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Alim MA, Mumu TJ, Tamanna US, Khan MM, Miah MI, Islam MS, Jesmin ZA, Khan T, Hasan MR, Alam MJ, Murtaja Reza Linkon KM, Rahman MN, Begum R, Prodhan UK. Hypolipidemic effect and modulation of hepatic enzymes by different edible oils in obese Wistar rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25880. [PMID: 38384579 PMCID: PMC10878912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study assessed the hypolipidemic effect and modulation of hepatic enzymes by different edible oils in obese Wistar rats. In order to conduct this study, 36 Wistar rats that were collected at 5 weeks of age and weighed an average of 70 g were split into two groups: 28 of them were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and 8 of them were fed a control diet. After 5 weeks of feeding, rats from the HFD (obese, n = 4) and the control diet group (n = 4) were sacrificed. Subsequently, the rest of obese rats (n = 24) were separated into six groups, including the continuing high-fat (CHF) diet group, rice bran oil (RBO) diet group, olive oil (OO) diet group, soybean oil (SO) diet group, cod liver oil (CLO) diet group, and sunflower oil (SFO) diet group, and the continuing control diet group (n = 4). Rats from each group were sacrificed following an additional 5 weeks, and all analytical tests were carried out. The results found that the interventions of RBO, CLO, and SFO in obese rats reduced their body weight non-significantly when compared with CHF. It was also observed that a non-significant reduction in weight of the heart, AAT, and EAT occurred by RBO, OO, SO, and CLO, while SFO reduced the AAT level significantly (p < 0.05). Besides, RBO, OO, SO, CLO, and SFO decreased IBAT and liver fat significantly compared to CHF. Similarly, the administration of RBO, OO, SO, and CLO reduced ALT significantly. RBO reduced GGT (p < 0.05) significantly, but other oils did not. The given oil has the efficiency to reduce TC, TAG, and LDL-C but increase HDL-C significantly. These findings suggest that different edible oils can ameliorate obesity, regulate lipid profiles, and modulate hepatic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Alim
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Tarana Jannat Mumu
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Ahsania Mission Cancer and General Hospital, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Ummay Salma Tamanna
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Ibn Sina Consultation Centre, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Moin Khan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- SR Ingredients Ltd., Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imran Miah
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- CSF Global-Child Sight Foundation, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahikul Islam
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Akij Food and Beverage Ltd., Dhaka, 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Zannat Ara Jesmin
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Tayeba Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rakibul Hasan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Khan Md Murtaja Reza Linkon
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nannur Rahman
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Begum
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Utpal Kumar Prodhan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
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Birulina JG, Ivanov VV, Buyko EE, Bykov VV, Dzyuman AN, Nosarev АV, Grigoreva AV, Gusakova SV. Morphological changes in the heart and aorta of rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2022-3-13-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim. To identify early morphological changes in the heart and aorta of rats with experimental metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD).Materials and methods. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 10). The rats from the control group were fed with a standard laboratory diet. The rats from the experimental group received HFHCD for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), and individual parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were assessed in the rats. A histologic examination of the heart and aorta in the animals was performed.Results. Feeding rats with HFHCD led to an increase in body weight, elevation of BP, obesity, hyperglycemia, and triglyceridemia. The histologic examination of the heart in the rats of the experimental group showed signs of vascular disease, lipomatosis, and focal myocardial degeneration. Lipid accumulation in the cells of the media, hyperplasia of adipocytes in the adventitia, and depletion and fragmentation of the elastic lamina were revealed in the aortic wall of the rats receiving HFHCD.Conclusion. The study indicated that HFHCD is an effective way to model metabolic syndrome. Structural disorders in the heart and aorta may be the mainstay for the development of cardiomyopathy and arterial hypertension in diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Fourny N, Lan C, Bernard M, Desrois M. Male and Female Rats Have Different Physiological Response to High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet but Similar Myocardial Sensitivity to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Nutrients 2021; 13:2914. [PMID: 34578791 PMCID: PMC8472056 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes is a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes and its associated cardiovascular complications, but few studies explore sexual dimorphism in this context. Here, we aim to determine whether sex influences physiological response to high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFS) and myocardial tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male and female Wistar rats were subjected to standard (CTRL) or HFS diet for 5 months. Then, ex-vivo experiments on isolated perfused heart model were performed to evaluate tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury. HFS diet induced fasting hyperglycemia and increased body fat percent to a similar level in both sexes. However, glucose intolerance was more pronounced in female HFS. Cholesterol was increased only in female while male displayed higher level of plasmatic leptin. We observed increased heart weight to tibia length ratio only in males, but we showed a similar decrease in tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in female and male HFS compared with respective controls, characterized by impaired cardiac function, energy metabolism and coronary flow during reperfusion. In conclusion, as soon as glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia develop, we observe higher sensitivity of hearts to ischemia-reperfusion injury without difference between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Fourny
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, 13005 Marseille, France; (C.L.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
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Dankel SN, Bjørndal B, Lindquist C, Grinna ML, Rossmann CR, Bohov P, Nygård O, Hallström S, Strand E, Berge RK. Hepatic Energy Metabolism Underlying Differential Lipidomic Responses to High-Carbohydrate and High-Fat Diets in Male Wistar Rats. J Nutr 2021; 151:2610-2621. [PMID: 34132338 PMCID: PMC8417924 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate diets are suggested to exert metabolic benefits by reducing circulating triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations, possibly by enhancing mitochondrial activity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate mechanisms by which dietary carbohydrate and fat differentially affect hepatic and circulating TG, and how these mechanisms relate to fatty acid composition. METHODS Six-week-old, ∼300 g male Wistar rats were fed a high-carbohydrate, low-fat [HC; 61.3% of energy (E%) carbohydrate] or a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (HF; 63.5 E% fat) diet for 4 wk. Parameters of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function were measured in plasma and liver, with fatty acid composition (GC), high-energy phosphates (HPLC), carnitine metabolites (HPLC-MS/MS), and hepatic gene expression (qPCR) as main outcomes. RESULTS In HC-fed rats, plasma TG was double and hepatic TG 27% of that in HF-fed rats. The proportion of oleic acid (18:1n-9) was 60% higher after HF vs. HC feeding while the proportion of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) and vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and estimated activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD-16 (16:1n-7/16:0), and de novo lipogenesis (16:0/18:2n-6) were 1.5-7.5-fold in HC vs. HF-fed rats. Accordingly, hepatic expression of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acaca/Acc) was strongly upregulated after HC feeding, accompanied with 8-fold higher FAS activity and doubled ACC activity. There were no differences in expression of liver-specific biomarkers of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity (Cytc, Tfam, Cpt1, Cpt2, Ucp2, Hmgcs2); concentrations of ATP, AMP, and energy charge; plasma carnitine/acylcarnitine metabolites; or peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS In male Wistar rats, dietary carbohydrate was converted into specific fatty acids via hepatic lipogenesis, contributing to higher plasma TG and total fatty acids compared with high-fat feeding. In contrast, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate feeding increased hepatic fatty acid content, without affecting hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari L Grinna
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Seth Hallström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Mengesha T, Sekaran NG, Mehare T. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin on fructose induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in male albino wistar rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:104. [PMID: 33785007 PMCID: PMC8011178 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in the Western world, and it's likely to parallel the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other components of metabolic syndrome. However, optimal treatment for NAFLD has not been established yet. Therefore, this study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of silymarin on fructose-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups; normal control group that consumed tap water, silymarin control group that consumed tap water and silymarin (400 mg/kg/day), fructose control group that consumed 20% fructose solution, treatment group that consumed 20% fructose solution and silymarin (200 mg/kg/day), and another treatment group that consumed 20% fructose solution and silymarin (400 mg/kg/day). Hepatic triglyceride, serum lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant level, morphological features, and histopathological changes were investigated. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey multiple comparison test. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. RESULTS This study showed that the fructose control group had a significantly high value in the stage of steatosis grade, hepatic triglyceride, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and hepatic malondialdehyde concentration as compared to the normal control. However, significantly low values of reduced glutathione and plasma total antioxidant capacity were found. The altered parameters due to fructose drastic effect were ameliorated by silymarin treatment. CONCLUSIONS The fructose control group developed dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and mild steatosis that are the characteristics features of NAFLD. However, silymarin-treated groups showed amelioration in oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Mengesha
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - N. Gnana Sekaran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Mehare
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Oliva ME, Ferreira MDR, Vega Joubert MB, D'Alessandro ME. Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seed promotes body fat depletion and modulates adipocyte lipid handling in sucrose-rich diet-fed rats. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109842. [PMID: 33509466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seed upon metabolic pathways that play a key role in adipose tissue lipid handling which could be involved in visceral adiposity reduction developed in rats fed a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). Male Wistar rats were fed with a reference diet (RD) -6 months- or SRD-3 months. Then, the last group was randomly divided into two subgroups. One subgroup continued receiving the SRD up to 6 months and the other was fed with a SRD where whole chia seed was incorporated as the source of dietary fat for the next 3 months (SRD + CHIA). Results showed that chia seed in the SRD-fed rat reduced the abdominal and thoracic circumferences, carcass fat content, adipose tissue weights, and visceral adiposity index. This was accompanied by an improvement in insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile. In epididymal adipose tissue, the decreased fat cell triglyceride content was associated with a reduction in both, FAT/CD 36 plasma membrane levels and the fat synthesis enzyme activities. There were not changes in oxidative CPT enzyme activities. PKCβ and the precursor and mature forms of SREBP-1 protein levels were decreased, while pAMPK was increased. Our findings suggest that chia seed supplementation can modulate essential pathways of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, contributing to reduced visceral fat accumulation in SRD-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Oliva
- Laboratorio de Estudio de Enfermedades Metabólicas relacionadas con la Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Del Rosario Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Estudio de Enfermedades Metabólicas relacionadas con la Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Michelle Berenice Vega Joubert
- Laboratorio de Estudio de Enfermedades Metabólicas relacionadas con la Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia D'Alessandro
- Laboratorio de Estudio de Enfermedades Metabólicas relacionadas con la Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Protein Digests and Pure Peptides from Chia Seed Prevented Adipogenesis and Inflammation by Inhibiting PPARγ and NF-κB Pathways in 3T3L-1 Adipocytes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010176. [PMID: 33430086 PMCID: PMC7826547 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the mechanisms of digested total proteins (DTP), albumin, glutelin, and pure peptides from chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) to prevent adipogenesis and its associated inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Preadipocytes (3T3-L1) were treated during differentiation with either DTP or digested albumin or glutelin (1 mg/mL) or pure peptides NSPGPHDVALDQ and RMVLPEYELLYE (100 µM). Differentiated adipocytes also received DTP, digested albumin or glutelin (1 mg/mL), before (prevention) or after (inhibition) induced inflammation by addition of conditioned medium (CM) from inflamed macrophages. All treatments prevented adipogenesis, reducing more than 50% the expression of PPARγ and to a lesser extent lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), lipase activity and triglycerides. Inflammation induced by CM was reduced mainly during prevention, while DTP decreased expression of NF-κB (−48.4%), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (−46.2%) and COX-2 (−64.5%), p < 0.05. Secretions of nitric oxide, PGE2 and TNFα were reduced by all treatments, p < 0.05. DTP reduced expressions of iNOS (−52.1%) and COX-2 (−66.4%). Furthermore, digested samples and pure peptides prevented adipogenesis by modulating PPARγ and additionally, preventing and even inhibiting inflammation in adipocytes by inhibition of PPARγ and NF-κB expression. These results highlight the effectiveness of digested total proteins and peptides from chia seed against adipogenesis complications in vitro.
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Snow SJ, Henriquez AR, Fenton JI, Goeden T, Fisher A, Vallanat B, Angrish M, Richards JE, Schladweiler MC, Cheng WY, Wood CE, Tong H, Kodavanti UP. Diets enriched with coconut, fish, or olive oil modify peripheral metabolic effects of ozone in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 410:115337. [PMID: 33217375 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary factors may modulate metabolic effects of air pollutant exposures. We hypothesized that diets enriched with coconut oil (CO), fish oil (FO), or olive oil (OO) would alter ozone-induced metabolic responses. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (1-month-old) were fed normal diet (ND), or CO-, FO-, or OO-enriched diets. After eight weeks, animals were exposed to air or 0.8 ppm ozone, 4 h/day for 2 days. Relative to ND, CO- and OO-enriched diet increased body fat, serum triglycerides, cholesterols, and leptin, while all supplements increased liver lipid staining (OO > FO > CO). FO increased n-3, OO increased n-6/n-9, and all supplements increased saturated fatty-acids. Ozone increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), induced hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and changed gene expression involved in energy metabolism in adipose and muscle tissue in rats fed ND. Ozone-induced glucose intolerance was exacerbated by OO-enriched diet. Ozone increased leptin in CO- and FO-enriched groups; however, BCAA increases were blunted by FO and OO. Ozone-induced inhibition of liver cholesterol biosynthesis genes in ND-fed rats was not evident in enriched dietary groups; however, genes involved in energy metabolism and glucose transport were increased in rats fed FO and OO-enriched diet. FO- and OO-enriched diets blunted ozone-induced inhibition of genes involved in adipose tissue glucose uptake and cholesterol synthesis, but exacerbated genes involved in adipose lipolysis. Ozone-induced decreases in muscle energy metabolism genes were similar in all dietary groups. In conclusion, CO-, FO-, and OO-enriched diets modified ozone-induced metabolic changes in a diet-specific manner, which could contribute to altered peripheral energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Travis Goeden
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Anna Fisher
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Beena Vallanat
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Michelle Angrish
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Judy E Richards
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Wan-Yun Cheng
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Charles E Wood
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Effect of different fractions of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) on glucose metabolism, in vivo and in vitro. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Martins Matias A, Murucci Coelho P, Bermond Marques V, dos Santos L, Monteiro de Assis ALE, Valentim Nogueira B, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Soares Leopoldo A. Hypercaloric diet models do not develop heart failure, but the excess sucrose promotes contractility dysfunction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228860. [PMID: 32032383 PMCID: PMC7006916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several diseases are associated with excess of adipose tissue, and obesity is considered an independent risk factor for the development of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Dietary aspects have been studied to elucidate the mechanisms involved in these processes. Thus, the purpose was the development and characterization of an obesity experimental model from hypercaloric diets, which resulted in cardiac remodeling and predisposition to heart failure. Thirty- day-old male Wistar rats (n = 52) were randomized into four groups: control (C), high sucrose (HS), high-fat (HF) and high-fat and sucrose (HFHS) for 20 weeks. General characteristics, comorbidities, weights of the heart, left (LV) and right ventricles, atrium, and relationships with the tibia length were evaluated. The LV myocyte cross sectional area and fraction of interstitial collagen were assayed. Cardiac function was determined by hemodynamic analysis and the contractility by cardiomyocyte contractile function. Heart failure was analyzed by pulmonary congestion, right ventricular hypertrophy, and hemodynamic parameters. HF and HFHS models led to obesity by increase in adiposity index (C = 8.3 ± 0.2% vs. HF = 10.9 ± 0.5%, HFHS = 10.2 ± 0.3%). There was no change in the morphological parameters and heart failure signals. HF and HFHS caused a reduction in times to 50% relaxation without cardiomyocyte contractile damage. The HS model presented cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction visualized by lower shortening (C: 8.34 ± 0.32% vs. HS: 6.91 ± 0.28), as well as the Ca2+ transient amplitude was also increased when compared to HFHS. In conclusion, the experimental diets based on high amounts of sugar, lard or a combination of both did not promote cardiac remodeling with predisposition to heart failure under conditions of obesity or excess sucrose. Nevertheless, excess sucrose causes cardiomyocyte contractility dysfunction associated with alterations in the myocyte sensitivity to intracellular Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Martins Matias
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Murucci Coelho
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Bermond Marques
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo dos Santos
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lima-Leopoldo
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - André Soares Leopoldo
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Enes BN, Moreira LPD, Silva BP, Grancieri M, Lúcio HG, Venâncio VP, Mertens-Talcott SU, Rosa COB, Martino HSD. Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) effects and their molecular mechanisms on unbalanced diet experimental studies: A systematic review. J Food Sci 2020; 85:226-239. [PMID: 31972052 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to compile evidence and understand chia seed effects on unbalanced diet animal studies and the molecular mechanisms on metabolic biomarker modulation. A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases, following PRISMA recommendations. Risk of bias and quality was assessed using SYRCLE toll and ARRIVE guidelines. Seventeen articles were included. Throughout the studies, chia's main effects are associated with AMPK modulation: improvement of glucose and insulin tolerance, lipogenesis, antioxidant activity, and inflammation. Details about randomization and allocation concealment were insufficient, as well as information about blind protocols. Sample size, chia dose, and number of animals evaluated for each parameter were found to be lacking information among the studies. Based on experimental study data, chia has bioactive potential, and its daily consumption may reduce the risk of chronic disease development, mainly due to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects of the seed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The consumption of chia seeds may improve lipid profile, insulin and glucose tolerance, and reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Whole seed or its oil presents positive effect, but the effects of chia oil can act faster than the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara N Enes
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza P D Moreira
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara P Silva
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Grancieri
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Haira G Lúcio
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vinícius P Venâncio
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Carla O B Rosa
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Hércia S D Martino
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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Creus A, Chicco A, Álvarez SM, Giménez MS, de Lombardo YB. Dietary Salvia hispanica L. reduces cardiac oxidative stress of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:761-768. [PMID: 31935117 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salvia hispanica L., commonly known as chia seed, has beneficial effects upon some signs of metabolic syndrome (MS), such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, its action on cardiac oxidative stress associated with MS remains unknown. The goal of this study was to analyze the possible beneficial effects of chia seed (variety Salba) upon the oxidative stress of left ventricle heart muscle (LV) of a well-established dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rat model induced by feeding them a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). Male Wistar rats received an SRD for 3 months. After that, for 3 additional months, half of the animals continued with the SRD, while the other half received the SRD containing chia as the source of dietary fat instead corn oil (SRD+chia). In the LV of SRD-fed rats, chia seed improved/reverted the depleted activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase, and ameliorated manganese superoxide dismutase messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increasing the expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Improved the glutathione redox estate, reactive oxygen species, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents normalizing the p47NOX subunit mRNA level. Furthermore, chia normalized hypertension and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers. The findings show that chia seed intake impacts positively upon oxidative imbalance of LV of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats. Novelty Healthy effects of chia seed involve an improvement of cardiac antioxidant defenses through Nrf2 induction. Chia seed intake reduces cardiac oxidative stress markers of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats. Dietary chia seed restores cardiac unbalanced redox state of dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Creus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Adriana Chicco
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina M Álvarez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Avenida Ejercito de Los Andes 950, and IMIBIO-SL CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - María S Giménez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Avenida Ejercito de Los Andes 950, and IMIBIO-SL CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Bolzón de Lombardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
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13
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Reshidan NH, Abd Muid S, Mamikutty N. The effects of Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.) leaf water extracts on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome rat model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:232. [PMID: 31462242 PMCID: PMC6714300 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a non-communicable disease inclusive of risk factors such as central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia. In this present study, we investigated the ability of Pandanus amaryllifolius (PA) leaf water extract to reverse the cluster of diseases in an established rat model induced by fructose in drinking water. METHODS Thirty healthy adult male Wistar rats (150-180 g) were randomly divided into three groups which included control (C; n = 6), PA extract (PAE; n = 6) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS; n = 18). Food and fluid were given ad libitum for 8 weeks. These groups differed in fluid intake whereby rats received tap water, 10% of PA leaf water extracts and 20% of fructose in drinking water in group C, PAE and MetS, respectively. After 8 weeks, the MetS group was further subdivided into three subgroups namely MetS1 (n = 6), MetS2 (n = 6) and MetS3 (n = 6). The C, PAE and MetS1 were sacrificed. MetS1 group was sacrificed as the control for metabolic syndrome. MetS2 and MetS3 groups were treated with only tap water and 10% of PA leaf water extract respectively for another 8 weeks. The parameters for physiological and metabolic changes such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and inflammatory biomarkers (NFκβ p65, TNFα, leptin and adiponectin) were measured. RESULTS The intake of 20% of fructose in drinking water induced full blown of metabolic syndrome symptoms, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in male Wistar rats. Subsequently, treatment with PA leaf water extract improved obesity parameters including BMI, abdominal adipose tissue deposition and adipocytes size, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein with neutral effects on inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Administration of PA in metabolic syndrome rat model attenuates most of the metabolic syndrome symptoms as well as improves obesity. Therefore, PA which is rich in total flavonoids and total phenolic acids can be suggested as a useful dietary supplement to improve metabolic syndrome components induces by fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hidayah Reshidan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Suhaila Abd Muid
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norshalizah Mamikutty
- Sulaiman Al Rajhi College, Faculty of Medicine, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Bukayriyah, 51941 Saudi Arabia
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Fernández-Martínez E, Lira-Islas IG, Cariño-Cortés R, Soria-Jasso LE, Pérez-Hernández E, Pérez-Hernández N. Dietary chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) improve acute dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis in rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12986. [PMID: 31489674 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) are rich in omega fatty acids. Dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis are diseases that require effective treatments in obese and non-obese patients. The aim was to evaluate the effect of chia intake on acute tyloxapol (TI)-induced dyslipidemia, on acute carbon tetrachloride (TC)-induced steatohepatitis, and on mixed damage (TC+TI) in non-obese rats. Four experimental groups were fed for 4 weeks a diet with established rodent food (DE), and four groups were fed a diet with 15% added chia (DC). Plasma samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, biochemical liver damage markers, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Liver samples were used to quantify glycogen, catalase, lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α. A histopathological analysis was performed. DC intake partially or totally prevented steatohepatitis, and reduced lipids in the dyslipidemic groups. The hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of chia may be correlated to its high content of α-linolenic acid (omega-3) and phenolics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Metabolic syndrome is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which are currently the most common causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for NAFLD and NASH. Non-obese patients may have NAFLD or NASH. Metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia are more strongly associated with NAFLD in non-obese than in obese patients. This is the first study evaluating the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of chia seed intake on acute dyslipidemia and/or steatohepatitis caused by the individual or combined administration of the inducers tyloxapol and carbon tetrachloride, respectively, in non-obese rats. The pharmacological effects of dietary chia are correlated to its high content of omega-3 and omega-6 (1:1), protein, dietary fiber, and phenolics. The results suggest that inclusion of chia in diets of non-obese patients with dyslipidemia and/or NAFLD/NASH may improve their health state and preventing cirrhosis or HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Ivet G Lira-Islas
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Luis E Soria-Jasso
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | | | - Nury Pérez-Hernández
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Mogane C, Mokotedi LP, Millen AME, Michel FS. Increased systolic blood pressure associated with hypertriglyceridemia in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:971-979. [PMID: 31247146 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hyperlipidemia on the cardiovascular system is uncertain in females. The aim of the present study was to determine whether administration of a lipogenic diet alters cardiovascular parameters in female rats. Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 2 groups of rats receiving a standard or a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHS) for 6 weeks (n = 25 per group). Body mass, blood lipids concentrations, triglycerides clearance, blood pressures (BPs), systolic and diastolic functions, as well as vascular reactivity were assessed at the end of the diet intervention. At termination, body mass was similar between the 2 groups. Fasting blood triglycerides concentration (BTG) was greater in the HFHS group. Triglycerides clearance was impaired in the HFHS group. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration was lower in the HFHS group. The early-to-late diastolic filling velocity ratio (E/A) was lower in the HFHS group and negatively associated with BTG. The sensitivity (EC50) of mesenteric arteries to phenylephrine was greater in HFHS and was negatively associated with BTG, but not HDL. Systolic BP was higher in the HFHS group and was positively associated with BTG and HDL. The association between systolic BP and BTG was independent of other lipids measured. In conclusion, hypertriglyceridemia may have increased resistance arteries responsiveness to alpha-agonist and systolic BP in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Mogane
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lebogang P Mokotedi
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aletta M E Millen
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frederic S Michel
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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da Silva BP, Toledo RCL, Grancieri M, Moreira MEDC, Medina NR, Silva RR, Costa NMB, Martino HSD. Effects of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) on calcium bioavailability and inflammation in Wistar rats. Food Res Int 2019; 116:592-599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Lenquiste SA, de Almeida Lamas C, da Silva Marineli R, Moraes ÉA, Borck PC, Camargo RL, Quitete VHAC, Carneiro EM, Junior MRM. Jaboticaba peel powder and jaboticaba peel aqueous extract reduces obesity, insulin resistance and hepatic fat accumulation in rats. Food Res Int 2018; 120:880-887. [PMID: 31000309 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of freeze-dried jaboticaba peel (FJP) and jaboticaba tea (JE) on obesity parameters of diet-induced obese rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were distributed into six groups: AIN-93 M feed a normal control diet; HFF (obese control) feed a high-fat and fructose diet; Prevention FJP (P. FJP) and Treatment FJP (T. FJP) feed HFF diet with 2% of FJP powder, for 12 and 6 weeks respectively; Prevention JE (P. JE) and Treatment JE (T. JE) were feed with HFF diet and the water was substituted by JE, for 12 and 6 weeks, respectively. Lipid profile, glucose, adiponectin and leptin were measured. Glucose and insulin tolerance, also pancreatic islet insulin secretion were determined. Liver morphology and fat liver accumulation were evaluated. Results showed that HFF-diet induced weight gain, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. All FJP and JE treatments reduced weight gain, adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity. Twelve weeks supplementation increased HDL-cholesterol and prevented hepatic steatosis. Our results suggest that FJP and JE act as functional foods, being a dietary strategy to prevent or control obesity. FJP and JE 12 weeks supplementation can modulate important parameters of obesity and insulin metabolism, preventing liver steatosis in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Alves Lenquiste
- Faculty of Nutrition, University of Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE) - Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Monteiro Lobato St, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Celina de Almeida Lamas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Bertrand Russel Av, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela da Silva Marineli
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Monteiro Lobato St, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Érica Aguiar Moraes
- Department of Integrated Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria - ES, Brazil; Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Monteiro Lobato St, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristine Borck
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Bertrand Russel Av, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ludemann Camargo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Bertrand Russel Av, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Bertrand Russel Av, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Monteiro Lobato St, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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18
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Sharma H, Kumar P, Deshmukh RR, Bishayee A, Kumar S. Pentacyclic triterpenes: New tools to fight metabolic syndrome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:166-177. [PMID: 30466975 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a combination of dysregulated cardiometabolic risk factors characterized by dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, inflammation, obesity as well as hypertension. These factors are tied to the increased risk for type-II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome. PURPOSE To review the proposed molecular mechanisms of pentacyclic triterpenes for their potential use in the metabolic syndrome. METHODS PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar database were searched from commencement to April 2018. Following keywords were searched in the databases with varying combinations: "metabolic syndrome", "pentacyclic triterpenes", "transcription factors", "protein kinase", "lipogenesis", "adipogenesis", "lipolysis", "fatty acids", "gluconeogenesis", "cardiovascular", "mitochondria", "oxidative stress", "pancreas", "hepatic cells", "skeletal muscle", "3T3-L1", "C2C12", "obesity", "inflammation", "insulin resistance", "glucose uptake", "clinical studies" and "bioavailability". RESULTS Pentacyclic triterpenes, such as asiatic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, α,β-amyrin, celastrol, carbenoxolone, corosolic acid, maslinic acid, bardoxolone methyl and lupeol downregulate several metabolic syndrome components by regulating transcription factors, protein kinases and enzyme involved in the adipogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, insulin resistance, mitochondria biogenesis, gluconeogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation. CONCLUSION In vitro and in vivo studies suggests that pentacyclic triterpenes effectively downregulate various factors related to metabolic syndrome. These phytochemicals may serve as promising candidates for clinical trials for the management of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitender Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119 Haryana, India
| | - Pushpander Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119 Haryana, India
| | - Rahul R Deshmukh
- School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119 Haryana, India.
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Ogola BO, Zimmerman MA, Clark GL, Abshire CM, Gentry KM, Miller KS, Lindsey SH. New insights into arterial stiffening: does sex matter? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1073-H1087. [PMID: 30028199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses sexual dimorphism in arterial stiffening, disease pathology interactions, and the influence of sex on mechanisms and pathways. Arterial stiffness predicts cardiovascular mortality independent of blood pressure. Patients with increased arterial stiffness have a 48% higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Like other cardiovascular pathologies, arterial stiffness is sexually dimorphic. Young women have lower stiffness than aged-matched men, but this sex difference reverses during normal aging. Estrogen therapy does not attenuate progressive stiffening in postmenopausal women, indicating that currently prescribed drugs do not confer protection. Although remodeling of large arteries is a protective adaptation to higher wall stress, arterial stiffening increases afterload to the left ventricle and transmits higher pulsatile pressure to smaller arteries and target organs. Moreover, an increase in aortic stiffness may precede or exacerbate hypertension, particularly during aging. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which females are protected from arterial stiffness to provide insight into its mechanisms and, ultimately, therapeutic targets for treating this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard O Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Gabrielle L Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Caleb M Abshire
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kaylee M Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristin S Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
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20
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Early changes in tissue amino acid metabolism and nutrient routing in rats fed a high-fat diet: evidence from natural isotope abundances of nitrogen and carbon in tissue proteins. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:981-991. [PMID: 29502540 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance affect protein and amino acid (AA) metabolism in tissues. The natural relative abundances of the heavy stable isotopes of C (δ 13C) and N (δ 15N) in tissue proteins offer novel and promising biomarkers of AA metabolism. They, respectively, reflect the use of dietary macronutrients for tissue AA synthesis and the relative metabolic use of tissue AA for oxidation v. protein synthesis. In this study, δ 13C and δ 15N were measured in the proteins of various tissues in young adult rats exposed perinatally and/or fed after weaning with a normal- or a high-fat (HF) diet, the aim being to characterise HF-induced tissue-specific changes in AA metabolism. HF feeding was shown to increase the routing of dietary fat to all tissue proteins via non-indispensable AA synthesis, but did not affect AA allocation between catabolic and anabolic processes in most tissues. However, the proportion of AA directed towards oxidation rather than protein synthesis was increased in the small intestine and decreased in the tibialis anterior muscle and adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, the AA reallocation was observed in the case of perinatal or post-weaning exposure to HF, whereas in the small intestine and tibialis anterior muscle the AA reallocation was only observed after HF exposure that covered both the perinatal and post-weaning periods. In conclusion, HF exposure induced an early reorganisation of AA metabolism involving tissue-specific effects, and in particular a decrease in the relative allocation of AA to oxidation in several peripheral tissues.
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Adorni CS, Corrêa CR, Vileigas DF, de Campos DHS, Padovani CR, Minatel IO, Cicogna AC. The influence of obesity by a diet high in saturated fats and carbohydrates balance in the manifestation of systemic complications and comorbidities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-017-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Creus A, Benmelej A, Villafañe N, Lombardo YB. Dietary Salba (Salvia hispanica L) improves the altered metabolic fate of glucose and reduces increased collagen deposition in the heart of insulin-resistant rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 121:30-39. [PMID: 28651695 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the effects of dietary Salba (chia) seeds on the mechanisms underlying impaired glucose metabolism in the heart of dyslipemic insulin-resistant rats fed a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). Wistar rats were fed a SRD for 3 months. Afterwards, half the animals continued with the SRD; in the other half's diet chia seeds replaced corn oil (CO) for three months (SRD+chia). In the control group, corn starch replaced sucrose. The replacement of CO by chia seeds in the SRD restored the activities of key enzymes involved in heart glucose metabolism decreasing fatty acid oxidation. Chia seeds normalized insulin stimulated GLUT-4 transporter, the abundance of IRS-1 and pAMPK, changed the profile of fatty acid phospholipids, reduced left-ventricle collagen deposition and normalized hypertension and dyslipidemia. New evidence is provided concerning the effects of dietary chia seeds in improving the altered metabolic fate of glucose in the heart of dyslipemic insulin-resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Creus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Adriana Benmelej
- Department of Morphology, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Noelia Villafañe
- Department of Morphology, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Yolanda B Lombardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Sodium restriction modulates innate immunity and prevents cardiac remodeling in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1568-1574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Barbeau PA, Holloway TM, Whitfield J, Baechler BL, Quadrilatero J, van Loon LJC, Chabowski A, Holloway GP. α-Linolenic acid and exercise training independently, and additively, decrease blood pressure and prevent diastolic dysfunction in obese Zucker rats. J Physiol 2017; 595:4351-4364. [PMID: 28345766 DOI: 10.1113/jp274036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS α-linolenic acid (ALA) and exercise training both attenuate hyperlipidaemia-related cardiovascular derangements, however, there is a paucity of information pertaining to their mechanisms of action when combined. We investigated both the independent and combined effects of exercise training and ALA consumption in obese Zucker rats, aiming to determine the potential for additive improvements in cardiovascular function. ALA and exercise training independently improved cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, left ventricular fibrosis and mean blood pressure following a 4 week intervention. Combining ALA and endurance exercise yielded greater improvements in these parameters, independent of changes in markers of oxidative stress or endogenous anti-oxidants. We postulate that divergent mechanisms of action may explain these changes: ALA increases peripheral vasodilation, and exercise training stimulates angiogenesis. ABSTRACT Although α-linolenic acid (ALA) and endurance exercise training independently attenuate hyperlipidaemia-related cardiovascular derangements, there is a paucity of information pertaining to their mechanisms of action and efficacy when combined as a preventative therapeutic approach. Therefore, we used obese Zucker rats to investigate the independent and combined effects of these interventions on cardiovascular disease. Specifically, animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control diet-sedentary, ALA supplemented-sedentary, control diet-exercise trained or ALA supplemented-exercise trained. Following a 4 week intervention, although the independent and combined effects of ALA and exercise reduced (P < 0.05) the serum free/esterified cholesterol ratio, only the ALA supplemented-exercise trained animals displayed a reduction in the content of both serum free and esterified cholesterol. Moreover, although ALA and endurance training individually increased cardiac output, stroke volume and end-diastolic volume, as well as reduced left ventricle fibrosis, mean blood pressure and total peripheral resistance, these responses were all greater following the combined intervention (ALA supplemented-exercise trained). These effects occurred independent of changes in oxidative phosphorylation proteins, markers of oxidative stress or endogenous anti-oxidant capacity. We propose that the beneficial effects of a combined intervention occur as a result of divergent mechanisms of action elicited by ALA and endurance exercise because only exercise training increased the capillary content in the left ventricle and skeletal muscle, and tended to decrease protein carbonylation in the left ventricle (P = 0.06). Taken together, our data indicate that combining ALA and endurance exercise provides additional improvements in cardiovascular disease risk reduction compared to singular interventions in the obese Zucker rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Andre Barbeau
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya M Holloway
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Whitfield
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany L Baechler
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Wolfe RR, Cifelli AM, Kostas G, Kim IY. Optimizing Protein Intake in Adults: Interpretation and Application of the Recommended Dietary Allowance Compared with the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:266-275. [PMID: 28298271 PMCID: PMC5347101 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult RDA is defined as the average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy people. The RDA for protein for adults ≥18 y of age (0.8 g/kg) has been essentially unchanged for >70 y. In practice, the RDA for protein was derived to estimate the minimum amount of protein that must be eaten to avoid a loss of body nitrogen. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) (10-35% of calories as protein) was developed to express dietary recommendations in the context of a complete diet. It is noteworthy that the lowest level of protein intake reflected in the AMDR is higher than that of the RDA. Furthermore, recent studies, particularly in older individuals, suggest specific health benefits at levels of protein intake that significantly exceed the RDA. Translation of protein intake recommendations for the general adult population into dietary guidance for individuals requires an understanding of the derivation and intended use of both the protein RDA and AMDR. The following discussion will describe limitations to the derivation and practical application of the RDA compared with the use of the AMDR to help maximize health benefits associated with higher protein intake by using flexible calories inherent in different dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR;
| | - Amy M Cifelli
- National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Centennial, CO; and
| | | | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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26
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Hunter I, Soler A, Joseph G, Hutcheson B, Bradford C, Zhang FF, Potter B, Proctor S, Rocic P. Cardiovascular function in male and female JCR:LA-cp rats: effect of high-fat/high-sucrose diet. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 312:H742-H751. [PMID: 28087518 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00535.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thirty percent of the world population is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. High-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet (Western diet) correlates with metabolic syndrome prevalence. We characterized effects of the HF/HS diet on vascular (arterial stiffness, vasoreactivity, and coronary collateral development) and cardiac (echocardiography) function, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a rat model of metabolic syndrome (JCR rats). Furthermore, we determined whether male versus female animals were affected differentially by the Western diet. Cardiovascular function in JCR male rats was impaired versus normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. HF/HS diet compromised cardiovascular (dys)function in JCR but not SD male rats. In contrast, cardiovascular function was minimally impaired in JCR female rats on normal chow. However, cardiovascular function in JCR female rats on the HF/HS diet deteriorated to levels comparable to JCR male rats on the HF/HS diet. Similarly, oxidative stress was markedly increased in male but not female JCR rats on normal chow but was equally exacerbated by the HF/HS diet in male and female JCR rats. These results indicate that the Western diet enhances oxidative stress and cardiovascular dysfunction in metabolic syndrome and eliminates the protective effect of female sex on cardiovascular function, implying that both males and females with metabolic syndrome are at equal risk for cardiovascular disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Western diet abolished protective effect of sex against cardiovascular disease (CVD) development in premenopausal animals with metabolic syndrome. Western diet accelerates progression of CVD in male and female animals with preexisting metabolic syndrome but not normal animals. Exacerbation of baseline oxidative stress correlates with accelerated progression of CVD in metabolic syndrome animals on Western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hunter
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Amanda Soler
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Gregory Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Brenda Hutcheson
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | | | - Frank Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Barry Potter
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Spencer Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Petra Rocic
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York;
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27
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Fortino MA, Oliva ME, Rodriguez S, Lombardo YB, Chicco A. Could post-weaning dietary chia seed mitigate the development of dyslipidemia, liver steatosis and altered glucose homeostasis in offspring exposed to a sucrose-rich diet from utero to adulthood? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 116:19-26. [PMID: 28088290 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work analyzes the effects of dietary chia seeds during postnatal life in offspring exposed to a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) from utero to adulthood. At weaning, chia seed (rich in α-linolenic acid) replaced corn oil (rich in linoleic acid) in the SRD. At 150 days of offspring life, anthropometrical parameters, blood pressure, plasma metabolites, hepatic lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis were analyzed. Results showed that chia was able to prevent the development of hypertension, liver steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Normal triacylglycerol secretion and triacylglycerol clearance were accompanied by an improvement of de novo hepatic lipogenic and carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1 enzymatic activities, associated with an accretion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total composition of liver homogenate. Glucose homeostasis and plasma free fatty acid levels were improved while visceral adiposity was slightly decreased. These results confirm that the incorporation of chia seed in the diet in postnatal life may provide a viable therapeutic option for preventing/mitigating adverse outcomes induced by an SRD from utero to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fortino
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M E Oliva
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Y B Lombardo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Chicco
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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28
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Creus A, Ferreira MR, Oliva ME, Lombardo YB. Mechanisms Involved in the Improvement of Lipotoxicity and Impaired Lipid Metabolism by Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Rich Salvia hispanica L (Salba) Seed in the Heart of Dyslipemic Insulin-Resistant Rats. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020018. [PMID: 26828527 PMCID: PMC4773774 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the mechanisms underlying the altered lipid metabolism in the heart of dyslipemic insulin-resistant (IR) rats fed a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) and investigates if chia seeds (rich in α-linolenic acid 18:3, n-3 ALA) improve/reverse cardiac lipotoxicity. Wistar rats received an SRD-diet for three months. Half of the animals continued with the SRD up to month 6. The other half was fed an SRD in which the fat source, corn oil (CO), was replaced by chia seeds from month 3 to 6 (SRD+chia). A reference group consumed a control diet (CD) all the time. Triglyceride, long-chain acyl CoA (LC ACoA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) contents, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) and muscle-type carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (M-CPT1) activities and protein mass levels of M-CPT1, membrane fatty acid transporter (FAT/CD36), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) were analyzed. Results show that: (a) the hearts of SRD-fed rats display lipotoxicity suggesting impaired myocardial lipid utilization; (b) Compared with the SRD group, dietary chia normalizes blood pressure; reverses/improves heart lipotoxicity, glucose oxidation, the increased protein mass level of FAT/CD36, and the impaired insulin stimulated FAT/CD36 translocation to the plasma membrane. The enhanced M-CPT1 activity is markedly reduced without similar changes in protein mass. PPARα slightly decreases, while the UCP2 protein level remains unchanged in all groups. Normalization of dyslipidemia and IR by chia reduces plasma fatty acids (FAs) availability, suggesting that a different milieu prevents the robust translocation of FAT/CD36. This could reduce the influx of FAs, decreasing the elevated M-CPT1 activity and lipid storage and improving glucose oxidation in cardiac muscles of SRD-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Creus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María R Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María E Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Yolanda B Lombardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
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29
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Guedes EC, França GS, Lino CA, Koyama FC, Moreira LDN, Alexandre JG, Barreto-Chaves MLM, Galante PAF, Diniz GP. MicroRNA Expression Signature Is Altered in the Cardiac Remodeling Induced by High Fat Diets. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1771-83. [PMID: 26638879 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the control of cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial function. In addition, several reports have demonstrated that high fat (HF) diet induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. In the current study, we investigated the effect of diets containing different percentages of fat on the cardiac miRNA expression signature. To address this question, male C57Bl/6 mice were fed with a low fat (LF) diet or two HF diets, containing 45 kcal% fat (HF45%) and 60 kcal% fat (HF60%) for 10 and 20 weeks. HF60% diet promoted an increase on body weight, fasting glycemia, insulin, leptin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and induced glucose intolerance. HF feeding promoted cardiac remodeling, as evidenced by increased cardiomyocyte transverse diameter and interstitial fibrosis. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that HF feeding induced distinct miRNA expression patterns in the heart. HF45% diet for 10 and 20 weeks changed the abundance of 64 and 26 miRNAs in the heart, respectively. On the other hand, HF60% diet for 10 and 20 weeks altered the abundance of 27 and 88 miRNAs in the heart, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that insulin signaling pathway was overrepresented in response to HF diet. An inverse correlation was observed between cardiac levels of GLUT4 and miRNA-29c. Similarly, we found an inverse correlation between expression of GSK3β and the expression of miRNA-21a-3p, miRNA-29c-3p, miRNA-144-3p, and miRNA-195a-3p. In addition, miRNA-1 overexpression prevented cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Taken together, our results revealed differentially expressed miRNA signatures in the heart in response to different HF diets. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1771-1783, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Castilho Guedes
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Starvaggi França
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Antunes Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luana do Nascimento Moreira
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gomes Alexandre
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza M Barreto-Chaves
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Placoná Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Hao L, Lu X, Sun M, Li K, Shen L, Wu T. Protective effects of L-arabinose in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:28886. [PMID: 26652604 PMCID: PMC4676841 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.28886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-Arabinose is a non-caloric sugar, which could affect glucose and lipid metabolism and suppress obesity. However, few reports have described the effect of L-arabinose in metabolic syndrome, a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to explore the effects of L-arabinose in rats with metabolic syndrome induced by a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet. METHODS After the rat model for metabolic syndrome was successfully established, L-arabinose was administrated by oral gavage for 6 weeks. The biochemical index and histological analysis were measured, and the expression levels of genes related to fatty acid metabolism were analyzed using real-time PCR. RESULTS Following treatment with L-arabinose, metabolic syndrome rats had an obvious reduction in body weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, serum insulin, TNF-α, and leptin. Further study showed that treatment with L-arabinose significantly increased the expression of mRNA for hepatic CPT-1α and PDK4, but the expression of mRNA for hepatic ACCα was reduced. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that L-arabinose could lower body weight, Lee's index, and visceral index and improve dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, and viscera function, which indicate that it might be a promising candidate for therapies combating metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China;
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingmin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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31
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Brown L, Poudyal H, Panchal SK. Functional foods as potential therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2015; 16:914-41. [PMID: 26345360 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity as part of metabolic syndrome is a major lifestyle disorder throughout the world. Current drug treatments for obesity produce small and usually unsustainable decreases in body weight with the risk of major adverse effects. Surgery has been the only treatment producing successful long-term weight loss. As a different but complementary approach, lifestyle modification including the use of functional foods could produce a reliable decrease in obesity with decreased comorbidities. Functional foods may include fruits such as berries, vegetables, fibre-enriched grains and beverages such as tea and coffee. Although health improvements continue to be reported for these functional foods in rodent studies, further evidence showing the translation of these results into humans is required. Thus, the concept that these fruits and vegetables will act as functional foods in humans to reduce obesity and thereby improve health remains intuitive and possible rather than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brown
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - H Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, The Hakubi Centre for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S K Panchal
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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32
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Panchal SK, Poudyal H, Ward LC, Waanders J, Brown L. Modulation of tissue fatty acids by L-carnitine attenuates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats. Food Funct 2015; 6:2496-506. [PMID: 26190559 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and dyslipidaemia are metabolic defects resulting from impaired lipid metabolism. These impairments are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Correcting the defects in lipid metabolism may attenuate obesity and dyslipidaemia, and reduce cardiovascular risk and liver damage. L-Carnitine supplementation was used in this study to enhance fatty acid oxidation so as to ameliorate diet-induced disturbances in lipid metabolism. Male Wistar rats (8-9 weeks old) were fed with either corn starch or high-carbohydrate, high-fat diets for 16 weeks. Separate groups were supplemented with L-carnitine (1.2% in food) on either diet for the last 8 weeks of the protocol. High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats showed central obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinaemia, cardiovascular remodelling and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. L-Carnitine supplementation attenuated these high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced changes, together with modifications in lipid metabolism including the inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity, reduced storage of short-chain monounsaturated fatty acids in the tissues with decreased linoleic acid content and trans fatty acids stored in retroperitoneal fat. Thus, L-carnitine supplementation attenuated the signs of metabolic syndrome through inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity, preferential β-oxidation of some fatty acids and increased storage of saturated fatty acids and relatively inert oleic acid in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Panchal
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia.
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33
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Should the pharmacological actions of dietary fatty acids in cardiometabolic disorders be classified based on biological or chemical function? Prog Lipid Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Kumar SA, Magnusson M, Ward LC, Paul NA, Brown L. A green algae mixture of Scenedesmus and Schroederiella attenuates obesity-linked metabolic syndrome in rats. Nutrients 2015; 7:2771-87. [PMID: 25875119 PMCID: PMC4425172 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the responses to a green algae mixture of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Schroederiella apiculata (SC) containing protein (46.1% of dry algae), insoluble fibre (19.6% of dry algae), minerals (3.7% of dry algae) and omega-3 fatty acids (2.8% of dry algae) as a dietary intervention in a high carbohydrate, high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome model in four groups of male Wistar rats. Two groups were fed with a corn starch diet containing 68% carbohydrates as polysaccharides, while the other two groups were fed a diet high in simple carbohydrates (fructose and sucrose in food, 25% fructose in drinking water, total 68%) and fats (saturated and trans fats from beef tallow, total 24%). High carbohydrate, high fat-fed rats showed visceral obesity with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular remodelling, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. SC supplementation (5% of food) lowered total body and abdominal fat mass, increased lean mass, and attenuated hypertension, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance, endothelial dysfunction, infiltration of inflammatory cells into heart and liver, fibrosis, increased cardiac stiffness, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats. This study suggests that the insoluble fibre or protein in SC helps reverse diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Arun Kumar
- Centre for Systems Biology, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
| | - Marie Magnusson
- MACRO-the Centre for Macroalgal Resources & Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A Paul
- MACRO-the Centre for Macroalgal Resources & Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
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35
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Bhaswant M, Poudyal H, Brown L. Mechanisms of enhanced insulin secretion and sensitivity with n-3 unsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:571-84. [PMID: 25841249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The widespread acceptance that increased dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), improve health is based on extensive studies in animals, isolated cells and humans. Visceral adiposity is part of the metabolic syndrome, together with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and inflammation. Alleviation of metabolic syndrome requires normalization of insulin release and responses. This review assesses our current knowledge of the mechanisms that allow n-3 PUFAs to improve insulin secretion and sensitivity. EPA has been more extensively studied than either ALA or DHA. The complex actions of EPA include increased G-protein-receptor-mediated release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) from enteroendocrine L-cells in the intestine, up-regulation of the apelin pathway and down-regulation of other control pathways to promote insulin secretion by the pancreatic β-cells, together with suppression of inflammatory responses to adipokines, inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α actions and prevention of decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion to improve peripheral insulin responses. The receptors involved and the mechanisms of action probably differ for ALA and DHA, with antiobesity effects predominating for ALA and anti-inflammatory effects for DHA. Modifying both GLP-1 release and the actions of adipokines by n-3 PUFAs could lead to additive improvements in both insulin secretion and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharshi Bhaswant
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC 3021, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Hemant Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
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Castro EFS, Mostarda CT, Rodrigues B, Moraes-Silva IC, Feriani DJ, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC. Exercise training prevents increased intraocular pressure and sympathetic vascular modulation in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:332-8. [PMID: 25714884 PMCID: PMC4418363 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to study the effects of exercise training (ET) performed by
rats on a 10-week high-fructose diet on metabolic, hemodynamic, and autonomic
changes, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP). Male Wistar rats receiving fructose
overload in drinking water (100 g/L) were concomitantly trained on a treadmill for 10
weeks (FT group) or kept sedentary (F group), and a control group (C) was kept in
normal laboratory conditions. The metabolic evaluation comprised the Lee index,
glycemia, and insulin tolerance test (KITT). Arterial pressure (AP) was measured
directly, and systolic AP variability was performed to determine peripheral autonomic
modulation. ET attenuated impaired metabolic parameters, AP, IOP, and ocular
perfusion pressure (OPP) induced by fructose overload (FT vs F). The
increase in peripheral sympathetic modulation in F rats, demonstrated by systolic AP
variance and low frequency (LF) band (F: 37±2, 6.6±0.3 vs C: 26±3,
3.6±0.5 mmHg2), was prevented by ET (FT: 29±3, 3.4±0.7 mmHg2).
Positive correlations were found between the LF band and right IOP (r=0.57, P=0.01)
and left IOP (r=0.64, P=0.003). Negative correlations were noted between KITT values
and right IOP (r=-0.55, P=0.01) and left IOP (r=-0.62, P=0.005). ET in rats
effectively prevented metabolic abnormalities and AP and IOP increases promoted by a
high-fructose diet. In addition, ocular benefits triggered by exercise training were
associated with peripheral autonomic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F S Castro
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C T Mostarda
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - B Rodrigues
- Laboratório do Movimento Humano, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I C Moraes-Silva
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D J Feriani
- Laboratório do Movimento Humano, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - K De Angelis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M C Irigoyen
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Liu H, Lin J, Zhu X, Li Y, Fan M, Zhang R, Fang D. Effects of R219K polymorphism of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 gene on serum lipids ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in healthy youth. Biol Res 2014; 47:4. [PMID: 25027185 PMCID: PMC4060374 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diets are the important players in regulating plasma lipid profiles. And the R219K polymorphism at the gene of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1(ABCA1) was reported to be associated with the profiles. However, no efforts have been made to investigate the changes of lipid profiles after a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in different subjects with different genotypes of this polymorphism. This study was to evaluate the effects of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on serum lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (high-CHO) diet. After a washout diet of 54.1% carbohydrate for 7 days, 56 healthy young subjects (22.89 ± 1.80 years old) were given a high-CHO diet of 70.1% carbohydrate for 6 days. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoA-1 and apoB-100 were measured on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), log(TG/HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and apoA-1/apoB-100 were calculated. ABCA1 R219K was analyzed by a PCR-RFLP method. Results The results indicate that the male subjects of all the genotypes had higher WHR than their female counterparts on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. The male K carriers had higher log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C than the female carriers on the 1st and 14th days, and higher LDL-C/HDL-C on the 14th day. When compared with that on the 8th day, TC/HDL-C was decreased regardless of the genotypes and genders on the 14th day. Log(TG/HDL-C) was increased in the males with the RR genotype and the female K carriers. Lowered BMI, Glu and LDL-C/HDL-C were found in the male K carriers, but only lowered BMI in the female K carriers and only lowered LDL-C/HDL-C in the females with the RR genotype. Conclusions These results suggest that ABCA1 R219K polymorphism is associated differently in males and females with elevated log(TG/HDL-C) and decreased LDL-C/HDL-C induced by the high-CHO diet.
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Renaud HJ, Cui JY, Lu H, Klaassen CD. Effect of diet on expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in mouse liver-insights into mechanisms of hepatic steatosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88584. [PMID: 24551121 PMCID: PMC3925138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intake is a fundamental determinant of health. Many studies have correlated excess caloric intake, as well as a high ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids, with detrimental health outcomes, such as the metabolic syndrome. In contrast, low-calorie diets have beneficial health effects. Despite these associations, our understanding of the causal relationship between diet and health remains largely elusive. The present study examined the molecular changes elicited by nine diets with varying fat, sugar, cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, and calories in C57BL/6 male mice. Microarray analyses were conducted on liver samples from three mice per diet and detected 20,449 genes of which 3,734 were responsive to changes in dietary components. Principal component analysis showed that diet restriction correlated the least with the other diets and also affected more genes than any other diet. Interestingly, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified gene sets involved in glutathione metabolism, immune response, fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, ABC transporters, and oxidative phosphorylation as being highly responsive to changes in diet composition. On the gene level, this study reveals novel findings such as the induction of the drug efflux pump Abcb1a (p-glycoprotein) by diet restriction and an atherogenic diet, as well as the suppression of the rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis, Cyp7a1, by a high fructose diet. This study provides considerable insight into the molecular changes incurred by a variety of diets and furthers our understanding of the causal relationships between diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Renaud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Julia Y Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Asiatic acid alleviates hemodynamic and metabolic alterations via restoring eNOS/iNOS expression, oxidative stress, and inflammation in diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats. Nutrients 2014; 6:355-70. [PMID: 24441717 PMCID: PMC3916866 DOI: 10.3390/nu6010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asiatic acid is a triterpenoid isolated from Centella asiatica. The present study aimed to investigate whether asiatic acid could lessen the metabolic, cardiovascular complications in rats with metabolic syndrome (MS) induced by a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with HCHF diet with 15% fructose in drinking water for 12 weeks to induce MS. MS rats were treated with asiatic acid (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for a further three weeks. MS rats had an impairment of oral glucose tolerance, increases in fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and hindlimb vascular resistance; these were related to the augmentation of vascular superoxide anion production, plasma malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels (p<0.05). Plasma nitrate and nitrite (NOx) were markedly high with upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, but dowregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression (p<0.05). Asiatic acid significantly improved insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, hemodynamic parameters, oxidative stress markers, plasma TNF-α, NOx, and recovered abnormality of eNOS/iNOS expressions in MS rats (p<0.05). In conclusion, asiatic acid improved metabolic, hemodynamic abnormalities in MS rats that could be associated with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and recovering regulation of eNOS/iNOS expression.
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Oliva ME, Ferreira MR, Chicco A, Lombardo YB. Dietary Salba (Salvia hispanica L) seed rich in α-linolenic acid improves adipose tissue dysfunction and the altered skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism in dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:279-89. [PMID: 24120122 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the effect of dietary Salba (chia) seed rich in n-3 α-linolenic acid on the morphological and metabolic aspects involved in adipose tissue dysfunction and the mechanisms underlying the impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in the skeletal muscle of rats fed a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). Rats were fed a SRD for 3 months. Thereafter, half the rats continued with SRD while in the other half, corn oil (CO) was replaced by chia seed for 3 months (SRD+chia). In control group, corn starch replaced sucrose. The replacement of CO by chia seed in the SRD reduced adipocyte hypertrophy, cell volume and size distribution, improved lipogenic enzyme activities, lipolysis and the anti-lipolytic action of insulin. In the skeletal muscle lipid storage, glucose phosphorylation and oxidation were normalized. Chia seed reversed the impaired insulin stimulated glycogen synthase activity, glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate and GLUT-4 protein levels as well as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria Paraje El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Longato L. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a tale of fat and sugar? FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:14. [PMID: 23866299 PMCID: PMC3735407 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global diffusion of the so-called Western diet, which is enriched in fat and carbohydrates, such as fructose, has been proposed to be an underlying cause of the increased prevalence of metabolic conditions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This Smart Card summarizes the main metabolic and hepatic histological features of rodent models fed with diets combining high fat and fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Longato
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, U3rd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Poudyal H, Kumar SA, Iyer A, Waanders J, Ward LC, Brown L. Responses to oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1381-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fatty acids influence human health and diseases in various ways. In recent years, much work has been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids control short-term and long-term cellular functions. We have reviewed herein the most recent studies on modulation of gene expression by fatty acids. A number of genes respond to transcription factors and present a transcription factor response element in their promoter regions. Fatty acids may exert their effects on metabolism by regulating gene transcription via transcription factors. Understanding how fatty acids control expression of metabolic genes is a promising strategy to be investigated by aiming to treat metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. RECENT FINDINGS Fatty acids exert many of their biological effects through the modulation of the activity of transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and liver X receptors. SUMMARY Fatty acid action through transcription factors controls the expression of several inflammatory and metabolic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureane N Masi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fonken LK, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Dark nights reverse metabolic disruption caused by dim light at night. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1159-64. [PMID: 23666854 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increasing prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders coincides with increasing exposure to light at night. Previous studies report that mice exposed to dim light at night (dLAN) develop symptoms of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated whether mice returned to dark nights after dLAN exposure recover metabolic function. DESIGN AND METHODS Male Swiss-Webster mice were assigned to either: standard light-dark (LD) conditions for 8 weeks (LD/LD), dLAN for 8 weeks (dLAN/dLAN), LD for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of dLAN (LD/dLAN), and dLAN for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of LD (dLAN/LD). RESULTS After 4 weeks in their respective lighting conditions both groups initially placed in dLAN increased body mass gain compared to LD mice. Half of the dLAN mice (dLAN/LD) were then transferred to LD and vice versa (LD/dLAN). Following the transfer dLAN/dLAN and LD/dLAN mice gained more weight than LD/LD and dLAN/LD mice. At the conclusion of the study dLAN/LD mice did not differ from LD/LD mice with respect to weight gain and had lower fat pad mass compared to dLAN/dLAN mice. Compared to all other groups dLAN/dLAN mice decreased glucose tolerance as indicated by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test at week 7, indicating that dLAN/LD mice recovered glucose metabolism. dLAN/dLAN mice also increased MAC1 mRNA expression in peripheral fat as compared to both LD/LD and dLAN/LD mice, suggesting peripheral inflammation is induced by dLAN, but not sustained after return to LD. CONCLUSION These results suggest that re-exposure to dark nights ameliorates metabolic disruption caused by dLAN exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Fonken
- Department of Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Oliveira Junior SA, Padovani CR, Rodrigues SA, Silva NR, Martinez PF, Campos DH, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Dal-Pai M, Cicogna AC. Extensive impact of saturated fatty acids on metabolic and cardiovascular profile in rats with diet-induced obesity: a canonical analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:65. [PMID: 23587409 PMCID: PMC3679825 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although hypercaloric interventions are associated with nutritional, endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders in obesity experiments, a rational distinction between the effects of excess adiposity and the individual roles of dietary macronutrients in relation to these disturbances has not previously been studied. This investigation analyzed the correlation between ingested macronutrients (including sucrose and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) plus body adiposity and metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular effects in rats with diet-induced obesity. Methods Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were submitted to Control (CD; 3.2 Kcal/g) and Hypercaloric (HD; 4.6 Kcal/g) diets for 20 weeks followed by nutritional evaluation involving body weight and adiposity measurement. Metabolic and hormonal parameters included glycemia, insulin, insulin resistance, and leptin. Cardiovascular analysis included systolic blood pressure profile, echocardiography, morphometric study of myocardial morphology, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression. Canonical correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between dietary macronutrients plus adiposity and metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular parameters. Results Although final group body weights did not differ, HD presented higher adiposity than CD. Diet induced hyperglycemia while insulin and leptin levels remained unchanged. In a cardiovascular context, systolic blood pressure increased with time only in HD. Additionally, in vivo echocardiography revealed cardiac hypertrophy and improved systolic performance in HD compared to CD; and while cardiomyocyte size was unchanged by diet, nuclear volume and collagen interstitial fraction both increased in HD. Also HD exhibited higher relative β-MHC content and β/α-MHC ratio than their Control counterparts. Importantly, body adiposity was weakly associated with cardiovascular effects, as saturated fatty acid intake was directly associated with most cardiac remodeling measurements while unsaturated lipid consumption was inversely correlated with these effects. Conclusion Hypercaloric diet was associated with glycemic metabolism and systolic blood pressure disorders and cardiac remodeling. These effects directly and inversely correlated with saturated and unsaturated lipid consumption, respectively.
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Suliburska J, Bogdański P, Szulińska M. Iron excess disturbs metabolic status and relative gonad mass in rats on high fat, fructose, and salt diets. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 151. [PMID: 23179349 PMCID: PMC3548103 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the metabolic and physiological changes in rats fed a diet high in fat, fructose, and salt, and with excess iron level. Mineral status was also estimated. Wistar rats were assigned to groups fed either a standard control diet (C) or a diet high in fat, fructose, and salt. The noncontrol diets contained either normal (M) or high level (MFe) of iron. After 6 weeks, the length and weight of the rats were measured, and the animals were euthanized. The kidneys and gonads were collected, and blood samples were taken. Serum levels of insulin, nitric oxide, and iron were measured. The iron, zinc, copper, and calcium concentrations of tissues were determined. It was found that the M diet led to a significant increase in the relative kidney mass of the rats compared with the control group. Among the rats fed the M diet, markedly higher serum level of iron and lower levels of zinc and copper were observed in tissues, while significantly higher calcium levels were found in the gonads. The MFe diet resulted in decreased obesity index, insulin level, and nitric oxide serum concentration in the rats, when compared with both the M and C diets. The high iron level in the modified diet increased the relative mass of the gonads. The excess iron level in the diet disturbed the zinc, copper, and calcium status of tissues. The decrease in insulin and nitric oxide in rats fed the diet high in iron, fat, fructose, and salt was associated with disorders of zinc, copper, and calcium status, as well as with an increase in the relative mass of the gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Cerf ME, Chapman CS, Louw J. High-fat programming of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, and altered islet architecture in 3-month-old wistar rats. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 2012:627270. [PMID: 22988521 PMCID: PMC3440883 DOI: 10.5402/2012/627270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-fat programming, by exposure to a high-saturated-fat diet in utero and/or during lactation, compromises beta-cell development and function in neonatal and weanling offspring. Therefore, high-fat programming effects were investigated on metabolism and islet architecture in young adult rats. Three-month-old male and female Wistar rat offspring were studied: HFG (maintained on a high-fat diet throughout fetal life), HFP (high-fat diet maintenance from birth to 3 months), and HFGP (high-fat diet maintenance throughout fetal and postnatal life). Control rats were maintained on a standard laboratory diet. Pancreata were double immunolabeled for insulin and glucagon to assess islet morphology and with Ki-67 to determine islet and acinar cell proliferation. HFP and HFGP males were heavier, hyperleptinemic, and hyperinsulinemic. Hyperglycemia presented in HFP males, HFP females, and HFGP males. HFGP males and HFP females were insulin resistant. HFP males displayed beta- and alpha-cell hyperplasia with alpha-cell hypertrophy evident in HFP females. Acinar cell proliferation rates were increased in HFP males. Postnatal high-fat programming induced the most diabetogenic phenotype with high-fat maintenance throughout fetal and postnatal life resulting in a severely obese phenotype. Fetal and postnatal nutrition shapes offspring health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon E Cerf
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 7505, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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