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Phillips NL, Van Til K, Lynam DR, Miller JD. A comprehensive item-level examination of Conscientiousness' underlying structure across three large samples. J Pers 2024; 92:985-1005. [PMID: 37469174 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the hierarchical structure of Conscientiousness across three large samples using item-level analyses. BACKGROUND Conscientiousness is among the strongest predictors of individual differences in major life outcomes. Yet decades of work understanding the optimal lower-order structure of Conscientiousness has not rectified the differences that remain among existing models and measures. To precisely measure its relations to major life outcomes, it is necessary to work toward a comprehensive, replicable conceptualization of the construct's structure. METHODS The present pre-registered study used three samples (Ns = 446, 406, & 424) to explore the domain's latent structure with item-level "bass-ackward" factor analyses and evaluate the resulting structure's interpretability, parsimony, and replicability. Participants completed self-report measures of Conscientiousness and criteria in its nomological network (e.g., FFM traits, externalizing behavior, disinhibitory traits; informant reports were collected as well). RESULTS The factor analyses identified five interpretable and replicable factors (i.e., deliberation, order, industriousness, self-discipline, and dependability) using predominant measures of general personality. An additional factor (i.e., traditionalism) was introduced in the six-factor solution when the item pool was expanded to include less widely used measures of general personality. CONCLUSION The authors discuss the item composition of each factor, their relation to existing models and measures of the domain's structure, their association with relevant criteria, and the general implications of conceptualizing Conscientiousness using flexible, item-level factor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaela Van Til
- Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Hill PL, Pfund GN, Cruitt PJ, Spears I, Norton SA, Bogdan R, Oltmanns TF. Personality traits moderate associations between word recall and subjective memory. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:705-722. [PMID: 37665355 PMCID: PMC11139457 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2249195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive gerontology research requires consideration of performance as well as perceptions of performance. While subjective memory is positively associated with memory performance, these correlations typically are modest in magnitude, leading to the need to consider whether certain people may show weaker or stronger linkages between performance and perceptions. The current study leveraged personality (NEO Big Five), memory performance (i.e., word recall), and perceptions of memory ability (i.e., metamemory in adulthood and memory decline) data from the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network (SPAN) study (n = 774, mean age: 71.52 years). Extraversion and conscientiousness held the most consistent associations with the cognitive variables of interest, as both traits were positively associated with metamemory and word recall, but negatively associated with subjective decline. Moreover, extraversion moderated associations between word recall and both memory capacity and complaints, insofar that objective-subjective associations were weaker for those adults higher in extraversion. These findings highlight the need to understand how personality influences the sources of information employed for subjective cognitive beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gabrielle N Pfund
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Isaiah Spears
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sara A Norton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas F Oltmanns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Gonzalez Avilés T, Bühler JL, Brandt ND, Neyer FJ. Today's Adolescents Are More Satisfied With Being Single: Findings From a German Cohort-Sequential Study Among 14- to 40-Year-Olds. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241257139. [PMID: 38859695 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241257139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In Western societies, singlehood has become increasingly normative over historical time. But whether singles are more satisfied nowadays remains unclear. In this preregistered cohort-sequential study, we analyzed data from 2,936 German participants (M = 21.01 years, SD = 7.60 years) from different birth cohorts. Singlehood satisfaction and life satisfaction were reported annually at two different time periods (2008-2011 and 2018-2021). This design allowed us to compare earlier-born and later-born singles during adolescence (14-20 years), emerging adulthood (24-30 years), and established adulthood (34-40 years). Results from multilevel growth-curve models indicated that adolescent singles born in 2001 to 2003 (vs. 1991-1993) were more often single and more satisfied with singlehood. No cohort-related differences emerged among emerging and established adults. Younger age and lower neuroticism predicted higher satisfaction, regardless of birth cohort. The results highlight the importance of considering both societal and individual factors to understand singles' satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tita Gonzalez Avilés
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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Granberg S, Widén S, Gustafsson J. How to remain in working life with hearing loss - health factors for a sustainable work situation. Work 2024:WOR230377. [PMID: 38875067 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with hearing loss (HL) are a vulnerable group in working life. Studies have shown that they are more likely than the general population to be in part-time work, to be unemployed, receive disability pension, and to be on sick leave. Many workers with HL also experience unhealthy work conditions, such as jobs where they experience high demands combined with low control as well as safety concerns and social isolation. There is a lack of studies that focus on factors that promote a healthy, sustainable work situation for the target group. OBJECTIVE To investigate health factors that contribute to a sustainable work situation for employees with HL. METHODS The current study was a comparative, observational study with a cross-sectional design including a clinical population of adults with HL. Comparisons were made between workers with HL "in work" and workers with HL on "HL-related sick leave". RESULTS Seven health factors were identified. Those "in work" experienced a healthier work environment as well as lower levels of mental strain, hearing-related work characteristics and content, cognitively demanding work content, hearing-related symptoms, energy-demanding activities, and bodily aches and pain than those on "HL-related sick leave". CONCLUSION The results demonstrate a clear pattern regarding health factors for a sustainable working life. The type of job was not related to whether an individual was on sick leave or working. Rather, the work climate and the content of the work mattered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Granberg
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Stephen Widén
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Johanna Gustafsson
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Sweden
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DeShong HL, Mason CK, Porter B, Kelley K, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Lynam DR, Miller JD, Widiger T. Development and Validation of the Five-Factor Borderline Inventory-Super Short Form and Screener. Assessment 2024:10731911241256439. [PMID: 38841873 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The Five-Factor Borderline Inventory (FFBI) and FFBI-Short Form (FFBI-SF) are 120-item and 48-item measures that assess the underlying maladaptive personality traits of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of this study was to develop a super short form (FFBI-SSF) and an FFBI-Screener to facilitate the use of dimensional trait measures for BPD. Using item response theory analyses, the 48-item measure was reduced to 22 items using a large undergraduate sample (N = 1300) and then retested using a Mechanical Turk sample (N = 602), demonstrating strong replicability. IRT was again used to further reduce the measure from 22 items to four items to provide a brief screening tool. Correlations of the FFBI-SSF and Screener with measures of BPD-related variables were compared across five samples (N = 919, 204, 580, 281, and 488). Overall, the FFBI-SSF showed similar relations to the FFBI-SF at the full scale and domain-level scales, while the FFBI-screener demonstrated similar relations at the full scale level. This super short form and screener may best be used in large-scale research studies or as part of a screening tool in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben Porter
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Kren Kelley
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Lopez MM, Naragon-Gainey K, Conway CC. Defining distress tolerance in a structural model of Big Five personality domains. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38829002 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distress tolerance (DT)-willingness to face internal discomforts-has a fuzzy boundary with neuroticism (low emotional stability), raising questions about its independent role in models of personality and mental health. METHOD We investigated DT's overlap with neuroticism and other Big Five factors in a structural model of personality and personality disorder features in samples of university students (N = 1025), emotional disorder patients (N = 225), and substance-use patients (N = 210). RESULTS In exploratory factor analyses, we found that DT indicators clustered with neuroticism and were essentially unrelated to other Big Five domains. Big Five personality dimensions collectively explained approximately 40%-70% of variation in DT, across different samples and methods of quantifying shared variance. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DT and neuroticism are near neighbors in empirical space and speculate that much of the observed correlation between DT and mental health outcomes in the literature may be carried by shared neuroticism variance. We suggest that clearer distinctions between the two constructs in empirical research could improve our understanding of DT's unique role in the development and treatment of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martin Lopez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kristin Naragon-Gainey
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Henry S, Baker W, Bratko D, Jern P, Kandler C, Tybur JM, Vries RED, Wesseldijk LW, Zapko-Willmes A, Booth T, Mõttus R. Nuanced HEXACO: A Meta-Analysis of HEXACO Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241253637. [PMID: 38829006 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241253637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Most Five-Factor Model (FFM) questionnaire items contain unique variance that is partly heritable, stable, and consensually observable, demonstrates consistent associations with age and sex, and predicts life outcomes beyond higher order factors. Extending these findings to the HEXACO model, we meta-analyzed single-item cross-rater agreement, heritability, and 2-year stability using samples from six countries. We analyzed raw item scores and their residual variance and adjusted the estimates for measurement unreliability. The median cross-rater agreement, heritability, and stability estimates were, respectively, .30, .30, and .57, for raw items and .10, .16, and .39, for item residuals. Adjusted for reliability, the respective medians were .46 and .25 for cross-rater agreement, .46 and .39 for heritability, and .87 and .94 for stability. These results are strikingly consistent with FFM-based findings, providing nondismissible evidence that single items index a partly unique level of the trait hierarchy-personality nuances-with trait properties comparable to those of higher-order traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura W Wesseldijk
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - René Mõttus
- The University of Edinburgh, UK
- University of Tartu, Estonia
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Garcia D, Kazemitabar M, Björk E, Daniele TMDC, Mihailovic M, Cloninger KM, Frota MA, Cloninger C. Nursing students' personality (Temperament and Character), burnout symptoms, and health and well-being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES ADVANCES 2024; 6:100206. [PMID: 38803822 PMCID: PMC11129095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background About 9 million nurses will be needed by 2030. To face these unprecedented times, governments/institutions focus on educating as many nursing students as possible. This strategy is clouded by burnout and lack of both health and well-being among students and by the fact that personality is one of the major determinants of these health outcomes. Nevertheless, recent findings show that personality is a complex adaptive system (i,e., nonlinear) and that combinations of people's temperament and character traits (i.e., joint personality networks) might provide further information to understand its development, academic burnout, and lack of health and well-being. Aims Our aims were to investigate the linear relationship between nursing students' personality, burnout, health, and well-being; investigate the linear mediational effects of personality and burnout on health and well-being; and investigate differences in these health outcomes between/within students with distinct joint personality networks (i.e., nonlinear relationships). Method Swedish nursing students (189 women, 29 men) responded to the Temperament and Character Inventory, The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey for Students, and the Public Health Surveillance Well-Being Scale. We conducted correlation analyses and Structural Equation Modeling and, for the nonlinear relationships, Latent Profile Analysis and Latent Class Analysis for clustering and then Analyses of Variance for differences in health outcomes between/within students with distinct personality networks. This study was not pre-registered. Results High levels of health and well-being and low burnout symptoms (low Emotional Exhaustion, low Cynicism, and high Academic Efficacy) were associated with low Harm Avoidance and high Self-Directedness. Some personality traits were associated with specific health outcomes (e.g., high Self-Transcendence-high Emotional Exhaustion and high Persistence-high Academic Efficacy) and their effects on health and well-being were mediated by specific burnout symptoms. Cynicism and Emotional Exhaustion predicted low levels of health and well-being, Academic Efficacy predicted high levels, and Cynicism lead both directly and indirectly to low levels of health and well-being through Emotional Exhaustion. We found two joint personality networks: students with an Organized/Reliable combination who reported being less emotionally exhausted by their studies, less cynical towards education, higher self-efficacy regarding their academic work/skills, and better health and well-being compared to nursing students with an Emotional/Unreliable combination. Conclusions The coherence of temperament-character, rather than single traits, seems to determine students' health outcomes. Thus, nursing education might need to focus on helping students to develop professional skills and health-related abilities (e.g., self-acceptance and spiritual-acceptance), by supporting self-awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Elina Björk
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
| | - Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marko Mihailovic
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being
| | - Kevin M. Cloninger
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mirna Albuquerque Frota
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceará, Brazil
| | - C.Robert Cloninger
- Lab for Biopsychosocial Personality Research (BPS-PR), International Network for Well-Being
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Sun J, Smillie LD. Why moral psychology needs personality psychology. J Pers 2024; 92:653-665. [PMID: 38450583 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
People vary in how they perceive, think about, and respond to moral issues. Clearly, we cannot fully understand the psychology of morality without accounting for individual differences in moral functioning. But decades of neglect of and explicit skepticism toward such individual differences has resulted in a lack of integration between moral psychology and personality psychology-the study of psychological differences between people. In recent years, these barriers to progress have started to break down. This special issue aims to celebrate and further increase the visibility of the personality psychology of morality. Here, we introduce the articles in this special issue by highlighting some important contributions a personality-based perspective has to offer moral psychology-particularly in comparison to the currently prominent social psychological approach. We show that personality psychology is well-placed to (a) contribute toward a rigorous empirical foundation for moral psychology, (b) tackle the conceptualization and assessment of stable moral tendencies, (c) assess the predictive validity of moral traits in relation to consequential outcomes, (d) uncover the mechanisms underlying individual differences in moral judgments and behavior, and (e) provide insights into moral development. For these reasons, we believe that moral psychology needs personality psychology to reach its full scholarly potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luke D Smillie
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Tang Y, Wang B, Xu C, Xie X. How COVID-19 Information Fear of Missing out Increases the Risk of Depression and Anxiety: Roles of Resilience and Personality Types. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:359. [PMID: 38785850 PMCID: PMC11118141 DOI: 10.3390/bs14050359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During major health emergencies (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic) people often fear missing relevant information. COVID-19 information fear of missing out (FOMO) is a phenomenon where people feel anxiety about losing control of COVID-19-related information. The present study aimed to examine how COVID-19 information FOMO relates to mental health (e.g., depression and anxiety), the mediating role of resilience, and the moderating role of personality types during the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed 1442 Chinese undergraduates (Mage = 21.68 ± 2.35 years) on the relevant variables. The results showed that COVID-19 information FOMO was positively associated with depression and anxiety, and resilience mediated these associations. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified three personality types (undercontrolled, adaptive, and overcontrolled). Personality types moderated the mediation models, in which the indirect effects were only significant in the participants classified in the undercontrolled group rather than the participants classified in the other two groups. This study told us that undergraduates' mental health, particularly that of the undercontrollers, should be paid attention to when responding to a major public health emergency (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Tang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.T.); (C.X.)
| | - Binbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.T.); (C.X.)
| | - Xiaochun Xie
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.T.); (C.X.)
- Research Center of Mental Health Education in Northeast Normal University, Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Science in Universities in Jilin Province, Changchun 130024, China
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11
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Apró A, Fejes N, Bandi SA, Járai R. Investigating the effect of grit trait on performance and success in Hungarian athlete's sample. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1283115. [PMID: 38680277 PMCID: PMC11048980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1283115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study is to translate the Grit questionnaire into Hungarian and validate specifically within the context of sports. The second goal is to assess the questionnaire in Hungarian as a pilot study in the athlete population and to compare the grit trait with the coaches' athlete evaluation. Methods Two hundred and sixty nine athletes, including 40 national team players, took part in the study, with an average age of 18.17 years (SD = 5.51). For the preliminary assessment, the Cloninger Temperament and Character Questionnaire (TCI-RH) was used; the coaches' athlete evaluation was modeled on a talent map. Results The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit of the two-factor structure, and the internal reliability of the questionnaire scales also proved to be adequate. 2. There is no relationship between adolescents' perceived grit and coach ratings. 3. The national team players achieved a higher grit score. Conclusion Based on the psychometric indicators, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire proved to be adequate. Therefore, it is applicable and useful for psychological practitioners and researchers in the Hungarian population within the context of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Apró
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for basketball methodology and education, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Fejes
- Doctoral School of the Institute of Psychology, Applied Psychology Programme, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs A. Bandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Járai
- Department of Cognitive and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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12
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Yi H, Xiao M, Chen X, Yan Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Song S, Gao X, Chen H. Resting-state functional network connectivity underlying conscientiousness in school-aged children. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:486-502. [PMID: 37278282 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2221757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conscientiousness is a personality trait that matures from early childhood to late adolescence, yet little is known about its underlying brain mechanisms during this period. To investigate this, our study examined the resting-state functional network connectivity (rsFNC) of 69 school-aged children (mean age = 10.12 years, range = 9-12) using a whole-brain region-of-interest (ROI) based analysis, based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results indicated a positive association between conscientiousness and the rsFNC between the fronto-parietal network (FPN) and two brain networks: the somatosensory motor-hand network (SMHN) and the auditory network (AN). However, conscientiousness was negatively associated with the rsFNC between FPN and two other networks: the salience network (SN); the default mode network (DMN). Moreover, our results suggest that the FPN may play a hub role in the neural performance of children's conscientiousness. Intrinsic brain networks, particularly those involved in higher-order cognitive functions, impact children's conscientiousness. Therefore, FPN plays an important role in the development of children's personality, providing insight into the neural mechanisms underlying children's personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ximei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Cao X, Kosinski M. Large language models know how the personality of public figures is perceived by the general public. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6735. [PMID: 38509191 PMCID: PMC10954708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We show that people's perceptions of public figures' personalities can be accurately predicted from their names' location in GPT-3's semantic space. We collected Big Five personality perceptions of 226 public figures from 600 human raters. Cross-validated linear regression was used to predict human perceptions from public figures' name embeddings extracted from GPT-3. The models' accuracy ranged from r = .78 to .88 without controls and from r = .53 to .70 when controlling for public figures' likability and demographics, after correcting for attenuation. Prediction models showed high face validity as revealed by the personality-descriptive adjectives occupying their extremes. Our findings reveal that GPT-3 word embeddings capture signals pertaining to individual differences and intimate traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Cao
- Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
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Rufino SM, Hudson NW, Briskin JL. Volitional Change in Pathological Traits: Can People Change Their Maladaptive Traits? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241235737. [PMID: 38491843 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241235737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests people want to change their normative personality traits-and they can volitionally do so. However, studies have not yet addressed volitional change in pathological personality. Consequently, the current study examined (a) people's desires to change pathological traits, (b) whether these change goals predict subsequent trait change, (c) whether this withstands controlling normative traits, and (d) the extent to which pathological trait change predicts relevant outcomes. College students (N = 463) self-reported their pathological traits weekly for up to 16 weeks. People with elevated pathological traits generally desired to decrease these traits. Furthermore, goals to change negative affectivity and disinhibition predicted corresponding trait change. Thus, people want to reduce their pathological traits-and they may be able to do so for some traits.
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15
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Nawa NE, Yamagishi N. Distinct associations between gratitude, self-esteem, and optimism with subjective and psychological well-being among Japanese individuals. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:130. [PMID: 38454459 PMCID: PMC10918921 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests that the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions is influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural context. Identifying intervention targets that can effectively contribute to improving individual well-being under these boundary conditions is a crucial step when developing viable interventions. To this end, we examined how gratitude disposition, self-esteem, and optimism relate to the subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) of Japanese individuals. METHODS Multivariate regression analysis was employed to quantify the unique relationships between the three potential intervention targets and both SWB and PWB, while accounting for the influence of other variables. Participants (N = 71) also engaged in a 4-week experience sampling study to explore how gratitude, self-esteem and optimism shape the link between momentary affective states in everyday life and evaluations of day satisfaction. RESULTS Multivariate regression analysis revealed that self-esteem was predominantly more strongly associated with SWB compared to gratitude disposition, whereas gratitude disposition was more strongly associated with the PWB dimensions, particularly personal growth, positive relations with others and purpose in life. Experience sampling data indicated that while both gratitude disposition and self-esteem moderated the association between momentary positive affect and day satisfaction evaluations, they did so in opposite ways; greater gratitude disposition strengthened the association, while greater self-esteem weakened it. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the current results suggest that while gratitude, self-esteem, and optimism influence individual well-being as a whole, they likely play distinct roles in facilitating SWB and PWB in the studied cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Eiji Nawa
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Advanced ICT Research Institute, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontiers Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Noriko Yamagishi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Advanced ICT Research Institute, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- College of Global Liberal Arts, Ritsumeikan University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8570, Japan
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16
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Konishi N, Kimura M, Takeda Y. Prosociality predicts changes in leisure activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1320885. [PMID: 38476389 PMCID: PMC10927729 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1320885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that leisure activities enhance well-being. In line with this perspective, a recent study indicates that augmenting indoor leisure activities to compensate for diminished outdoor pursuits could sustain or enhance well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study was designed to identify personality traits that predict such behavioral shifts in indoor versus outdoor leisure activities during the pandemic. The present study included 657 participants (Mage = 41.08) and measured 12 personality traits that a previous study reported were associated with health-protective behaviors during COVID-19. Our findings indicate that the rise in indoor leisure activities correlated with prosocial tendencies toward family and friends/acquaintances (but not strangers), self-centered interest, resilience, and Big Five personality traits. Conversely, the decline in outdoor activities was linked solely to prosociality toward family and friends/acquaintances. Further interaction analysis uncovered that prosocial tendencies toward close relations predicted increased indoor activities as an alternative to outdoor engagements. We concluded that prosociality promoted behavioral changes that significantly prevented infections in intimate others, and it could maintain personal well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic by facilitating behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Konishi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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17
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Matz SC, Teeny JD, Vaid SS, Peters H, Harari GM, Cerf M. The potential of generative AI for personalized persuasion at scale. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4692. [PMID: 38409168 PMCID: PMC10897294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Matching the language or content of a message to the psychological profile of its recipient (known as "personalized persuasion") is widely considered to be one of the most effective messaging strategies. We demonstrate that the rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), like ChatGPT, could accelerate this influence by making personalized persuasion scalable. Across four studies (consisting of seven sub-studies; total N = 1788), we show that personalized messages crafted by ChatGPT exhibit significantly more influence than non-personalized messages. This was true across different domains of persuasion (e.g., marketing of consumer products, political appeals for climate action), psychological profiles (e.g., personality traits, political ideology, moral foundations), and when only providing the LLM with a single, short prompt naming or describing the targeted psychological dimension. Thus, our findings are among the first to demonstrate the potential for LLMs to automate, and thereby scale, the use of personalized persuasion in ways that enhance its effectiveness and efficiency. We discuss the implications for researchers, practitioners, and the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Matz
- Columbia Business School, New York, USA.
- Center for Advanced Technology and Human Performance, Columbia Business School, New York, USA.
| | - J D Teeny
- Kellogg School of Management, Evanston, USA
| | - S S Vaid
- Negotiation, Organizations and Marketing Unit, Department of Communication, Harvard Business School, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - H Peters
- Columbia Business School, New York, USA
| | - G M Harari
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - M Cerf
- Columbia Business School, New York, USA
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18
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Mota MSSD, Ulguim HB, Jansen K, Cardoso TDA, Souza LDDM. Are big five personality traits associated to suicidal behaviour in adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 347:115-123. [PMID: 37956831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal behaviour is one of the main causes of death worldwide, especially among teenagers, and its development is potentially associated with the development of personality. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to describe the association between the Big Five Personality Traits and suicidal behaviour in adolescents. METHODS Seven databases were systematically searched between June 2022 and July 2022 with no language or year restrictions. We searched for a combination of the following search items (suicid* OR suicidal behaviour OR suicidal ideation OR suicide attempts OR self injury OR self-destructive behaviour OR self-harm OR suicidal risk) AND (personality OR personality traits OR temperament OR neuroticism OR extraversion OR agreeableness OR openness to experience OR conscientiousness) AND (adolescents OR youth OR teenagers OR young adults). Meta-analysis procedures were performed using the R software. A random-effect-model was performed for the models through the incorporation of τ2, based on the DerSimonion Lard method. RESULTS Seven studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Our meta-analysis showed that higher neuroticism are both associated and a risk factor for suicidal behaviour. Higher levels of openness to experience and agreeableness, and lower levels of extraversion and conscientiousness, were linked to suicidal behaviour, especially self-harm. LIMITATIONS Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, we were only able to perform meta-analysis regarding neuroticism. CONCLUSION The present study may help professionals to identify adolescents in higher risk for suicidal behaviour, enabling the development of early interventions to prevent suicidality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Silva Silveira da Mota
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Bohm Ulguim
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Jansen
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
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19
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Song X, Guo S, Gao Y. Personality traits and their influence on Echo chamber formation in social media: a comparative study of Twitter and Weibo. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1323117. [PMID: 38390405 PMCID: PMC10881801 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1323117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The echo chamber effect on social media has attracted attention due to its potentially disruptive consequences on society. This study presents a framework to evaluate the impact of personality traits on the formation of echo chambers. Using Weibo and Twitter as platforms, we first define an echo chamber as a network where users interact solely with those sharing their opinions, and quantify echo chamber effects through selective exposure and homophily. We then employ an unsupervised personality recognition method to assign a personality model to each user, and compare the distribution differences of echo chambers and personality traits across platforms and topics. Our findings show that, although user personality trait models exhibit similar distributions between topics, differences exist between platforms. Among 243 personality model combinations, over 20% of Weibo echo chamber members are "ynynn" models, while over 15% of Twitter echo chamber members are "nnnny" models. This indicates significant differences in personality traits among echo chamber members between platforms. Specific personality traits attract like-minded individuals to engage in discussions on particular topics, ultimately forming homogeneous communities. These insights are valuable for developing targeted management strategies to prevent the spread of fake news or rumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Song
- School of Pre-school Education, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Siliang Guo
- School of Economics and Management, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichang Gao
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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20
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Militaru IE, Serapio‐García G, Ebert T, Kong W, Gosling SD, Potter J, Rentfrow PJ, Götz FM. The lay of the land: Associations between environmental features and personality. J Pers 2024; 92:88-110. [PMID: 36776098 PMCID: PMC10952236 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality traits cluster across countries, regions, cities, and neighborhoods. What drives the formation of these clusters? Ecological theory suggests that physical locations shape humans' patterns of behaviors and psychological characteristics. Based on this theory, we examined whether and how differential land-cover relates to individual personality. METHOD We followed a preregistered three-pronged analysis approach to investigate the associations between personality (N = 2,690,878) and land-cover across the United States. We used eleven land-cover categories to classify landscapes and tested their association with personality against broad physical and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS Urban areas were positively associated with openness to experience and negatively associated with conscientiousness. Coastal areas were positively associated with openness to experience and neuroticism but negatively associated with agreeableness and conscientiousness. Cultivated areas were negatively associated with openness. Landscapes at the periphery of human activity, such as shrubs, bare lands, or permanent snows, were not reliably associated with personality traits. CONCLUSIONS Bivariate correlations, multilevel, and random forest models uncovered robust associations between landscapes and personality traits. These findings align with ecological theory suggesting that an individual's environment contributes to their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Ebert
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Wenyuan Kong
- School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Samuel D. Gosling
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | | | - Friedrich M. Götz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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21
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Lian Z, Liu B, Tao J. PIRNet: Personality-Enhanced Iterative Refinement Network for Emotion Recognition in Conversation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS 2024; 35:2863-2874. [PMID: 35877794 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2022.3192469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) is important for enhancing user experience in human-computer interaction. Unlike vanilla emotion recognition in individual utterances, ERC aims to classify constituent utterances in a dialog into corresponding emotion labels, which makes contextual information crucial. In addition to contextual information, personality traits also affect emotional perception based on psychological findings. Although researchers have proposed several approaches and achieved promising results on ERC, current works in this domain rarely incorporate contextual information and personality influence. To this end, we propose a novel framework to integrate these factors seamlessly, called "Personality-enhanced Iterative Refinement Network (PIRNet)." Specifically, PIRNet is a multistage iterative method. To capture personality influence, PIRNet leverages personality traits to mimic emotional transitions and generates personality-enhanced results. Then we exploit sequence models to capture contextual information in conversations. To verify the effectiveness of our proposed method, we conduct experiments on three benchmark datasets for ERC, that is, IEMOCAP, CMU-MOSI, and CMU-MOSEI. Experimental results demonstrate that our PIRNet succeeds over currently advanced approaches to emotion recognition.
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22
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Okabe-Miyamoto K, Walsh LC, Ozer DJ, Lyubomirsky S. Measuring the experience of social connection within specific social interactions: The Connection During Conversations Scale (CDCS). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0286408. [PMID: 38236933 PMCID: PMC10795981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have demonstrated that social connection is fundamental to health and well-being. The benefits of connection are observed with both close and distant others, within both new and established relationships, and even with exchanges that unfold over a relatively short timeframe. Because social connection is fundamental to well-being, many existing measures in the literature aim to assess either a global sense of connection or partner-specific (relationship-specific) connection. What is missing are measures of connection felt in specific social interactions or conversations. In three studies (Study 1: N = 351; Study 2: Time 1 N = 397, Time 2 N = 336, Time 3 N = 299; Study 3: N = 235), we developed the Connection During Conversations Scale (CDCS), a 14-item measure of conversation-specific social connection that assesses connection experienced during a social interaction (or conversation). Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a four-factor model fit our samples well, which resulted in four subscales: Shared Reality, Partner Responsiveness, Participant Interest, and Affective Experience. The overall CDCS measure, along with its four subscales, was significantly correlated with established measures of loneliness, partner responsiveness, relatedness, positivity resonance, and shared reality. Because of the importance of frequent interactions-whether with family, friends, coworkers, or strangers-our new scale will allow researchers to better understand how, when, and where such conversations may contribute to social connection and well-being. (225 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karynna Okabe-Miyamoto
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa C. Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Ozer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sonja Lyubomirsky
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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23
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Ikier S, Dönerkayalı C, Halıcı ÖS, Kaymak Gülseren ZA, Göksal H, Akbaş B. When is memory more reliable? Scientific findings, theories, and myths. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:77-94. [PMID: 35944506 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether human memory is reliable generated extensive research. Memory is open to reconstruction and false retrieval of unpresented information or unexperienced events. These can create problems in judgments and decisions that rely on memory accuracy. In the case of eyewitness testimony, these problems can result in injustice. Then again, memory is also reliable enough. Information acquisition, processing, and retrieval capacity of our memory made it possible to survive the course of evolution. Our memory also makes it possible to continue our daily lives, most of the time without major problems. In the present review, we suggest that the right question to ask may not be whether memory is reliable, but rather to ask when and under what circumstances memory is more reliable. The review's educational aim is to identify the conditions under which memory is more versus less reliable, and its theoretical aim is to discuss memory reliability. We reviewed the literature on situational, emotional, social, and individual difference variables that affect memory reliability, identified the conditions under which memory is more versus less reliable, summarized these outcomes as easy-to-reach items, and discussed them in the light of major theories. Our discussion also touched upon the differentiation of societal myths about the reliability of memory from scientific findings, since believing in memory myths can also affect the reliability of memory. Awareness of the specific circumstances under which memory is more reliable can lead to the consideration of how much memory can be trusted under those specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simay Ikier
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Hilal Göksal
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busenur Akbaş
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Weiss B, Ginige I, Shannon L, Giribaldi B, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Baker-Jones M, Martell J, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D. Personality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy v. escitalopram treatment for depression. Psychol Med 2024; 54:178-192. [PMID: 37264814 PMCID: PMC10692311 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psilocybin Therapy (PT) is being increasingly studied as a psychiatric intervention. Personality relates to mental health and can be used to probe the nature of PT's therapeutic action. METHODS In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, over a core 6-week trial period. Five-Factor model personality domains, Big Five Aspect Scale Openness aspects, Absorption, and Impulsivity were measured at Baseline, Week 6, and Month 6 follow-up. RESULTS PT was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.63), introversion (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.47), impulsivity (B = -0.40), and increases in absorption (B = 0.32), conscientiousness (B = 0.30), and openness (B = 0.23) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.47) and disagreeableness (B = -0.41) remaining decreased at month 6. Escitalopram Treatment (ET) was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.26), impulsivity (B = -0.35), and increases in openness (B = 0.28) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.46) remaining decreased at month 6. No significant between-condition differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Personality changes across both conditions were in a direction consistent with improved mental health. With the possible exception of trait absorption, there were no compelling between-condition differences warranting conclusions regarding a selective action of PT (v. ET) on personality; however, post-ET changes in personality were significantly moderated by pre-trial positive expectancy for escitalopram, whereas expectancy did not moderate response to PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Weiss
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Induni Ginige
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lu Shannon
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bruna Giribaldi
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ashleigh Murphy-Beiner
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberta Murphy
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Baker-Jones
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonny Martell
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J. Nutt
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin L. Carhart-Harris
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Psychedelics Division, Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chagas-Bastos FH. A Comprehensive Aspect-Level Approach to the Personality Micro-Foundations of Foreign Policy Attitudes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231213899. [PMID: 38059457 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231213899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyze in this article the effects of personality on attitudes toward foreign policy through a comprehensive aspect-level approach. We claim that previous observed null domain-level effects are the product of the aspect-level effects of opposing signs. By and large, we show that some personality effects are of comparable size or bigger than demographics studied in the literature, and that some of these effects are unique and independent of demographic covariates. Our results show that openness, orderliness, and compassion render people to be more supportive of cooperation. Assertiveness is the primary driver of support for the use of military force, whereas politeness and withdrawal ground reverse effects. Volatility roots isolationism postures, whereas industriousness, enthusiasm, and compassion show strong opposing effects. Moving beyond the Big Five personality domain approach provides us with a deeper and more nuanced understanding of how personality is associated with attitudes toward international issues.
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26
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Wang Z, Zeng Z. Association between personality characteristics and sleep quality among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: evidence from China family panel studies. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2427. [PMID: 38053067 PMCID: PMC10699122 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor sleep quality will have adverse effects on physical and mental health, quality of life and other aspects of middle-aged and older adults. Sleep quality is affected by many factors. Whether the sleep quality measures of the participants had changed in the previous or subsequent time period is not easily taken into account. Moreover, there have been no studies on this topic in Chinese middle-aged and older adults. The objective of this study was to mitigate the bias of sleep quality assessment, and analyze the association between personality traits and sleep quality in Chinese middle-aged and older adults. METHODS The data came from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). A total of 6031 participants aged ≥ 45 years were included in this study. Personality characteristics were evaluated based on the scores of each dimension of Big Five personality traits. Sleep duration and sleep perception were used as indicators to measure sleep quality. Logistic models were used to analyze the relationship between personality traits and sleep duration or sleep perception, respectively. RESULTS 4.5% of the participants had abnormal sleep duration, and 14.4% had a pessimistic sleep perception. Conscientiousness was rated the highest among the personality traits (3.97 ± 0.6). Participants with higher scores for extraversion personality traits had more normal sleep duration (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-0.93) and more optimistic sleep perception (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.96). Using the Internet and feeling unwell in the past week have a moderating effect on the impact of conscientiousness personality characteristics on sleep duration or sleep perception, respectively (but not overall sleep quality). In addition, participants with a spouse or no recent physical discomfort tended to have a normal sleep duration and a more optimistic sleep perception. CONCLUSIONS The higher the score of extraversion personality traits, the better the overall sleep quality of middle-aged and older adults. Having a spouse and feeling unwell were the important factors affecting their sleep quality. Specific personality traits intervention should be carried out for middle-aged and older adults with poor sleep quality to make their personality traits are closer to extraversion. In addition, middle-aged and older adults without spouses should be encouraged to marry or remarry. We will strengthen health management and medical expenditures for middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China.
- Center of Health Administration and Development Studies, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China.
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Romano D, Costantini G, Richetin J, Perugini M. The HEXACO Adjective Scales and Its Psychometric Properties. Assessment 2023; 30:2510-2532. [PMID: 36794796 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231153833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The HEXACO model divides the space of personality into six main dimensions: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness (vs. anger), Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience. Despite the lexical foundation, no validated adjective-based instruments are available yet. This contribution describes the newly developed HEXACO Adjective Scales (HAS), a 60 adjectives instrument to measure the six main personality dimensions. Study 1 (N=368) proceeds to the first pruning of a large set of adjectives to identify potential markers. Study 2 (N=811) delineates the final list of 60 adjectives and provides benchmarks for the new scales' internal consistency, convergent/discriminant, and criterion validity. Study 3 (N=411) confirms the HAS factorial structure, internal consistency, and criterion validity. The study also provides evidence of temporal stability (test-retest reliability) and convergence between raters (peer/self-evaluation). The HAS shows excellent psychometric properties and constitutes a valuable tool for assessing the HEXACO personality dimensions using adjectives.
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Dimou K, Dragioti E, Tsitsas G, Mantzoukas S, Gouva M. Association of Personality Traits and Self-Care Behaviors in People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e50714. [PMID: 38234931 PMCID: PMC10792707 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes self-care is critical for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and exploring the impact of personality traits on this domain remains pivotal. This study aimed to investigate the association between personality traits and various dimensions of self-care in people with T2DM. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA)-guided systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Twenty-three studies, that met our inclusion criteria, revealed distinct associations between certain personality traits and various aspects of self-care. Notably, traits such as openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness showed associations with improved foot care compliance (odds ratio (OR) = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.49-4.28; OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.10-3.08; and OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.23-3.48, respectively). Openness was also linked to better overall self-care behaviors (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.17-3.41), while conscientiousness correlated with reduced smoking (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93-0.99), and agreeableness was associated with improved medication adherence (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.34-2.31). Conversely, traits like extraversion and neuroticism showed associations with decreased medication adherence (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61-0.96 and OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.40-0.65, respectively), with neuroticism additionally linked to lower overall self-care behaviors (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.55-0.81). This study emphasizes the intricate role of personality traits in shaping self-care practices in individuals with T2DM, underscoring the significance of factoring these traits into tailoring and improving diabetes self-care strategies. Nevertheless, establishing definitive causal relationships mandates further in-depth longitudinal investigations and broader meta-analyses to achieve a more conclusive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Dimou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GRC
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GRC
| | - Georgios Tsitsas
- Department of Economy and Sustainable Development, Harokopio University, Athens, GRC
| | - Stefanos Mantzoukas
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GRC
| | - Mary Gouva
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GRC
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Marengo D, Elhai JD, Montag C. Predicting Big Five personality traits from smartphone data: A meta-analysis on the potential of digital phenotyping. J Pers 2023; 91:1410-1424. [PMID: 36738137 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the first study linking recorded smartphone variables to self-reported personality in 2011, many additional studies have been published investigating this association. In the present meta-analyses, we aimed to understand how strongly personality can be predicted via smartphone data. METHOD Meta-analytical calculations were used to assess the association between smartphone data and Big Five traits. Because of the lack of independence of many included studies, analyses were performed using a multilevel approach. RESULTS Based on data collected from 21 distinct studies, extraversion showed the largest association with the digital footprints derived from smartphone data (r = .35), while remaining traits showed smaller associations (ranging from 0.23 to 0.25). For all traits except neuroticism, moderator analyses showed that prediction performance was improved when multiple features were combined together in a single predictive model. Additionally, the strength of the prediction of extraversion was improved when call and text log data were used to perform the prediction, as opposed to other types of smartphone data CONCLUSIONS: Our synthesis reveals small-to-moderate associations between smartphone activity data and Big Five traits. The opportunities, but also dangers of the digital phenotyping of personality traits based on traces of users' activity on a smartphone data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marengo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Adam N, Barber S, Gray-Burrows K, Bates C, Shah R, Hodge T. Personality differences in dental professionals: A cross-sectional survey. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 164:868-878.e1. [PMID: 37676218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its influence on occupational performance and team dynamics, there has been little research into the personality of dental professionals. Existing research does not typically use the prevailing five-factor model of personality. We aimed to measure the personality of dental professionals in the United Kingdom and investigate differences among groups. METHODS The sample (n = 906) comprised dental nurses (n = 475), general dental practitioners (GDPs) (n = 182), orthodontists (n = 201), and oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs) (n = 48). Recruitment was via email and social media. The questionnaire collected data on demographic variables and contained the Big Five Inventory, a validated self-report personality test. Participants scored on extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness neuroticism, and openness. A one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction were used to identify significant differences in personality between occupations. Hierarchical multiple regression determined the influence of occupation over and above demographic variables. RESULTS On a 5-point scale, orthodontists had a mean conscientiousness score 0.23 points higher than GDPs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.36). Dental nurses had a mean conscientiousness score 0.28 points higher than GDPs (95% CI, 0.17-0.39). Dental nurses had a mean agreeableness score 0.16 points higher than orthodontists (95% CI, 0.05-0.27) and 0.30 points higher than OMFSs (95% CI, 0.10-0.50). For neuroticism, orthodontists had a mean score 0.21 points lower than dental nurses (95% CI, 0.06-0.36), and OMFSs had a mean score 0.43 points lower than dental nurses (95% CI, 0.16-0.70). GDPs had a mean neuroticism score 0.43 points higher than OMFSs (95% CI, 0.14-0.71; P = 0.001). Differences were small to moderate in size (d = 0.35-0.45) and occupation was associated with personality after accounting for demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS The personalities of dental nurses, GDPs, orthodontists, and OMFSs differed. Occupation was associated with differences in personality after accounting for demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Adam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Sophy Barber
- Orthodontic Department, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kara Gray-Burrows
- Behavioural Sciences and Complex Intervention Methodology, School of Denistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Bates
- Consultant Orthodontist, Tameside Hospital, Ashton-under-Lyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rishma Shah
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Trevor Hodge
- Consultant Orthodontist, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Bühler D, Sharma R, Stein W. The Big Five model in rural Southeast Asia: Validation, stability, and its role in household income. J Pers 2023; 91:1364-1380. [PMID: 36660803 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigate the applicability of the Big Five model in rural Southeast Asia and thereby challenge recent concerns about the validity of the model in developing countries. METHOD We use a novel data set on personality traits from rural Thailand and Vietnam (N = 3811 individuals). In our analysis, we (i) assess the factor structure of the data, (ii) test the internal consistency of the items, (iii) compare the traits across two consecutive survey waves, and (iv) employ regressions to demonstrate the economic relevance of the traits. RESULTS The results demonstrate a five-factor structure that fits the Big Five model. We observe changes in personality traits over time but Cohen's d coefficients only range between 0.06 and 0.21. The average rank-order stability, measured by the test-retest correlation of the Big Five between the two consecutive waves, lies at 0.21. Individual changes in personality traits over time relate to experienced shocks and appear to be largely independent of age, gender, and education. We further find that openness and emotional stability positively correlate with rural incomes. CONCLUSIONS While there is skepticism, pertaining to the use of personality trait models in developing countries, our study demonstrates that their importance and usage cannot be rejected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Bühler
- Regional Development and Energy, Bavarian Ministry for Economic Affairs, Munich, Germany
- Leibniz Universität, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rasadhika Sharma
- Leibniz Universität, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Stein
- Leibniz Universität, Hannover, Germany
- German Institute for Development Evaluation (DEval), Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Economic Policy & RTG 1723 Globalization and Development, Hannover, Germany
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Ion A. Primary affective systems and personality: Disentangling the within-person reciprocal relationships. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 38018605 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits and affective functioning have been closely linked. Empirical evidence suggests that the Five-Factor Model traits have been linked with Panskepp's six primary affective systems, as measured by the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales: SEEKING, PLAY, CARE (positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (negative emotions). OBJECTIVE The present work investigated the dynamic relations between primary affective systems and FFM personality. METHOD Drawing from a sample of 220 participants completing surveys on four consecutive days, we used the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to investigate the associations between primary affective systems and personality traits. RESULTS The following associations were identified: bidirectional associations between negative emotions and neuroticism, unidirectional associations from SEEKING to openness and from agreeableness to three primary affective systems. No significant associations were observed between extraversion and primary affective systems. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of disentangling the within-person effects when examining the relationship between primary affective systems and personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ion
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Assessment and Individual Differences-AID Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Sun Y, Liu L. Structural equation modeling of university students' academic resilience academic well-being, personality and educational attainment in online classes with Tencent Meeting application in China: investigating the role of student engagement. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:347. [PMID: 37864215 PMCID: PMC10589943 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online learning presents unique challenges for students, such as reduced social support and increased distractions. Understanding the psychological factors that contribute to educational attainment in online classes is therefore important. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the structural relations among the psychological factors: academic resilience, personality, academic well-being, and educational attainment in online classes using the Tencent Meeting application in China. The study also explored the mediating role of student engagement in the relationship between the variables. METHODOLOGY This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the relationships among the variables of the study. The participants were 384 undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students from Henan Polytechnic University in China. The participants completed self-report surveys of academic resilience, academic well-being, educational attainment, student engagement and personality types. DATA ANALYSIS The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships among variables. The goodness of fit of the SEM was assessed using several fit indices, including the chi-square test, the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The study also conducted mediation analyses to explore the potential mediating roles of learner enjoyment in the relationships between psychological factors and educational attainment. FINDINGS The results of the study showed that all variables of the study were positively related to educational attainment. The findings suggest that promoting academic resilience, academic well-being, and student engagement may be effective strategies for enhancing educational attainment in online classes using the Tencent Meeting application in China. CONCLUSIONS Using the Tencent Meeting application in China, this study provides insights into the complex interplay among several psychological factors and educational attainment in online classes. The findings highlight the importance of promoting academic resilience, personality, academic well-being, and student engagement to enhance educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- School of Architecture & Artistic Design, Henan Polytechnic University, Henan, 454000, China
| | - Long Liu
- School of Architecture & Artistic Design, Henan Polytechnic University, Henan, 454000, China.
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Brandt ND, Drewelies J, Willis SL, Schaie KW, Ram N, Gerstorf D, Wagner J. Beyond Big Five trait domains: Stability and change in personality facets across midlife and old age. J Pers 2023; 91:1171-1188. [PMID: 36325745 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulated evidence indicates both stable and malleable parts of inter-individual differences in the broad Big Five domains. Less is known, however, about stability and change at the more diversified facet level. With the current study, we fill this gap by investigating personality stability and change across midlife and old age. METHOD We apply local structural equation measurement models and second-order growth curve models to four waves of data obtained with the full NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) collected over 11 years from 1667 adults (Mage = 62.69 years, SDage = 15.62, 55% female) who participated in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. RESULTS Measurement invariance analyses indicated that the psychometric properties of the NEO-PI-R facets are comparable across time and age. Results revealed substantial rank-order stabilities across all facets, yet the exact pattern varied strongly between facets of the same trait and across traits. Mean-level change of facets from midlife to old age largely mirrored the mean-level change observed for the broader traits. CONCLUSION We discuss conceptual implications and argue that in the face of overall stability across midlife and old age, changes in the rank-ordering of people reveals a much more complex and diverse pattern of development than analyses at the trait level suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naemi D Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Drewelies
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institut for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sherry L Willis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - K Warner Schaie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenny Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Schunk F, Trommsdorff G. Longitudinal associations of neuroticism with life satisfaction and social adaptation in a nationally representative adult sample. J Pers 2023; 91:1069-1083. [PMID: 36219501 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Correlational studies have frequently linked neuroticism to lower well-being and poorer social adaptation. In this study, we examined the longitudinal associations of neuroticism with life satisfaction and aspects of social adaptation (i.e., loneliness, number of close friends, and interpersonal trust). METHOD Cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) and random intercepts cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) were used to analyze the prospective associations between variables in a nationally representative adult sample from Germany (N = 5,663 to 11,079 per analysis; 2-4 measurement waves with lags of 4-5 years). RESULTS CLPMs indicated that higher neuroticism was related to lower life satisfaction, higher loneliness, fewer friends, and lower interpersonal trust, but not vice versa. At the within-person level, RI-CLPMs revealed similar findings with increased neuroticism predicting decreases in life satisfaction, increases in loneliness, and decreases in interpersonal trust. Indices of social adaptation partially mediated the link between neuroticism and life satisfaction at the between-person but not at the within-person level. Exploratory multigroup analyses support the generalization of the cross-lagged effects of neuroticism on life satisfaction and social adaptation across age, gender, and geographical regions (East versus West Germany). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the role of neuroticism in shaping psychosocial outcomes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schunk
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Matz SC, Beck ED, Atherton OE, White M, Rauthmann JF, Mroczek DK, Kim M, Bogg T. Personality Science in the Digital Age: The Promises and Challenges of Psychological Targeting for Personalized Behavior-Change Interventions at Scale. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023:17456916231191774. [PMID: 37642145 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231191774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
With the rapidly growing availability of scalable psychological assessments, personality science holds great promise for the scientific study and applied use of customized behavior-change interventions. To facilitate this development, we propose a classification system that divides psychological targeting into two approaches that differ in the process by which interventions are designed: audience-to-content matching or content-to-audience matching. This system is both integrative and generative: It allows us to (a) integrate existing research on personalized interventions from different psychological subdisciplines (e.g., political, educational, organizational, consumer, and clinical and health psychology) and to (b) articulate open questions that generate promising new avenues for future research. Our objective is to infuse personality science into intervention research and encourage cross-disciplinary collaborations within and outside of psychology. To ensure the development of personality-customized interventions aligns with the broader interests of individuals (and society at large), we also address important ethical considerations for the use of psychological targeting (e.g., privacy, self-determination, and equity) and offer concrete guidelines for researchers and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emorie D Beck
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Bogg
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University
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Zhang T, Zhang L, Wen X, Li H. Level of humanistic care ability and its influencing factors among nursing aides in long-term care facilities. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 52:56-62. [PMID: 37245389 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level and influencing factors of the humanistic care ability (HCA) in nursing aides, thus providing a baseline for its improvement. METHODS This study investigated 302 nursing aides in six long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Suzhou between December 2021 and June 2022 by convenience sampling. A descriptive questionnaire and the Caring Ability Inventory were applied in this study. RESULTS The HCA was at a low level, and its influencing factors were education level, marital status, personality, reason for employment, and the degree of perceived care from colleagues (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nursing aides' HCA needs to be strengthened urgently. Nursing aides with poor education, widowed, single, and an introversion type of personality should receive more attention. Additionally, creating a warm atmosphere among colleagues and cultivating the nursing aides' motivation for eldercare will help improve their HCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taomei Zhang
- School of Nursing, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Luxin Zhang
- School of Nursing, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xi Wen
- School of Nursing, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Huiling Li
- School of Nursing, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Wang Z, Chen X, Zhou J, Loke AY, Li Q. Posttraumatic growth in colorectal cancer survivors: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:740-753. [PMID: 36734107 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of cancer is an adverse event; nevertheless, it can also exert positive changes on survivors, such as posttraumatic growth (PTG). This review aims to integrate researches on PTG in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors, including manifestations and prevalence of PTG, factors associated with PTG and interventions on PTG. METHODS A systematic search was implemented on six databases to identify studies on PTG in CRC survivors published in English or Chinese from October 1995 to May 2022. We also performed a manual search for additional studies from the article reference lists. RESULTS Thirty-one studies were included. The results were integrated based on the PTG theoretical framework and PTG affective-cognitive processing model. PTG manifests in CRC survivor-caregiver dyads in five domains, including personal growth, appreciation of life, relating to others, new possibilities and spiritual change. Factors correlated with PTG can be integrated into levels of personality, event cognitions, appraisal mechanisms, emotional states, coping and social environmental context. Elements of interventions can be integrated according to the affective-cognitive processing PTG model. Existing interventions are effective in promoting PTG in CRC survivors. CONCLUSION We provide a systematic perspective on studies targeting PTG in CRC survivors. PTG manifested in survivor-caregiver dyads. Factors associated with PTG in CRC survivors are significant, and the interventions are effective. An intervention programme based on the affective-cognitive processing model and focused on CRC survivor-caregiver dyads would be significant for the dyads facing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junrui Zhou
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alice Yuen Loke
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuping Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Tackett JL, Reardon KW, Fast NJ, Johnson L, Kang SK, Lang JWB, Oswald FL. Understanding the Leaders of Tomorrow: The Need to Study Leadership in Adolescence. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:829-842. [PMID: 36350711 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221118536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Leadership traits and behaviors are observed early in human development, and although an improved understanding of youth leadership would usefully inform many real-world contexts (e.g., education, parenting, policy), most empirical work on leadership has been limited to adult populations. The purpose of the current article is to add a developmental perspective to leadership research that has so far been absent. Here, we (a) highlight adolescence as a critical developmental period for leadership emergence and development, (b) argue that leadership among youths is poorly understood and critically understudied, (c) provide exemplars of synergy between research on leadership and adolescent development that are ripe for focused inquiry, and (d) underscore some of the positive consequences of accelerating empirical research on leadership in adolescence, including implications for a deeper understanding of leadership in adult working populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathanael J Fast
- Department of Management and Organization, University of Southern California
| | - Lars Johnson
- Department of Management, University of Texas at Arlington
| | - Sonia K Kang
- Department of Management, University of Toronto Mississauga
| | - Jonas W B Lang
- Department of Human Resource Management and Organizational Psychology, Ghent University
- Business School, University of Exeter
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Gjerde LC, Eilertsen EM, McAdams TA, Cheesman R, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Eley TC, Røysamb E, Rosenström TH, Ystrom E. The p factor of psychopathology and personality in middle childhood: genetic and gestational risk factors. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4275-4285. [PMID: 36762420 PMCID: PMC10317823 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A joint, hierarchical structure of psychopathology and personality has been reported in adults but should also be investigated at earlier ages, as psychopathology often develops before adulthood. Here, we investigate the joint factor structure of psychopathology and personality in eight-year-old children, estimate factor heritability and explore external validity through associations with established developmental risk factors. METHODS Phenotypic and biometric exploratory factor analyses with bifactor rotation on genetically informative data from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort (MoBa) study. The analytic sub-sample comprised 10 739 children (49% girls). Mothers reported their children's symptoms of depression (Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire), anxiety (Screen for Anxiety Related Disorders), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention and hyperactivity, oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder (Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders), and Big Five personality (short Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children). Developmental risk factors (early gestational age and being small for gestational age) were collected from the Medical Birth Registry. RESULTS Goodness-of-fit indices favored a p factor model with three residual latent factors interpreted as negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and antagonism, whereas psychometric indices favored a one-factor model. ADE solutions fitted best, and regression analyses indicated a negative association between gestational age and the p factor, for both the one- and four-factor solutions. CONCLUSION Correlations between normative and pathological traits in middle childhood mostly reflect one heritable and psychometrically interpretable p factor, although optimal fit to data required less interpretable residual latent factors. The association between the p factor and low gestational age warrants further study of early developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line C. Gjerde
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Moen Eilertsen
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom A. McAdams
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Espen Røysamb
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Child Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom H. Rosenström
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Promenta Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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41
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Thørrisen MM, Sadeghi T. The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI): a scoping review of versions, translations and psychometric properties. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1202953. [PMID: 37434881 PMCID: PMC10330951 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1202953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) is a brief instrument designed to assess the five-factor model (FFM) personality dimensions. It was specifically developed to provide a brief assessment option in situations where using more comprehensive FFM instruments would be unfeasible. The TIPI enjoys widespread use and has been translated into several different languages. Objective The aim of this scoping review was to generate an overview of different versions of the TIPI, and their psychometric properties in terms of two aspects of validity (convergent and structural) and two aspects of reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability). Methods Four databases (PsycINFO, PubPsych, Medline, and Web of Science) were searched for studies exploring psychometric properties of the TIPI (original and/or translated or revised versions), published in English as full-text original research articles. Additionally, manual searches were conducted on the official TIPI website and in reference lists. Studies who utilized the TIPI simply as a measure, without an aim of testing its psychometric properties, were excluded. A descriptive-analytical approach was utilized to generate overviews of available TIPI versions and their psychometric properties. Results In a total of 29 studies, 27 versions of the TIPI were identified, covering 18 different languages. Across versions, and evaluated against conventions of acceptable psychometric properties, the TIPI demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability, somewhat mixed results for convergent and structural validity, and inappropriate internal consistency. Conclusion Being a brief instrument, the TIPI is unsurprisingly characterized by certain psychometric shortcomings. However, the TIPI may represent a feasible compromise in instances where it is necessary to strike a balance between maximizing psychometric properties and minimizing survey length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel M. Thørrisen
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Talieh Sadeghi
- Work Research Institute, Centre for Welfare and Labour Research, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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42
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Douglas HE, Cunningham ML, Tisdell J, Arneson J. The problem with confidence: too much and too little results in poorer achievement, inner conflict, and social inhibition. Front Psychol 2023; 14:960013. [PMID: 37275698 PMCID: PMC10233055 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.960013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Confidence is defined as the feelings and thoughts people have during a task that result in judgments about their performance. Evidence suggests that confidence is trait-like, but thus far research on the relative match between confidence and accuracy has been primarily restricted to over-confidence effects, and subject to the methodological flaws involved with using difference scores. We sought to answer an exploratory question in this research, whether discrepancies in ability and confidence in either direction reliably predicted individual differences on a broad-spectrum and commercially available personality test, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI260). Methods Participants were 220 employed adults who had previously taken the CPI260 for career development purposes. They were invited to complete a measure of cognitive ability and confidence in return for feedback on the same. Data were modeled using polynomial regression and response surface analysis, to determine whether and how CPI260 personality traits were associated with matches or mismatches between accuracy and confidence in the same test. Results We identified negative curvilinear effects along the line of disagreement for four CPI260 scales, suggesting that both under- and over-confidence were associated with personality. Discussion In contrast to our expectations, individuals who were under-confident and those who were over-confident had lower achievement potential, less social confidence, and more inner conflict than other individuals in this sample. Although preliminary, these findings suggest that both over-confident and under-confident individuals are aware of potential weaknesses that impede their functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Douglas
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jessika Tisdell
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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43
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Freiberg B, Matz SC. Founder personality and entrepreneurial outcomes: A large-scale field study of technology startups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215829120. [PMID: 37126710 PMCID: PMC10175740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215829120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Technology startups play an essential role in the economy-with seven of the ten largest companies rooted in technology, and venture capital investments totaling approximately $300B annually. Yet, important startup outcomes (e.g., whether a startup raises venture capital or gets acquired) remain difficult to forecast-particularly during the early stages of venture formation. Here, we examine the impact of an essential, yet underexplored, factor that can be observed from the moment of startup creation: founder personality. We predict psychological traits from digital footprints to explore how founder personality is associated with critical startup milestones. Observing 10,541 founder-startup dyads, we provide large-scale, ecologically valid evidence that founder personality is associated with outcomes across all phases of a venture's life (i.e., from raising the earliest funding round to exiting via acquisition or initial public offering). We find that openness and agreeableness are positively related to the likelihood of raising an initial round of funding (but unrelated to all subsequent conditional outcomes). Neuroticism is negatively related to all outcomes, highlighting the importance of founders' resilience. Finally, conscientiousness is positively related to early-stage investment, but negatively related to exit conditional on funding. While prior work has painted conscientiousness as a major benefactor of performance, our findings highlight a potential boundary condition: The fast-moving world of technology startups affords founders with lower or moderate levels of conscientiousness a competitive advantage when it comes to monetizing their business via acquisition or IPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Freiberg
- Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Sandra C. Matz
- Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
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44
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Ion A, Georgescu A, Iliescu D, Nye CD, Miu A. Events-Affect-Personality: A Daily Diary Investigation of the Mediating Effects of Affect on the Events-Personality Relationship. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231175363. [PMID: 37148303 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231175363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Our 10-day diary investigation anchored in dynamic personality theories, such as Whole Trait Theory examined (a) whether within-person variability in two broad personality traits Extraversion and Neuroticism is consistently predicted by daily events, (b) whether positive and negative affect, respectively partly mediate this relationship and (c) the lagged relationships between events, and next day variations in affect and personality. Results revealed that personality exhibited significant within-person variability, that positive and negative affect partly mediate the relationship between events and personality, affect accounting for up to 60% of the effects of events on personality. Additionally, we identified that event-affect congruency was accountable for larger effects compared to event-affect non-congruency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ion
- University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Christopher D Nye
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrei Miu
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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45
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Sassenberg TA, Burton PC, Mwilambwe-Tshilobo L, Jung RE, Rustichini A, Spreng RN, DeYoung CG. Conscientiousness associated with efficiency of the salience/ventral attention network: Replication in three samples using individualized parcellation. Neuroimage 2023; 272:120081. [PMID: 37011715 PMCID: PMC10132286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conscientiousness, and related constructs impulsivity and self-control, have been related to structural and functional properties of regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior insula. Network-based conceptions of brain function suggest that these regions belong to a single large-scale network, labeled the salience/ventral attention network (SVAN). The current study tested associations between conscientiousness and resting-state functional connectivity in this network using two community samples (N's = 244 and 239) and data from the Human Connectome Project (N = 1000). Individualized parcellation was used to improve functional localization accuracy and facilitate replication. Functional connectivity was measured using an index of network efficiency, a graph theoretical measure quantifying the capacity for parallel information transfer within a network. Efficiency of a set of parcels in the SVAN was significantly associated with conscientiousness in all samples. Findings are consistent with a theory of conscientiousness as a function of variation in neural networks underlying effective prioritization of goals.
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46
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Allik J, Realo A, McCrae RR. Conceptual and methodological issues in the study of the personality-and-culture relationship. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1077851. [PMID: 37057156 PMCID: PMC10088870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1077851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture-and-personality studies were central to social science in the early 20th century and have recently been revived (as personality-and-culture studies) by trait and cross-cultural psychologists. In this article we comment on conceptual issues, including the nature of traits and the nature of the personality-and-culture relationship, and we describe methodological challenges in understanding associations between features of culture and aspects of personality. We give an overview of research hypothesizing the shaping of personality traits by culture, reviewing studies of indigenous traits, acculturation and sojourner effects, birth cohorts, social role changes, and ideological interventions. We also consider the possibility that aggregate traits affect culture, through psychological means and gene flow. In all these cases we highlight alternative explanations and the need for designs and analyses that strengthen the interpretation of observations. We offer a set of testable hypotheses based on the premises that personality is adequately described by Five-Factor Theory, and that observed differences in aggregate personality traits across cultures are veridical. It is clear that culture has dramatic effects on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from which we infer traits, but it is not yet clear whether, how, and in what degree culture shapes traits themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- *Correspondence: Jüri Allik,
| | - Anu Realo
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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47
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Peris-Baquero Ó, Moreno-Pérez JD, Navarro-Haro MV, Díaz-García A, Osma J. Emotion dysregulation and neuroticism as moderators of group Unified Protocol effectiveness outcomes for treating emotional disorders. J Affect Disord 2023; 331:313-321. [PMID: 36977435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The personality dimension neuroticism and difficulties in emotional regulation (ER) are two variables closely related to the onset, course, and maintenance of emotional disorders (EDs). The Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is a treatment specifically designed to address neuroticism by training in adaptive ER skills and has been shown to be effective in reducing difficulties in ER. However, the specific impact of these variables on treatment outcomes is not entirely clear. The aim of the present study was to explore the moderating role of neuroticism and difficulties in ER regarding the evolution of depressive and anxiety symptoms and quality of life. METHODS This secondary study included 140 participants diagnosed with EDs, who received the UP in group format as part of an RCT being conducted in different Spanish Public Mental Health Units. RESULTS The results of this study found that high scores in neuroticism and difficulties in ER were associated with greater severity of depression and anxiety symptomatology, and with poorer quality of life. In addition, difficulties in ER moderated the efficacy of UP regarding anxiety symptoms, and quality of life. No moderating effects were found for depression (p > 0.5). LIMITATIONS We only evaluated two moderators that may influence UP effectivenes; other key moderators should be analyzed in future. CONCLUSIONS The identification of specific moderators affecting transdiagnostic interventions outcomes will allow the development of personalized interventions and provide useful information to improve the psychopathology and well-being of people with EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ó Peris-Baquero
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - M V Navarro-Haro
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Díaz-García
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Osma
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.
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48
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Gutiérrez F, Peri JM, Aluja A, Baillés E, Sureda B, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Vall G, Calvo N, Ferrer M, Cavero M, Mallorquí A, Villamón SE, de Alba AM, Rodríguez MÁR. Differentiating Abnormal, Normal, and Ideal Personality Profiles in Multidimensional Spaces. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract: Current dimensional taxonomies of personality disorder (PD) establish that intense traits do not suffice to diagnose a disorder, and additional constructs reflecting dysfunction are required. However, traits appear able to predict maladaptation by themselves, which might avoid duplications and simplify diagnosis. On the other hand, if trait-based diagnoses are feasible, it is the whole personality profile that should be considered, rather than individual traits. This takes us into multidimensional spaces, which have their own particular – but poorly understood – logic. The present study examines how profile-level differences between normal and disordered subjects can be used for diagnosis. The Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology – Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ) and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) were administered to a community and a clinical sample each (total n = 1,925 and 3,543 respectively). Intense traits proved to be common in the general population, so empirically-based thresholds are indispensable not to take as abnormal what is at most unideal. Profile-level parameters such as Euclidean and Mahalanobis distances outperformed individual traits in predicting mental problems and equaled the performance of published measures of dysfunction or severity. Personality profiles can play a more central role in identifying disorders than is currently acknowledged, provided that adequate metrics are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gutiérrez
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anton Aluja
- Department of Psychology, University of Lleida, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Baillés
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Spain
| | - Bárbara Sureda
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gemma Vall
- Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, GSS – Hospital Santa María, Lleida, Spain
| | - Natalia Calvo
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Ferrer
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myriam Cavero
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Mallorquí
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Edo Villamón
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Spain
- Provincial Hospital Consortium, Castellón, Spain
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49
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Anvari F, Kievit R, Lakens D, Pennington CR, Przybylski AK, Tiokhin L, Wiernik BM, Orben A. Not All Effects Are Indispensable: Psychological Science Requires Verifiable Lines of Reasoning for Whether an Effect Matters. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:503-507. [PMID: 35994751 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221091565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To help move researchers away from heuristically dismissing "small" effects as unimportant, recent articles have revisited arguments to defend why seemingly small effect sizes in psychological science matter. One argument is based on the idea that an observed effect size may increase in impact when generalized to a new context because of processes of accumulation over time or application to large populations. However, the field is now in danger of heuristically accepting all effects as potentially important. We aim to encourage researchers to think thoroughly about the various mechanisms that may both amplify and counteract the importance of an observed effect size. Researchers should draw on the multiple amplifying and counteracting mechanisms that are likely to simultaneously apply to the effect when that effect is being generalized to a new and likely more dynamic context. In this way, researchers should aim to transparently provide verifiable lines of reasoning to justify their claims about an effect's importance or unimportance. This transparency can help move psychological science toward a more rigorous assessment of when psychological findings matter for the contexts that researchers want to generalize to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Anvari
- Social and Economic Cognition III, Social Cognition Center Cologne, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne
| | - Rogier Kievit
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Daniël Lakens
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | | | | | - Leo Tiokhin
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | | | - Amy Orben
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
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50
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Spry EA, Olsson CA, Aarsman SR, Mohamad Husin H, Macdonald JA, Dashti SG, Moreno-Betancur M, Letcher P, Biden EJ, Thomson KC, McAnally H, Greenwood CJ, Middleton M, Hutchinson DM, Carlin JB, Patton GC. Parental personality and early life ecology: a prospective cohort study from preconception to postpartum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3332. [PMID: 36849463 PMCID: PMC9971123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Personality reliably predicts life outcomes ranging from social and material resources to mental health and interpersonal capacities. However, little is known about the potential intergenerational impact of parent personality prior to offspring conception on family resources and child development across the first thousand days of life. We analysed data from the Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study (665 parents, 1030 infants; est. 1992), a two-generation study with prospective assessment of preconception background factors in parental adolescence, preconception personality traits in young adulthood (agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, and openness), and multiple parental resources and infant characteristics in pregnancy and after the birth of their child. After adjusting for pre-exposure confounders, both maternal and paternal preconception personality traits were associated with numerous parental resources and attributes in pregnancy and postpartum, as well as with infant biobehavioural characteristics. Effect sizes ranged from small to moderate when considering parent personality traits as continuous exposures, and from small to large when considering personality traits as binary exposures. Young adult personality, well before offspring conception, is associated with the perinatal household social and financial context, parental mental health, parenting style and self-efficacy, and temperamental characteristics of offspring. These are pivotal aspects of early life development that ultimately predict a child's long-term health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Spry
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Craig A. Olsson
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Aarsman
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hanafi Mohamad Husin
- grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacqui A. Macdonald
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. Ghazaleh Dashti
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XClinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margarita Moreno-Betancur
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XClinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ebony J. Biden
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kimberly C. Thomson
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.498772.7Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Helena McAnally
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J. Greenwood
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Middleton
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XClinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Delyse M. Hutchinson
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John B. Carlin
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XClinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George C. Patton
- grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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