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Xie L, Han J, Cheng Z, Liu D, Liu J, Xu C, Sun W, Li Q, Bian F, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhu Q, Thurber TK, Lock JP, Zhang B. Efficacy and safety of bexagliflozin compared with dapagliflozin as an adjunct to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13526. [PMID: 38584148 PMCID: PMC10999497 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bexagliflozin and dapagliflozin are sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. No direct comparison of SGLT2 inhibitors in a randomized controlled trial has been reported to date. METHODS This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial comparing bexagliflozin to dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with disease inadequately controlled by metformin. Subjects (n = 406) were randomized to receive bexagliflozin (20 mg) or dapagliflozin (10 mg) plus metformin. The primary endpoint was noninferiority of bexagliflozin to dapagliflozin for the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to week 24. Secondary endpoints included intergroup differences in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h-postprandial glucose (PPG), body weight, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) from baseline to week 24. The trial also evaluated the safety profiles. RESULTS The model-adjusted mean change from baseline to week 24 HbA1c was -1.08% for bexagliflozin and -1.10% for dapagliflozin. The intergroup difference of 0.03% (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.14% to 0.19%) was below the prespecified margin of 0.4%, confirming the noninferiority of bexagliflozin. The changes from baseline in FPG, PPG, body weight, and SBP were -1.95 mmol/L, -3.24 mmol/L, -2.52 kg, and -6.4 mm Hg in the bexagliflozin arm and -1.87 mmol/L, -3.07 mmol/L, -2.22 kg, and -6.3 mm Hg in the dapagliflozin arm. Adverse events were experienced in 62.6% and 65.0% and serious adverse events affected 4.4% and 3.5% of subjects in the bexagliflozin and dapagliflozin arm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bexagliflozin showed nearly identical effects and a similar safety profile to dapagliflozin when used in Chinese patients on metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Han
- Hebei PetroChina Central HospitalLangfangChina
| | - Zhifeng Cheng
- Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Dexue Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical CollegeNanyangChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Henan University of Science and Technology Affiliated First HospitalLuoyangChina
| | | | - Wenli Sun
- Yueyang People's HospitalYueyangChina
| | - Qingju Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Fang Bian
- Cangzhou People's HospitalCangzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Newsoara Biopharma Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Jinyu Chen
- Newsoara Biopharma Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Zhu
- Newsoara Biopharma Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | | | | | - Bo Zhang
- China‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
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Halvorsen YD, Conery AL, Lock JP, Zhou W, Freeman MW. Bexagliflozin as an adjunct to metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:2954-2962. [PMID: 37409573 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the relative safety and effectiveness of bexagliflozin as an adjunct to metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS In total, 317 participants were randomized to receive bexagliflozin or placebo plus metformin. The primary endpoint was the change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to week 24, with secondary endpoints for systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose and weight loss. An open label arm enrolled participants with HbA1c >10.5% and was analysed separately. RESULTS The mean change in HbA1c was -1.09% (95% CI -1.24%, -0.94%) in the bexagliflozin arm and -0.56% (-0.71%, -0.41%) in the placebo arm, a difference of -0.53% (-0.74%, -0.32%; p < .0001). Excluding observations after rescue medication, the intergroup difference was -0.70% (-0.92, -0.48; p < .0001). The open label group change in HbA1c was -2.82% (-3.23%, -2.41%). Placebo-adjusted changes from baseline SBP, fasting plasma glucose and body mass were -7.07 mmHg (-9.83, -4.32; p < .0001), -1.35 mmol/L (-1.83, -0.86; p < .0001) and -2.51 kg (-3.45, -1.57; p < .0001). Adverse events affected 42.4% and 47.2% of subjects in the bexagliflozin and placebo arms, respectively; fewer subjects in the bexagliflozin arm experienced serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Bexagliflozin produced clinically meaningful improvement in glycaemic control, estimated glomerular filtration rate and SBP when added to metformin in a population of adults with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Di Halvorsen
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annie L Conery
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Paul Lock
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenjiong Zhou
- Hopkins Consulting LLC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mason W Freeman
- Translational Medicine Group, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Banan Sadeghian R, Ueno R, Takata Y, Kawakami A, Ma C, Araoka T, Takasato M, Yokokawa R. Cells sorted off hiPSC-derived kidney organoids coupled with immortalized cells reliably model the proximal tubule. Commun Biol 2023; 6:483. [PMID: 37142732 PMCID: PMC10160057 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of late, numerous microphysiological systems have been employed to model the renal proximal tubule. Yet there is lack of research on refining the functions of the proximal tubule epithelial layer-selective filtration and reabsorption. In this report, pseudo proximal tubule cells extracted from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are combined and cultured with immortalized proximal tubule cells. It is shown that the cocultured tissue is an impervious epithelium that offers improved levels of certain transporters, extracellular matrix proteins collagen and laminin, and superior glucose transport and P-glycoprotein activity. mRNA expression levels higher than those obtained from each cell type were detected, suggesting an anomalous synergistic crosstalk between the two. Alongside, the improvements in morphological characteristics and performance of the immortalized proximal tubule tissue layer exposed, upon maturation, to human umbilical vein endothelial cells are thoroughly quantified and compared. Glucose and albumin reabsorption, as well as xenobiotic efflux rates through P-glycoprotein were all improved. The data presented abreast highlight the advantages of the cocultured epithelial layer and the non-iPSC-based bilayer. The in vitro models presented herein can be helpful in personalized nephrotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryohei Ueno
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Yuji Takata
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawakami
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
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Bergling K, Martus G, Öberg CM. Phloretin Improves Ultrafiltration and Reduces Glucose Absorption during Peritoneal Dialysis in Rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1857-1863. [PMID: 35985816 PMCID: PMC9528341 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmful glucose exposure and absorption remain major limitations of peritoneal dialysis (PD). We previously showed that inhibition of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 did not affect glucose transport during PD in rats. However, more recently, we found that phlorizin, a dual blocker of sodium glucose cotransporters 1 and 2, reduces glucose diffusion in PD. Therefore, either inhibiting sodium glucose cotransporter 1 or blocking facilitative glucose channels by phlorizin metabolite phloretin would reduce glucose transport in PD. METHODS We tested a selective blocker of sodium glucose cotransporter 1, mizagliflozin, as well as phloretin, a nonselective blocker of facilitative glucose channels, in an anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rat model of PD. RESULTS Intraperitoneal phloretin treatment reduced glucose absorption by >30% and resulted in a >50% higher ultrafiltration rate compared with control animals. Sodium removal and sodium clearances were similarly improved, whereas the amount of ultrafiltration per millimole of sodium removed did not differ. Mizagliflozin did not influence glucose transport or osmotic water transport. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results and previous results indicate that blockers of facilitative glucose channels may be a promising target for reducing glucose absorption and improving ultrafiltration efficiency in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bergling
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giedre Martus
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl M. Öberg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Alicic RZ, Neumiller JJ, Galindo RJ, Tuttle KR. Use of Glucose-Lowering Agents in Diabetes and CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:2589-2607. [PMID: 36506243 PMCID: PMC9727535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure worldwide. Patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are also at markedly higher risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure (HF), and death. Through the processes of gluconeogenesis and glucose reabsorption, the kidney plays a central role in glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is an early alteration observed in CKD, worsened by the frequent presence of hypertension, obesity, and ongoing chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Management of diabetes in moderate to severe CKD warrants special consideration because of changes in glucose and insulin homeostasis and altered metabolism of glucose-lowering therapies. Kidney failure and initiation of kidney replacement therapy by dialysis adds to management complexity by further limiting therapeutic options, and predisposing individuals to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Glycemic goals should be individualized, considering CKD severity, presence of macrovascular and microvascular complications, and life expectancy. A general hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) goal of approximately 7% may be appropriate in earlier stages of CKD, with more relaxed targets often appropriate in later stages. Use of sodium glucose cotransporter2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) meaningfully improves kidney and heart outcomes for patients with diabetes and CKD, irrespective of HbA1c targets, and are now part of guideline-directed medical therapy in this high-risk population. Delivery of optimal care for patients with diabetes and CKD will require collaboration across health care specialties and disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radica Z. Alicic
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane and Seattle, Washington, USA
- Correspondence: Radica Z. Alicic, Providence Medical Research Center, 105 West 8th Avenue, Suite 250E, Spokane, Washington 99204, USA.
| | - Joshua J. Neumiller
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Rodolfo J. Galindo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Katherine R. Tuttle
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane and Seattle, Washington, USA
- Nephrology Division, Kidney Research Institute and Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Spokane and Seattle, Washington, USA
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Maccari R, Ottanà R. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors as Antidiabetic Drugs: Current Development and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10848-10881. [PMID: 35924548 PMCID: PMC9937539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (gliflozins) represent the most recently approved class of oral antidiabetic drugs. SGLT-2 overexpression in diabetic patients contributes significantly to hyperglycemia and related complications. Therefore, SGLT-2 became a highly interesting therapeutic target, culminating in the approval for clinical use of dapagliflozin and analogues in the past decade. Gliflozins improve glycemic control through a novel insulin-independent mechanism of action and, moreover, exhibit significant cardiorenal protective effects in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Therefore, gliflozins have received increasing attention, prompting extensive structure-activity relationship studies and optimization approaches. The discovery that intestinal SGLT-1 inhibition can provide a novel opportunity to control hyperglycemia, through a multifactorial mechanism, recently encouraged the design of low adsorbable inhibitors selectively directed to the intestinal SGLT-1 subtype as well as of dual SGLT-1/SGLT-2 inhibitors, representing a compelling strategy to identify new antidiabetic drug candidates.
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Anghel SA, Badea RA, Chiritoiu G, Patriche DS, Alexandru PR, Pena F. Novel luciferase-based GLP-1 reporter assay reveals naturally-occurring secretagogues. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4738-4753. [PMID: 35736785 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone derived from preproglucagon. It is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in response to feeding, and, in turn, acts as a critical regulator of insulin release. Modulating GLP-1 secretion thus holds promise as a strategy for controlling blood glucose levels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To dissect GLP-1 regulation and to discover specific secretagogues, we engineered a reporter cell line introducing a luciferase within proglucagon sequence in GLUTag cells. The assay was validated using western blotting and ELISA. A focused natural compounds library was screened. We measured luminescence, glucose uptake and ATP to investigate the mechanism by which newly found secretagogues potentiate GLP-1 secretion. KEY RESULTS The newly created reporter cell line is ideal for the rapid, sensitive and quantitative assessment of GLP-1 secretion. The small molecule screen identified non-toxic GLP-1 modulators. Quercetin is the most potent newly found GLP-1 secretagogue, while other flavonoids also potentiate GLP-1 secretion. Quercetin requires glucose and extracellular calcium to act as GLP-1 secretagogue. Our results support a mechanism whereby flavonoids cause GLUTag cells to utilize glucose more efficiently, leading to elevated ATP levels, followed by KATP channel blockade and GLP-1 exocytosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our methodology enables finding of new GLP-1 secretagogues. Quercetin is a potent, naturally occuring GLP-1 secretagogue. Mechanistic studies of newly found secretagogues are possible in newly created reporter cell line. Further validation in more physiological systems, such as primary L-cells or whole organisms is needed. GLP-1 secretagogues might serve as leads for developing alternative glucose-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Andreea Anghel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Aura Badea
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Chiritoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - David Sebastian Patriche
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petruta Ramona Alexandru
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Pena
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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Barreto YB, Alencar AM. Random-walk model of the sodium-glucose transporter SGLT2 with stochastic steps and inhibition. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:184004. [PMID: 35090150 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac4fea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Random-walk models are frequently used to model distinct natural phenomena such as diffusion processes, stock-market fluctuations, and biological systems. Here, we present a random-walk model to describe the dynamics of glucose uptake by the sodium-glucose transporter of type 2, SGLT2. Our starting point is the canonical alternating-access model, which suggests the existence of six states for the transport cycle. We propose the inclusion of two new states to this canonical model. The first state is added to implement the recent discovery that the Na+ion can exit before the sugar is released into the proximal tubule epithelial cells. The resulting model is a seven-state mechanism with stochastic steps. Then we determined the transition probabilities between these seven states and used them to write a set of master equations to describe the time evolution of the system. We showed that our model converges to the expected equilibrium configuration and that the binding of Na+and glucose to SGLT2 in the inward-facing conformation must be necessarily unordered. After that, we added another state to implement inhibition in the model. Our results reproduce the experimental dependence of glucose uptake on the inhibitor concentration and they reveal that the inhibitors act by decreasing the number of available SGLT2s, which increases the chances of glucose escaping reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan B Barreto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano M Alencar
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wright EM. SGLT2 Inhibitors: Physiology and Pharmacology. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:2027-2037. [PMID: 35419546 PMCID: PMC8986039 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0002772021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SGLTs are sodium glucose transporters found on the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule, where they reabsorb some 180 g (1 mol) of glucose from the glomerular filtrate each day. The natural glucoside phlorizin completely blocks glucose reabsorption. Oral SGLT2 inhibitors are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream, where theyremain in the circulation for hours. On glomerular filtration, they bind specifically to SGLT2 in the luminal membrane of the early proximal tubule to reduce glucose reabsorption by 50%-60%. Because of glucose excretion, these drugs lower plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The drugs also protect against heart and renal failure. The aim of this review is to summarize what is known about the physiology of renal SGLTs and the pharmacology of SGLT drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest M Wright
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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van der Hoek S, Antunes IF, Attia KA, Jacquet O, Heeres A, Bulthuis M, Zijlma R, Boersma HH, van Goor H, Visser TJ, Heerspink HJL, Elsinga PH, Stevens J. GMP Compliant Synthesis of [ 18F]Canagliflozin, a Novel PET Tracer for the Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16641-16649. [PMID: 34748702 PMCID: PMC8631709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Inhibition of the
sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)
by canagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus results in large between-patient
variability in clinical response. To better understand this variability,
the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]canagliflozin
was developed via a Cu-mediated 18F-fluorination of its
boronic ester precursor with a radiochemical yield of 2.0 ± 1.9%
and a purity of >95%. The GMP automated synthesis originated [18F]canagliflozin with a yield of 0.5–3% (n = 4) and a purity of >95%. Autoradiography showed [18F]canagliflozin binding in human kidney sections containing SGLT2.
Since [18F]canagliflozin is the isotopologue of the extensively
characterized drug canagliflozin and thus shares its toxicological
and pharmacological characteristics, it enables its immediate use
in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje van der Hoek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Khaled A Attia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andre Heeres
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands.,Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 7, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bulthuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Pathology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Zijlma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Pathology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Visser
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Stevens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sympatholytic Mechanisms for the Beneficial Cardiovascular Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Research Hypothesis for Dapagliflozin's Effects in the Adrenal Gland. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147684. [PMID: 34299304 PMCID: PMC8305388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains the leading cause of morbidity and death in the western world, and new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed to improve the lifespan and quality of life of HF patients. The sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, originally developed and mainly indicated for diabetes mellitus treatment, have been increasingly shown to ameliorate heart disease, and specifically HF, in humans, regardless of diabetes co-existence. Indeed, dapagliflozin has been reported to reduce cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). This SGLT2 inhibitor demonstrates these benefits also in non-diabetic subjects, indicating that dapagliflozin's efficacy in HF is independent of blood glucose control. Evidence for the effectiveness of various SGLT2 inhibitors in providing cardiovascular benefits irrespective of their effects on blood glucose regulation have spurred the use of these agents in HFrEF treatment and resulted in FDA approvals for cardiovascular indications. The obvious question arising from all these studies is, of course, which molecular/pharmacological mechanisms underlie these cardiovascular benefits of the drugs in diabetics and non-diabetics alike. The fact that SGLT2 is not significantly expressed in cardiac myocytes (SGLT1 appears to be the dominant isoform) adds even greater perplexity to this answer. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed over the past few years and tested in cell and animal models and prominent among those is the potential for sympatholysis, i.e., reduction in sympathetic nervous system activity. The latter is known to be high in HF patients, contributing significantly to the morbidity and mortality of the disease. The present minireview first summarizes the current evidence in the literature supporting the notion that SGLT2 inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, exert sympatholysis, and also outlines the main putative underlying mechanisms for these sympatholytic effects. Then, we propose a novel hypothesis, centered on the adrenal medulla, for the sympatholytic effects specifically of dapagliflozin. Adrenal medulla is responsible for the production and secretion of almost the entire amount of circulating epinephrine and of a significant percentage of circulating norepinephrine in the human body. If proven true experimentally, this hypothesis, along with other emerging experimental evidence for sympatholytic effects in neurons, will shed new light on the pharmacological effects that mediate the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitor drugs, independently of their blood glucose-lowering effects.
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High glucose-induced Smad3 linker phosphorylation and CCN2 expression are inhibited by dapagliflozin in a diabetic tubule epithelial cell model. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228674. [PMID: 34003249 PMCID: PMC8220447 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the kidney glucose is freely filtered by the glomerulus and, mainly, reabsorbed by sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) expressed in the early proximal tubule. Human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) undergo pathological and fibrotic changes seen in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in response to elevated glucose. We developed a specific in vitro model of DKD using primary human PTECs with exposure to high D-glucose and TGF-β1 and propose a role for SGLT2 inhibition in regulating fibrosis. METHODS Western blotting was performed to detect cellular and secreted proteins as well as phosphorylated intracellular signalling proteins. qPCR was used to detect CCN2 RNA. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GT) activity staining was performed to confirm PTEC phenotype. SGLT2 and ERK inhibition on high D-glucose, 25 mM, and TGF-β1, 0.75 ng/ml, treated cells was explored using dapagliflozin and U0126, respectively. RESULTS Only the combination of high D-glucose and TGF-β1 treatment significantly up-regulated CCN2 RNA and protein expression. This increase was significantly ameliorated by dapagliflozin. High D-glucose treatment raised phospho ERK which was also inhibited by dapagliflozin. TGF-β1 increased cellular phospho SSXS Smad3 serine 423 and 425, with and without high D-glucose. Glucose alone had no effect. Smad3 serine 204 phosphorylation was significantly raised by a combination of high D-glucose+TGF-β1; this rise was significantly reduced by both SGLT2 and MEK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS We show that high D-glucose and TGF-β1 are both required for CCN2 expression. This treatment also caused Smad3 linker region phosphorylation. Both outcomes were inhibited by dapagliflozin. We have identified a novel SGLT2 -ERK mediated promotion of TGF-β1/Smad3 signalling inducing a pro-fibrotic growth factor secretion. Our data evince support for substantial renoprotective benefits of SGLT2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney.
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13
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Shanmugasundaram M, Pineda JRE, Murugapandian S. Glucose-Lowering Medications and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:24. [PMID: 33655453 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The purpose of this review is to examine recent evidence supporting CV safety profile and improvement of CV outcomes of some of the newer classes of diabetic medications. RECENT FINDINGS Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, CVD management is critical in diabetic patients. Since 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has mandated that all newer diabetic medications should establish cardiovascular safety before it is approved for use. Diabetic medications that also lower CV risk would be a significant advancement as shown in recent studies. There are 3 new class of diabetic medications: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4), glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors which have established both CV safety and improvement in CV outcomes with some drugs. In patients with type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, multiple atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors, or diabetic kidney disease, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, or a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit is recommended to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Shanmugasundaram
- Sarver Heart Center, Section of Cardiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - J R Exequiel Pineda
- Sarver Heart Center, Section of Cardiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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14
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Structure – Activity Relationship and Therapeutic Benefits of Flavonoids in the Management of Diabetes and Associated Disorders. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The European Society of Cardiology recently addressed the use of SGLT2 inhibitor use in the treatment of heart failure (HF). Dapagliflozin is a SGLT2 inhibitor recently approved by the US FDA for treatment of patients with HF with a reduced ejection fraction with a New York Heart Association classification of II-IV. Dapagliflozin significantly decreases the risk of worsening HF or death from cardiovascular cause compared with placebo and this risk does not differ based on the presence or absence of Type 2 diabetes. This paper aims to summarize the chemistry, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin; and evaluates the clinical efficacy of dapagliflozin in the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sotirakos
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Medicine, Dublin 2, Ireland
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16
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Abstract
Glycolysis plays a central role in tumor metabolism and growth, and this is reflected in a high rate of glucose uptake. It is commonly assumed that the upregulation of the facilitated glucose transporter GLUT1 meets the tumor’s demand for sugar. This underlies the success in using 2FDG PET imaging in the clinic to identify and stage many tumors. However, 2FDG is not a substrate for a second class of glucose transporters, the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters, SGLTs, and so 2FDG PET may not provide a complete picture. A specific new radiotracer to detect SGLT activity has been introduced, Me4FDG, and this provides an opportunity to explore the potential role of SGLTs in supporting tumor glycolysis. In this brief review, I highlight the development of Me4FDG and our preliminary studies of Me4FDG PET in cancer patients. We find that the renal isoform, SGLT2, is expressed in pancreatic and prostate tumors and glioblastomas, and Me4FDG PET introduces a new method to image tumors. As SGLT2 drugs are successful in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, they may also provide a new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest M Wright
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1751, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Today, excluding insulin, there are eight classes of anti-diabetic medicines that have been added to the pharmacy since the introduction of metformin in the mid-1950s; the sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides, incretins, and sodium glucose transport 2 inhibitors. Does the fact that metformin is still first-line treatment suggest that our drug discovery efforts over the past 60 years have not been good enough? Or does it suggest that diabetes is such a complex disorder that no single treatment, other than gastric bypass surgery, can affect true normalization of not only blood sugar but also the underlying pathologies? Our understanding of the disease has most definitely improved which may bring hope for the future in terms of science, but for it to be beneficial, this science has to be translated into better drug treatments for the disease. In this review, I have examined the eight classes of anti-diabetes drugs from a drug discovery perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Clapham
- Medical School, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
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18
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Villa-Rodriguez JA, Ifie I, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Roopchand DE. The Gastrointestinal Tract as Prime Site for Cardiometabolic Protection by Dietary Polyphenols. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:999-1011. [PMID: 31144710 PMCID: PMC6855987 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence from nutritional epidemiology links polyphenol-rich diets with reduced incidence of chronic disorders; however, biological mechanisms underlying polyphenol-disease relations remain enigmatic. Emerging evidence is beginning to unmask the contribution of the gastrointestinal tract on whole-body energy homeostasis, suggesting that the intestine may be a prime target for intervention and a fundamental site for the metabolic actions of polyphenols. During their transit through the gastrointestinal tract, polyphenols may activate enteric nutrient sensors ensuing appropriate responses from other peripheral organs to regulate metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, polyphenols can modulate the absorption of glucose, attenuating exaggerated hormonal responses and metabolic imbalances. Polyphenols that escape absorption are metabolized by the gut microbiota and the resulting catabolites may act locally, activating nuclear receptors that control enteric functions such as intestinal permeability. Finally, polyphenols modulate gut microbial ecology, which can have profound effects on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villa-Rodriguez
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ,Address correspondence to JAV-R (e-mail: )
| | - Idolo Ifie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Gustavo A Gonzalez-Aguilar
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ,Address correspondence to DER (e-mail: )
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19
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Wang Y, Lou Y, Wang J, Li D, Chen H, Zheng T, Xia C, Song X, Dong T, Li J, Li J, Liu H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-deoxy O-spiroketal C-arylglucosides as novel renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:398-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Oranje P, Gouka R, Burggraaff L, Vermeer M, Chalet C, Duchateau G, van der Pijl P, Geldof M, de Roo N, Clauwaert F, Vanpaeschen T, Nicolaï J, de Bruyn T, Annaert P, IJzerman AP, van Westen GJP. Novel natural and synthetic inhibitors of solute carriers SGLT1 and SGLT2. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00504. [PMID: 31384471 PMCID: PMC6664820 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective analogs of the natural glycoside phloridzin are marketed drugs that reduce hyperglycemia in diabetes by inhibiting the active sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT2 in the kidneys. In addition, intestinal SGLT1 is now recognized as a target for glycemic control. To expand available type 2 diabetes remedies, we aimed to find novel SGLT1 inhibitors beyond the chemical space of glycosides. We screened a bioactive compound library for SGLT1 inhibitors and tested primary hits and additional structurally similar molecules on SGLT1 and SGLT2 (SGLT1/2). Novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors were discovered in separate chemical clusters of natural and synthetic compounds. These have IC50-values in the 10-100 μmol/L range. The most potent identified novel inhibitors from different chemical clusters are (SGLT1-IC50 Mean ± SD, SGLT2-IC50 Mean ± SD): (+)-pteryxin (12 ± 2 μmol/L, 9 ± 4 μmol/L), (+)-ε-viniferin (58 ± 18 μmol/L, 110 μmol/L), quinidine (62 μmol/L, 56 μmol/L), cloperastine (9 ± 3 μmol/L, 9 ± 7 μmol/L), bepridil (10 ± 5 μmol/L, 14 ± 12 μmol/L), trihexyphenidyl (12 ± 1 μmol/L, 20 ± 13 μmol/L) and bupivacaine (23 ± 14 μmol/L, 43 ± 29 μmol/L). The discovered natural inhibitors may be further investigated as new potential (prophylactic) agents for controlling dietary glucose uptake. The new diverse structure activity data can provide a starting point for the optimization of novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors and support the development of virtual SGLT1/2 inhibitor screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Oranje
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Gouka
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Burggraaff
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Mario Vermeer
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Clément Chalet
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Guus Duchateau
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marian Geldof
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels de Roo
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Fenja Clauwaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Toon Vanpaeschen
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Johan Nicolaï
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Tom de Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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21
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Moradi-Marjaneh R, Paseban M, Sahebkar A. Natural products with SGLT2 inhibitory activity: Possibilities of application for the treatment of diabetes. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2518-2530. [PMID: 31359514 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus currently affects as many as 400 million people worldwide, creating a heavy economic burden and stretching health care resources. A dysfunction of glucose homeostasis underlies the disease. Despite advances in the treatment of diabetes, many patients still suffer from complications and side effects; hence, development of more effective treatments for diabetes is still desirable. SGLT2 is the principle cotransporter involved in glucose reabsorption in the kidney. SGLT2 inhibition reduces glucose reabsorption by the kidney and ameliorates plasma glucose concentration. The interest in natural products that can be used for the inhibition of SGLT2 is growing. The flavonoid phlorizin, which can be isolated from the bark of apple trees, has been used as lead structure due to its inhibitory activity of SGLT1 and SGLT2. Some phlorizin-derived synthetic compounds, including canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ipragliflozin, and ertugliflozin, are approved by the food and drug administration to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whereas others are under clinical trials investigation. In addition, other natural product-derived compounds have been investigated for their ability to improve blood glucose control. The present review summarizes the natural products with SGLT2 inhibitory activity, and the synthetic compounds obtained from them, and discusses their application for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Paseban
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Sodium-glucose cotransporters: new targets of cancer therapy? Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 69:278-285. [PMID: 30864374 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose, the key source of metabolic energy, is imported into cells by two categories of transporters: 1) facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and 2) secondary active sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). Cancer cells have an increased demand for glucose uptake and utilisation compared to normal cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the overexpression of GLUTs, mainly GLUT1, in many cancer types. As the current standard positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (2-FDG) for imaging tumour cells via GLUT1 lacks in sensitivity and specificity, it may soon be replaced by the newly designed, highly sensitive and specific SGLT tracer α-methyl-4-(F-18)fluoro-4-deoxy-Dglucopyranoside (Me-4FDG) in clinical detection and tumour staging. This tracer has recently demonstrated the functional activity of SGLT in pancreatic, prostate, and brain cancers. The mRNA and protein expression of SGLTs have also been reported in colon/colorectal, lung, ovarian, head, neck, and oral squamous carcinomas. So far, SGLTs have been poorly investigated in cancer, and their protein expression and localisation are often controversial due to a lack of specific SGLT antibodies. In this review, we describe current knowledge concerning SGLT1 and SGLT2 (over)expression in various cancer types. The findings of SGLTs in malignant cells may help in developing novel cancer therapies with SGLT2 or SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitors already used in diabetes mellitus treatment.
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23
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Pandey J, Tamrakar AK. SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes: a patent review (2013-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:369-384. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1612879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Pandey
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tamrakar
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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24
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Subramaniam M, Enns CB, Loewen ME. Sigmoidal kinetics define porcine intestinal segregation of electrogenic monosaccharide transport systems as having multiple transporter population involvement. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14090. [PMID: 31062524 PMCID: PMC6503033 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic characterization of electrogenic sodium-dependent transport in Ussing chambers of d-glucose and d-galactose demonstrated sigmoidal/Hill kinetics in the porcine jejunum and ileum, with the absence of transport in the distal colon. In the jejunum, a high-affinity, super-low-capacity (Ha/sLc) kinetic system accounted for glucose transport, and a low-affinity, low-capacity (La/Lc) kinetic system accounted for galactose transport. In contrast, the ileum demonstrated a high-affinity, super-high-capacity (Ha/sHc) glucose transport and a low-affinity, high-capacity (La/Hc) galactose transport systems. Jejunal glucose transport was not inhibited by dapagliflozin, but galactose transport was inhibited. Comparatively, ileal glucose and galactose transport were both sensitive to dapagliflozin. Genomic and gene expression analyses identified 10 of the 12 known SLC5A family members in the porcine jejunum, ileum, and distal colon. Dominant SGLT1 (SLC5A1) and SGLT3 (SLC5A4) expression was associated with the sigmoidal Ha/sLc glucose and La/Lc galactose transport systems in the jejunum. Comparatively, the dominant expression of SGLT1 (SLC5A1) in the ileum was only associated with Ha glucose and La galactose kinetic systems. However, the sigmoidal kinetics and overall high capacity (Hc) of transport is unlikely accounted for by SGLT1 (SLC5A1) alone. Finally, the absence of transport and lack of pharmacological inhibition in the colon was associated with the poor expression of SLC5A genes. Altogether, the results demonstrated intestinal segregation of monosaccharide transport fit different sigmoidal kinetic systems. This reveals multiple transporter populations in each system, supported by gene expression profiles and pharmacological inhibition. Overall, this work demonstrates a complexity to transporter involvement in intestinal electrogenic monosaccharide absorption systems not previously defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Subramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Cole B. Enns
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Matthew E. Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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Dominguez Rieg JA, Rieg T. What does sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 inhibition add: Prospects for dual inhibition. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21 Suppl 2:43-52. [PMID: 31081587 PMCID: PMC6516085 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial glucose transport is accomplished by Na+ -glucose co-transporters, SGLT1 and SGLT2. In the intestine, uptake of dietary glucose is for its majority mediated by SGLT1, and humans with mutations in the SGLT1 gene show glucose/galactose malabsorption. In the kidney, both transporters, SGLT1 and SGLT2, are expressed and recent studies identified that SGLT2 mediates up to 97% of glucose reabsorption. Humans with mutations in the SGLT2 gene show familial renal glucosuria. In the last three decades, significant progress was made in understanding the physiology of these transporters and their potential as therapeutic targets. Based on the structure of phlorizin, a natural compound acting as a SGLT1/2 inhibitor, initially several SGLT2, and later SGLT1 and dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors have been developed. Interestingly, SGLT2 knockout or treatment with SGLT2 selective inhibitors only causes a fractional glucose excretion in the magnitude of ∼60%, an effect mediated by up-regulation of renal SGLT1. Based on these findings the hypothesis was brought forward that dual SGLT1/2 inhibition might further improve glycaemic control via targeting two distinct organs that express SGLT1: the intestine and the kidney. Of note, SGLT1/2 double knockout mice completely lack renal glucose reabsorption. This review will address the rationale for the development of SGLT1 and dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors and potential benefits compared to sole SGLT2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Dominguez Rieg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Timo Rieg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Takasu T, Yokono M, Tahara A, Takakura S. In Vitro Pharmacological Profile of Ipragliflozin, a Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:507-511. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Guo J, Zhou J, Chai Y, Ma ZL. MicroRNA-296-5p promotes healing of diabetic wound by targeting sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3104. [PMID: 30467970 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic wounds are refractory and very difficult to heal. We aimed to use miRNA to identify novel and specific molecular markers for diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosis and treatment. METHODS The expression level of miR-296-5p was determined in tissue samples of 12 DM patients. The effect of miR-296-5p on proliferation of β-cells was examined using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assay. The effect of miR-296-5p on cell cycle progression was analysed using flow cytometry. The target gene was verified using luciferase reporter assay. A rat diabetes model was used to assess the effect of miR-296-5p in vivo. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-296-5p suppressed cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle progression, and increased the healing rate of diabetic wounds both in vivo and in vitro. TargetScan analysis results showed that miR-296-5p is a direct regulator of SGLT2. CONCLUSIONS miR-296-5p can increase the healing rate of diabetic wounds and may be an effective molecular tool in DM diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinju Zhang
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbao Zhou
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Chai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Ma
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Inhibitor binding mode and allosteric regulation of Na +-glucose symporters. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5245. [PMID: 30532032 PMCID: PMC6286348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) exploit sodium gradients to transport sugars across the plasma membrane. Due to their role in renal sugar reabsorption, SGLTs are targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Current therapeutics are phlorizin derivatives that contain a sugar moiety bound to an aromatic aglycon tail. Here, we develop structural models of human SGLT1/2 in complex with inhibitors by combining computational and functional studies. Inhibitors bind with the sugar moiety in the sugar pocket and the aglycon tail in the extracellular vestibule. The binding poses corroborate mutagenesis studies and suggest a partial closure of the outer gate upon binding. The models also reveal a putative Na+ binding site in hSGLT1 whose disruption reduces the transport stoichiometry to the value observed in hSGLT2 and increases inhibition by aglycon tails. Our work demonstrates that subtype selectivity arises from Na+-regulated outer gate closure and a variable region in extracellular loop EL5. Sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) transport sugars across the plasma membrane and play important roles in renal sugar reabsorption. Here authors develop structural models of human SGLT1/2 (hSGLT1/2) in complex with inhibitors which helps to understand inhibitor subtype selectivity.
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Balazki P, Schaller S, Eissing T, Lehr T. A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Kidney Model of Diabetes Associated Renal Hyperfiltration and the Effects of SGLT Inhibitors. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2018; 7:788-797. [PMID: 30270578 PMCID: PMC6310870 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The early stage of diabetes mellitus is characterized by increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), known as hyperfiltration, which is believed to be one of the main causes leading to renal injury in diabetes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been shown to be able to reverse hyperfiltration in some patients. We developed a mechanistic computational model of the kidney that explains the interplay of hyperglycemia and hyperfiltration and integrates the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of the SGLT2i dapagliflozin. Based on simulation results, we propose kidney growth as the necessary process for hyperfiltration progression. Further, the model indicates that renal SGLT1i could significantly improve hyperfiltration when added to SGTL2i. Integrated into a physiologically based PK/PD (PBPK/PD) Diabetes Platform, the model presents a powerful tool for aiding drug development, prediction of hyperfiltration risk, and allows the assessment of the outcomes of individualized treatments with SGLT1-inhibitors and SGLT2-inhibitors and their co-administration with insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Balazki
- Clinical PharmacometricsBayer AGLeverkusenGermany
- Clinical PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
- esqLABS GmbHSaterlandGermany
| | | | | | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
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Chemical biology probes of mammalian GLUT structure and function. Biochem J 2018; 475:3511-3534. [PMID: 30459202 PMCID: PMC6243331 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of glucose transporters of the mammalian GLUT family of proteins has been studied over many decades, and the proteins have fascinated numerous research groups over this time. This interest is related to the importance of the GLUTs as archetypical membrane transport facilitators, as key limiters of the supply of glucose to cell metabolism, as targets of cell insulin and exercise signalling and of regulated membrane traffic, and as potential drug targets to combat cancer and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review focusses on the use of chemical biology approaches and sugar analogue probes to study these important proteins.
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31
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Ghezzi C, Loo DDF, Wright EM. Physiology of renal glucose handling via SGLT1, SGLT2 and GLUT2. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2087-2097. [PMID: 30132032 PMCID: PMC6133168 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of glucose in plasma is held within narrow limits (4-10 mmol/l), primarily to ensure fuel supply to the brain. Kidneys play a role in glucose homeostasis in the body by ensuring that glucose is not lost in the urine. Three membrane proteins are responsible for glucose reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal tubule: sodium-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2, in the apical membrane, and GLUT2, a uniporter in the basolateral membrane. 'Knockout' of these transporters in mice and men results in the excretion of filtered glucose in the urine. In humans, intravenous injection of the plant glucoside phlorizin also results in excretion of the full filtered glucose load. This outcome and the finding that, in an animal model, phlorizin reversed the symptoms of diabetes, has stimulated the development and successful introduction of SGLT2 inhibitors, gliflozins, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here we summarise the current state of our knowledge about the physiology of renal glucose handling and provide background to the development of SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ghezzi
- Department of Physiology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1751, USA
| | - Donald D F Loo
- Department of Physiology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1751, USA
| | - Ernest M Wright
- Department of Physiology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1751, USA.
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32
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Alicic RZ, Johnson EJ, Tuttle KR. SGLT2 Inhibition for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 72:267-277. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sala‐Rabanal M, Ghezzi C, Hirayama BA, Kepe V, Liu J, Barrio JR, Wright EM. Intestinal absorption of glucose in mice as determined by positron emission tomography. J Physiol 2018; 596:2473-2489. [PMID: 29707805 PMCID: PMC6023830 DOI: 10.1113/jp275934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The goal was to determine the importance of the sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 and the glucose uniporter GLUT2 in intestinal glucose absorption during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in mice. Glucose absorption was determined in mice using positron emission tomography and three non-metabolizable glucose probes: one specific for SGLTs, one specific for GLUTs, and one a substrate for both SGLTs and GLUTs. Absorption was determined in wild-type, Sglt1-/- and Glut2-/- mice. Gastric emptying was a rate-limiting step in absorption. SGLT1, but not GLUT2, was important in fast glucose absorption. In the absence of SGLT1 or GLUT2, the oral glucose load delivered to the small intestine was slowly absorbed. Oral phlorizin only inhibited the fast component of glucose absorption, but it contributed to decreasing blood glucose levels by inhibiting renal reabsorption. ABSTRACT The current model of intestinal absorption is that SGLT1 is responsible for transport of glucose from the lumen into enterocytes across the brush border membrane, and GLUT2 for the downhill transport from the epithelium into blood across the basolateral membrane. Nevertheless, questions remain about the importance of these transporters in vivo. To address these questions, we have developed a non-invasive imaging method, positron emission tomography (PET), to monitor intestinal absorption of three non-metabolized glucose tracers during standard oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in mice. One tracer is specific for SGLTs (α-methyl-4-[18 F]fluoro-4-deoxy-d-glucopyranoside; Me-4FDG), one is specific for GLUTs (2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-d-glucose; 2-FDG), and one is a substrate for both SGLTs and GLUTs (4-deoxy-4-[18 F]fluoro-d-glucose; 4-FDG). OGTTs were conducted on adult wild-type, Sglt1-/- and Glut2-/- mice. In conscious mice, OGTTs resulted in the predictable increase in blood glucose that was blocked by phlorizin in both wild-type and Glut2-/- animals. The blood activity of both Me-4FDG and 4-FDG, but not 2-FDG, accompanied the changes in glucose concentration. PET imaging during OGTTs further shows that: (i) intestinal absorption of the glucose load depends on gastric emptying; (ii) SGLT1 is important for the fast absorption; (iii) GLUT2 is not important in absorption; and (iv) oral phlorizin reduces absorption by SGLT1, but is absorbed and blocks glucose reabsorption in the kidney. We conclude that in standard OGTTs in mice, SGLT1 is essential in fast absorption, GLUT2 does not play a significant role, and in the absence of SGLT1 the total load of glucose is slowly absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sala‐Rabanal
- Department of PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095‐1571USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiologyand Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases (CIMED)Washington UniversitySt LouisMO63110USA
| | - Chiara Ghezzi
- Department of PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095‐1571USA
| | - Bruce A. Hirayama
- Department of PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095‐1571USA
| | - Vladimir Kepe
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095‐1735USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095‐1735USA
| | - Jorge R. Barrio
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095‐1735USA
| | - Ernest M. Wright
- Department of PhysiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095‐1571USA
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Samukawa Y, Mutoh M, Chen S, Mizui N. Mechanism-Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Luseogliflozin, a Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor, in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1207-1218. [PMID: 28769002 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Luseogliflozin is a selective sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that reduces hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by promoting urinary glucose excretion (UGE). A clinical pharmacology study conducted in Japanese patients with T2DM confirmed dose-dependency of UGE with once-daily administration of luseogliflozin; however, the reason for sustained UGE after plasma luseogliflozin decreased was unclear. To elucidate the effect of inhibition rate constants, Kon and Koff, and to explain the sustained UGE, a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model was built based on the mechanisms of glucose filtration in the glomerulus and reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule of kidney as well as the kinetics of competitive inhibition of SGLT1/2 and inhibition rate constants of SGLT2, by using UGE and plasma glucose levels and luseogliflozin concentrations. This acquired population PK-PD model adequately described the sustained UGE and the estimated population means of the inhibition constant for SGLT2 (Ki2) and inhibition-rate constants for SGLT2 (Kon and Koff) were 0.31- and 3.6-fold lower or higher than the in vitro values. Because the dissociation half-time of luseogliflozin from SGLT2 calculated from Koff, 6.81 h, was consistent with the value in vitro, we considered that the sustained UGE could be explained by the long dissociation half-time. Moreover, by calculating the SGLT2 inhibition ratio using the model, we discuss other properties of the UGE time course after luseogliflozin administration.
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35
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Steffansen B, Pedersen MD, Laghmoch AM, Nielsen CU. SGLT1-Mediated Transport in Caco-2 Cells Is Highly Dependent on Cell Bank Origin. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2664-2670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Wang TY, Li Q, Bi KS. Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: Structure, activity and biological fate. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 13:12-23. [PMID: 32104374 PMCID: PMC7032191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a class of polyphenol secondary metabolites, are presented broadly in plants and diets. They are believed to have various bioactive effects including anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging, etc. Their basic structures consist of C6-C3-C6 rings with different substitution patterns to produce a series of subclass compounds, and correlations between chemical structures and bioactivities have been studied before. Given their poor bioavailability, however, information about associations between structure and biological fate is limited and urgently needed. This review therefore attempts to bring some order into relationships between structure, activity as well as pharmacokinetics of bioactive flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kai-Shun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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37
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Morales-Olivas FJ. Clinical relevance of the selectivity of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Med Clin (Barc) 2017; 147 Suppl 1:26-29. [PMID: 28760222 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(17)30622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity is the property of a drug to preferentially bind to a biological structure. Most drugs can bind and stimulate or inhibit more than one system. Therefore, it is important that they are selective for the intended site and that the doses used do not have effects on other sites, which could provoke adverse reactions. Selectivity is assessed through in vitro experiments on organs or isolated cells. If the aim is to compare drugs, the experiment should be conducted in the same tissue and with the same design. Even so, the results cannot be directly extrapolated to clinical practice due to the influence of pharmacokinetic properties, which allow an adequate dose of the drug to reach the target site. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are able to inhibit renal SGLT2 without modifying intestinal SGLT1, whose inhibition could produce gastrointestinal adverse reactions. The concentration needed to inhibit each of the transporters is calculated, as well as the ratio between the concentration that inhibits SGLT1 and the concentration needed to inhibit SGLT2. The higher the ratio, the greater the selectivity and the lower the risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions. The three SGLT2i recently introduced in the therapeutic arsenal are sufficiently selective for SGLT2 to make effects on intestinal SGLT1 unlikely. To differentiate the components of this therapeutic class, its pharmacokinetic properties should be analysed rather than its pharmacodynamic characteristics, such as selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Morales-Olivas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, Valencia, España.
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38
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Rosivall L, Cypress M, Navar LG. Editorial. Physiol Int 2017; 104:91-96. [PMID: 28665195 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Rosivall
- 1 Institute of Pathophysiology, International Nephrology Research and Training Center, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Cypress
- 2 Department of Physiology, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L G Navar
- 2 Department of Physiology, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA
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39
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Ghezzi C, Yu AS, Hirayama BA, Kepe V, Liu J, Scafoglio C, Powell DR, Huang SC, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR, Wright EM. Dapagliflozin Binds Specifically to Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 in the Proximal Renal Tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:802-810. [PMID: 27620988 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys contribute to glucose homeostasis by reabsorbing filtered glucose in the proximal tubules via sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). Reabsorption is primarily handled by SGLT2, and SGLT2-specific inhibitors, including dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin, increase glucose excretion and lower blood glucose levels. To resolve unanswered questions about these inhibitors, we developed a novel approach to map the distribution of functional SGLT2 proteins in rodents using positron emission tomography with 4-[18F]fluoro-dapagliflozin (F-Dapa). We detected prominent binding of intravenously injected F-Dapa in the kidney cortexes of rats and wild-type and Sglt1-knockout mice but not Sglt2-knockout mice, and injection of SGLT2 inhibitors prevented this binding. Furthermore, imaging revealed only low levels of F-Dapa in the urinary bladder, even after displacement of kidney binding with dapagliflozin. Microscopic ex vitro autoradiography of kidney showed F-Dapa binding to the apical surface of early proximal tubules. Notably, in vivo imaging did not show measureable specific binding of F-Dapa in heart, muscle, salivary glands, liver, or brain. We propose that F-Dapa is freely filtered by the kidney, binds to SGLT2 in the apical membranes of the early proximal tubule, and is subsequently reabsorbed into blood. The high density of functional SGLT2 transporters detected in the apical membrane of the proximal tubule but not detected in other organs likely accounts for the high kidney specificity of SGLT2 inhibitors. Overall, these data are consistent with data from clinical studies on SGLT2 inhibitors and provide a rationale for the mode of action of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy S Yu
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | | | - Vladimir Kepe
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jie Liu
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Claudio Scafoglio
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | | | - Sung-Cheng Huang
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Nagichettiar Satyamurthy
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jorge R Barrio
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
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40
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Abstract
Secondary active transporters, such as those that adopt the leucine-transporter fold, are found in all domains of life, and they have the unique capability of harnessing the energy stored in ion gradients to accumulate small molecules essential for life as well as expel toxic and harmful compounds. How these proteins couple ion binding and transport to the concomitant flow of substrates is a fundamental structural and biophysical question that is beginning to be answered at the atomistic level with the advent of high-resolution structures of transporters in different structural states. Nonetheless, the dynamic character of the transporters, such as ion/substrate binding order and how binding triggers conformational change, is not revealed from static structures, yet it is critical to understanding their function. Here, we report a series of molecular simulations carried out on the sugar transporter vSGLT that lend insight into how substrate and ions are released from the inward-facing state of the transporter. Our simulations reveal that the order of release is stochastic. Functional experiments were designed to test this prediction on the human homolog, hSGLT1, and we also found that cytoplasmic release is not ordered, but we confirmed that substrate and ion binding from the extracellular space is ordered. Our findings unify conflicting published results concerning cytoplasmic release of ions and substrate and hint at the possibility that other transporters in the superfamily may lack coordination between ions and substrate in the inward-facing state.
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41
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Sala-Rabanal M, Hirayama BA, Ghezzi C, Liu J, Huang SC, Kepe V, Koepsell H, Yu A, Powell DR, Thorens B, Wright EM, Barrio JR. Revisiting the physiological roles of SGLTs and GLUTs using positron emission tomography in mice. J Physiol 2016; 594:4425-38. [PMID: 27018980 DOI: 10.1113/jp271904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Glucose transporters are central players in glucose homeostasis. There are two major classes of glucose transporters in the body, the passive facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the secondary active sodium-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs). In the present study, we report the use of a non-invasive imaging technique, positron emission tomography, in mice aiming to evaluate the role of GLUTs and SGLTs in controlling glucose distribution and utilization. We show that GLUTs are most significant for glucose uptake into the brain and liver, whereas SGLTs are important in glucose recovery in the kidney. This work provides further support for the use of SGLT imaging in the investigation of the role of SGLT transporters in human physiology and diseases such as diabetes and cancer. ABSTRACT The importance of sodium-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs) and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) in glucose homeostasis was studied in mice using fluorine-18 labelled glucose molecular imaging probes and non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The probes were: α-methyl-4-[F-18]-fluoro-4-deoxy-d-glucopyranoside (Me-4FDG), a substrate for SGLTs; 4-deoxy-4-[F-18]-fluoro-d-glucose (4-FDG), a substrate for SGLTs and GLUTs; and 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]-fluoro-d-glucose (2-FDG), a substrate for GLUTs. These radiolabelled imaging probes were injected i.v. into wild-type, Sglt1(-/-) , Sglt2(-/-) and Glut2(-/-) mice and their dynamic whole-body distribution was determined using microPET. The distribution of 2-FDG was similar to that reported earlier (i.e. it accumulated in the brain, heart, liver and kidney, and was excreted into the urinary bladder). There was little change in the distribution of 2-FDG in Glut2(-/-) mice, apart from a reduction in the rate of uptake into liver. The major differences between Me-4FDG and 2-FDG were that Me-4FDG did not enter the brain and was not excreted into the urinary bladder. There was urinary excretion of Me-4FDG in Sglt1(-/-) and Sglt2(-/-) mice. However, Me-4FDG was not reabsorbed in the kidney in Glut2(-/-) mice. There were no differences in Me-4FDG uptake into the heart of wild-type, Sglt1(-/-) and Sglt2(-/-) mice. We conclude that GLUT2 is important in glucose liver transport and reabsorption of glucose in the kidney along with SGLT2 and SGLT1. Complete reabsorption of Me-4FDG from the glomerular filtrate in wild-type mice and the absence of reabsorption in the kidney in Glut2(-/-) mice confirm the importance of GLUT2 in glucose absorption across the proximal tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sala-Rabanal
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Present address: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce A Hirayama
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chiara Ghezzi
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sung-Cheng Huang
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Kepe
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Present address: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Amy Yu
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Present address: Radiation Oncology, Stanford Hospital, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernard Thorens
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ernest M Wright
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge R Barrio
- The Department of Physiology and the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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42
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Raja M, Puntheeranurak T, Gruber HJ, Hinterdorfer P, Kinne RKH. The role of transporter ectodomains in drug recognition and binding: phlorizin and the sodium–glucose cotransporter. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the role of segments of SLCs located outside the plasma membrane bilayer (ectodomains) using the inhibition of SGLTs (SLC5 family) by the aromatic glucoside phlorizin as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Raja
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology
- Dortmund
- Germany
| | - T. Puntheeranurak
- Department of Biology
- Center of Nanoscience
- Faculty of Science
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok
| | - H. J. Gruber
- Institute for Biophysics
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz and Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH (CBL)
- Linz
- Austria
| | - P. Hinterdorfer
- Institute for Biophysics
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz and Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH (CBL)
- Linz
- Austria
| | - R. K. H. Kinne
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology
- Dortmund
- Germany
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43
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Tamura Y, Miyagawa H, Yoshida T, Chuman H. Binding interaction of SGLT with sugar and thiosugar by the molecular dynamics simulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2799-804. [PMID: 26260238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (hSGLT2) is a transporter responsible for reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. hSGLT2 inhibitors, including luseogliflozin, have been developed as drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Only luseogliflozin contains a thiosugar ring in its chemical structure, while other hSGLT2 inhibitors contain glucose rings. Consequently, we focused on the binding interactions of hSGLT2 with sugars and thiosugars. We first revealed that the binding affinities of thiosugars are stronger than those of sugars through molecular dynamics simulations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, sodium-galactose co-transporter, and human hSGLT2. We then demonstrated that Na(+) dissociates from the protein to the cytoplasmic solution more slowly in the thiosugar system than in the sugar system. These differences between sugars and thiosugars are discussed on the basis of the different binding modes due to the atom at the 5-position of the sugar and thiosugar rings. Finally, as a result of Na(+) dissociation, we suggest that the dissociation of thiosugars is slower than that of sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunoshin Tamura
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroh Miyagawa
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Yoshida
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Chuman
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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44
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Raja M, Kinne RK. Identification of phlorizin binding domains in sodium-glucose cotransporter family: SGLT1 as a unique model system. Biochimie 2015; 115:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Glucose is a major metabolic substrate required for cancer cell survival and growth. It is mainly imported into cells by facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs). Here we demonstrate the importance of another glucose import system, the sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs), in pancreatic and prostate adenocarcinomas, and investigate their role in cancer cell survival. Three experimental approaches were used: (i) immunohistochemical mapping of SGLT1 and SGLT2 distribution in tumors; (ii) measurement of glucose uptake in fresh isolated tumors using an SGLT-specific radioactive glucose analog, α-methyl-4-deoxy-4-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucopyranoside (Me4FDG), which is not transported by GLUTs; and (iii) measurement of in vivo SGLT activity in mouse models of pancreatic and prostate cancer using Me4FDG-PET imaging. We found that SGLT2 is functionally expressed in pancreatic and prostate adenocarcinomas, and provide evidence that SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose uptake and reduce tumor growth and survival in a xenograft model of pancreatic cancer. We suggest that Me4FDG-PET imaging may be used to diagnose and stage pancreatic and prostate cancers, and that SGLT2 inhibitors, currently in use for treating diabetes, may be useful for cancer therapy.
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Uchida S, Mitani A, Gunji E, Takahashi T, Yamamoto K. In vitro characterization of luseogliflozin, a potent and competitive sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor: Inhibition kinetics and binding studies. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 128:54-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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A catechin-enriched green tea extract prevents glucose-induced survival reduction in Caenorhabditis elegans through sir-2.1 and uba-1 dependent hormesis. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Powell DR, Smith MG, Doree DD, Harris AL, Xiong WW, Mseeh F, Wilson A, Gopinathan S, Diaz D, Goodwin NC, Harrison B, Strobel E, Rawlins DB, Carson K, Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM. LP-925219 maximizes urinary glucose excretion in mice by inhibiting both renal SGLT1 and SGLT2. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00129. [PMID: 26038705 PMCID: PMC4448982 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral anti-diabetic agents that improve glycemic control by inhibiting SGLT2-mediated renal glucose reabsorption. Currently available agents increase urinary glucose excretion (UGE) to <50% of maximal values because they do not inhibit SGLT1, which reabsorbs >50% of filtered glucose when SGLT2 is completely inhibited. This led us to test whether LP-925219, a small molecule dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, increases UGE to maximal values in wild-type (WT) mice. We first tested LP-925219 inhibition of glucose transport by HEK293 cells expressing SGLT1 or SGLT2, and then characterized LP-925219 pharmacokinetics. We found that LP-925219 was a potent inhibitor of mouse SGLT1 (IC50 = 22.6 nmol/L) and SGLT2 (IC50 = 0.5 nmol/L), and that a 10 mg/kg oral dose was bioavailable (87%) with a long half-life (7 h). We next delivered LP-925219 by oral gavage to WT, SGLT1 knockout (KO), SGLT2 KO, and SGLT1/SGLT2 double KO (DKO) mice and measured their 24-h UGE. We found that, in vehicle-treated mice, DKO UGE was maximal and SGLT2 KO, SGLT1 KO, and WT UGEs were 30%, 2%, and 0.2% of maximal, respectively; we also found that LP-925219 dosed at 60 mg/kg twice daily increased UGE of SGLT1 KO, SGLT2 KO, and WT mice to DKO UGE levels. These findings show that orally available dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitors can maximize 24-h UGE in mammals, and suggest that such agents merit further evaluation for their potential, in diabetic patients, to achieve better glycemic control than is achieved using selective SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deon D Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | | | - Faika Mseeh
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | - Damaris Diaz
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | | | - Eric Strobel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Ken Carson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. Princeton, New Jersey
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49
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Gallo LA, Wright EM, Vallon V. Probing SGLT2 as a therapeutic target for diabetes: basic physiology and consequences. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:78-89. [PMID: 25616707 PMCID: PMC5886707 DOI: 10.1177/1479164114561992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes are often associated with side effects, including weight gain and hypoglycaemia that may offset the benefits of blood glucose lowering. The kidneys filter and reabsorb large amounts of glucose, and urine is almost free of glucose in normoglycaemia. The sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT)-2 in the early proximal tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered glucose. Remaining glucose is reabsorbed by SGLT1 in the late proximal tubule. Diabetes enhances renal glucose reabsorption by increasing the tubular glucose load and the expression of SGLT2 (as shown in mice), which maintains hyperglycaemia. Inhibitors of SGLT2 enhance urinary glucose excretion and thereby lower blood glucose levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The load-dependent increase in SGLT1-mediated glucose reabsorption explains why SGLT2 inhibitors in normoglycaemic conditions enhance urinary glucose excretion to only ~50% of the filtered glucose. The role of SGLT1 in both renal and intestinal glucose reabsorption provides a rationale for the development of dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose levels independent of insulin and induce pleiotropic actions that may be relevant in the context of lowering cardiovascular risk. Ongoing long-term clinical studies will determine whether SGLT2 inhibitors have a safety profile and exert cardiovascular benefits that are superior to traditional agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/physiopathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Renal Elimination/drug effects
- Renal Reabsorption/drug effects
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1/metabolism
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2/metabolism
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Gallo
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications Research Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernest M Wright
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Volker Vallon
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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50
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Abstract
It has been proposed that the non-saturable component of intestinal glucose absorption, apparent following prolonged exposure to high intraluminal glucose concentrations, is mediated via the low affinity glucose and fructose transporter, GLUT2, upregulated within the small intestinal apical border. The evidence that the non-saturable transport component is mediated via an apical membrane sugar transporter is that it is inhibited by phloretin, after exposure to phloridzin. Since the other apical membrane sugar transporter, GLUT5, is insensitive to inhibition by either cytochalasin B, or phloretin, GLUT2 was deduced to be the low affinity sugar transport route. As in its uninhibited state, polarized intestinal glucose absorption depends both on coupled entry of glucose and sodium across the brush border membrane and on the enterocyte cytosolic glucose concentration exceeding that in both luminal and submucosal interstitial fluids, upregulation of GLUT2 within the intestinal brush border will usually stimulate downhill glucose reflux to the intestinal lumen from the enterocytes; thereby reducing, rather than enhancing net glucose absorption across the luminal surface. These states are simulated with a computer model generating solutions to the differential equations for glucose, Na and water flows between luminal, cell, interstitial and capillary compartments. The model demonstrates that uphill glucose transport via SGLT1 into enterocytes, when short-circuited by any passive glucose carrier in the apical membrane, such as GLUT2, will reduce transcellular glucose absorption and thereby lead to increased paracellular flow. The model also illustrates that apical GLUT2 may usefully act as an osmoregulator to prevent excessive enterocyte volume change with altered luminal glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Naftalin
- Department of Physiology and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, School of Medicine, London, SE1 9HN, UK
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