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Adepu KK, Anishkin A, Adams SH, Chintapalli SV. A versatile delivery vehicle for cellular oxygen and fuels or metabolic sensor? A review and perspective on the functions of myoglobin. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1611-1642. [PMID: 38696337 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A canonical view of the primary physiological function of myoglobin (Mb) is that it is an oxygen (O2) storage protein supporting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, especially as the tissue O2 partial pressure (Po2) drops and Mb off-loads O2. Besides O2 storage/transport, recent findings support functions for Mb in lipid trafficking and sequestration, interacting with cellular glycolytic metabolites such as lactate (LAC) and pyruvate (PYR), and "ectopic" expression in some types of cancer cells and in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Data from Mb knockout (Mb-/-) mice and biochemical models suggest additional metabolic roles for Mb, especially regulation of nitric oxide (NO) pools, modulation of BAT bioenergetics, thermogenesis, and lipid storage phenotypes. From these and other findings in the literature over many decades, Mb's function is not confined to delivering O2 in support of oxidative phosphorylation but may serve as an O2 sensor that modulates intracellular Po2- and NO-responsive molecular signaling pathways. This paradigm reflects a fundamental change in how oxidative metabolism and cell regulation are viewed in Mb-expressing cells such as skeletal muscle, heart, brown adipocytes, and select cancer cells. Here, we review historic and emerging views related to the physiological roles for Mb and present working models illustrating the possible importance of interactions between Mb, gases, and small-molecule metabolites in regulation of cell signaling and bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Adepu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Sean H Adams
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
- Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
| | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
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2
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Kazeminasab F, Bahrami Kerchi A, Behzadnejad N, Belyani S, Rosenkranz SK, Bagheri R, Dutheil F. The Effects of Exercise Interventions on Ectopic and Subcutaneous Fat in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5005. [PMID: 39274218 PMCID: PMC11396734 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of exercise training on ectopic and subcutaneous fat in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for original articles published through November 2023 that included exercise versus control interventions on body mass (BM), liver fat percentage, visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and intramuscular fat volume or mass (IMF) in patients with T2DM. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) for liver fat and BM, standardized mean differences (SMDs) for VFA, SFA, and IMF, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using random-effects models. Results: Thirty-six studies comprising 2110 patients with T2DM were included in the present meta-analysis. Exercise training effectively reduced BM [WMD = -2.502 kg, p = 0.001], liver fat% [WMD = -1.559%, p = 0.030], VFA [SMD = -0.510, p = 0.001], and SFA [SMD = -0.413, p = 0.001] in comparison to the control. The IMF [SMD = 0.222, p = 0.118] remained unchanged compared to the controls. Subgroup analyses showed that the type of exercise, duration, and body mass index (BMI) of participants were sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis provides strong evidence that exercise training, particularly aerobic and combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise programs, is effective for reducing BM, VFA, and SFA in patients with T2DM. However, aerobic exercise was more effective for reducing liver fat than combined exercise. The beneficial effects of exercise on VFA and SFA reduction, but not liver fat, are associated with weight loss. These findings highlight the importance of including consistent exercise as a key management component for T2DM and associated ectopic fat deposition, with potential long-term benefits for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-53153, Iran
| | - Ali Bahrami Kerchi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan P.O. Box 81551-39998, Iran
| | - Nasim Behzadnejad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan P.O. Box 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Saba Belyani
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan P.O. Box 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Fred Dutheil
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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3
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Dillon HT, Foulkes SJ, Baik AH, Scott JM, Touyz RM, Herrmann J, Haykowsky MJ, La Gerche A, Howden EJ. Cancer Therapy and Exercise Intolerance: The Heart Is But a Part: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2024; 6:496-513. [PMID: 39239327 PMCID: PMC11372306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The landscape of cancer therapeutics is continually evolving, with successes in improved survivorship and reduced disease progression for many patients with cancer. Improved cancer outcomes expose competing comorbidities, some of which may be exacerbated by cancer therapies. The leading cause of disability and death for many early-stage cancers is cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is often attributed to direct or indirect cardiac injury from cancer therapy. In this review, the authors propose that toxicities related to conventional and novel cancer therapeutics should be considered beyond the heart. The authors provide a framework using the oxygen pathway to understand the impact of cancer treatment on peak oxygen uptake, a marker of integrative cardiopulmonary function and CVD risk. Peripheral toxicities and the impact on oxygen transport are discussed. Consideration for the broad effects of cancer therapies will improve the prediction and identification of cancer survivors at risk for CVD, functional disability, and premature mortality and those who would benefit from therapeutic intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley T. Dillon
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Foulkes
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Heart Exercise and Research Trials (HEART) Lab, St Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan H. Baik
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica M. Scott
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark J. Haykowsky
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - André La Gerche
- Heart Exercise and Research Trials (HEART) Lab, St Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Cardiology Department, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
- HEART Lab, Victor Chang Cardiovascular Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin J. Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Aquilani R, Brugnatelli S, Maestri R, Iadarola P, Corallo S, Pagani A, Serra F, Bellini A, Buonocore D, Dossena M, Boschi F, Verri M. Chemotherapy-Induced Changes in Plasma Amino Acids and Lipid Oxidation of Resected Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Background for Future Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5300. [PMID: 38791339 PMCID: PMC11121634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have documented that FOLFOX and XELOX therapies negatively impact the metabolism of skeletal muscle and extra-muscle districts. This pilot study tested whether three-month FOLFOX or XELOX therapy produced changes in plasma amino acid levels (PAAL) (an estimation of whole-body amino acid metabolism) and in plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid hyper oxidation. Fourteen ambulatory, resected patients with colorectal cancer scheduled to receive FOLFOX (n = 9) or XELOX (n = 5) therapy, after overnight fasting, underwent peripheral venous blood sampling, to determine PAAL and MDA before, during, and at the end of three-month therapy. Fifteen healthy matched subjects (controls) only underwent measures of PAAL at baseline. The results showed changes in 87.5% of plasma essential amino acids (EAAs) and 38.4% of non-EAAs in patients treated with FOLFOX or XELOX. These changes in EAAs occurred in two opposite directions: EAAs decreased with FOLFOX and increased or did not decrease with XELOX (interactions: from p = 0.034 to p = 0.003). Baseline plasma MDA levels in both FOLFOX and XELOX patients were above the normal range of values, and increased, albeit not significantly, during therapy. In conclusion, three-month FOLFOX or XELOX therapy affected plasma EAAs differently but not the baseline MDA levels, which were already high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Aquilani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.A.); (P.I.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Silvia Brugnatelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Roberto Maestri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering of the Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy;
| | - Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.A.); (P.I.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Salvatore Corallo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Anna Pagani
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Serra
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Anna Bellini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.A.); (P.I.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Daniela Buonocore
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.A.); (P.I.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Maurizia Dossena
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.A.); (P.I.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Federica Boschi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Manuela Verri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.A.); (P.I.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.D.)
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Murphy-Després A, Chartrand DJ, Lemieux I, Tremblay A, Bergeron J, Poirier P, Alméras N, Després JP. Long-Term Improvement in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity beyond Changes in Visceral/Ectopic Fat among Men with Visceral Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:1377. [PMID: 38732623 PMCID: PMC11085477 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The SYNERGIE study documented the effects on cardiometabolic risk (CMR) indices of a 1-year lifestyle intervention targeting physical activity (PA) and diet followed by a 2-year maintenance period in men with visceral obesity. Improvements in CMR markers and a decrease in low-attenuation muscle (LAM) area were observed after 1 year. Despite a rebound in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) during the maintenance period, insulin resistance (IR) improved. We tested the hypothesis that variations in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and LAM could explain the long-term improvement in IR. A health (n = 88; mean age 49.0 ± 8.2 years) and fitness (n = 72) evaluation was performed at 0, 1, and 3 years. Participants were classified into two groups based on their CRF response over the maintenance period (worsening: CRF- vs. maintenance/improvement: CRF+). During the maintenance period, changes in the psoas and core LAM areas correlated with changes in IR (r = 0.27; p < 0.05 and r = 0.34; p < 0.005) and changes in CRF (r = -0.31; p < 0.01 and r = -0.30; p < 0.05). IR improved in the CRF+ group (p < 0.05) but remained stable in the CRF- group. Men in the CRF+ group regained half of the changes in VAT volume and LAM at the psoas and mid-thigh compared to the CRF- group (p < 0.05). These results support the importance of targeting VAT and CRF/PA for the long-term management of CMR in men with visceral obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Murphy-Després
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.-D.); (D.J.C.); (I.L.); (A.T.); (P.P.); (N.A.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominic J. Chartrand
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.-D.); (D.J.C.); (I.L.); (A.T.); (P.P.); (N.A.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lemieux
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.-D.); (D.J.C.); (I.L.); (A.T.); (P.P.); (N.A.)
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.-D.); (D.J.C.); (I.L.); (A.T.); (P.P.); (N.A.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Bergeron
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.-D.); (D.J.C.); (I.L.); (A.T.); (P.P.); (N.A.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Natalie Alméras
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.-D.); (D.J.C.); (I.L.); (A.T.); (P.P.); (N.A.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.M.-D.); (D.J.C.); (I.L.); (A.T.); (P.P.); (N.A.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- VITAM—Centre de Recherche en Santé Durable, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, QC G1J 2G1, Canada
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6
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Damm M, Efremov L, Jalal M, Nadeem N, Dober J, Michl P, Wohlgemuth WA, Wadsley J, Hopper AD, Krug S, Rosendahl J. Body composition parameters predict survival in pancreatic cancer-A retrospective multicenter analysis. United European Gastroenterol J 2023; 11:998-1009. [PMID: 37987099 PMCID: PMC10720684 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parameters to adapt individual treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are urgently needed. The present study aimed to evaluate body composition parameters as predictors of overall survival (OS) in PDAC patients. METHODS Measurements of body composition parameters were performed on computed tomography scans at diagnosis. Height-standardized and Body Mass Index- and sex-adjusted regression formulas deriving cut-offs from a healthy population were used. The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was performed for survival analysis. Independent prognostic factors were identified with uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS In total, 354 patients were analyzed. In a multivariable Cox model, besides tumor stage and resection status, only myosteatosis (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.10-2.14, p = 0.01) was an independent prognostic factor of OS among body composition parameters. Subgroup analyses revealed that the prognostic impact of myosteatosis was higher in patients ≤68 years of age, with advanced tumor stages and patients without curative intended resection. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of one of the largest Caucasian cohorts to date, demonstrated myosteatosis to be an independent prognostic factor of OS in PDAC. To improve outcomes, prospective trials aiming to investigate the utility of an early assessment of myosteatosis with subsequent intervention by dieticians, sports medicine physicians, and physiotherapists are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Damm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ljupcho Efremov
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mustafa Jalal
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nabeegh Nadeem
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Johannes Dober
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter A Wohlgemuth
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Andrew D Hopper
- Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sebastian Krug
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Guo M, Wang X, Li Y, Luo A, Zhao Y, Luo X, Li S. Intermittent Fasting on Neurologic Diseases: Potential Role of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:4915. [PMID: 38068773 PMCID: PMC10707790 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the global population ages, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is surging. These disorders have a multifaceted pathogenesis, entwined with genetic and environmental factors. Emerging research underscores the profound influence of diet on the development and progression of health conditions. Intermittent fasting (IF), a dietary pattern that is increasingly embraced and recommended, has demonstrated potential in improving neurophysiological functions and mitigating pathological injuries with few adverse effects. Although the precise mechanisms of IF's beneficial impact are not yet completely understood, gut microbiota and their metabolites are believed to be pivotal in mediating these effects. This review endeavors to thoroughly examine current studies on the shifts in gut microbiota and metabolite profiles prompted by IF, and their possible consequences for neural health. It also highlights the significance of dietary strategies as a clinical consideration for those with neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yujuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ailin Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiyong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
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8
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Ramlugon S, Levendal R, Frost CL. Effect of oral cannabis administration on the fat depots of obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2023; 37:1806-1822. [PMID: 36437580 PMCID: PMC10947483 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and insulin-resistance is on the rise, globally. Cannabis have been shown to have anti-diabetic/obesity properties, however, the effect mediated at various fat depots remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the anti-diabetic property of an oral cannabis administration in an obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model and (2) to determine and compare the effect mediated at the peritoneal and intramuscular fat level. Cannabis concentration of 1.25 mg/kg body weight (relative to THC content) was effective in reversing insulin-resistance in the rat model, unlike the other higher cannabinoid concentrations. At the peritoneal fat level, gene expression of fat beigeing markers, namely Cidea and UCP1, were significantly increased compared to the untreated control. At the intramuscular fat level, on the other hand, CE1.25 treatment did not promote fat beigeing but instead significantly increased mitochondrial activity, relative to the untreated control. Therefore, these findings indicate that the mechanism of action of oral cannabis administration, where glucose and lipid homeostasis is restored, is not only dependent on the dosage but also on the type of fat depot investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaal Ramlugon
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
| | - Ruby‐Ann Levendal
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
| | - Carminita L. Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
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Deru LS, Chamberlain CJ, Lance GR, Gipson EZ, Bikman BT, Davidson LE, Tucker LA, Coleman JL, Bailey BW. The Effects of Exercise on Appetite-Regulating Hormone Concentrations over a 36-h Fast in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081911. [PMID: 37111130 PMCID: PMC10142171 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunger and satiety are controlled by several physiological mechanisms, including pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones. While the influence of exercise and fasting have been described individually, in relation to these hormones, there is a paucity of work showing the effects of the two modalities (fasting and exercise) combined. Twenty healthy adults (11 males, 9 females) completed both conditions of this study, each consisting of a 36-h water-only fast. One of the fasts began with treadmill exercise, and the differences between the conditions on various appetite hormones were measured every 12 h. The difference in the area under the curve between conditions for ghrelin was 211.8 ± 73.1 pg/mL (F = 8.40, p < 0.0105), and, for GLP-1, it was -1867.9 ± 850.4 pg/mL (F = 4.82, p < 0.0422). No significant differences were noted for areas under the curve between conditions for leptin, PP, PYY, insulin, or GIP. Initiating a fast with exercise lowers ghrelin concentrations and elevates GLP-1 concentrations. Given that ghrelin elicits feelings of hunger and GLP-1 signals feelings of satiety, adding exercise to the beginning of a fast may reduce some of the biological drive of hunger, which could make fasting more tolerable, leading to better adherence and more significant health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon S Deru
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Garrett R Lance
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Gipson
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Benjamin T Bikman
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Lance E Davidson
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Larry A Tucker
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jacob L Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Bruce W Bailey
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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10
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Stokie JR, Abbott G, Howlett KF, Hamilton DL, Shaw CS. Intramuscular lipid utilization during exercise: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:581-592. [PMID: 36656983 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00637.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular lipid (IMCL) utilization during exercise was controversial as numerous studies did not observe a decline in IMCL content post-exercise when assessed in muscle biopsies using biochemical techniques. Contemporary techniques including immunofluorescence microscopy and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) offer advantages over biochemical techniques. The primary aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression was to examine the net degradation of IMCL in response to an acute bout of cycling exercise in humans, as assessed with different analytical approaches. A secondary aim was to explore the factors influencing IMCL degradation including feeding status, exercise variables, and participant characteristics. A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria using biochemical, immunofluorescence, and 1H-MRS techniques. A meta-analysis was completed using a random effects model and percentage change in IMCL content calculated from the standardized mean difference. Cycling exercise resulted in a net degradation of IMCL regardless of technique (total effect -23.7%, 95% CI = -28.7 to -18.7%) and there was no difference when comparing fasted versus fed-state exercise (P > 0.05). IMCL degradation using immunofluorescence techniques detected larger effects in type I fibers compared with whole muscle using biochemical techniques (P = 0.003) and in type I fibers compared with type II fibers (P < 0.001). Although IMCL degradation was associated with exercise duration, V̇o2max, and BMI, none of these factors independently related to the change in IMCL content. These findings provide strong evidence that the analytical approach can influence the assessment of IMCL degradation in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden R Stokie
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Calixto-Lima L, Wiegert EVM, Oliveira LCD, Chaves GV, Bezerra FF, Avesani CM. The association between low skeletal muscle mass and low skeletal muscle radiodensity with functional impairment, systemic inflammation, and reduced survival in patients with incurable cancer. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023; 47:265-275. [PMID: 36325962 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Factors associated with the concomitant occurrence of low muscle mass and low muscle radiodensity are unclear. This study investigated whether different skeletal muscle phenotypes are associated with functional impairment, serum inflammatory markers, and survival in patients with incurable cancer. METHODS Three hundred and twenty-six patients (median age, 60 years; 67.5% female) who had abdominal or pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans up to 30 days before the initial assessment were enrolled in the study. CT images were used for the assessment of skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD). Optimal stratification analysis was used to derive cohort-specific cutoff points to define SMI and SMD groups with a higher risk for mortality (SMI, males <45.0 cm2 /m2 and females <44.0 cm2 /m2 ; SMD, males <34 Hounsfield units [HU] and females <30 HU). Based on these cutoffs, participants were classified into four phenotypes: low-risk SMI + low-risk SMD, high-risk SMI + low-risk SMD, low-risk SMI + high-risk SMD, and high-risk SMI + high-risk SMD. RESULTS Phenotypes with high-risk SMI or high-risk SMD, especially when combined, were associated with low handgrip strength, poor performance status, higher C-reactive protein, and lower serum albumin levels. The phenotypes with high-risk SMD, regardless of low-risk SMI (hazard ratio [HR], 1.74; 95% CI, 1.05-2.88) or high-risk SMI (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.29-3.05) were associated with higher 90 days' mortality risk. CONCLUSION In patients with incurable cancer, phenotype groups with high-risk SMI and high-risk SMD, particularly when combined, were associated with worse functional impairment and inflammation. Moreover, high-risk SMD was associated with increased mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Calixto-Lima
- National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Carla Maria Avesani
- Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Comparison of multifidus muscle intramuscular fat by ultrasound echo intensity and fat-water based MR images in individuals with chronic low back pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 63:102717. [PMID: 36658047 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this observational cross-sectional study was to examine correlations of intramuscular fat content in lumbar multifidus (LM) by comparing muscle echo intensity (EI) and percent fat signal fraction (%FSF) generated from ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) images, respectively. METHODS MRI and US images from 25 participants (16 females, 9 males) selected from a cohort of patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) were used. Images were acquired bilaterally, at the L4 and L5 levels (e.g., 4 sites). EI measurements were acquired by manually tracing the cross-sectional border of LM. Mean EI of three US images per site were analyzed (e.g., raw EI). A correction factor for subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) was also calculated and applied (e.g., corrected EI). Corresponding fat and water MR images were used to acquire %FSF measurements. Intra-rater reliability was assessed by intraclass coefficients (ICC). Pearson correlations and simple linear regression were used to assess the relationship between %FSF, raw EI and corrected EI measurements. RESULTS The intra-rater ICCs for all measurements were moderate to excellent. Correlations between %FSF vs. raw EI and corrected EI were moderate to strong (0.40 < r < 0.52) and (0.40 < r < 0.51), respectively. Moderate correlations between SFT and EI were also identified. CONCLUSION US is a low-cost, non-invasive, accessible, and reliable method to examine muscle composition, and presents a promising solution for assessing and monitoring the effect of different treatment options for CLBP in clinical settings.
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13
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Pan Z, Du G, Li G, Wu D, Chen X, Geng Z. Apolipoprotein H: a novel regulator of fat accumulation in duck myoblasts. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1199-1214. [PMID: 36812035 PMCID: PMC9890340 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein H (APOH) primarily engages in fat metabolism and inflammatory disease response. This study aimed to investigate the effects of APOH on fat synthesis in duck myoblasts (CS2s) by APOH overexpression and knockdown. CS2s overexpressing APOH showed enhanced triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) contents and elevated the mRNA and protein expression of AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) while reducing the expression of protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The results showed that knockdown of APOH in CS2s reduced the content of TG and CHOL, reduced the expression of ACC1, ELOVL6, and AKT1, and increased the gene and protein expression of PPARG, LPL, ACSL1, and AMPK. Our results showed that APOH affected lipid deposition in myoblasts by inhibiting fatty acid beta-oxidation and promoting fatty acid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the AKT/AMPK pathway. This study provides the necessary basic information for the role of APOH in fat accumulation in duck myoblasts for the first time and enables researchers to study the genes related to fat deposition in meat ducks in a new direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology,
Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guoqing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology,
Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guoyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology,
Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology,
Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xingyong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology,
Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China,Corresponding author: Xingyong Chen,
College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei
230036, China. Tel: +86-15605510863, E-mail:
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology,
Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China,Corresponding author: Xingyong Chen,
College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei
230036, China. Tel: +86-15605510863, E-mail:
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14
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Canever JB, Lanferdini FJ, de Moura BM, Diefenthaeler F, Lima KMME. Influence of subcutaneous adipose thickness and dominance on reliability of quadriceps muscle quality in healthy young individuals. J Ultrasound 2022; 25:513-519. [PMID: 34519999 PMCID: PMC9402827 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-021-00615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echo intensity (EI) can be useful to check muscle quality and has been widely used to identify tissue damage. In the clinical and sports context, it has been used to identify metabolic disorders and training muscle performance. OBJECTIVE To determine whether subcutaneous adipose thickness (SAT) influences the inter-session EI reliability of the quadriceps femoris and whether EI is influenced by dominance in young healthy subjects. DESIGN All procedures were approved by the local Institutional Research Ethics Committee (project number 2.620.204). This is a cross-sectional study where 19 healthy young individuals volunteered. METHOD The individuals were assessed at two time points by an experienced examiner. Imaging of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles were performed bilaterally by ultrasonography. EI and SAT analysis was performed using ImageJ®software. RESULTS/FINDINGS Inter-session intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for EImeasured showed moderate reliability for RF (R = 0.578; P = 0.038) and VL (R = 0.735; P = 0.004) and low for VM (R = 0.402; P = 0.142). When corrected by SAT, inter-session (EIcorrected), ICC values showed good reliability for RF (R = 0.826; P < 0.001) and VM (R = 0.765; P = 0.002) and excellent for VL (R = 0.909; P < 0.001). Considering inter-side reliability, Student's paired t-test demonstrated no difference for EImeasured (P > 0.283), EIcorrected (P > 0.127), and SAT (P > 0.356). CONCLUSIONS SAT influenced the inter-session reliability values of EI in all muscles evaluated. Although they showed similarity, EI values were not influenced by dominance in young healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelini Betta Canever
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Jardim das Avenidas, Rod. Governador Jorge Lacerda, 3201, Araranguá, SC 88906-072 Brazil
| | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- Department of Physical Education, Biomechanics Laboratory (BIOMEC), Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC 88036-800 Brazil
| | - Bruno Monteiro de Moura
- Department of Physical Education, Biomechanics Laboratory (BIOMEC), Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC 88036-800 Brazil
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Department of Physical Education, Biomechanics Laboratory (BIOMEC), Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC 88036-800 Brazil
| | - Kelly Mônica Marinho e Lima
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Jardim das Avenidas, Rod. Governador Jorge Lacerda, 3201, Araranguá, SC 88906-072 Brazil
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15
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Kitagawa F, Ogawa M, Yoshiko A, Oshida Y, Koike T, Akima H, Tanaka NI. Factors related to trunk intramuscular adipose tissue content - A comparison of younger and older men. Exp Gerontol 2022; 168:111922. [PMID: 35964898 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated factors related to trunk intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) content in younger and older men. Twenty-three healthy younger (20 to 29 years) and 20 healthy older men (63 to 79 years) participated in this study. The trunk IntraMAT content was measured using magnetic resonance imaging at the height of the 3rd lumbar vertebra. In addition to blood properties and physical performance, dietary intake was assessed by a self-administered diet history questionnaire. The dietary intake status was quantified using the nutrient adequacy score for the intake of 10 selected nutrients by summing the number of items that met the criteria of dietary reference intakes for Japanese individuals. The results obtained revealed that the trunk IntraMAT content was significantly higher in the older group than in the younger group (p < 0.05). In the younger group, the trunk IntraMAT content significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and HbA1c (rs = 0.443 to 0.464, p < 0.05). In the older group, significant and negative correlations were observed between the trunk IntraMAT content and 5-m usual walking speed, handgrip strength, and nutrient adequacy scores (rs = -0.485 to -0.713, p < 0.05). These results indicate that factors associated with the trunk IntraMAT content differed in an age dependent manner. In the younger group, the trunk IntraMAT content correlated with the metabolic status such as blood pressure and HbA1c. In the older group, physical performance and the dietary intake status negatively correlated with the trunk IntraMAT content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funa Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Madoka Ogawa
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akito Yoshiko
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Oshida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Research Center of Health, Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Koike
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Research Center of Health, Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Research Center of Health, Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Noriko I Tanaka
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Research Center of Health, Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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16
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Chen Q, Lu J, Lu X, Yao XJ, Zhang XP, Wang SY, Guo JH. The Prognostic Value of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Biliary Tract Cancer After Palliative Treatment With Radiation-Emitting Metallic Stent. Front Surg 2022; 9:852137. [PMID: 35558381 PMCID: PMC9086514 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.852137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radiation-emitting metallic stent (REMS) placement is increasingly used for malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) caused by unresectable biliary tract carcinoma (UBTC) in clinical practice. The study is aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of sarcopenia, myosteatosis, and their combination on overall survival (OS) in patients treated with REMS for UBTC. Methods Patients diagnosed with UBTC who underwent REMS placement between January 2013 and May 2021 were included consecutively in this retrospective study. Sarcopenia and myosteatosis were defined based on skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle attenuation (SMA), respectively, which were measured by computer tomography (CT) images on the level of the third lumbar vertebral body before REMS placement. Patients were categorized into two groups by sex-specific cutoff value for sarcopenia and myosteatosis, and OS rates were compared between the groups. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses were used to assess factors associated with OS. Results Data of 135 patients included were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Median OS was 7.17 months in total cohort. Patients in the sarcopenia group had significant poorer OS than those in the non-sarcopenia group (median: 3.23 vs. 11.60 months, p < 0.001). OS was shorter in patients with myosteatosis than those without myosteatosis (median: 4.40 vs. 9.17 months, p < 0.001). Sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR] = 9.61; 95% CI = 5.41–17.09; p < 0.001) and myosteatosis (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.13–2.57; p = 0.012) were significantly associated with OS. Combining sarcopenia and myosteatosis (CSM) showed a better predictive accuracy in OS than either one (area under curves: CSM vs. sarcopenia = 0.760 vs. 0.698, p = 0.049; CSM vs. myosteatosis = 0.760 vs. 0.671, p = 0.006). Conclusion Sarcopenia and myosteatosis are negative predictors of survival in patients who underwent REMS placement for UBTC. CSM seemed to show a better prognostic value than either sarcopenia or myosteatosis alone. They can be used preoperatively for risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Juan Yao
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan-Pu Zhang
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shang-Yuan Wang
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-He Guo
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-He Guo
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17
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Cuijpers ACM, Bongers BC, Heldens AFJM, Bours MJL, van Meeteren NLU, Stassen LPS, Lubbers T. Aerobic fitness and muscle density play a vital role in postoperative complications in colorectal cancer surgery. J Surg Oncol 2022; 125:1013-1023. [PMID: 35147981 PMCID: PMC9305785 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives To assess the association of preoperative aerobic fitness and body composition variables with a patient's resilience to the development and impact of postoperative complications after elective colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery. Methods Preoperative aerobic fitness was assessed by steep ramp test performance. Preoperative body composition was assessed by muscle mass and density determined from preoperative computed tomography scan analysis at the L3‐level. Complication development and severity was graded according to Clavien‐Dindo. Complication impact was assessed by the time to recovery of physical functioning after complications. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities and tumour location was performed. Results Of 238 included patients, 96 (40.3%) developed postoperative complications. Better preoperative aerobic fitness decreased the likelihood to develop complications, independent of muscle mass (odds ratio [OR]: 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35−0.85) or muscle density (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36−0.89). A prolonged time to recovery following complications was associated with lower preoperative muscle density (OR: 4.14, 95% CI: 1.28−13.41), independent of aerobic fitness. Conclusions Lower aerobic fitness increases the risk of complication development, while low muscle density seems associated with a prolonged recovery from complications. Aerobic fitness and muscle density could be valuable additives to preoperative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C M Cuijpers
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart C Bongers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aniek F J M Heldens
- Department of Physical Therapy, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J L Bours
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nico L U van Meeteren
- Top Sector Life Sciences and Health (Health~Holland), The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurents P S Stassen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Lubbers
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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García-Alonso Y, García-Hermoso A, Alonso-Martínez AM, Legarra-Gorgoñon G, Izquierdo M, Ramírez-Vélez R. Associations between physical fitness components with muscle ultrasound parameters in prepuberal children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:960-968. [PMID: 35031698 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Muscle ultrasound is a convenient technique to visualize normal and pathological muscle tissue as it is non-invasive and real-time. This technique is related to several physical performance parameters and body composition components in adults; however, this relationship remains unexplored in early aged. We aimed to evaluate the association between physical fitness components with muscle ultrasound parameters in prepuberal children. METHODS A sample of 282 prepuberal children aged 5-9 years (144 boys) participated in the study. A trained sonographer obtained six B-mode images from femoral rectus for muscle thickness, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and area of the muscle of interest, were captured, and muscle ultrasound parameters (echo-intensity: EI uncorrected, EI correct equations) and intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) were extracted. Lean muscle tissue has low EI, whereas intramuscular fat and connective tissue have high EI. Physical fitness components (cardiorespiratory fitness, upper and lower muscle strength, speed-agility, and overall fitness levels) were also evaluated. Children were categorized as fit or unfit for each specific fitness test. RESULTS After adjustment for sex and age, higher physical fitness components and overall fitness (z-score) levels were negatively associated with EI, IMAT, and SAT (cardiorespiratory fitness β range = -0.264 to -0.298; upper-muscular strength β range = -0.389 to -0.457; and lower-muscular strength β range = -0.202 to -0.279; and speed-agility β range = -0.257 to -0.302). Children categorized as fit according to four physical fitness components had lower EI uncorrected, EI correct equation 1-2, IMAT, and SAT than unfit children for each respective tests (all Ps < 0.001). CONCLUSION Physical fitness components are inversely associated with EI, IMAT, SAT after adjusting for potential confounders, including sex and age, in prepuberal children. The present study strengthens the idea that muscle and adiposity parameters is affected by physical fitness even from early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia García-Alonso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia M Alonso-Martínez
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gaizka Legarra-Gorgoñon
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Özkul B, Özkul Ö, Bilir C. Predicting the Overall Survival in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer by Calculating L3 Skeletal Muscle Index Derived from CT. Curr Med Imaging 2022; 18:1079-1085. [PMID: 35240961 DOI: 10.2174/1573405618666220303105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is mostly diagnosed in advanced stages, and treatment results are not satisfactory. L3 skeletal muscle index (SMI) has emerged as a prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer patients. We aimed to assess the association between sarcopenia and overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer in this study. METHODS Patients who were admitted to the Department of Oncology between March 2012 and December 2019 and diagnosed with pancreatic cancer were evaluated. The computerized tomography images and laboratory parameters of a total of 115 patients were included in this retrospective singlecenter study. We defined sarcopenia as an SMI <43,56 cm²/m² for females and <56,44 cm²/m² for males using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve in the study population. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by using Cox-regression modelling, and survival curves were constructed by using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS 70% of the patients were male, and the mean age was 64.9±9.9 years (mean ± SD). 70.6% of female patients and 67.9% of male patients were diagnosed with stage 4 cancer. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the whole patient group was 29.6%. By multivariate analysis, SMI (p=0.009) and advanced stage (p=0.003) were found as poor prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was statistically significantly higher in sarcopenic patients than in nonsarcopenic patients (p=0.031). CONCLUSION Patients having sarcopenia at the time of diagnosis may demonstrate poorer overall survival of pancreatic cancer, and SMI may be considered as a potential prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahattin Özkul
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Atlas University Medicine Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özkul
- Department of Medical Oncology, İstanbul Bağcılar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cemil Bilir
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
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20
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Veras K, Lucena CF, Goedcke J, Evangelista FS, Carpinelli A, Carvalho CRDO. Moderate Exercise Training Combined With a High-Fat and Sucrose Diet Protects Pancreatic Islet Function in Male C57BL/6J Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:881236. [PMID: 35669687 PMCID: PMC9165053 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.881236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is mainly caused by excess energy intake and physical inactivity, and the number of overweight/obese individuals has been steadily increasing for decades. Previous studies showed that rodents fed westernized diets exhibit endocrine pancreas deterioration and a range of metabolic disorders. This study evaluated the effects of moderated aerobic treadmill exercise training on pancreatic islet cell viability and function in mice consuming a high-fat and sucrose diet. In the present study, 60-day-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: control (C), fed a standard diet AIN-93M (3.83 kcal/g; 70% carbohydrate (cornstarch and dextrinized starch were chosen as the major source of carbohydrate for the AIN-93 diet. In addition, a small amount of sucrose), 20% protein (casein), and 10% fat (soybean) with no training (i.e., sedentary); C + training (CTR, fed the standard diet with eight weeks of exercise; high-fat diet + sucrose (HFDS), fed a high fat and sucrose diet (5.2 kcal/g; 20% carbohydrate (cornstarch and dextrinized starch were chosen as the major source of carbohydrate), 20% protein (casein), 60% fat (Lard was chosen as the major source of fat and a small amount of soybean) + 20% sucrose diluted in drinking water with no training; and HFDS + training (HFDSTR). After eight weeks, the HFDS mice displayed increased body weight (P<0.001) and epididymal, inguinal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue mass (P<0.01). These mice also presented insulin resistance (P<0.01), glucose intolerance (P<0.001), impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and were less responsive to the physiological net ROS production induced by glucose stimulus. The HFDS group's pancreatic islet cells were 38% less viable and 59% more apoptotic than those from the C group (P<0.05). The HFDSTR improved glucose tolerance, body mass, insulin sensitivity and GSIS (P<0.05). Furthermore, HFDSTR mice had 53% more viable isolated pancreatic islets cells and 29% fewer apoptotic cells than the HFDS group (P<0.01). Thus, exercise training may slow down and/or prevent adverse metabolic effects associated with consuming a westernized diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Veras
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Ferraz Lucena
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Goedcke
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Angelo Carpinelli
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2190-2215. [PMID: 34229348 PMCID: PMC8634498 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The athlete's goal is to optimize their performance. Towards this end, nutrition has been used to improve the health of athletes' brains, bones, muscles, and cardiovascular system. However, recent research suggests that the gut and its resident microbiota may also play a role in athlete health and performance. Therefore, athletes should consider dietary strategies in the context of their potential effects on the gut microbiota, including the impact of sports-centric dietary strategies (e.g., protein supplements, carbohydrate loading) on the gut microbiota as well as the effects of gut-centric dietary strategies (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics) on performance. This review provides an overview of the interaction between diet, exercise, and the gut microbiota, focusing on dietary strategies that may impact both the gut microbiota and athletic performance. Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota could, in theory, contribute to the effects of dietary intake on athletic performance by influencing microbial metabolite production, gastrointestinal physiology, and immune modulation. Common dietary strategies such as high protein and simple carbohydrate intake, low fiber intake, and food avoidance may adversely impact the gut microbiota and, in turn, performance. Conversely, intake of adequate dietary fiber, a variety of protein sources, and emphasis on unsaturated fats, especially omega-3 (ɷ-3) fatty acids, in addition to consumption of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, have shown promising results in optimizing athlete health and performance. Ultimately, while this is an emerging and promising area of research, more studies are needed that incorporate, control, and manipulate all 3 of these elements (i.e., diet, exercise, and gut microbiome) to provide recommendations for athletes on how to "fuel their microbes."
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley L Hughes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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22
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Scopel Poltronieri T, de Paula NS, Chaves GV. Skeletal muscle radiodensity and cancer outcomes: A scoping review of the literature. Nutr Clin Pract 2021; 37:1117-1141. [PMID: 34752653 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are more prone to experience myosteatosis than healthy individuals. The aim of this review was to summarize the methodologies applied for low skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) assessment in oncology patients, as well as to describe the major findings related to SMD and cancer outcomes. This scoping review included studies that were published until November 2020 in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; were performed in humans diagnosed with cancer, adult and/or elderly, of both sexes; investigated SMD through computed tomography of the region between the third and fifth lumbar vertebrae, considering at least two muscular groups; and evaluated clinical and/or surgical outcomes. Eighty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 37,583 patients). Survival was the most evaluated outcome. Most studies reported a significant association between low SMD and unfavorable outcomes. However, this relationship was not clear for survival, antineoplastic treatment, and surgical complications, potentially because of the unstandardized approaches for the assessment of SMD and inadequate study design. Future studies should address these issues to provide an in-depth understanding of the clinical relevance of SMD in cancer outcomes as well as how SMD is influenced by individuals and tumor-related characteristics in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiara Scopel Poltronieri
- Department of Nutrition, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nathália Silva de Paula
- Department of Nutrition, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Villaça Chaves
- Department of Nutrition, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Martel-Duguech L, Alonso-Jimenez A, Bascuñana H, Díaz-Manera J, Llauger J, Nuñez-Peralta C, Montesinos P, Webb SM, Valassi E. Prevalence of sarcopenia after remission of hypercortisolism and its impact on HRQoL. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 95:735-743. [PMID: 34323296 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cushing's syndrome (CS) is associated with skeletal muscle structural and functional impairment which may persist long-term despite surgical removal of the source of cortisol excess. Prevalence of sarcopenia and its impact on Health-Related-Quality of Life (HRQoL) in 'cured' CS is not known. There is a need to identify easy biomarkers to help the clinicians recognise patients at elevated risk of suffering sustained muscle function. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 36 women with CS in remission, and 36 controls matched for age, body mass index, menopausal status, and level of physical activity. We analysed the skeletal muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle fat fraction using two-point Dixon magnetic resonance imaging and muscle performance and strength using the following tests: hand grip strength, gait speed, timed up and go and 30-s chair stand. We assessed HRQoL with the following questionnaires: SarQoL, CushingQoL, SF-36. We calculated the sarcopenia index (SI; serum creatinine/serum cystatin C × 100). RESULTS Prevalence of sarcopenia, according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), was greater in CS as compared with controls (19% vs. 3%; p < .05). Patients with sarcopenia had a lower SarQoL score than those without sarcopenia (61 ± 17 vs. 75 ± 14; p < .05), and scored worse on the items pain, easy bruising and worries on physical appearance (p < .05 for all comparisons) of the CushingQoL questionnaire. Patients with sarcopenia had poorer physical functioning on SF-36 than those without sarcopenia (60 ± 23 vs. 85 ± 15; p < .01). SI was lower in patients with sarcopenia than those without (71 ± 3 vs. 77 ± 2; p = .032), and was associated with intramuscular fatty infiltration, worse performance on the 30-s chair stand test, slower gait speed, and worse muscle weakness-related HRQoL, as measured using the SarQoL questionnaire (p < .05). The optimised cut-off value for the SI ratio to diagnose sarcopenia was 72, which yielded a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 90%. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia is common in patients with CS in long-term remission, and associated with impaired quality of life. The SI is a potential biomarker allowing clinicians to identify patients at high risk of muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Martel-Duguech
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso-Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jaume Llauger
- Radiology Department, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Susan M Webb
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Valassi
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina/Endocrinología, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Cabre HE, Greenwalt CE, Gould LM, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Exploring the "Athlete's Paradox": Division I Cross-Country Runners Demonstrate Similar Muscle Characteristics to Recreationally Trained Young Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3213-3217. [PMID: 34474434 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cabre, HE, Greenwalt, CE, Gould, LM, Hirsch, KR, Blue, MNM, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Exploring the "Athlete's Paradox": Division I cross-country runners demonstrate similar muscle characteristics to recreationally trained young adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Endurance training can influence body composition and muscle characteristics. Endurance athletes have demonstrated elevated intramuscular fat (IMF), yet individuals with greater body fat also demonstrate elevated IMF. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in muscle characteristics (echo intensity [EI] and muscle cross-sectional area [mCSA]) and body composition between Division I collegiate athletes and college-age adults matched for percent fat (%fat). Thirty cross-country athletes (XC) and 30 normal-weight (NW) recreationally active college students (male athletes: n = 30; female athletes: n = 30; mean ± SD: age: 19.2 ± 1.1 years; body mass: 61.7 ± 8.7 kg; %fat: 18.0 ± 5.2%) underwent a panoramic ultrasound scan of the vastus lateralis to evaluate EI and mCSA. A full-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan was used to assess fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and %fat. Independent t-tests were used to evaluate mCSA, EI, and body composition. Significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. There were no significant differences between the XC and NW cohorts in mCSA (mean difference [MD; XC - NW], -1.30 ± -0.40 cm3; p = 0.340) or EI (MD: 3.97 ± 2.66 a.u.; p = 0.478). Body composition was not different between the groups: FM (MD: -0.14 ± -0.54 kg; p = 0.848), LM (-3.07 ± 1.25 kg; p = 0.268), or bone mineral content (-0.21 ± 0.03 kg; p = 0.120). There were also no significant differences for any outcome variables when stratified by male athletes (p = 0.097-0.468) or female athletes (p = 0.055-0.700). These results suggest that XC athletes may have similar muscle characteristics to NW individuals when matched for %fat. Understanding and tracking muscle characteristics in XC athletes may be important for performance, injury prevention, and the transition to retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Institute of Sport Science Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Human Biomechanics and Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina
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25
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Updated systematic review and meta-analysis on diagnostic issues and the prognostic impact of myosteatosis: A new paradigm beyond sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101398. [PMID: 34214642 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myosteatosis, which is excessive fat infiltration in the skeletal muscle, is now considered a distinct disease from sarcopenia. Advances in imaging technique have made muscle parameters an evaluable biomarker, and many studies have proved association between myosteatosis and aging or disease process. However, the diagnosis and clinical impact of myosteatosis have not been well established. Thus, we aim to provide a systematic summary with a qualitive review of 73 eligible studies regarding these issues. First, the most widely used modality to diagnose myosteatosis is abdominal computed tomography, based on evaluation of the muscle radiodensity of the total abdominal muscle area predominantly at the L3 vertebral level. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the diagnostic methods and cutoff values used to diagnose myosteatosis (32 different cutoff values among 73 studies). Second, the clinical impact of myosteatosis on prognosis was very straightforward, and most studies have shown a negative impact of myosteatosis on overall survival and complications related to underlying diseases. However, the mechanism of the myosteatosis on mortality has not been explored well, and metabolic dysfunction (i.e. insulin resistance, systemic inflammation) would be a possible explanation. Providing systemic review of current issues can elucidate future directions for developing standardized diagnosis and management of myosteatosis.
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Bolsterlee B, Bye EA, Eguchi J, Thom J, Herbert RD. MRI-based Measurement of Effects of Strength Training on Intramuscular Fat in People with and without Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1270-1275. [PMID: 33986231 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accurate quantification of the proportion of fat in human muscles could help monitor disease status and test effectiveness of interventions in people with neurological conditions whose skeletal muscles are frequently infiltrated with fat. METHODS We compared two commonly used magnetic resonance imaging methods to quantify fat in muscles. Measurements were obtained before and after 6 or 8 wk of strength training in a total of 116 muscles spanning the range of intramuscular fat proportions observed in able-bodied young adults and people with spinal cord injury. RESULTS We successfully measured fat proportions in all muscles using the mDixon method but were unable to obtain plausible measurements with the T1-weighted method from muscles of able-bodied individuals or from the leaner 23% of muscles of people with spinal cord injury (muscles with less than approximately 8% fat). In muscles with more fat, measurements obtained with the two methods agreed well (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.88; mean absolute difference, 5%). We also found that, compared with the T1-weighted method, the mDixon method provides a more detailed characterization of fat infiltration in muscle and a less variable measurement of the effect of training on the proportion of fat. The mDixon method showed that 6 or 8 wk of strength training did not appreciably change the proportion of intramuscular fat in either people with spinal cord injury or able-bodied people. CONCLUSION On the basis of these findings, we recommend the use of mDixon methods in preference to T1-weighted methods to determine the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing intramuscular fat.
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Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094963. [PMID: 34066984 PMCID: PMC8124511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human body requires energy to function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular currency for energy-requiring processes including mechanical work (i.e., exercise). ATP used by the cells is ultimately derived from the catabolism of energy substrate molecules—carbohydrates, fat, and protein. In prolonged moderate to high-intensity exercise, there is a delicate interplay between carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and this bioenergetic process is tightly regulated by numerous physiological, nutritional, and environmental factors such as exercise intensity and duration, body mass and feeding state. Carbohydrate metabolism is of critical importance during prolonged endurance-type exercise, reflecting the physiological need to regulate glucose homeostasis, assuring optimal glycogen storage, proper muscle fuelling, and delaying the onset of fatigue. Fat metabolism represents a sustainable source of energy to meet energy demands and preserve the ‘limited’ carbohydrate stores. Coordinated neural, hormonal and circulatory events occur during prolonged endurance-type exercise, facilitating the delivery of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the working muscle for oxidation. However, with increasing exercise intensity, fat oxidation declines and is unable to supply ATP at the rate of the exercise demand. Protein is considered a subsidiary source of energy supporting carbohydrates and fat metabolism, contributing to approximately 10% of total ATP turnover during prolonged endurance-type exercise. In this review we present an overview of substrate metabolism during prolonged endurance-type exercise and the regulatory mechanisms involved in ATP turnover to meet the energetic demands of exercise.
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de Meeûs d’Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Oosterlinck M, van de Winkel D, De Spiegelaere W, de Bruijn CM, Goethals K, Vanderperren K, Delesalle CJG. Flexibility of equine bioenergetics and muscle plasticity in response to different types of training: An integrative approach, questioning existing paradigms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249922. [PMID: 33848308 PMCID: PMC8043414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine bioenergetics have predominantly been studied focusing on glycogen and fatty acids. Combining omics with conventional techniques allows for an integrative approach to broadly explore and identify important biomolecules. Friesian horses were aquatrained (n = 5) or dry treadmill trained (n = 7) (8 weeks) and monitored for: evolution of muscle diameter in response to aquatraining and dry treadmill training, fiber type composition and fiber cross-sectional area of the M. pectoralis, M. vastus lateralis and M. semitendinosus and untargeted metabolomics of the M. pectoralis and M. vastus lateralis in response to dry treadmill training. Aquatraining was superior to dry treadmill training to increase muscle diameter in the hindquarters, with maximum effect after 4 weeks. After dry treadmill training, the M. pectoralis showed increased muscle diameter, more type I fibers, decreased fiber mean cross sectional area, and an upregulated oxidative metabolic profile: increased β-oxidation (key metabolites: decreased long chain fatty acids and increased long chain acylcarnitines), TCA activity (intermediates including succinyl-carnitine and 2-methylcitrate), amino acid metabolism (glutamine, aromatic amino acids, serine, urea cycle metabolites such as proline, arginine and ornithine) and xenobiotic metabolism (especially p-cresol glucuronide). The M. vastus lateralis expanded its fast twitch profile, with decreased muscle diameter, type I fibers and an upregulation of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway activity, and increased branched-chain and aromatic amino acid metabolism (cis-urocanate, carnosine, homocarnosine, tyrosine, tryptophan, p-cresol-glucuronide, serine, methionine, cysteine, proline and ornithine). Trained Friesians showed increased collagen and elastin turn-over. Results show that branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids and microbiome-derived xenobiotics need further study in horses. They feed the TCA cycle at steps further downstream from acetyl CoA and most likely, they are oxidized in type IIA fibers, the predominant fiber type of the horse. These study results underline the importance of reviewing existing paradigms on equine bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance de Meeûs d’Argenteuil
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Klara Goethals
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Research Group Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cathérine John Ghislaine Delesalle
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Murnane LC, Forsyth AK, Koukounaras J, Pilgrim CH, Shaw K, Brown WA, Mourtzakis M, Tierney AC, Burton PR. Myosteatosis predicts higher complications and reduced overall survival following radical oesophageal and gastric cancer surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 47:2295-2303. [PMID: 33640171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low muscle attenuation, as governed by increased intramuscular fat infiltration (myosteatosis), may associate with adverse surgical outcomes. We aimed to determine whether myosteatosis is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications and reduced long-term survival after oesophago-gastric (OG) cancer surgery. METHODS Patients who underwent radical OG cancer surgery with preoperative abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging were included. Myosteatosis was evaluated using previously defined cut-points for low skeletal muscle attenuation measured by CT. Oncological, surgical, complications, and outcome data were obtained from a prospective database. RESULTS Of 108 patients, 56% (n = 61) had myosteatosis. Patients with myosteatosis were older (69.1 ± 9.1 vs. 62.8 ± 9.8 years, p = 0.001) and had a similar body mass index (BMI) (23.4 ± 5.3 vs. 25.9 ± 6.7 kg/m2, p = 0.766) compared to patients with normal muscle attenuation. Patients with myosteatosis had a higher rate of anastomotic leaks (15% vs. 2%, p = 0.041). On multivariate analysis, myosteatosis was an independent predictor of overall (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.31-6.99, p = 0.009) and severe complications (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.26-14.9, p = 0.020). Patients with myosteatosis had reduced 5 year overall (54.1% vs. 83%, p = 0.004) and disease-free (55.2% vs. 87.2%, p = 0.007) survival. CONCLUSION Myosteatosis is associated with a significantly increased risk of overall and severe complications as well as substantially reduced long-term survival. Assessment of muscle attenuation provides analysis beyond standard anthropometrics and may form part of preoperative physiological staging tools used to improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Murnane
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Adrienne K Forsyth
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Koukounaras
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles Hc Pilgrim
- Hepaticopancreaticobiliary Surgery Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kalai Shaw
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Oesophagogastric Bariatric Surgery Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wendy A Brown
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Oesophagogastric Bariatric Surgery Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina Mourtzakis
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Allied Health, And Health Implementation Science and Technology, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Paul R Burton
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Oesophagogastric Bariatric Surgery Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Lopes LMP, de Oliveira EC, Becker LK, Costa GDP, Pinto KMDC, Talvani A, Carraro JCC, Coelho DB. Resistance Training Associated with Dietetic Advice Reduces Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Elderly. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7351716. [PMID: 32964042 PMCID: PMC7492897 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7351716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process during which chronic low-grade inflammation is present due to changes in the immune system of the elderly. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of resistance training associated with dietary advice on chronic inflammation in the elderly. We conducted a prospective intervention study in which we evaluated anthropometric parameters and inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-8, CCL-2, and leptin) in 40 elderly people before and after long-term progressive resistance training (19 weeks) associated with dietary advice. The participants trained twice a week on nonconsecutive days, and the training lasted one hour with an intensity of 60-85% of 1-MR. Dietary advice was explained in person and individually focusing on foods rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Participants were instructed at the beginning of the training program, and dietary advice was reinforced verbally weekly. There was an improvement in body composition evidenced by a reduction in waist circumference and body fat percentage and by the increase in arm circumference, calf circumference, and corrected arm muscle area. In addition, there was a reduction in the inflammatory biomarkers CCL-2 (p = 0.01) and leptin (p < 0.01). Resistance training associated with dietary guidance can contribute to a healthy aging due to observed improvements in body composition and in the inflammatory profile of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Maria Peixoto Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson Cruz de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lenice Kappes Becker
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelerson Mauro de Castro Pinto
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Inflammation Immunobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Inflammation Immunobiology Laboratory, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlia Cristina Cardoso Carraro
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Barbosa Coelho
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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McDonald SM, Strom C, Remchak MM, Chaves A, Broskey NT, Isler C, Haven K, Newton E, DeVente J, Acosta-Manzano P, Aparicio VA, May LE. The effects of aerobic exercise on markers of maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:227-237. [PMID: 32803871 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal maternal metabolism during pregnancy is essential for healthy fetal growth and development. Chronic exercise is shown to positively affect metabolism, predominantly demonstrated in nonpregnant populations. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of aerobic exercise on maternal metabolic biomarkers during pregnancy, with expected lower levels of glucose, insulin, and lipids among exercise-trained pregnant women. METHODS Secondary data analyses were performed using data from two, longitudinal prenatal exercise intervention studies (ENHANCED by MOM and GESTAFIT). Exercisers completed 150 min of weekly moderate-intensity exercise during pregnancy (24+ weeks) while nonexercisers attended stretching sessions. Pregnant women were 31-33 years of age, predominantly non-Hispanic white, and "normal weight" body mass index. At 16 and 36 weeks of gestation, fasting blood samples were collected via fingerstick and venipuncture. Maternal glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) were analyzed. ANCOVA analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise on markers of maternal metabolism in late pregnancy, controlling for baseline levels. RESULTS Our sample included 12 aerobic exercisers and 54 nonexercising control groups. Significant between-groups differences at 16 weeks of gestation were found for TG (92.3 vs. 121.2 mg/dl, p = .04), TC (186.8 vs. 219.6 mg/dl, p = .002), and LDL (104.1 vs. 128.8 mg/dl, p = .002). Aerobic-trained pregnant women exhibited lower insulin levels in late pregnancy (β = -2.6 μIU/ml, 95% CI:-4.2, -0.95, p = .002) and a reduced increase in insulin levels from 16 to 36 week of gestation (β = -2.3 μIU/ml, 95% CI: -4.4, -0.2, p = .034) compared with nonexercising pregnant women. No statistically significant effects were observed for maternal HOMA-IR, TC, LDL, HDL, TC:HDL, and TG in late pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The observations of this study demonstrate that prenatal exercise may positively affect maternal insulin, with aerobic-trained pregnant women exhibiting lower insulin levels in late pregnancy. Additionally, we found no appreciable effects of prenatal exercise on maternal lipids in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McDonald
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cody Strom
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary-Margaret Remchak
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alec Chaves
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas T Broskey
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christy Isler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of Medicine, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelley Haven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of Medicine, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward Newton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of Medicine, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - James DeVente
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of Medicine, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pedro Acosta-Manzano
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia A Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Linda E May
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of Medicine, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Perrone MA, Babu Dasari J, Intorcia A, Gualtieri P, Marche M, Di Luozzo M, Merra G, Bernardini S, Romeo F, Sergi D. Phenotypic classification and biochemical profile of obesity for cardiovascular prevention. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Age- and BMI-related variations of fat distribution in sacral and lumbar bone marrow and their association with local muscle fat content. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9686. [PMID: 32546722 PMCID: PMC7297969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This analysis investigated the age- and BMI-related variations of fat distribution in sacral and lumbar bone marrow and their association with local muscle fat content in order to detect fat distribution patterns and variations in healthy adults using proton density fat fraction (PDFF) measurements. A six-echo 3D spoiled gradient-echo sequence was used for chemical shift encoding-based water-fat separation at the sacral and lower lumbar region in 103 healthy volunteers. PDFF values of the sacrum, 5th lumbar vertebral body, the gluteal and paraspinal muscles were determined. Correlation with age was significant (p < 0.05) for PDFF of the sacrum (men (m): r = 0.58; women (w): r = 0.54), L5 (m: r = 0.58; w: r = 0.54), the gluteal (m: r = 0.51; w: r = 0.44) and paraspinal (m: r = 0.36; w: r = 0.49) muscles in both genders. BMI correlated significantly with the paraspinal musculature in men (r = 0.46) and women (r = 0.33). Correlation testing revealed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the two osseous (m: r = 0.63, w: r = 0.75) and the muscle compartments (m: r = 0.63, w: r = 0.33) in both genders. Bone marrow and muscle fat infiltration patterns were not significantly associated with each other at the sacral and lower lumbar spine region. The presented data suggest that the two compartments may have distinct pathophysiological fat infiltration patterns. However, further clinical studies are needed to support the results.
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Maltais A, Lemieux I, Alméras N, Tremblay A, Bergeron J, Poirier P, Després JP. One-Year Lifestyle Intervention, Muscle Lipids, and Cardiometabolic Risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2156-2165. [PMID: 31525173 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low-attenuation muscle (LAM) area at mid-thigh, a computed tomography (CT)-derived index of intramuscular lipids, is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed at testing the hypothesis that changes in LAM area in trunk muscles from a single abdominal scan could provide relevant information to evaluate the effects of a lifestyle intervention without the use of a mid-thigh CT scan. METHODS Cardiometabolic risk variables, including waist circumference, lipoprotein-lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and cardiorespiratory fitness, were assessed in a sample of 102 dyslipidemic viscerally obese men at baseline and after a 1-yr lifestyle intervention. Abdominal (L4-L5) and mid-thigh CT scans were performed and abdominal muscles classified as psoas and core muscles. Scans were segmented to calculate muscle areas, LAM areas, and mean attenuation values. RESULTS All muscle groups showed a decrease in LAM areas (P < 0.0001) in response to the lifestyle intervention. Changes in LAM areas were significantly associated with changes in triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and log triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (mid-thigh, 0.20 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.29; psoas, 0.28 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.38; core, 0.29 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.34, P < 0.05). Changes in core LAM area were significantly associated with changes in 2-h glucose levels, glucose area measured during the oral glucose tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (0.21 ≤ r ≤ 0.34, P < 0.05). Stepwise regression analyses showed that changes in LAM psoas area were associated with changes in HDL cholesterol and the cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio independently from changes in visceral adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Changes in trunk LAM areas are useful indices of changes in mid-thigh LAM area observed with a 1-yr lifestyle intervention. Thus, an additional mid-thigh scan is not necessary to evaluate muscle lipid content by CT when an abdominal CT scan is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maltais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - Isabelle Lemieux
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - Natalie Alméras
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - Jean Bergeron
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec, Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CANADA
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Guevara-Cruz M, Godinez-Salas ET, Sanchez-Tapia M, Torres-Villalobos G, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Guizar-Heredia R, Arteaga-Sanchez L, Gamba G, Mojica-Espinosa R, Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Granados O, López-Barradas A, Vargas-Castillo A, Torre-Villalvazo I, Noriega LG, Torres N, Tovar AR. Genistein stimulates insulin sensitivity through gut microbiota reshaping and skeletal muscle AMPK activation in obese subjects. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000948. [PMID: 32152146 PMCID: PMC7064085 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemias. Previous studies demonstrated that genistein intake modifies the gut microbiota in mice by selectively increasing Akkermansia muciniphila, leading to reduction of metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity. However, it is not known whether the consumption of genistein in humans with obesity could modify the gut microbiota reducing the metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 45 participants with a Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index greater than 2.5 and body mass indices of ≥30 and≤40 kg/m2 were studied. Patients were randomly distributed to consume (1) placebo treatment or (2) genistein capsules (50 mg/day) for 2 months. Blood samples were taken to evaluate glucose concentration, lipid profile and serum insulin. Insulin resistance was determined by means of the HOMA for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and by an oral glucose tolerance test. After 2 months, the same variables were assessed including a serum metabolomic analysis, gut microbiota, and a skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained to study the gene expression of fatty acid oxidation. RESULTS In the present study, we show that the consumption of genistein for 2 months reduced insulin resistance in subjects with obesity, accompanied by a modification of the gut microbiota taxonomy, particularly by an increase in the Verrucomicrobia phylum. In addition, subjects showed a reduction in metabolic endotoxemia and an increase in 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. As a result, there was an increase in circulating metabolites of β-oxidation and ω-oxidation, acyl-carnitines and ketone bodies. CONCLUSIONS Change in the gut microbiota was accompanied by an improvement in insulin resistance and an increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, genistein could be used as a part of dietary strategies to control the abnormalities associated with obesity, particularly insulin resistance; however, long-term studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Guevara-Cruz
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Einar T Godinez-Salas
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Monica Sanchez-Tapia
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Pichardo-Ontiveros
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Rocio Guizar-Heredia
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Liliana Arteaga-Sanchez
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | | | | | - Omar Granados
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Adriana López-Barradas
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Ariana Vargas-Castillo
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico
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So WK, Kim HK, Chen Y, Jeong SH, Yeung PKK, Chow BCK, Han J, Chung SK. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) 1 plays an essential role in stress-induced exercise capacity by regulating PGC-1α and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:195-216. [PMID: 31955265 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) mediates cAMP-mediated cell signal independent of protein kinase A (PKA). Mice lacking Epac1 displayed metabolic defect suggesting possible functional involvement of skeletal muscle and exercise capacity. Epac1 was highly expressed, but not Epac 2, in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles. The exercise significantly increased protein expression of Epac 1 in EDL and soleus muscle of wild-type (WT) mice. A global proteomics and pathway analyses revealed that Epac 1 deficiency mainly affected "the energy production and utilization" process in the skeletal muscle. We have tested their forced treadmill exercise tolerance. Epac1-/- mice exhibited significantly reduced exercise capacity in the forced treadmill exercise and lower number of type 1 fibers than WT mice. The basal protein level of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) was reduced in the Epac1-/- mice. Furthermore, increasing expression of PGC-1α by exercise was also significantly attenuated in the skeletal muscle of Epac1-/- mice. The expressions of downstream target genes of PGC-1α, which involved in uptake and oxidation of fatty acids, ERRα and PPARδ, and fatty acid content were lower in muscles of Epac1-/-, suggesting a role of Epac1 in forced treadmill exercise capacity by regulating PGC-1α pathway and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Taken together, Epac1 plays an important role in exercise capacity by regulating PGC-1α and fatty acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kin So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yingxian Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Seung Hun Jeong
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Patrick Ka Kit Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Billy C K Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center Inje University, Busan, South Korea.
| | - Sookja K Chung
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Taipa, Macau. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. .,United International College, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, China.
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Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, Ryan ED. Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2019-2052. [PMID: 31343601 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragala, MS, Cadore, EL, Dorgo, S, Izquierdo, M, Kraemer, WJ, Peterson, MD, and Ryan, ED. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2019-2052, 2019-Aging, even in the absence of chronic disease, is associated with a variety of biological changes that can contribute to decreases in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Such losses decrease physiologic resilience and increase vulnerability to catastrophic events. As such, strategies for both prevention and treatment are necessary for the health and well-being of older adults. The purpose of this Position Statement is to provide an overview of the current and relevant literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for resistance training for older adults. As presented in this Position Statement, current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat the loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, physiological vulnerability, and their debilitating consequences on physical functioning, mobility, independence, chronic disease management, psychological well-being, quality of life, and healthy life expectancy. This Position Statement provides evidence to support recommendations for successful resistance training in older adults related to 4 parts: (a) program design variables, (b) physiological adaptations, (c) functional benefits, and (d) considerations for frailty, sarcopenia, and other chronic conditions. The goal of this Position Statement is to a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to resistance training for older adults, b) promote the health and functional benefits of resistance training for older adults, and c) prevent or minimize fears and other barriers to implementation of resistance training programs for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan-Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Cespedes Feliciano EM, Chen WY, Bradshaw PT, Prado CM, Alexeeff S, Albers KB, Castillo AL, Caan BJ. Adipose Tissue Distribution and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Breast Cancer Survivors. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:2528-2536. [PMID: 31369302 PMCID: PMC7001794 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality among breast cancer survivors. Although body mass index (BMI) is associated with CVD risk, adipose tissue distribution may better identify patients with a high risk of CVD after breast cancer. METHODS Among 2,943 patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer without prior CVD, we used International Classification of Diseases (9th and 10th revisions) codes to identify incidence of nonfatal stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or CVD death. From clinically acquired computed tomography scans obtained near diagnosis, we measured visceral adiposity (centimeters squared), subcutaneous adiposity (centimeters squared), and intramuscular adiposity (fatty infiltration into muscle [Hounsfield Units, scored inversely]). We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs per SD increase in adiposity accounting for competing risks and adjusting for demographics, smoking, cancer treatment, and pre-existing CVD risk factors. RESULTS Mean (SD) age was 56 (12) years. Over a median follow-up of 6 years, 328 CVD events occurred. Each SD increase in visceral or intramuscular adiposity was associated with an increase in CVD risk (HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.03 to 1.29] and HR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.37]), respectively). Excess visceral and intramuscular adiposity occurred across all BMI categories. Among normal-weight patients, each SD greater visceral adiposity increased CVD risk by 70% (HR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.10 to 2.62]). CONCLUSION Visceral and intramuscular adiposity were associated with increased CVD incidence after breast cancer diagnosis, independent of pre-existing CVD risk factors and cancer treatments. The increased CVD incidence among normal-weight patients with greater visceral adiposity would go undetected with BMI alone. Measures of adipose tissue distribution may help identify high-risk patients and tailor CVD prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Y. Chen
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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Local In Vivo Measures of Muscle Lipid and Oxygen Consumption Change in Response to Combined Vitamin D Repletion and Aerobic Training in Older Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040930. [PMID: 31027191 PMCID: PMC6521174 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramyocellular (IMCL), extramyocellular lipid (EMCL), and vitamin D deficiency are associated with muscle metabolic dysfunction. This study compared the change in [IMCL]:[EMCL] following the combined treatment of vitamin D and aerobic training (DAT) compared with vitamin D (D), aerobic training (AT), and control (CTL). Male and female subjects aged 60–80 years with a BMI ranging from 18.5–34.9 and vitamin D status of ≤32 ng/mL (25(OH)D) were recruited to randomized, prospective clinical trial double-blinded for supplement with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) (10,000 IU × 5 days/week) or placebo was provided for 13 weeks and treadmill aerobic training during week 13. Gastrocnemius IMCL and EMCL were measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and MRI. Hybrid near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy measured hemodynamics. Group differences in IMCL were observed when controlling for baseline IMCL (p = 0.049). DAT was the only group to reduce IMCL from baseline, while a mean increase was observed in all other groups combined (p = 0.008). IMCL reduction and the corresponding increase in rVO2 at study end (p = 0.011) were unique to DAT. Vitamin D, when combined with exercise, may potentiate the metabolic benefits of exercise by reducing IMCL and increasing tissue-level VO2 in healthy, older adults.
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Waters DL. Intermuscular Adipose Tissue: A Brief Review of Etiology, Association With Physical Function and Weight Loss in Older Adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2019; 23:3-8. [PMID: 32743278 PMCID: PMC7387605 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.19.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue redistributes during aging resulting in increased intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), intramuscular, and intramyocellular lipid while subcutaneous fat decreases. IMAT has been associated with lower muscle strength, power, and quality, chronic inflammation, impaired glucose tolerance, and elevated total cholesterol in older adults. This review focused on trials investigating the role of age, physical activity and diet on IMAT. The studies agreed that IMAT increases with age and seems to be responsive to physical activity, particularly the combination of aerobic and resistance exercise. However, some reported this could occur with or without weight loss, and some reported that high IMAT at baseline may blunt the muscle quality adaptive response to physical training. Larger and longer trials are needed to differentiate the independent or synergistic effects of resistance and/or aerobic training, and obesity and weight loss combined with resistance, aerobic or combination of aerobic and resistance training on IMAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Lynn Waters
- Department of Medicine and School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Tarantino G, Costantini S, Citro V, Conforti P, Capone F, Sorice A, Capone D. Interferon-alpha 2 but not Interferon-gamma serum levels are associated with intramuscular fat in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Transl Med 2019; 17:8. [PMID: 30602382 PMCID: PMC6317208 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTGs) represent an important energy supply and a dynamic fat-storage depot that can expand during periods of elevated lipid availability and a fatty acid source. Ultrasonography (US) of human skeletal muscles is a practical and reproducible method to assess both IMTG presence and entity. Although a crosstalk between cytokines in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue has been suggested in obesity, condition leading to hepatic steatosis (HS) or better defined as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer, there are still questions to be answered about the role of interferons (IFNs), alpha as well as gamma, and IMTG in obesity. We aimed at discovering any correlation between IFNs and IMTG. METHODS We analysed anthropometric data, metabolic parameters and imaging features of a population of 80 obese subjects with low-prevalence of co-morbidities but HS in relation to IFNs serum levels. A population of 38 healthy subjects (21 males) served as controls. The levels of serum IFNs were detected by a magnetic bead-based multiplex immunoassays. RESULTS Serum concentrations of IFN-alpha 2 were increased, while serum levels of IFN-gamma were decreased confronted with those of controls; the severity of IMTG, revealed at US as Heckmatt scores, was inversely predicted by IFN-alpha 2 serum concentrations; IMTG scores were not predicted by serum levels of IFN-gamma; IMTG scores were predicted by HS severity, ascertained at US; HS severity was predicted by visceral adipose tissue, assessed by US, but the latter was not instrumental to IMTG. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study has added some pieces of observation about the cytokine network regulating the interplay between IMTG and obesity in obese patients with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Susan Costantini
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCSS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, SA, Italy
| | - Paolo Conforti
- "Federico II" University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Capone
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCSS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Sorice
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCSS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Capone
- Integrated Care Department of Public Health and Drug-Use, Section of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
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Lund J, Helle SA, Li Y, Løvsletten NG, Stadheim HK, Jensen J, Kase ET, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC. Higher lipid turnover and oxidation in cultured human myotubes from athletic versus sedentary young male subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17549. [PMID: 30510272 PMCID: PMC6277406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared fatty acid (FA) metabolism in myotubes established from athletic and sedentary young subjects. Six healthy sedentary (maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) ≤ 46 ml/kg/min) and six healthy athletic (VO2max > 60 ml/kg/min) young men were included. Myoblasts were cultured and differentiated to myotubes from satellite cells isolated from biopsy of musculus vastus lateralis. FA metabolism was studied in myotubes using [14C]oleic acid. Lipid distribution was assessed by thin layer chromatography, and FA accumulation, lipolysis and re-esterification were measured by scintillation proximity assay. Gene and protein expressions were studied. Myotubes from athletic subjects showed lower FA accumulation, lower incorporation of FA into total lipids, triacylglycerol (TAG), diacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester, higher TAG-related lipolysis and re-esterification, and higher complete oxidation and incomplete β-oxidation of FA compared to myotubes from sedentary subjects. mRNA expression of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III gene UQCRB was higher in cells from athletic compared to sedentary. Myotubes established from athletic subjects have higher lipid turnover and oxidation compared to myotubes from sedentary subjects. Our findings suggest that cultured myotubes retain some of the phenotypic traits of their donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lund
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Siw A Helle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils G Løvsletten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans K Stadheim
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili T Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
The objective of this review paper is to evaluate the impact of undertaking aerobic exercise in the overnight-fasted v. fed-state, in the context of optimising the health benefits of regular physical activity. Conducting a single bout of aerobic exercise in the overnight-fasted v. fed-state can differentially modulate the aspects of metabolism and energy balance behaviours. This includes, but is not limited to, increased utilisation of fat as a fuel source, improved plasma lipid profiles, enhanced activation of molecular signalling pathways related to fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and reductions in energy intake over the course of a day. The impact of a single bout of overnight-fasted v. fed-state exercise on short-term glycaemic control is variable, being affected by the experimental conditions, the time frame of measurement and possibly the subject population studied. The health response to undertaking overnight-fasted v. fed-state exercise for a sustained period of time in the form of exercise training is less clear, due to a limited number of studies. From the extant literature, there is evidence that overnight-fasted exercise in young, healthy men can enhance training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle metabolic profile, and mitigate against the negative consequences of short-term excess energy intake on glucose tolerance compared with exercising in the fed-state. Nonetheless, further long-term studies are required, particularly in populations at-risk or living with cardio-metabolic disease to elucidate if feeding status prior to exercise modulates metabolism or energy balance behaviours to an extent that could impact upon the health or therapeutic benefits of exercise.
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Brain Fatty Acid Composition and Inflammation in Mice Fed with High-Carbohydrate Diet or High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091277. [PMID: 30201883 PMCID: PMC6164611 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both high fat diet (HFD) and high carbohydrate diet (HCD) modulate brain fatty acids (FA) composition. Notwithstanding, there is a lack of information on time sequence of brain FA deposition either for HFD or HCD. The changes in brain FA composition in mice fed with HFD or HCD for 7, 14, 28, or 56 days were compared with results of 0 (before starting given the diets). mRNA expressions of allograft inflammatory factor 1 (Aif1), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox 2), F4/80, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), integrin subunit alpha m (Itgam), interleukin IL-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured. The HFD group had higher speed of deposition of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) at the beginning of the experimental period. However, on day 56, the total amount of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA were similar. mRNA expressions of F4/80 and Itgam, markers of microglia infiltration, were increased (p < 0.05) in the brain of the HCD group whereas inflammatory marker index (IMI) was higher (46%) in HFD group. In conclusion, the proportion of fat and carbohydrates in the diet modulates the speed deposition of FA and expression of inflammatory gene markers.
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Khan MF, Rawat AK, Khatoon S, Hussain MK, Mishra A, Negi DS. In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effect of extracts of Melia azedarach, Zanthoxylum alatum, and Tanacetum nubigenum. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:176-183. [PMID: 29984178 PMCID: PMC6026355 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the antidiabetic effect of Himalayan Medicinal plants from India viz. Melia azedarach (Family: Meliaceae), Zanthoxylum alatum (Family: Rutaceae), Tanacetum nubigenum (Family: Asteraceae) using in-vitro as well as in-vivo approaches. METHODS Their effects were examined on stimulation of glucose uptake by C2C12 cultured cell line, inhibitory effect on human recombinant Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and followed by the hypoglycaemic activity of extracts in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. RESULTS All prepared extracts had been found to enrich with polyphenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones and saponins type of compounds. n-Butanol fraction of Zanthoxylum alatum showed maximum PTP-1B inhibition (61.9%) whereas ethanol extract of Tanacetum nubigenum showed strong stimulation of glucose uptake (+61.2%) in C2Cl2 myotubes. In STZ induced Sprague-Dawley rats, significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed in ethanol extract of Melia azaderach treated group as 14.8% (p < 0.01) whereas in the ethanol extract of Tanacetum nubigenum treated group, it was observed as 15.5% (p < 0.01) compare to metformin which showed 26.8% (p < 0.01) lowering of blood glucose in the same time duration of 5 h study. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that these plants have a significant therapeutic value in type-2-diabetes mellitus and related complications thus supporting their traditional uses in Indian traditional system of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faheem Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arun Kumar Rawat
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Arvind Mishra
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, India
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Ahmed S, Singh D, Khattab S, Babineau J, Kumbhare D. The Effects of Diet on the Proportion of Intramuscular Fat in Human Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2018. [PMID: 29516003 PMCID: PMC5826234 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an increasing trend in the consumption of poor-quality diets worldwide, contributing to the increase of non-communicable diseases. Diet directly influences physiological composition and subsequently physical health. Studies have shown that dietary macronutrient and energy content can influence the proportion of intramuscular fat (IMF), which mediates various metabolic and endocrine dysfunction. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify evidence in the literature assessing the association between different dietary interventions on the proportion of IMF in humans. Methods Three medical databases were investigated (Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane) to identify studies assessing changes in IMF after dietary interventions. The primary outcome measure was the change in IMF proportions after a dietary intervention. The effects of high-fat, high-carbohydrate, low-calorie, and starvation diets were assessed qualitatively. A meta-analysis assessing the effect of high-fat diets was conducted. Follow-up sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted. Results One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six articles were identified for review. Of these articles, 13 were eligible for inclusion after a full screening. High-fat diets increased IMF proportions, standardized mean difference = 1.24 (95% confidence interval, 0.43–2.05) and a significant overall effect size (P = 0.003). Diets with an increased proportion of carbohydrates decreased IMF proportions; however, increasing caloric intake with carbohydrates increased IMF. Starvation diets increased IMF stores, and hypocaloric diets did not result in any IMF proportion changes. Conclusion This systematic review suggests that high-fat diets and diets with caloric intake increased above the amount required to maintain BMI with carbohydrates, and short-term starvation diets are associated with increases in IMF content. Further studies are needed to assess the effects of macronutrient combinations on IMF and the influence of diet-induced IMF alterations on health outcomes. In addition, IMF poses a possibly effective clinical marker of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmed
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dhanveer Singh
- Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jessica Babineau
- Library and Information Services, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Purdom T, Kravitz L, Dokladny K, Mermier C. Understanding the factors that effect maximal fat oxidation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:3. [PMID: 29344008 PMCID: PMC5766985 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids as a fuel source for energy supply during submaximal exercise originate from subcutaneous adipose tissue derived fatty acids (FA), intramuscular triacylglycerides (IMTG), cholesterol and dietary fat. These sources of fat contribute to fatty acid oxidation (FAox) in various ways. The regulation and utilization of FAs in a maximal capacity occur primarily at exercise intensities between 45 and 65% VO2max, is known as maximal fat oxidation (MFO), and is measured in g/min. Fatty acid oxidation occurs during submaximal exercise intensities, but is also complimentary to carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox). Due to limitations within FA transport across the cell and mitochondrial membranes, FAox is limited at higher exercise intensities. The point at which FAox reaches maximum and begins to decline is referred to as the crossover point. Exercise intensities that exceed the crossover point (~65% VO2max) utilize CHO as the predominant fuel source for energy supply. Training status, exercise intensity, exercise duration, sex differences, and nutrition have all been shown to affect cellular expression responsible for FAox rate. Each stimulus affects the process of FAox differently, resulting in specific adaptions that influence endurance exercise performance. Endurance training, specifically long duration (>2 h) facilitate adaptations that alter both the origin of FAs and FAox rate. Additionally, the influence of sex and nutrition on FAox are discussed. Finally, the role of FAox in the improvement of performance during endurance training is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Purdom
- 1Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Longwood University, 201 High St, Farmville, VA 23909 USA.,2Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Len Kravitz
- 2Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Karol Dokladny
- 2Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA.,3Department of Gastroenterology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Christine Mermier
- 2Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
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Koh HCE, Nielsen J, Saltin B, Holmberg HC, Ørtenblad N. Pronounced limb and fibre type differences in subcellular lipid droplet content and distribution in elite skiers before and after exhaustive exercise. J Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28639688 DOI: 10.1113/jp274462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Although lipid droplets in skeletal muscle are an important energy source during endurance exercise, our understanding of lipid metabolism in this context remains incomplete. Using transmission electron microscopy, two distinct subcellular pools of lipid droplets can be observed in skeletal muscle - one beneath the sarcolemma and the other between myofibrils. At rest, well-trained leg muscles of cross-country skiers contain 4- to 6-fold more lipid droplets than equally well-trained arm muscles, with a 3-fold higher content in type 1 than in type 2 fibres. During exhaustive exercise, lipid droplets between the myofibrils but not those beneath the sarcolemma are utilised by both type 1 and 2 fibres. These findings provide insight into compartmentalisation of lipid metabolism within skeletal muscle fibres. ABSTRACT Although the intramyocellular lipid pool is an important energy store during prolonged exercise, our knowledge concerning its metabolism is still incomplete. Here, quantitative electron microscopy was used to examine subcellular distribution of lipid droplets in type 1 and 2 fibres of the arm and leg muscles before and after 1 h of exhaustive exercise. Intermyofibrillar lipid droplets accounted for 85-97% of the total volume fraction, while the subsarcolemmal pool made up 3-15%. Before exercise, the volume fractions of intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal lipid droplets were 4- to 6-fold higher in leg than in arm muscles (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the volume fraction of intermyofibrillar lipid droplets was 3-fold higher in type 1 than in type 2 fibres (P < 0.001), with no fibre type difference in the subsarcolemmal pool. Following exercise, intermyofibrillar lipid droplet volume fraction was 53% lower (P = 0.0082) in both fibre types in arm, but not leg muscles. This reduction was positively associated with the corresponding volume fraction prior to exercise (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.0001). No exercise-induced change in the subsarcolemmal pool could be detected. These findings indicate clear differences in the subcellular distribution of lipid droplets in the type 1 and 2 fibres of well-trained arm and leg muscles, as well as preferential utilisation of the intermyofibrillar pool during prolonged exhaustive exercise. Apparently, the metabolism of lipid droplets within a muscle fibre is compartmentalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chow E Koh
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bengt Saltin
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR. The effects of high intensity interval training on muscle size and quality in overweight and obese adults. J Sci Med Sport 2017. [PMID: 28647284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite growing popularity of high intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving health and fitness, limited data exist identifying the effects of HIIT on muscle characteristics. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of a 3-week HIIT intervention on muscle size and quality in overweight and obese men and women. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. METHODS Forty-four overweight and obese men and women (mean±SD; age: 35.4±12.3years; height: 174.9±9.7cm; weight: 94.6±17.0kg; %fat: 32.7±6.5%) completed the current study. During baseline and post testing, muscle cross sectional area (mCSA) and echo intensity (EI) were determined from a panoramic scan of the vastus lateralis obtained by B-mode ultrasonography. Body composition variables were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants were randomized into either a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio HIIT group (SIT; n=16), a 2:1 work-to-rest ratio HIIT group (LIT; n=19), or control (CON; n=9). HIIT participants performed five, 2-min bouts (LIT) or 10, 1-min bouts (SIT) at 85-100% VO2peak for 9 sessions over three weeks. RESULTS Analysis of covariance demonstrated a significant increase in mCSA for SIT (p=0.038; change (Δ)=3.17±3.36cm2) compared to CON (Δ=-0.34±2.36cm2). There was no significant difference in EI across groups (p=0.672). CONCLUSIONS HIIT may be an effective exercise modality to influence muscle size in overweight and obese individuals. Future studies should investigate muscle characteristics and remodeling in an overweight population following interventions of longer duration and varying work-to-rest protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, USA.
| | - Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, USA
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Rollins KE, Tewari N, Ackner A, Awwad A, Madhusudan S, Macdonald IA, Fearon KC, Lobo DN. The impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis on outcomes of unresectable pancreatic cancer or distal cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:1103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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