872. [PMID: 36632134 PMCID: PMC9826462 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore densities can be regulated by bottom-up and top-down forces such as plant defences and natural enemies, respectively. These forces can interact with each other to increase plant protection against herbivores; however, how much complementarity exists between bottom-up and top-down forces still remains to be fully elucidated. Particularly, because plant defences can hinder natural enemies, how these interactions affect herbivore performance and dynamics remains elusive.To address this topic, we performed laboratory and greenhouse bioassays with herbivorous mite pests and predatory mites on mutant tomato plants that lack defensive hairs on stems and leaves. Particularly, we investigated the behaviour and population dynamics of different phytophagous mite species in the absence and presence of predatory mites.We show that predatory mites do not only perform better on tomatoes lacking defensive hairs but also that they can suppress herbivore densities better and faster on these hairless plants. Hence, top-down control of herbivores by natural enemies more than compensated the reduced bottom-up herbivore control by plant defences.Our results lead to the counter-intuitive insight that removing, instead of introducing, plant defence traits can result in superior protection against important pests through biological control. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Legarrea
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Departamento de Agricultura y AlimentaciónUniversidad de la RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Arne Janssen
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of EntomologyFederal University of ViçosaViçosaBrazil
| | - Lin Dong
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alessandra Scala
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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16
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Liu J, Li L, Liu Y, Kong Z, Zhang P, Wang Q, Cheng S, Qin P. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the resistance mechanism of quinoa seedlings to Spodoptera exigua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931145. [PMID: 35968105 PMCID: PMC9370066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa has attracted considerable attention owing to its unique nutritional, economic, and medicinal values. The damage intensity of Spodoptera exigua at the seedling stage of quinoa fluctuates with the crop's biological cycle and the environmental changes throughout the growing season. In this study, we used independently selected quinoa seedling resistant and susceptible cultivars to investigate the difference between insect resistance and insect susceptibility of quinoa at the seedling stage. Samples were collected when Spodoptera exigua 45 days after planting the seedlings, and broad targeted metabolomics studies were conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry combined with transcriptomic co-analysis. The metabolomic and genomic analyses of the insect-resistant and insect-susceptible quinoa groups revealed a total of 159 differential metabolites and were functionally annotated to 2334 differential genes involved in 128 pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. In total, 14 metabolites and 22 genes were identified as key factors for the differential accumulation of insect-resistant metabolites in quinoa seedlings. Among them, gene-LOC110694254, gene-LOC110682669, and gene-LOC110732988 were positively correlated with choline. The expression of gene-LOC110729518 and gene-LOC110723164, which were notably higher in the resistant cultivars than in the susceptible cultivars, and the accumulations of the corresponding metabolites were also significantly higher in insect-resistant cultivars. These results elucidate the regulatory mechanism between insect resistance genes and metabolite accumulation in quinoa seedlings, and can provide a basis for the breeding and identification of new insect-resistant quinoa cultivars as well as for screening potential regulatory metabolites of quinoa insect-resistant target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongjiang Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiyou Kong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Baoshan University, Baoshan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qianchao Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shunhe Cheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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17
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Mattila ALK, Jiggins CD, Saastamoinen M. Condition dependence in biosynthesized chemical defenses of an aposematic and mimetic
Heliconius
butterfly. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9041. [PMID: 35784031 PMCID: PMC9227709 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aposematic animals advertise their toxicity or unpalatability with bright warning coloration. However, acquiring and maintaining chemical defenses can be energetically costly, and consequent associations with other important traits could shape chemical defense evolution. Here, we have tested whether chemical defenses are involved in energetic trade‐offs with other traits, or whether the levels of chemical defenses are condition dependent, by studying associations between biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity and a suite of key life‐history and fitness traits in a Heliconius butterfly under a controlled laboratory setting. Heliconius butterflies are well known for the diversity of their warning color patterns and widespread mimicry and can both sequester the cyanogenic glucosides of their Passiflora host plants and biosynthesize these toxins de novo. We find energetically costly life‐history traits to be either unassociated or to show a general positive association with biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity. More toxic individuals developed faster and had higher mass as adults and a tendency for increased lifespan and fecundity. These results thus indicate that toxicity level of adult butterflies may be dependent on individual condition, influenced by genetic background or earlier conditions, with maternal effects as one strong candidate mechanism. Additionally, toxicity was higher in older individuals, consistent with previous studies indicating accumulation of toxins with age. As toxicity level at death was independent of lifespan, cyanogenic glucoside compounds may have been recycled to release resources relevant for longevity in these long‐living butterflies. Understanding the origins and maintenance of variation in defenses is necessary in building a more complete picture of factors shaping the evolution of aposematic and mimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina L. K. Mattila
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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18
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Dabré ÉE, Brodeur J, Hijri M, Favret C. The Effects of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Rhizobium Symbioses on Soybean Aphid Mostly Fail to Propagate to the Third Trophic Level. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061158. [PMID: 35744676 PMCID: PMC9230877 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cascading effects of microbe–plant symbioses on the second trophic level, such as phytophagous insects, have been most studied. However, few studies have examined the higher third trophic level, i.e., their natural enemies. We investigated the effects of the symbiotic associations between an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis (Glomerales: Glomeraceae), a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Rhizobiales: Bradyrhizobiaceae), and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) on two natural enemies of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the ladybird beetle Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the parasitoid Aphelinus certus Yasnosh (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). We measured the growth and survival in the predator and parasitoid reared on aphids feeding on soybean inoculated seedlings. The rhizobium symbiosis alone was affected with a decreased rate of parasitoid emergence, presumably due to decreased host quality. However, number of mummies, sex-ratio, development time, and parasitoid size were all unaffected by inoculation. AM fungus alone or co-inoculated with the rhizobium was unaffected with any of the parameters of the parasitoid. For the predator, none of the measured parameters was affected with any inoculant. Here, it appears that whatever benefits the microbe–plant symbioses confer on the second trophic level are little transferred up to the third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élisée Emmanuel Dabré
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (J.B.); (M.H.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-649-7152 or +226-71075150
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (J.B.); (M.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (J.B.); (M.H.); (C.F.)
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Colin Favret
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; (J.B.); (M.H.); (C.F.)
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19
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Falcon-Brindis A, Stireman JO, Viloria ZJ, Villanueva RT. Parasitism of Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by Tachinid Flies in Cultivated Hemp. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060519. [PMID: 35735857 PMCID: PMC9225452 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hemp has become a rapidly growing industry in the United States in recent years. However, due to many decades of prohibition, there has been relatively little research on insect pests and their interactions with natural enemies in hemp production systems. Here, we provide the first quantitative assessment of corn earworm (CEW) Helicoverpa zea parasitism in a hemp system. Corn earworm larvae exhibited high parasitism rates by tachinid flies resulting in elevated mortality. Host mortality increased with the number of tachinid eggs per larva even though typically only one parasitoid successfully developed per host. Larger CEW larvae were more likely to survive parasitism, but frequently, neither parasitoid nor host larvae successfully developed. Our results suggest that tachinid flies hold promise as biological control agents for populations of this important pest attacking hemp. Abstract In a survey on hemp grown in western Kentucky we found an average of 27.8 CEW larvae per plant. We recorded 45% parasitism of CEW in these fields by two species of tachinid flies, Winthemia rufopicta and Lespesia aletiae. Most parasitized larvae were third to sixth instars at the time of collection. We found up to 22 tachinid eggs per host larva, 89% of which typically bore between 1 and 5 eggs on the thorax. 45.9% of CEW bearing eggs died. The number of tachinid eggs per host was unrelated to host body mass, but both the number of tachinid eggs and caterpillar body mass influenced CEW survival. Larger CEW often survived parasitism and the number of fly eggs was negatively related to survival rate. The emergence of adult flies was positively correlated with the number of eggs, but no influence of the host size was found. High mortality of CEW larvae and the parasitoids developing within them in this system suggests that secondary chemicals (or poor nutrition) of the hemp diet may be negatively affecting host and parasitoid development and influencing their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Falcon-Brindis
- Research and Education Center, University of Kentucky, 348 University Drive, Princeton, KY 42445, USA; (A.F.-B.); (Z.J.V.)
| | - John O. Stireman
- Biological Sciences Bldg. 020, Wright University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | - Zenaida J. Viloria
- Research and Education Center, University of Kentucky, 348 University Drive, Princeton, KY 42445, USA; (A.F.-B.); (Z.J.V.)
| | - Raul T. Villanueva
- Research and Education Center, University of Kentucky, 348 University Drive, Princeton, KY 42445, USA; (A.F.-B.); (Z.J.V.)
- Correspondence: author:
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20
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Yang R, Li D, Yi S, Wang M. Evolutionarily conserved odorant-binding proteins participate in establishing tritrophic interactions. iScience 2022; 25:104664. [PMID: 35811847 PMCID: PMC9263996 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attracting herbivores and their natural enemies is a standard method where plant volatiles mediate tritrophic interactions. However, it remains unknown whether the shared attraction has a shared chemosensory basis. Here we focus on the odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), a gene family integral to peripheral detection of odoriferous chemicals. Previous evidence suggests that the herbivorous beetle Monochamus alternatus and its parasitoid beetle Dastarcus helophoroides are attracted to stressed pines. In this study, (+)-fenchone, emitted by stressed pines, is found to be attracted to M. alternatus and D. helophoroides in behavioral assays. Meanwhile, two orthologous OBPs with a slower evolutionary rate, respectively, from the two insects are shown to bind with (+)-fenchone, and the attraction is abolished after RNAi. These results show the ability of evolutionarily conserved OBPs from herbivores and their enemies to detect the same plant volatiles, providing an olfactory mechanism of chemical signals–mediated tritrophic relationships. Monochamus alternatus and Dastarcus helophoroides are attracted to (+)-fenchone from host pines They harbor evolutionarily conserved odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) One pair of the conserved OBPs can bind with (+)-fenchone The behavioral preference is lost upon RNAi knockdown of the OBPs
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongzhen Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shancheng Yi
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Corresponding author
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21
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Chen ZL, Huang C, Li XS, Li GC, Yu TH, Fu GJ, Zhang X, Song C, Bai PH, Cao L, Qian WQ, Wan FH, Han RC, Tang R. Behavioural regulator and molecular reception of a double-edge-sword hunter beetle. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2693-2703. [PMID: 35388600 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black carabid beetle Calosoma maximoviczi is a successful predator that serves as both a beneficial insect and a severe threat to economic herbivores. Its hunting technique relies heavily on olfaction, but the underlying mechanism has not been studied. Here, we report the electrophysiological, ecological and molecular traits of bioactive components identified from a comprehensive panel of natural odorants in the beetle-prey-plant system. The aim of this work was to investigate olfactory perceptions and their influence on the behaviours of C. maximoviczi. RESULTS Among the 200 identified volatiles, 18 were concentrated in beetle and prey samples, and 14 were concentrated in plants. Insect feeding damage to plants led to a shift in the emission fingerprint. Twelve volatiles were selected using successive electrophysiological tests. Field trials showed that significant sex differences existed when trapping with a single chemical or chemical mixture. Expression profiles indicated that sex-biased catches were related to the expression of 15 annotated CmaxOBPs and 40 CmaxORs across 12 chemosensory organs. In silico evaluations were conducted with 16 CmaxORs using modelling and docking. Better recognition was predicted for the pairs CmaxOR5-(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, CmaxOR6-β-caryophyllene, CmaxOR18-(E)-β-ocimene and CmaxOR18-tetradecane, with higher binding affinity and a suitable binding pocket. Lastly, 168Y in CmaxOR6 and 142Y in CmaxOR18 were predicted as key amino acid residues for binding β-caryophyllene and tetradecane, respectively. CONCLUSION This work provides an example pipeline for de novo investigation in C. maximoviczi baits and the underlying olfactory perceptions. The results will benefit the future development of trapping-based integrated pest management strategies and the deorphanization of odorant receptors in ground beetles. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Liang Chen
- Sericultural Institute of Liaoning Province, Fengcheng, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Sericultural Institute of Liaoning Province, Fengcheng, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Hong Yu
- Sericultural Institute of Liaoning Province, Fengcheng, China
| | - Guan-Jun Fu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ce Song
- Sericultural Institute of Liaoning Province, Fengcheng, China
| | - Peng-Hua Bai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Qiang Qian
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ri-Chou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Oviposition Preference and Performance of a Specialist Herbivore Is Modulated by Natural Enemies, Larval Odors, and Immune Status. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:670-682. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Cuny MAC, Poelman EH. Evolution of koinobiont parasitoid host regulation and consequences for indirect plant defence. Evol Ecol 2022; 36:299-319. [PMID: 35663232 PMCID: PMC9156490 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tritrophic interactions among plants, herbivorous insects and their parasitoids have been well studied in the past four decades. Recently, a new angle has been uncovered: koinobiont parasitoids, that allow their host to keep feeding on the plant for a certain amount of time after parasitism, indirectly alter plant responses against herbivory via the many physiological changes induced in their herbivorous hosts. By affecting plant responses, parasitoids may indirectly affect the whole community of insects interacting with plants induced by parasitized herbivores and have extended effects on plant fitness. These important findings have renewed research interests on parasitoid manipulation of their host development. Parasitoids typically arrest their host development before the last instar, resulting in a lower final weight compared to unparasitized hosts. Yet, some parasitoids prolong their host development, leading to larger herbivores that consume more plant material than unparasitized ones. Furthermore, parasitoid host regulation is plastic and one parasitoid species may arrest or promote its host growth depending on the number of eggs laid, host developmental stage and species as well as environmental conditions. The consequences of plasticity in parasitoid host regulation for plant–insect interactions have received very little attention over the last two decades, particularly concerning parasitoids that promote their host growth. In this review, we first synthesize the mechanisms used by parasitoids to regulate host growth and food consumption. Then, we identify the evolutionary and environmental factors that influence the direction of parasitoid host regulation in terms of arrestment or promotion of host growth. In addition, we discuss the implication of different host regulation types for the parasitoid’s role as agent of plant indirect defence. Finally, we argue that the recent research interests about parasitoid plant-mediated interactions would strongly benefit from revival of research on the mechanisms, ecology and evolution of host regulation in parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A. C. Cuny
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Biochemical and Morphological Mechanisms Underlying the Performance and Preference of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) on Wheat and Faba Bean Plants. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040317. [PMID: 35447758 PMCID: PMC9028518 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) has been recently identified as a notorious global crop pest that affects wheat production in China. Therefore, exploring preventive solutions based on agricultural strategies is a cost effective and eco-friendly approach in realizing sustainable pest management. The wheat–faba bean intercropping model mitigates the damage caused by wheat aphids, while the possible benefit of this pattern in the control of S. frugiperda remains unevaluated. To provide a fundamental basis for implementing this strategy in a wheat field for S. frugiperda management, this novel study attempted to extensively evaluate the effects of feeding wheat and faba bean plants on S. frugiperda performance and preference and to reveal the underlying mechanisms associated with the biochemical and morphological traits of the two host species. Our results suggested that the faba bean plants exhibited significant antibiosis on larvae and repellency to the females of S. frugiperda compared with wheat plants. Therefore, we concluded the potential usefulness of the faba bean plants as a push crop. These findings will facilitate the adoption of wheat and faba bean intercropping systems against S. frugiperda in the wheat-growing regions of China. Abstract Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), which attacked China in 2019, remains a significant threat to wheat production. Wheat–faba bean intercropping systems prevent damage caused by wheat aphids; however, the potential role in S. frugiperda control remains unclear. Here, the adaptability and preferences of S. frugiperda to wheat and its common intercropped plant, faba bean, were evaluated to implement an eco-friendly approach for S. frugiperda management. Their adaptability showed that both hosts could support S. frugiperda to complete their life cycle; however, the larvae performed worse on faba bean compared with on wheat. The biochemical analysis revealed that faba bean plants had lower contents of soluble sugars and total proteins but higher levels of phenolics and tannins than in wheat leaves. The gravid S. frugiperda preferred (during the preference assays) to oviposit on wheat rather than on faba bean plants in cage tests. The wheat odor was preferred over the faba bean odor in the Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. The morphological scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed increased trichome density on wheat leaves. Therefore, the faba bean plants displayed antibiosis on larvae and were repellent to female moths, thus, suggesting that faba bean plants could serve as a push crop to be intercropped with wheat for S. frugiperda control for wheat fields.
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Muchoney ND, Bowers MD, Carper AL, Mason PA, Teglas MB, Smilanich AM. Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8723. [PMID: 35342612 PMCID: PMC8928866 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya D. Muchoney
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
| | - M. Deane Bowers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural History University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Adrian L. Carper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural History University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Peri A. Mason
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural History University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Mike B. Teglas
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
| | - Angela M. Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
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Cibils-Stewart X, Kliebenstein DJ, Li B, Giles K, McCornack BP, Nechols J. Aphid Species and Feeding Location on Canola Influences the Impact of Glucosinolates on a Native Lady Beetle Predator. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:52-62. [PMID: 35171280 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aphids that attack canola (Brassica napus L.) exhibit feeding preferences for different parts of canola plants, which may be associated with brassica-specific glucosinolates. However, this idea remains untested. Furthermore, canola aphid species employ different strategies for tolerating glucosinolates. While the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), excretes glucosinolates, the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) sequesters them. Given the different detoxification mechanisms, we predicted that both aphid species and aphid feeding location would affect prey suitability for larvae of the predator, Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We hypothesized that aphids, specifically glucosinolate-sequestering cabbage aphid, reared on reproductive structures that harbor higher glucosinolates concentrations would have greater negative effects on predators than those reared on vegetative structures which have lower levels of glucosinolates, and that the impact of aphid feeding location would vary depending on the prey detoxification mechanism. To test these predictions, we conducted experiments to compare 1) glucosinolates profiles between B. brassicae and M. persicae reared on reproductive and vegetative canola structures, 2) aphid population growth on each structure, and 3) their subsequent impact on fitness traits of H. convergens. Results indicate that the population growth of both aphids was greater on reproductive structures, with B. brassicae having the highest population growth. B. brassicae reared on reproductive structures had the highest concentrations of glucosinolates, and the greatest adverse effects on H. convergens. These findings suggest that both aphid-prey species and feeding location on canola could influence populations of this predator and, thus, its potential for biological control of canola aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Cibils-Stewart
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa de Investigación en Pasturas y Forrajeras, INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kristopher Giles
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Brian P McCornack
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James Nechols
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Poelman EH, Cusumano A. Impact of parasitoid-associated polydnaviruses on plant-mediated herbivore interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 49:56-62. [PMID: 34839032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores interact via plant-mediated interactions in which one herbivore species induces changes in plant quality that affects the performance of a second phytophagous insect that shares the food plant. These interactions are often asymmetric due to specificity in induced plant responses to herbivore attack, amount of plant damage, elicitors in herbivore saliva and plant organ damaged by herbivores. Parasitoids and their symbiotic polydnaviruses alter herbivore physiology and behaviour and may influence how plants respond to parasitized herbivores. We argue that these phenomena affect plant-mediated interactions between herbivores. We identify that the extended phenotype of parasitoid polydnaviruses is an important knowledge gap in interaction networks of insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Poelman
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- University of Palermo, Department of Agricultural, Food And Forest Sciences (SAAF), Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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Ode PJ. FE Spotlight: Friend or foe? The complex relationships within trophic cascades (FE Spotlight on Cuny et al. ‘The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Negative effects of carnivorous arthropods on plants’). Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Mason CJ, Peiffer M, St Clair A, Hoover K, Felton GW. Concerted impacts of antiherbivore defenses and opportunistic Serratia pathogens on the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Oecologia 2021; 198:167-178. [PMID: 34741665 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects frequently confront different microbial assemblages. Bacteria inhabiting an insect gut are often commensal, but some can become pathogenic when the insect is compromised from different stressors. Herbivores are often confronted by various forms of plant resistance, but how defenses generate opportunistic microbial infections from residents in the gut are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenic tendencies of Serratia isolated from the digestive system of healthy fall armyworm larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda) and how it interfaces with plant defenses. We initially selected Serratia strains that varied in their direct expression of virulence factors. Inoculation of the different isolates into the fall armyworm body cavity indicated differing levels of pathogenicity, with some strains exhibiting no effects while others causing mortality 24 h after injection. Oral inoculations of pathogens on larvae provided artificial diets caused marginal (< 7%) mortality. However, when insects were provided different maize genotypes, mortality from Serratia increased and was higher on plants exhibiting elevated levels of herbivore resistance (< 50% mortality). Maize defenses facilitated an initial invasion of pathogenic Serratia into the larval hemocoel¸ which was capable of overcoming insect antimicrobial defenses. Tomato and soybean further indicated elevated mortality due to Serratia compared to artificial diets and differences between plant genotypes. Our results indicate plants can facilitate the incipient emergence of pathobionts within gut of fall armyworm. The ability of resident gut bacteria to switch from a commensal to pathogenic lifestyle has significant ramifications for the host and is likely a broader phenomenon in multitrophic interactions facilitated by plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA. .,Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, Daniel K Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Abbi St Clair
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Gary W Felton
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
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Becker C, Han P, de Campos MR, Béarez P, Thomine E, Le Bot J, Adamowicz S, Brun R, Fernandez X, Desneux N, Michel T, Lavoir AV. Feeding guild determines strength of top-down forces in multitrophic system experiencing bottom-up constraints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148544. [PMID: 34182448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and water are crucial in crop production but increasingly scarce environmental resources. Reducing their inputs can affect the whole plant-arthropod community including biocontrol agents. In a multitrophic system, we studied the interaction of the bottom-up effects of moderately reduced N concentration and/or water supply as well as the top-down effects of pests of different feeding guilds on plant nutritional quality (N and carbon concentration), direct defense (alkaloids and phenolics), and indirect defense (plant volatile organic compounds); on herbivore performance and host quality (N and carbon) to parasitoids and the latter's performance. Studied organisms were tomato plants, the sap feeders Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Bemisia tabaci, the leaf chewers Tuta absoluta and Spodoptera littoralis, and the parasitic wasps Aphelinus abdominalis and Necremnus tutae. Resource limitation affected plant quality, triggering bottom-up effects on herbivore and parasitoid performance, except for T. absoluta and N. tutae. Feeding guild had a major influence: bottom-up effects were stronger on sap feeders; N effects were stronger on sap feeders while water effects were stronger with leaf chewers (S. littoralis). Top-down effects of leaf chewer herbivory partly attenuated bottom-up effects and partly suppressed plant defenses. Bottom-up effects weakened when cascading up trophic levels. In summary, the interaction between plants, pests, and beneficial insects was modulated by abiotic factors, affecting insect performance. Simultaneous abiotic and biotic impact shaped plant biochemistry depending on the feeding guild: the biotic top-down effect of leaf chewer herbivory attenuated the bottom-up effects of plant nutrition and hence dominated the plant biochemical profile whereas in sap feeder infested leaves, it corresponded to the abiotic impact. This study highlights the plant's finely tuned regulatory system facilitating response prioritization. It offers perspectives on how smart manipulation of plant nutrient solutions might save resources while maintaining efficient biocontrol in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Becker
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Peng Han
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | | | - Philippe Béarez
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Eva Thomine
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | | | | | - Richard Brun
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR, 7272 Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR, 7272 Nice, France
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Li W, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Yun Y, Cui J, Peng Y. Elevated CO 2 concentration affects survival, but not development, reproduction, or predation of the predator Hylyphantes graminicola (Araneae: Linyphiidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117791. [PMID: 34280744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentrations can change the multi-level nutritional relationship of the ecosystem through the cascading effect of the food chain. To date, few studies have investigated the effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the Araneae species through the tritrophic system. Hylyphantes graminicola (Araneae: Linyphiidae) is distributed widely in Asia and is a dominant predator in cotton fields. This study investigated chemical components in the food chain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)-predator (H. graminicola) and compared the development, reproduction, and predation of H. graminicola under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated concentration of CO2 (800 ppm). The results showed that the elevated CO2 concentration increased the chemicals of cotton and cotton aphid, but it did not affect the nutrients, development, reproduction, and predation of the spider. However, the survival rate of the spider was significantly decreased in elevated CO2. The results will further our understanding of the role of natural enemies in an environment with elevated CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yueli Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Papantoniou D, Vergara F, Weinhold A, Quijano T, Khakimov B, Pattison DI, Bak S, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Cascading Effects of Root Microbial Symbiosis on the Development and Metabolome of the Insect Herbivore Manduca sexta L. Metabolites 2021; 11:731. [PMID: 34822389 PMCID: PMC8622251 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root mutualistic microbes can modulate the production of plant secondary metabolites affecting plant-herbivore interactions. Still, the main mechanisms underlying the impact of root mutualists on herbivore performance remain ambiguous. In particular, little is known about how changes in the plant metabolome induced by root mutualists affect the insect metabolome and post-larval development. By using bioassays with tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum), we analyzed the impact of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the plant interaction with the specialist insect herbivore Manduca sexta. We found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes impaired insect development, including metamorphosis. By using untargeted metabolomics, we found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes altered the secondary metabolism of tomato shoots, leading to enhanced levels of steroidal glycoalkaloids. Untargeted metabolomics further revealed that root colonization by the mutualists affected the metabolome of the herbivore, leading to an enhanced accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids and altered patterns of fatty acid amides and carnitine-derived metabolites. Our results indicate that the changes in the shoot metabolome triggered by root mutualistic microbes can cascade up altering the metabolome of the insects feeding on the colonized plants, thus affecting the insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papantoniou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Teresa Quijano
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná 97000, Mexico;
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - David I. Pattison
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (D.I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (D.I.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (D.P.); (F.V.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Li X, Huang Z, Yang X, Wu S. Influence of wild, local and cultivated tobacco varieties on the oviposition preference and offspring performance of Spodoptera litura. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 112:1-7. [PMID: 34602115 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The influences of different plants on herbivores have recently attracted research interest; however, little is known regarding the effects of wild, local and cultivated varieties of the same plant from the same origin on herbivores. This study aimed to examine the effects of different tobacco varieties from the same origin on the oviposition preference and offspring performance of Spodoptera litura. We selected two wild ('Bishan wild tobacco' and 'Badan wild tobacco'), two local ('Liangqiao sun-cured tobacco' and 'Shuangguan sun-cured tobacco') and two cultivated ('Xiangyan No. 5' and 'Cunsanpi') tobacco varieties from Hunan Province, China. We found that female S. litura varied in oviposition preferences across the tobacco varieties. They preferred to lay eggs on the cultivated varieties, followed by the local varieties, with the wild varieties being the least preferred. Furthermore, different tobacco varieties significantly influenced the life history parameters of S. litura. Survival rate, pupal weight, emergence rate and adult dry weight decreased in the following order: cultivated varieties > local varieties > wild varieties. Conversely, the pupal stage and development period decreased in the following order: wild varieties > local varieties > cultivated varieties. Therefore, we conclude that wild tobacco varieties have higher resistance to S. litura than cultivated and local varieties, reflecting the evolutionary advantages of wild tobacco varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Zhiyou Huang
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xianjun Yang
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Shaolong Wu
- Hunan Province Tobacco Company, Changsha, China
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Jacobsen DJ. Manduca sexta experience high parasitoid pressures in the field but minor fitness costs of consuming plant secondary compounds. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13884-13897. [PMID: 34707825 PMCID: PMC8525118 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore coevolutionary interactions have led to a range of plant defenses that minimize insect damage and a suite of counter adaptations that allow herbivores to feed on defended plants. Consuming plant secondary compounds results in herbivore growth and developmental costs but can have beneficial effects such as deterrence or harm of parasitoid enemies. Therefore, the role of secondary compounds on herbivore fitness must be considered in the context of the abundance and level of harm from natural enemies and the costs herbivores incur feeding on plant secondary compounds.In this study, I combined field measurements of Cotesia congregata wasp parasitism pressure with detailed measurements of the costs of plant secondary compounds across developmental stages in the herbivore host, Manduca sexta.I show that C. congregata parasitoids exert large negative selective pressures, killing 31%-57% of M. sexta larvae in the field. Manduca sexta developed fastest during instars most at risk for parasitoid oviposition but growth was slowed by consumption of plant secondary compounds. The negative effects of consuming plant secondary compounds as larvae influenced adult size traits but there were no immune, survival, or fecundity costs.These results suggest that developmental costs experienced by M. sexta herbivores consuming defensive compounds are minor in comparison to the strong negative survival pressures from abundant parasitoid enemies.
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Samková A, Raška J, Hadrava J, Skuhrovec J. Effect of host switching simulation on the fitness of the gregarious parasitoid Anaphes flavipes from a novel two-generation approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19473. [PMID: 34593852 PMCID: PMC8484349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects can escape the strong pressure of parasitoids by switching to feeding on new host plants. Parasitoids can adapt to this change but at the cost of changing their preferences and performance. For gregarious parasitoids, fitness changes are not always observable in the F1 generation but only in the F2 generation. Here, with the model species and gregarious parasitoid Anaphes flavipes, we examined fitness changes in the F1 generation under pressure from the simulation of host switching, and by a new two-generation approach, we determined the impact of these changes on fitness in the F2 generation. We showed that the parasitoid preference for host plants depends on hatched or oviposited learning in relation to the possibility of parasitoid decisions between different host plants. Interestingly, we showed that after simulation of parasitoids following host switching, in the new environment of a fictitious host plant, parasitoids reduced the fictitious host. At the same time, parasitoids also reduced fertility because in fictitious hosts, they are not able to complete larval development. However, from a two-generation approach, the distribution of parasitoid offspring into both native and fictitious hosts caused lower parasitoid clutch size in native hosts and higher individual offspring fertility in the F2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Samková
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Raška
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hadrava
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06, Praha 6-Ruzyně, Czech Republic
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Cuny MAC, Bourne ME, Dicke M, Poelman EH. The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Negative effects of carnivorous arthropods on plants. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchel E. Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
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38
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Cusumano A, Urbach S, Legeai F, Ravallec M, Dicke M, Poelman EH, Volkoff AN. Plant-phenotypic changes induced by parasitoid ichnoviruses enhance the performance of both unparasitized and parasitized caterpillars. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4567-4583. [PMID: 34245612 PMCID: PMC8518489 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that interactions between plants and insects can be mediated by microbial symbionts. Nonetheless, evidence showing that symbionts associated with organisms beyond the second trophic level affect plant‐insect interactions are restricted to a few cases belonging to parasitoid‐associated bracoviruses. Insect parasitoids harbour a wide array of symbionts which, like bracoviruses, can be injected into their herbivorous hosts to manipulate their physiology and behaviour. Yet, the function of these symbionts in plant‐based trophic webs remains largely overlooked. Here, we provide the first evidence of a parasitoid‐associated symbiont belonging to the group of ichnoviruses which affects the strength of plant‐insect interactions. A comparative proteomic analysis shows that, upon parasitoid injection of calyx fluid containing ichnovirus particles, the composition of salivary glands of caterpillars changes both qualitatively (presence of two viral‐encoded proteins) and quantitatively (abundance of several caterpillar‐resident enzymes, including elicitors such as glucose oxidase). In turn, plant phenotypic changes triggered by the altered composition of caterpillar oral secretions affect the performance of herbivores. Ichnovirus manipulation of plant responses to herbivory leads to benefits for their parasitoid partners in terms of reduced developmental time within the parasitized caterpillar. Interestingly, plant‐mediated ichnovirus‐induced effects also enhance the performances of unparasitized herbivores which in natural conditions may feed alongside parasitized ones. We discuss these findings in the context of ecological costs imposed to the plant by the viral symbiont of the parasitoid. Our results provide intriguing novel findings about the role played by carnivore‐associated symbionts on plant‐insect‐parasitoid systems and underline the importance of placing mutualistic associations in an ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- DGIMI Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serge Urbach
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,BCM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France.,Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Erb M, Züst T, Robert CAM. Using plant chemistry to improve interactions between plants, herbivores and their natural enemies: challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:262-265. [PMID: 34242994 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites determine multitrophic interaction dynamics. Herbivore natural enemies exploit plant volatiles for host location and are negatively affected by plant defense chemicals that are transferred through herbivores. Recent work shows that herbivore natural enemies can evolve resistance to plant defense chemicals, and that generating plant defense resistance through forward evolution enhances their capacity to prey on herbivores. Here, we discuss how this knowledge can be used to engineer better biocontrol agents. We argue that herbivore natural enemies which are adapted to plant chemistry will likely enhance the efficacy of future pest control efforts. Detailed phenotyping and field experiments will be necessary to quantify costs and benefits of optimizing chemical links between plants and higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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40
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Kansman JT, Ward M, LaFond H, Finke DL. Effects of Plant Stress on Aphid-Parasitoid Interactions: Drought Improves Aphid Suppression. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:713-718. [PMID: 33560440 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought events have the potential to mediate tri-trophic interactions. Changes in plant quality influence herbivore performance, which affects prey availability and quality for natural enemies. Parasitoid wasps are particularly vulnerable to these changes since their development is inextricably linked to that of their prey. However, we know little about the indirect effects of plant water limitation on parasitoid performance, especially the consequences of mild water limitation. This study investigated the ability of a parasitoid wasp (Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)) to suppress aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)) populations on well-watered, mildly stressed, or highly stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L. (Poales: Poaceae)). We then investigated the role that aphid body size and behavioral interactions might play in wasp acceptance of aphid hosts. We found improved aphid suppression under mild and high-water limitation, but the underlying mechanisms were different. Mild-stress appeared to maximize parasitoid performance, as indicated by the highest mummy production. Aphids were larger when feeding on mildly stressed plants than on any other treatment, which suggests improved aphid quality for parasitoids. Improved aphid suppression under high-stress may have been driven by enhanced nonconsumptive effects. Despite improved aphid suppression, mummy formation was lowest on highly stressed plants. High-stress conditions have been shown to negatively affect aphid performance, so improved aphid suppression may be driven by poor aphid performance exacerbating the cost of interactions with parasitoids, such as stinging. No differences were observed in parasitoid foraging behaviors such as antennation or stinging across any treatments. This study highlights the importance of plant water stress intensity in affecting outcomes of parasitoid-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Kansman
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mason Ward
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harper LaFond
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Deborah L Finke
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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41
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Paul RL, Pearse IS, Ode PJ. Fine‐scale plant defence variability increases top‐down control of an herbivore. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Paul
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Ian S. Pearse
- U.S. Geological SurveyFort Collins Science Center Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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42
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Hall CR, Rowe RC, Mikhael M, Read E, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Plant silicon application alters leaf alkaloid concentrations and impacts parasitoids more adversely than their aphid hosts. Oecologia 2021; 196:145-154. [PMID: 33929604 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Grasses accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si) which acts as a highly effective physical defence against insect herbivory, however recent evidence shows that Si supplementation also modifies plant secondary metabolite concetrations. Changes in plant secondary metabolites concentrations can have cascading effects on higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids, as they are dependent on the host herbivore for growth and development. However, relatively little is known about how Si application affects higher trophic levels. We examined the effects of Si addition on alkaloid content in leaves of Phalaris aquatica (Poaceae) and the effect on interactions between an aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) and its parasitoid (Aphidius colemani). Si supplementation had no effect on aphid abundance or parasitism rate. Adult aphids, aphid mummies (parasitised aphids) and the emergent parasitoids were, however, significantly smaller on Si+ plants. Parasitoid traits (size and emergence) were correlated with aphid mummy size. Si addition reduced parasitoid emergence rate and size due to reduced host mummy size, in addition, significantly fewer females emerged from mummies on Si+ plants. Aphid infestation significantly altered alkaloids concentrations, reducing gramine by 80% while increasing tryptamine by 91% in Si- plants. Si addition reduced aphid-induced tryptamine concentrations by 64% and increased 5-MeO-tryptamine by over 800% in control and 142% in aphid infested plants. Our results show that while Si addition has modest impacts on the herbivore, it significantly alters secondary metabolites and has stronger effects on the higher trophic level through changes in the quality of the parasitised host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rhiannon C Rowe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Meena Mikhael
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Read
- Agriculture Victoria, Centre for AgriBioscience, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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de Pedro L, Harbi A, Tormos J, Sabater-Muñoz B, Beitia F. A Minor Role of Host Fruit on the Parasitic Performance of Aganaspis daci (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) on Medfly Larvae. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040345. [PMID: 33924394 PMCID: PMC8069571 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The medfly, Ceratitis capitata, is one of the main pests of citrus and other fruits worldwide. One of the most promising parasitoids for the control of this pest is Aganaspis daci, which has been recently discovered in the Mediterranean Basin. The development of fruit pests is strongly affected by the host fruit and this is also expected to affect the parasitic performance of their natural enemies. Therefore, in this study, we measured both the olfactory and parasitic response of female Aganaspis daci to different fruit species that can host medfly larvae. This parasitoid was more attracted to apples and uninfested fruit and showed very similar parasitic activity among the different tested fruits. However, the parasitic performance differed significantly depending on the environmental conditions under which the assays were conducted, showing good results in the laboratory and a much poorer performance in greenhouse trials. We conclude that A. daci may be a good candidate to control the medfly in a range of different crops, but only when climatic conditions allow normal activity of this species. Abstract Host fruit is known to strongly affect the performance of both fruit pests and their potential natural enemies. This is particularly important in the control of tephritid fruit flies, whose larvae develop inside the fruit and thus create a set of foraging problems for parasitoids. In the present study, we assessed the response of female Aganaspis daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), one of the most promising parasitoids for tephritid biocontrol in the Mediterranean Basin, to different potential host fruit species. We measured the olfactory response to medfly-infested and uninfested fruits, and several biological parameters of A. daci when different infested fruits were offered under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Our results showed that this parasitoid was significantly more attracted to apples and uninfested fruit. Moreover, parasitic activity was similar among the tested fruits under both conditions, showing very high values in the laboratory and a much poorer performance when conditions were variable. This suggests that A. daci may be a good candidate to be included in mass releases against the medfly regardless of the affected crop, but only when climate conditions are not expected to hinder its normal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de Pedro
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
- Unidad de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Crop Protection, Biological Control and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/Mayor s/n, La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-362-788
| | - Ahlem Harbi
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
- High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Chott-Mariem 4042, Tunisia
| | - José Tormos
- Unidad de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Sabater-Muñoz
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin2 D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland
- Integrative Systems Biology Group, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP) from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Beitia
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
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Monticelli LS, Desneux N, Heimpel GE. Parasitoid-mediated indirect interactions between unsuitable and suitable hosts generate apparent predation in microcosm and modeling studies. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2449-2460. [PMID: 33767813 PMCID: PMC7981237 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoids used as biological control agents often parasitize more than a single host species and these hosts tend to vary in suitability for offspring development. The population dynamics of parasitoids and hosts may be altered by these interactions, with outcomes dependent on the levels of suitability and acceptance of both host species. Parasitism of individuals of an unsuitable host species may indirectly increase populations of a suitable host species if eggs laid into unsuitable hosts do not develop into adult parasitoids. In this case, the unsuitable host is acting as an egg sink for parasitoids and this can reduce parasitism of suitable hosts under conditions of egg limitation. We studied parasitoid-mediated indirect interactions between two aphid hosts, Aphis glycines (the soybean aphid) and A. nerii (the milkweed, or oleander aphid), sharing the parasitoid Aphelinus certus. While both of these aphid species are accepted by A. certus, soybean aphid is a much more suitable host than milkweed aphid is. We observed a drastic reduction of parasitoid offspring production (45%) on the suitable host in the presence of the unsuitable host in microcosm assays. Aphelinus certus females laid eggs into the unsuitable hosts (Aphis nerii) in the presence of the suitable host leading to egg and/or time limitation and reduced fitness. The impact of these interactions on the equilibrium population sizes of the three interacting species was analyzed using a consumer-resource modeling approach. Both the results from the laboratory experiment and the modeling approaches identified apparent predation between soybean aphid and milkweed aphid, in which milkweed aphid acts as a sink for parasitoid eggs leading to an increase in the soybean aphid population. The presence of soybean aphids had the opposite effect on milkweed aphid populations as it supported increases in parasitoid abundance and thus reduced the fitness and abundance of this aphid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie S. Monticelli
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRSUMR ISANiceFrance
- AgroécologieINRAEUniv. Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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Monticelli LS, Bishop J, Desneux N, Gurr GM, Jaworski CC, McLean AH, Thomine E, Vanbergen AJ. Multiple global change impacts on parasitism and biocontrol services in future agricultural landscapes. ADV ECOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Pijnakker J, Vangansbeke D, Duarte M, Moerkens R, Wäckers FL. Predators and Parasitoids-in-First: From Inundative Releases to Preventative Biological Control in Greenhouse Crops. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.595630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated mass introductions of natural enemies have been widely used as a biological control strategy in greenhouse systems when the resident population of natural enemies is insufficient to suppress the pests. As an alternative strategy, supporting the establishment and population development of beneficials can be more effective and economical. The preventative establishment of predators and parasitoids, before the arrival of pests, has become a key element to the success of biological control programs. This “Predators and parasitoids-in-first” strategy is used both in Inoculative Biological Control (IBC), and in Conservation Biological Control (CBC). Here, we provide an overview of tools used to boost resident populations of biocontrol agents.
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Hu X, Su S, Liu Q, Jiao Y, Peng Y, Li Y, Turlings TC. Caterpillar-induced rice volatiles provide enemy-free space for the offspring of the brown planthopper. eLife 2020; 9:55421. [PMID: 32778222 PMCID: PMC7419140 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants typically release large quantities of volatiles in response to herbivory by insects. This benefits the plants by, for instance, attracting the natural enemies of the herbivores. We show that the brown planthopper (BPH) has cleverly turned this around by exploiting herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that provide safe havens for its offspring. BPH females preferentially oviposit on rice plants already infested by the rice striped stem borer (SSB), which are avoided by the egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae, the most important natural enemy of BPH. Using synthetic versions of volatiles identified from plants infested by BPH and/or SSB, we demonstrate the role of HIPVs in these interactions. Moreover, greenhouse and field cage experiments confirm the adaptiveness of the BPH oviposition strategy, resulting in 80% lower parasitism rates of its eggs. Besides revealing a novel exploitation of HIPVs, these findings may lead to novel control strategies against an exceedingly important rice pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Su
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ted Cj Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Fathipour Y, Talaee L, Bagheri A, Talebi AA, Khajehali J. Age stage, two-sex life table of Habrobracon hebetor (Braconidae) on Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) reared on different sugar beet genotypes. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:542-549. [PMID: 31928543 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to unveil interactive relevance among consecutive and alternate members of a tritrophic system comprised of sugar beet genotypes, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and its parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) using demographic parameters. To do so, H. hebetor was reared on S. exigua fed on 10 sugar beet genotypes, including SB26; SB27; SB29; SB33; SB34; (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5; FC220; FC301; SBSI006; and HM 1339RZ in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% RH, and 16:8 (L: D) h photoperiod. The data was analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. Our results revealed high variation in duration of different life stages of H. hebetor on S. exigua reared on different sugar beet genotypes examined. The shortest (10.605 days) and longest (13.721 days) pre-adult period of H. hebetor was on S. exigua reared on SB26 and SB34, respectively. The longest (17.2 days) and shortest adult longevity (7.5 days) was on S. exigua reared on SB26 and SB27, respectively. The highest values of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.209 day-1) and finite rate of increase (λ) (1.233 day-1) were observed on S. exigua reared on SB34 and their lowest values (0.159 and 1.172 day-1, respectively) were recorded on SB27. Resistant and susceptible genotypes to S. exigua, FC301 and (7112*SB36)*Sh-1-HSF-5, respectively, were only genotypes on which H. hebetor had greater and approximately equal r compared with S. exigua. This finding indicates high capability of H. hebetor to be successfully employed against S. exigua on sugar beet genotypes which are extremely different in resistance to this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Fathipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Talaee
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdoolnabi Bagheri
- Plant Protection Research Department, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Talebi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Predation threat modifies Pieris rapae performance and response to host plant quality. Oecologia 2020; 193:389-401. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Solís-Montero V, Martínez-Natarén DA, Parra-Tabla V, Ibarra-Cerdeña C, Munguía-Rosas MA. Herbivory and anti-herbivore defences in wild and cultivated Cnidoscolus aconitifolius: disentangling domestication and environmental effects. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa023. [PMID: 32607138 PMCID: PMC7306974 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic changes in plants during domestication may disrupt plant-herbivore interactions. Because wild and cultivated plants have different habitats and some anti-herbivore defences exhibit some plasticity, their defences may be also influenced by the environment. Our goal was to assess the effects of domestication and the environment on herbivory and some anti-herbivore defences in chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in its centre of domestication. Herbivores, herbivory, and direct and indirect anti-herbivore defences were assessed in wild and cultivated plants. The same variables were measured in the field and in a common garden to assess environmental effects. Our results show that domestication increased herbivory and herbivore abundance, but reduced direct and some indirect defences (ants). The environment also affected the herbivore guild (herbivore abundance and richness) and some direct and indirect defences (trichome number and ants). There was also an interaction effect of domestication and the environment on the number of trichomes. We conclude that domestication and the environment influence herbivory and anti-herbivore defences in an additive and interactive manner in chaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Solís-Montero
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
| | - Daniela A Martínez-Natarén
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt), Insurgentes Sur, Ciudad de México C.P., México
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida C.P., México
| | - Carlos Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
| | - Miguel A Munguía-Rosas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
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