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Fan J, Hu J. Retinol binding protein 4 and type 2 diabetes: from insulin resistance to pancreatic β-cell function. Endocrine 2024; 85:1020-1034. [PMID: 38520616 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that has been explored as a key biomarker of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in recent years. Researchers have conducted a series of experiments to understand the interplay between RBP4 and T2DM, including its role in insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell function. The results of these studies indicate that RBP4 has a significant influence on T2DM and is considered a potential biomarker of T2DM. However, there have also been some controversies about the relationship between RBP4 levels and T2DM. In this review, we update and summarize recent studies focused on the relationship between RBP4 and T2DM and its role in insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell function to clarify the existing controversy and provide evidence for future studies. We also assessed the potential therapeutic applications of RBP4 in treating T2DM. METHODS A narrative review. RESULTS Overall, there were significant associations between RBP4 levels, insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell function, and T2DM. CONCLUSIONS More mechanistic studies are needed to determine the role of RBP4 in the onset of T2DM, especially in terms of pancreatic β-cell function. In addition, further studies are required to evaluate the effects of drug intervention, lifestyle intervention, and bariatric surgery on RBP4 levels to control T2DM and the role of reducing RBP4 levels in improving insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Research, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Institute of Tuberculosis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Jinxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Research, Department of Tuberculosis, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Institute of Tuberculosis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, PR China
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2
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Wilkerson JL, Tatum SM, Holland WL, Summers SA. Ceramides are fuel gauges on the drive to cardiometabolic disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1061-1119. [PMID: 38300524 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are signals of fatty acid excess that accumulate when a cell's energetic needs have been met and its nutrient storage has reached capacity. As these sphingolipids accrue, they alter the metabolism and survival of cells throughout the body including in the heart, liver, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney. These ceramide actions elicit the tissue dysfunction that underlies cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis, and heart failure. Here, we review the biosynthesis and degradation pathways that maintain ceramide levels in normal physiology and discuss how the loss of ceramide homeostasis drives cardiometabolic pathologies. We highlight signaling nodes that sense small changes in ceramides and in turn reprogram cellular metabolism and stimulate apoptosis. Finally, we evaluate the emerging therapeutic utility of these unique lipids as biomarkers that forecast disease risk and as targets of ceramide-lowering interventions that ameliorate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Wilkerson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Sean M Tatum
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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3
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Alfei S, Zuccari G. Attempts to Improve Lipophilic Drugs' Solubility and Bioavailability: A Focus on Fenretinide. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:579. [PMID: 38794242 PMCID: PMC11125266 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of numerous drugs is often arrested at clinical testing stages, due to their unfavorable biopharmaceutical characteristics. It is the case of fenretinide (4-HPR), a second-generation retinoid, that demonstrated promising in vitro cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines. Unfortunately, response rates in early clinical trials with 4-HPR did not confirm the in vitro findings, mainly due to the low bioavailability of the oral capsular formulation that was initially developed. Capsular 4-HPR provided variable and insufficient drug plasma levels attributable to the high hepatic first-pass effect and poor drug water solubility. To improve 4-HPR bioavailability, several approaches have been put forward and tested in preclinical and early-phase clinical trials, demonstrating generally improved plasma levels and minimal systemic toxicities, but also modest antitumor efficacy. The challenge is thus currently still far from being met. To redirect the diminished interest of pharmaceutical companies toward 4-HPR and promote its further clinical development, this manuscript reviewed the attempts made so far by researchers to enhance 4-HPR bioavailability. A comparison of the available data was performed, and future directions were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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4
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Bonifazi A, Ellenberger M, Farino ZJ, Aslanoglou D, Rais R, Pereira S, Mantilla-Rivas JO, Boateng CA, Eshleman AJ, Janowsky A, Hahn MK, Schwartz GJ, Slusher BS, Newman AH, Freyberg Z. Development of novel tools for dissection of central versus peripheral dopamine D 2-like receptor signaling in dysglycemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.21.581451. [PMID: 38529497 PMCID: PMC10962703 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.21.581451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) D2-like receptors in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery are key modulators of metabolism. Moreover, disruption of D2-like receptor signaling is implicated in dysglycemia. Yet, the respective metabolic contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2-like receptors including D2 (D2R) and D3 (D3R) receptors remain poorly understood. To address this, we developed new pharmacological tools, D2-like receptor agonists with diminished and delayed blood-brain barrier capability, to selectively manipulate D2R/D3R signaling in the periphery. We designated bromocriptine methiodide (BrMeI), a quaternary methiodide analogue of D2/3R agonist and diabetes drug bromocriptine, as our lead compound based on preservation of D2R/D3R binding and functional efficacy. We then used BrMeI and unmodified bromocriptine to dissect relative contributions of CNS versus peripheral D2R/D3R signaling in treating dysglycemia. Systemic administration of bromocriptine, with unrestricted access to CNS and peripheral targets, significantly improved both insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese, dysglycemic mice in vivo. In contrast, metabolic improvements were attenuated when access to bromocriptine was restricted either to the CNS through intracerebroventricular administration or delayed access to the CNS via BrMeI. Our findings demonstrate that the coordinated actions of both CNS and peripheral D2-like receptors are required for correcting dysglycemia. Ultimately, the development of a first-generation of drugs designed to selectively target the periphery provides a blueprint for dissecting mechanisms of central versus peripheral DA signaling and paves the way for novel strategies to treat dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Ellenberger
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary J. Farino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Comfort A. Boateng
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy J. Eshleman
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary J. Schwartz
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Lead Contact
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Haque N, Ojo ES, Krager SL, Tischkau SA. Deficiency of Adipose Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Protects against Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction through Sexually Dimorphic Mechanisms. Cells 2023; 12:1748. [PMID: 37443781 PMCID: PMC10340611 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying diet-induced obesity are complex and remain unclear. The activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a xenobiotic sensor, by obesogens may contribute to diet-induced obesity through influences on lipid metabolism and insulin resistance acting at various sites, including adipose tissue. Thus, our hypothesis was that conditional AhR depletion, specifically from mature adipose tissue (CadKO), would improve high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysfunction. CadKO protects mice from HFD-induced weight gain. CadKO females eat fewer calories, leading to increased energy expenditure (EE) and improved glucose tolerance on HFD. Our exploration of adipose tissue biology suggests that the depletion of AhR from adipocytes provides female mice with an increased capacity for adipogenesis and lipolysis, allowing for the maintenance of a healthy adipocyte phenotype. The HFD-induced leptin rise was reduced in CadKO females, but the hypothalamic leptin receptor (LepR) was increased in the energy regulatory regions of the hypothalamus, suggesting an increased sensitivity to leptin. The estrogen receptor α (ERα) was higher in CadKO female adipose tissue and the hypothalamus. CadKO males displayed a delayed progression of obesity and insulin resistance. In males, CadKO ameliorated proinflammatory adipocytokine secretion (such as TNFα, IL1β, IL6) and displayed reduced inflammatory macrophage infiltration into adipose depots. Overall, CadKO improves weight control and systemic glucose homeostasis under HFD challenge but to a more profound extent in females. CadKO facilitates a lean phenotype in females and mediates healthy adipose-hypothalamic crosstalk. In males, adipose-specific AhR depletion delays the development of obesity and insulin resistance through the maintenance of healthy crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (N.H.); (E.S.O.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Emmanuel S. Ojo
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (N.H.); (E.S.O.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Stacey L. Krager
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (N.H.); (E.S.O.); (S.L.K.)
| | - Shelley A. Tischkau
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA; (N.H.); (E.S.O.); (S.L.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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6
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Babiy B, Ramos-Molina B, Ocaña L, Sacristán S, Burgos-Santamaría D, Martínez-Botas J, Busto R, Perna C, Frutos MD, Albillos A, Pastor Ó. Dihydrosphingolipids are associated with steatosis and increased fibrosis damage in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159318. [PMID: 37059386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrosphingolipids are lipids biosynthetically related to ceramides. An increase in ceramides is associated with enhanced fat storage in the liver and inhibition of their synthesis is reported to prevent the appearance of steatosis in animal models. However, the precise association of dihydrosphingolipids with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is yet to be established. We employed a diet induced NAFLD mouse model to study the association between this class of compounds and disease progression. Mice fed a high-fat diet were sacrificed at 22, 30 and 40 weeks to reproduce the full spectrum of histological damage found in human disease, steatosis (NAFL) and steatohepatitis (NASH) with and without significant fibrosis. Blood and liver tissue samples were obtained from patients whose NAFLD severity was assessed histologically. To demonstrate the effect of dihydroceramides over NAFLD progression we treated mice with fenretinide an inhibitor of dihydroceramide desaturse-1 (DEGS1). Lipidomic analyses were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and dihydrosphingolipids were increased in the liver of model mice in association with the degree of steatosis and fibrosis. Dihydroceramides increased with the histological severity observed in liver samples of mice (0.024 ± 0.003 nmol/mg vs 0.049 ± 0.005 nmol/mg, non-NAFLD vs NASH-fibrosis, p < 0.0001) and patients (0.105 ± 0.011 nmol/mg vs 0.165 ± 0.021 nmol/mg, p = 0.0221). Inhibition of DEGS1 induce a four-fold increase in dihydroceramides improving steatosis but increasing the inflammatory activity and fibrosis. In conclusion, the degree of histological damage in NAFLD correlate with dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingolipid accumulation. LAY SUMMARY: Accumulation of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester lipids is the hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Using lipidomics, we examined the role of dihydrosphingolipids in NAFLD progression. Our results demonstrate that de novo dihydrosphingolipid synthesis is an early event in NAFLD and the concentrations of these lipids are correlated with histological severity in both mouse and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Babiy
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, UCA-CCM, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Ocaña
- Servicio de Cirugía General, HCU Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Silvia Sacristán
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Perna
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Dolores Frutos
- Departamento de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, HU Virgen de la Arraixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustín Albillos
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Óscar Pastor
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, UCA-CCM, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
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Thompson D, Mahmood S, Morrice N, Kamli-Salino S, Dekeryte R, Hoffmann PA, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Delibegović M, Mody N. Fenretinide inhibits obesity and fatty liver disease but induces Smpd3 to increase serum ceramides and worsen atherosclerosis in LDLR -/- mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3937. [PMID: 36894641 PMCID: PMC9998859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid that can prevent obesity and improve insulin sensitivity in mice by directly altering retinol/retinoic acid homeostasis and inhibiting excess ceramide biosynthesis. We determined the effects of Fenretinide on LDLR-/- mice fed high-fat/high-cholesterol diet ± Fenretinide, a model of atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fenretinide prevented obesity, improved insulin sensitivity and completely inhibited hepatic triglyceride accumulation, ballooning and steatosis. Moreover, Fenretinide decreased the expression of hepatic genes driving NAFLD, inflammation and fibrosis e.g. Hsd17b13, Cd68 and Col1a1. The mechanisms of Fenretinide's beneficial effects in association with decreased adiposity were mediated by inhibition of ceramide synthesis, via hepatic DES1 protein, leading to increased dihydroceramide precursors. However, Fenretinide treatment in LDLR-/- mice enhanced circulating triglycerides and worsened aortic plaque formation. Interestingly, Fenretinide led to a fourfold increase in hepatic sphingomyelinase Smpd3 expression, via a retinoic acid-mediated mechanism and a further increase in circulating ceramide levels, linking induction of ceramide generation via sphingomyelin hydrolysis to a novel mechanism of increased atherosclerosis. Thus, despite beneficial metabolic effects, Fenretinide treatment may under certain circumstances enhance the development of atherosclerosis. However, targeting both DES1 and Smpd3 may be a novel, more potent therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Thompson
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Shehroz Mahmood
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nicola Morrice
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sarah Kamli-Salino
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ruta Dekeryte
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Philip A Hoffmann
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Philip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Mirela Delibegović
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Dong X, Feng Y, Xu D, Zhang M, Wen X, Zhao W, Hu Q, Zhang Q, Fu H, Ping J. Targeting macrophagic 17 β-HSD7 by fenretinide for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:142-156. [PMID: 36815031 PMCID: PMC9939369 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and macrophage polarization plays an important role in its pathogenesis. However, which molecule regulates macrophage polarization in NAFLD remains unclear. Herein, we showed NAFLD mice exhibited increased 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (17β-HSD7) expression in hepatic macrophages concomitantly with elevated M1 polarization. Single-cell RNA sequencing on hepatic non-parenchymal cells isolated from wild-type littermates and macrophage-17β-HSD7 knockout mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks revealed that lipid metabolism pathways were notably changed. Furthermore, 17β-HSD7 deficiency in macrophages attenuated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and liver injury. Mechanistically, 17β-HSD7 triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation by increasing free cholesterol content, thereby promoting M1 polarization of macrophages and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, to help demonstrate that 17β-HSD7 is a potential drug target for NAFLD, fenretinide was screened out from an FDA-approved drug library based on its 17β-HSD7 dehydrogenase inhibitory activity. Fenretinide dose-dependently abrogated macrophage polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, and subsequently inhibited fat deposition in hepatocytes co-cultured with macrophages. In conclusion, our findings suggest that blockade of 17β-HSD7 signaling by fenretinide would be a drug repurposing strategy for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yiting Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dongqin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qintong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China,Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 27 6875 9310; fax: +86 27 8733 1670.
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9
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William S, Duncan T, Redmond TM. Pretreatment of human retinal pigment epithelial cells with sterculic acid forestalls fenretinide-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22442. [PMID: 36575190 PMCID: PMC9794835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ratio of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids, thought to play a critical role in many cellular functions, is regulated by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. Previously, we observed a decrease in both SCD protein and enzymatic activity in apoptosis induced by fenretinide, a synthetic analog of retinoic acid, in the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line ARPE-19. Here, we investigated the effect of pretreating ARPE-19 with sterculic acid, a cyclopropenoic fatty acid inhibitor of SCD, on preventing fenretinide-induced apoptosis, given the role of SCD in cell proliferation and apoptosis. We show that sterculic acid pretreatment prevents the effects of fenretinide-induced apoptosis shown by changes in cell morphology, viability, and caspase-3 activation. Analysis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated proteins shows that sterculic acid pretreatment reduced the fenretinide-induced upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, ATF3 and GADD153 expression that are in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Sterculic acid is as effective as allopurinol in inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XDH), and this may play a role in reducing the potential role of XDH in fenretinide-induced ROS generation. Sterculic acid pretreatment also results in a reduction in SOD2 mRNA expression. Dihydroceramide accumulation, compared to ceramide, and ROS generation indicate that a ceramide-independent pathway mediates fenretinide-induced apoptosis, and ROS mediation is borne out by activation of the NF-κBp50 and NF-κBp65 downstream signaling cascade. Its prevention by sterculic acid pretreatment further indicates the latter's antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect. Taken together, our results suggest that sterculic acid pretreatment can mitigate ROS-mediated fenretinide-induced apoptosis. Thus, sterculic acid may serve as a potential antioxidant and therapeutic agent. These effects may be independent of its effects on SCD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel William
- grid.280030.90000 0001 2150 6316Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Bldg. 6/Room 112A, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0608 USA
| | - Todd Duncan
- grid.280030.90000 0001 2150 6316Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Bldg. 6/Room 112A, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0608 USA
| | - T. Michael Redmond
- grid.280030.90000 0001 2150 6316Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Bldg. 6/Room 112A, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0608 USA
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10
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Yu XD, Wang JW. Ceramide de novo synthesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115157. [PMID: 35777449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and its advanced form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Ceramides have been shown to exacerbate NAFLD development through enhancing insulin resistance, reactive oxygen species production, liver steatosis, lipotoxicity and hepatocyte apoptosis, and eventually causing hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Emerging evidence indicates that ceramide production in NAFLD is predominantly attributed to activation of the de novo synthesis pathway of ceramides in hepatocytes. More importantly, pharmacological modulation of ceramide de novo synthesis in preclinical studies seems efficacious for the treatment of NAFLD. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms of ceramides in NAFLD, discuss recent advances and challenges in pharmacological interventions targeting ceramide de novo synthesis, and propose some research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yu
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming increasingly common as the global economy grows and living standards improve. Timely and effective preventions and treatments for NAFLD are urgently needed. Retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), the protein that transports retinol through the circulation, was found to be positively related to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic diseases. Observational studies on the association between serum RBP4 level and the prevalence of NAFLD found contradictory results. Some of the underlying mechanisms responsible for this association have been revealed, and the possible clinical implications of treating NAFLD by targeting RBP4 have been demonstrated. Future studies should focus on the predictive value of RBP4 on NAFLD development and its potential as a therapeutic target in NAFLD.
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12
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Flores-Cortez YA, Barragán-Bonilla MI, Mendoza-Bello JM, González-Calixto C, Flores-Alfaro E, Espinoza-Rojo M. Interplay of retinol binding protein 4 with obesity and associated chronic alterations (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:244. [PMID: 35656886 PMCID: PMC9185696 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease, defined as excessive fat deposition in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is responsible for the production and secretion of numerous adipokines that induce metabolic disorders. Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that transports vitamin A or retinol in the blood. High levels of RBP4 are associated with development of metabolic disease, including obesity, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present review summarizes the role of RBP4 in obesity and associated chronic alterations. Excessive synthesis of RBP4 contributes to inflammatory characteristic of obesity by activation of immune cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and ILs, via the Toll-like receptor/JNK pathway. The retinol-RBP4 complex inhibits insulin signaling directly in adipocytes by activating Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT5/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 signaling. This mechanism is retinol-dependent and requires vitamin A receptor stimulation by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6). In muscle, RBP4 is associated with increased serine 307 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, which decreases its affinity to PI3K and promotes IR. In the liver, RBP4 increases hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which increases production of glucose. Elevated serum RBP4 levels are associated with β-cell dysfunction in T2D via the STRA6/JAK2/STAT1/insulin gene enhancer protein 1 pathway. By contrast, RBP4 induces endothelial inflammation via the NF-κB/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase pathway independently of retinol and STRA6, which stimulates expression of proinflammatory molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and TNFα. RBP4 promotes oxidative stress by decreasing endothelial mitochondrial function; overall, it may serve as a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of obesity and prognosis of associated disease, as well as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaccil Adilene Flores-Cortez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | - Martha I Barragán-Bonilla
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | - Juan M Mendoza-Bello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | | | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | - Mónica Espinoza-Rojo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
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13
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Melis M, Tang XH, Mai K, Gudas LJ, Trasino SE. Fenretinide Reduces Intestinal Mucin-2-Positive Goblet Cells in Chronic Alcohol Abuse. Pharmacology 2022; 107:406-416. [PMID: 35551126 DOI: 10.1159/000524386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol-induced thickening of the gut mucosal layer and increased expression of goblet cell gel-forming mucins, such as mucin-2 (MUC2) are associated with disruptions to the gut barrier in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Interest in drugs that can target gut mucins in ALD has grown; however to date, no studies have examined the properties of drugs on expression of gut mucins in models of ALD. We previously demonstrated that at 10 mg/kg/day, the drug fenretinide (N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide [Fen]), a synthetic retinoid, mitigates alcohol-associated damage to the gut barrier and liver injury in a murine model of ALD. METHODS In this study, we specifically sought to examine the effects of Fen on gut goblet cells, and expression of mucins, including MUC2 using a 25-day Lieber-DeCarli model of chronic alcohol intake. RESULTS Our results show that chronic alcohol intake increased gut-mucosal thickening, goblet cell numbers, and mRNA and protein expression of MUC2 in both the ileum and colon. Alcohol intake was associated with marked decreases in ileal and colonic Notch signaling, levels of Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4, and increases in the expression of Notch-associated genes indispensable for goblet cell specification, including Math1 and Spdef. Interestingly, ileal and colonic expression of KLF4, which is involved in terminal differentiation of goblet cells, was reduced in mice chronically fed alcohol. Coadministration of alcohol with Fen at 10 mg/kg/day significantly reduced alcohol-associated increases in ileal and colonic mucosal thickening, ileal Muc2, colonic Muc2, Muc5ac and Muc6 mRNAs, and goblet cell numbers. We also found that Fen strongly prevented alcohol-mediated suppression of the Notch ligand Dll1, Notch signaling, and alcohol-induced increases in expression of Notch-associated goblet cell specification genes in both the ileum and colon. In the absence of alcohol, Fen treatments alone at 10 mg/kg/day had no effects on any of the goblet cell-related endpoints. CONCLUSION These data show for the first time that the drug Fen possesses mucosal layer-modulating properties in response to chronic alcohol abuse. These data warrant further preclinical examination of Fen given the need for anti-ALD drugs and emerging evidence of a role for intestinal goblet cell mucins in the progression of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Melis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karen Mai
- Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven E Trasino
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.,Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Plucińska K, Mody N, Dekeryte R, Shearer K, Mcilroy GD, Delibegovic M, Platt B. High-fat diet exacerbates cognitive and metabolic abnormalities in neuronal BACE1 knock-in mice - partial prevention by Fenretinide. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 25:719-736. [PMID: 32862802 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1806190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a rate-limiting step in β-amyloid (Aβ) production in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, but recent evidence suggests that BACE1 is also involved in metabolic regulation. Here, we aimed to assess the effects of highfat diet (HFD) on metabolic and cognitive phenotypes in the diabetic BACE1 knock-in mice (PLB4) and WT controls; we additionally examined whether these phenotypes can be normalized with a synthetic retinoid (Fenretinide, Fen) targeting weight loss.Methods: Five-month old male WT and PLB4 mice were fed either (1) control chow diet, (2) 45%-saturated fat diet (HFD), (3) HFD with 0.04% Fen (HFD + Fen) or (4) control chow diet with 0.04% Fen (Fen) for 10 weeks. We assessed basic metabolic parameters, circadian rhythmicity, spatial habituation (Phenotyper) and working memory (Y-maze). Hypothalami, forebrain and liver tissues were assessed using Western blots, qPCR and ELISAs.Results: HFD feeding drastically worsened metabolism and induced early mortality (-40%) in otherwise viable PLB4 mice. This was ameliorated by Fen, despite no effects on glucose intolerance. In HFD-fed WT mice, Fen reduced weight gain, glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis. The physiological changes induced in WT and PLB4 mice by HFD (+/-Fen) were accompanied by enhanced cerebral astrogliosis, elevated PTP1B, phopsho-eIF2α and altered hypothalamic transcription of Bace1, Pomc and Mc4r. Behaviourally, HFD feeding exacerbated spatial memory deficits in PLB4 mice, which was prevented by Fen and linked with increased full-length APP, normalized brain Aβ*56 oligomerization and astrogliosis.Conclusions: HFD induces early mortality and worsened cognition in the Alzheimer's-like BACE1 mice- partial prevention was achieved with Fenretinide, without improvements in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Plucińska
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (CBMR), Integrative Physiology and Environmental Influences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ruta Dekeryte
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kirsty Shearer
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - George D Mcilroy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mirela Delibegovic
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Bettina Platt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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15
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Steinhoff JS, Lass A, Schupp M. Retinoid Homeostasis and Beyond: How Retinol Binding Protein 4 Contributes to Health and Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:1236. [PMID: 35334893 PMCID: PMC8951293 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is the specific transport protein of the lipophilic vitamin A, retinol, in blood. Circulating RBP4 originates from the liver. It is secreted by hepatocytes after it has been loaded with retinol and binding to transthyretin (TTR). TTR association prevents renal filtration due to the formation of a higher molecular weight complex. In the circulation, RBP4 binds to specific membrane receptors, thereby delivering retinol to target cells, rendering liver-secreted RBP4 the major mechanism to distribute hepatic vitamin A stores to extrahepatic tissues. In particular, binding of RBP4 to 'stimulated by retinoic acid 6' (STRA6) is required to balance tissue retinoid responses in a highly homeostatic manner. Consequently, defects/mutations in RBP4 can cause a variety of conditions and diseases due to dysregulated retinoid homeostasis and cover embryonic development, vision, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases. Aside from the effects related to retinol transport, non-canonical functions of RBP4 have also been reported. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation and function of RBP4 in health and disease derived from murine models and human mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Steinhoff
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal (CMR)-Research Center, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal (CMR)-Research Center, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
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16
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Kim N, Priefer R. Retinol binding protein 4 antagonists and protein synthesis inhibitors: Potential for therapeutic development. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113856. [PMID: 34547506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a serum protein that transports Vitamin A. RBP4 is correlated with numerous diseases and metabolic syndromes, including insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and macular degeneration. Recently, RBP4 antagonists and protein synthesis inhibitors are under development to regulate the effect of RBP4. Several RBP4 antagonists, especially BPN-14136, have demonstrated promising safety profiles and potential therapeutic benefits in animal studies. Two RBP4 antagonists, specifically tinlarebant (Belite Bio) and STG-001 (Stargazer) are currently undergoing clinical trials. Some antidiabetic drugs and nutraceuticals have been reported to reduce RBP4 expression, but more clinical data is needed to evaluate their therapeutical benefits. As regulating RBP4 levels or its activities would benefit a wide range of patients, further research is highly recommended to develop clinically useful RBP4 antagonists or protein synthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noheul Kim
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Choi RH, Tatum SM, Symons JD, Summers SA, Holland WL. Ceramides and other sphingolipids as drivers of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:701-711. [PMID: 33772258 PMCID: PMC8978615 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Increases in calorie consumption and sedentary lifestyles are fuelling a global pandemic of cardiometabolic diseases, including coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. These lifestyle factors, when combined with genetic predispositions, increase the levels of circulating lipids, which can accumulate in non-adipose tissues, including blood vessel walls and the heart. The metabolism of these lipids produces bioactive intermediates that disrupt cellular function and survival. A compelling body of evidence suggests that sphingolipids, such as ceramides, account for much of the tissue damage in these cardiometabolic diseases. In humans, serum ceramide levels are proving to be accurate biomarkers of adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. In mice and rats, pharmacological inhibition or depletion of enzymes driving de novo ceramide synthesis prevents the development of diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension and heart failure. In cultured cells and isolated tissues, ceramides perturb mitochondrial function, block fuel usage, disrupt vasodilatation and promote apoptosis. In this Review, we discuss the body of literature suggesting that ceramides are drivers - and not merely passengers - on the road to cardiovascular disease. Moreover, we explore the feasibility of therapeutic strategies to lower ceramide levels to improve cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Hee Choi
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sean M Tatum
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J David Symons
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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18
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Nono Nankam PA, Blüher M. Retinol-binding protein 4 in obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111312. [PMID: 33957191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive increased adipose tissue mass in obesity is associated with numerous co-morbid disorders including increased risk of type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, dementia, airway disease and some cancers. The causal mechanisms explaining these associations are not fully understood. Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that secretes many adipokines, cytokines and releases metabolites. These biomolecules referred to as adipocytokines play a significant role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and metabolism by influencing and altering target tissues function. Understanding the mechanisms of adipocytokine actions represents a hot topic in obesity research. Among several secreted bioactive signalling molecules from adipose tissue and liver, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been associated with systemic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Here, we aim to review and discuss the current knowledge on RBP4 with a focus on its role in the pathogenesis of obesity comorbid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Nono Nankam
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany
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19
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Song JH, Kim GT, Park KH, Park WJ, Park TS. Bioactive Sphingolipids as Major Regulators of Coronary Artery Disease. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:373-383. [PMID: 33903284 PMCID: PMC8255146 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the deposition of plaque in the main arteries. It is an inflammatory condition involving the accumulation of macrophages and various lipids (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, ceramide, S1P). Moreover, endothelial cells, macrophages, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells are the major players in the atherogenic process. Sphingolipids are now emerging as important regulators in various pathophysiological processes, including the atherogenic process. Various sphingolipids exist, such as the ceramides, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphingomyelin, and hundreds of glycosphingolipids. Among these, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and S1P play important roles in the atherogenic processes. The atherosclerotic plaque consists of higher amounts of ceramide, glycosphingolipids, and sphingomyelin. The inhibition of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis reduces the development of atherosclerosis. S1P regulates atherogenesis via binding to the S1P receptor (S1PR). Among the five S1PRs (S1PR1-5), S1PR1 and S1PR3 mainly exert anti-atherosclerotic properties. This review mainly focuses on the effects of ceramide and S1P via the S1PR in the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, it discusses the recent findings and potential therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwi Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Goon-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Park
- Department of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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20
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Tang XH, Melis M, Mai K, Gudas LJ, Trasino SE. Fenretinide Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Mitigates Alcohol Liver Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630557. [PMID: 33815111 PMCID: PMC8012525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of liver-related mortality globally, yet there remains an unmet demand for approved ALD drugs. The pathogenesis of ALD involves perturbations to the intestinal barrier and subsequent translocation of bacterial endotoxin that, acting through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), promotes hepatic inflammation and progression of ALD. In the present study we investigated the ability of fenretinide (Fen) [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide], a synthetic retinoid with known anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, to modulate intestinal permeability and clinical hallmarks of ALD in a mouse model of chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Our results show that EtOH-treated mice had reductions in mRNA and protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, including claudin one and occludin, and increases in intestinal permeability and endotoxemia compared to pair-fed mice. Also, EtOH-treated mice had marked increases in hepatic steatosis, liver injury, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, and TLR4-positive macrophages, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes in the intestines and liver, respectively. In contrast, EtOH + Fen-treated mice were resistant to the effects of EtOH on promoting intestinal permeability and had higher intestinal protein levels of claudin one and occludin. Also, EtOH + Fen-treated mice had significantly lower plasma levels of endotoxin, and reductions in expression of TNF-α and TLR4 positive macrophages, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes in the intestine and liver. Lastly, we found that EtOH + Fen-treated mice exhibited major reductions in hepatic triglycerides, steatosis, and liver injury compared to EtOH-treated mice. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that Fen possesses anti-ALD properties, potentially through modulation of the intestinal barrier function, endotoxemia, and TLR4-mediated inflammation. These data warrant further pre-clinical investigations of Fen as a potential anti-ALD drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Melis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karen Mai
- Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven E Trasino
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.,Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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21
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Steinhoff JS, Lass A, Schupp M. Biological Functions of RBP4 and Its Relevance for Human Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659977. [PMID: 33790810 PMCID: PMC8006376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a member of the lipocalin family and the major transport protein of the hydrophobic molecule retinol, also known as vitamin A, in the circulation. Expression of RBP4 is highest in the liver, where most of the body’s vitamin A reserves are stored as retinyl esters. For the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver, retinyl esters are hydrolyzed to retinol, which then binds to RBP4 in the hepatocyte. After associating with transthyretin (TTR), the retinol/RBP4/TTR complex is released into the bloodstream and delivers retinol to tissues via binding to specific membrane receptors. So far, two distinct RBP4 receptors have been identified that mediate the uptake of retinol across the cell membrane and, under specific conditions, bi-directional retinol transport. Although most of RBP4’s actions depend on its role in retinoid homeostasis, functions independent of retinol transport have been described. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings on the structure, regulation, and functions of RBP4 and lay out the biological relevance of this lipocalin for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Steinhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Hajduch E, Lachkar F, Ferré P, Foufelle F. Roles of Ceramides in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040792. [PMID: 33669443 PMCID: PMC7920467 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common chronic liver diseases, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Its prevalence is rapidly increasing and presently affects around 25% of the general population of Western countries, due to the obesity epidemic. Liver fat accumulation induces the synthesis of specific lipid species and particularly ceramides, a sphingolipid. In turn, ceramides have deleterious effects on hepatic metabolism, a phenomenon called lipotoxicity. We review here the evidence showing the role of ceramides in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the mechanisms underlying their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Floriane Lachkar
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ferré
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-44-27-24-25
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Abstract
The global prevalence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, steatohepatitis, myocardial infarction, and stroke has increased dramatically over the past two decades. These obesity-fueled disorders result, in part, from the aberrant accumulation of harmful lipid metabolites in tissues not suited for lipid storage (e.g., the liver, vasculature, heart, and pancreatic beta-cells). Among the numerous lipid subtypes that accumulate, sphingolipids such as ceramides are particularly impactful, as they elicit the selective insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and ultimately cell death that underlie nearly all metabolic disorders. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulatory pathways controlling ceramide production, the molecular mechanisms linking the lipids to these discrete pathogenic events, and exciting attempts to develop therapeutics to reduce ceramide levels to combat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagirath Chaurasia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA;
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24
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Kim YK, Hammerling U. The mitochondrial PKCδ/retinol signal complex exerts real-time control on energy homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158614. [PMID: 31927141 PMCID: PMC7347429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The review focuses on the role of vitamin A (retinol) in the control of energy homeostasis, and on the manner in which certain retinoids subvert this process, leading potentially to disease. In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is negatively regulated by four pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) and two antagonistically acting pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatases (PDPs). The second isoform, PDK2, is regulated by an autonomous mitochondrial signal cascade that is anchored on protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), where retinoids play an indispensible co-factor role. Along with its companion proteins p66Shc, cytochrome c, and vitamin A, the PKCδ/retinol complex is located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. At this site, and in contrast to cytosolic locations, PKCδ is activated by the site-specific oxidation of its cysteine-rich activation domain (CRD) that is configured into a complex RING-finger. Oxidation involves the transfer of electrons from cysteine moieties to oxidized cytochrome c, a step catalyzed by vitamin A. The PKCδ/retinol signalosome monitors the internal cytochrome c redox state that reflects the workload of the respiratory chain. Upon sensing demands for energy PKCδ signals the PDHC to increase glucose-derived fuel flux entering the KREBS cycle. Conversely, if excessive fuel flux surpasses the capacity of the respiratory chain, threatening the release of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), the polarity of the cytochrome c redox system is reversed, resulting in the chemical reduction of the PKCδ CRD, restoration of the RING-finger, refolding of PKCδ into the inactive, globular form, and curtailment of PDHC output, thereby constraining the respiratory capacity within safe margins. Several retinoids, notably anhydroretinol and fenretinide, capable of displacing retinol from binding sites on PKCδ, can co-activate PKCδ signaling but, owing to their extended system of conjugated double bonds, are unable to silence PKCδ in a timely manner. Left in the ON position, PKCδ causes chronic overload of the respiratory chain leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review explores how defects in the PKCδ signal machinery potentially contribute to metabolic and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kyung Kim
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ulrich Hammerling
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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25
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Patruno I, Thompson D, Dall'Angelo S, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ, Poot AJ, Mody N, Zanda M. Design, Synthesis, Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fenretinide Analogues as Anticancer and Metabolic Syndrome-Preventive Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1579-1590. [PMID: 32497314 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) characterised by improved therapeutic properties and toxicological profile relative to ATRA. 4-HPR has been mostly investigated as an anti-cancer agent, but recent studies showed its promising therapeutic potential for preventing metabolic syndrome. Several biological targets are involved in 4-HPR's activity, leading to the potential use of this molecule for treating different pathologies. However, although 4-HPR displays quite well-understood multitarget promiscuity with regards to pharmacology, interpreting its precise physiological role remains challenging. In addition, despite promising results in vitro, the clinical efficacy of 4-HPR as a chemotherapeutic agent has not been satisfactory so far. Herein, we describe the preparation of a library of 4-HPR analogues, followed by the biological evaluation of their anti-cancer and anti-obesity/diabetic properties. The click-type analogue 3 b showed good capacity to reduce the amount of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during differentiation. Furthermore, it showed an IC50 of 0.53±0.8 μM in cell viability tests on breast cancer cell line MCF-7, together with a good selectivity (SI=121) over noncancerous HEK293 cells. Thus, 3 b was selected as a potential PET tracer to study retinoids in vivo, and the radiosynthesis of [18 F]3b was successfully developed. Unfortunately, the stability of [18 F]3b turned out to be insufficient to pursue imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Patruno
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Dawn Thompson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex J Poot
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,C.N.R.-SCITEC, via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy.,Current address: Loughborough University School of Science, Centre for Sensing and Imaging Science Sir David Davies Building, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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26
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Banerjee A, Singh J. Remodeling adipose tissue inflammasome for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment: Current perspective and translational strategies. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10150. [PMID: 32440558 PMCID: PMC7237149 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by low-grade chronic systemic inflammation that arises primarily from the white adipose tissue. The interplay between various adipose tissue-derived chemokines drives insulin resistance in T2DM and has therefore become a subject of rigorous investigation. The adipocytokines strongly associated with glucose homeostasis include tumor necrosis factor-α, various interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, adiponectin, and leptin, among others. Remodeling the adipose tissue inflammasome in obesity-associated T2DM is likely to treat the underlying cause of the disease and bring significant therapeutic benefit. Various strategies have been adopted or are being investigated to modulate the serum/tissue levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines to improve glucose homeostasis in T2DM. These include use of small molecule agonists/inhibitors, mimetics, antibodies, gene therapy, and other novel formulations. Here, we discuss adipocytokines that are strongly associated with insulin activity and therapies that are under investigation for modulation of their levels in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth Dakota
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth Dakota
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27
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Kilicarslan M, de Weijer BA, Simonyté Sjödin K, Aryal P, Ter Horst KW, Cakir H, Romijn JA, Ackermans MT, Janssen IM, Berends FJ, van de Laar AW, Houdijk AP, Kahn BB, Serlie MJ. RBP4 increases lipolysis in human adipocytes and is associated with increased lipolysis and hepatic insulin resistance in obese women. FASEB J 2020; 34:6099-6110. [PMID: 32167208 PMCID: PMC7317205 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901979rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinol‐binding protein‐4 (RBP4) is elevated in serum and adipose tissue (AT) in obesity‐induced insulin resistance and correlates inversely with insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal. But its role in insulin‐mediated suppression of lipolysis, free fatty acids (FFA), and endogenous glucose production (EGP) in humans is unknown. RBP4 mRNA or protein levels were higher in liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in morbidly obese subjects undergoing Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery compared to lean controls undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. RBP4 mRNA expression in SAT correlated with the expression of several macrophage and other inflammation markers. Serum RBP4 levels correlated inversely with glucose disposal and insulin‐mediated suppression of lipolysis, FFA, and EGP. Mechanistically, RBP4 treatment of human adipocytes in vitro directly stimulated basal lipolysis. Treatment of adipocytes with conditioned media from RBP4‐activated macrophages markedly increased basal lipolysis and impaired insulin‐mediated lipolysis suppression. RBP4 treatment of macrophages increased TNFα production. These data suggest that elevated serum or adipose tissue RBP4 levels in morbidly obese subjects may cause hepatic and systemic insulin resistance by stimulating basal lipolysis and by activating macrophages in adipose tissue, resulting in release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that impair lipolysis suppression. While we have demonstrated this mechanism in human adipocytes in vitro, and correlations from our flux studies in humans strongly support this, further studies are needed to determine whether this mechanism explains RBP4‐induced insulin resistance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kilicarslan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara A de Weijer
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kotryna Simonyté Sjödin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hamit Cakir
- Department of Surgery, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte T Ackermans
- Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ignace M Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Frits J Berends
- Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Lee SA, Yang KJZ, Brun PJ, Silvaroli JA, Yuen JJ, Shmarakov I, Jiang H, Feranil JB, Li X, Lackey AI, Krężel W, Leibel RL, Libien J, Storch J, Golczak M, Blaner WS. Retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) binds monoacylglycerols and modulates gut endocrine signaling and body weight. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8937. [PMID: 32195347 PMCID: PMC7065888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Expressed in the small intestine, retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) facilitates dietary retinoid absorption. Rbp2-deficient (Rbp2-/- ) mice fed a chow diet exhibit by 6-7 months-of-age higher body weights, impaired glucose metabolism, and greater hepatic triglyceride levels compared to controls. These phenotypes are also observed when young Rbp2-/- mice are fed a high fat diet. Retinoids do not account for the phenotypes. Rather, RBP2 is a previously unidentified monoacylglycerol (MAG)-binding protein, interacting with the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and other MAGs with affinities comparable to retinol. X-ray crystallographic studies show that MAGs bind in the retinol binding pocket. When challenged with an oil gavage, Rbp2-/- mice show elevated mucosal levels of 2-MAGs. This is accompanied by significantly elevated blood levels of the gut hormone GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Thus, RBP2, in addition to facilitating dietary retinoid absorption, modulates MAG metabolism and likely signaling, playing a heretofore unknown role in systemic energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ah Lee
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kryscilla Jian Zhang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Jacques Brun
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josie A. Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason J. Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun B. Feranil
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xueting Li
- PhD Program in Nutritional and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Atreju I. Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, U1258, CNRS, UMR 7104, Unistra, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Libien
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Druggable Sphingolipid Pathways: Experimental Models and Clinical Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:101-135. [PMID: 32894509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of sphingolipids has revealed diverse roles in cell biological responses and human health and disease. This immense molecular family is primarily represented by the bioactive molecules ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The flux of sphingolipid metabolism at both the subcellular and extracellular levels provides multiple opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The caveat is that perturbation of any single node of this highly regulated flux may have effects that propagate throughout the metabolic network in a dramatic and sometimes unexpected manner. Beginning with S1P, the receptors for which have thus far been the most clinically tractable pharmacological targets, this review will describe recent advances in therapeutic modulators targeting sphingolipids, their chaperones, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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30
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Bonacina F, Soldati S, Barbieri SS, Amadio P, Sandrini L, Arnaboldi F, Donetti E, Laaksonen R, Paltrinieri S, Scanziani E, Chiesa G. Fenretinide treatment accelerates atherosclerosis development in apoE-deficient mice in spite of beneficial metabolic effects. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:328-345. [PMID: 31621898 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid derivative first investigated for cancer prevention and treatment, has been shown to ameliorate glucose tolerance, improve plasma lipid profile and reduce body fat mass. These effects, together with its ability to inhibit ceramide synthesis, suggest that fenretinide may have an anti-atherosclerotic action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To this aim, nine-week-old apoE-knockout (EKO) female mice were fed for twelve weeks a Western diet, without (control) or with (0.1% w/w) fenretinide. As a reference, wild-type (WT) mice were treated similarly. Growth and metabolic parameters were monitored throughout the study. Atherosclerosis development was evaluated in the aorta and at the aortic sinus. Blood and lymphoid organs were further characterized with thorough cytological/histological and immunocytofluorimetric analyses. KEY RESULTS Fenretinide treatment significantly lowered body weight, glucose levels and plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids. In the liver, fenretinide remarkably reduced hepatic glycogenosis and steatosis driven by the Western diet. Treated spleens were abnormally enlarged, with severe follicular atrophy and massive extramedullary haematopoiesis. Severe renal hemosiderin deposition was observed in treated EKO mice. Treatment resulted in a threefold increase of total leukocytes (WT and EKO) and raised the activated/resting monocyte ratio in EKO mice. Finally, atherosclerosis development was markedly increased at the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta of fenretinide-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We provide the first evidence that, despite beneficial metabolic effects, fenretinide treatment may enhance the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabina Soldati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione UniMi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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31
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Scheja L, Heeren J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:507-524. [PMID: 31296970 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their role in glucose and lipid metabolism, adipocytes respond differentially to physiological cues or metabolic stress by releasing endocrine factors that regulate diverse processes, such as energy expenditure, appetite control, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and tissue repair. Both energy-storing white adipocytes and thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes secrete hormones, which can be peptides (adipokines), lipids (lipokines) and exosomal microRNAs. Some of these factors have defined targets; for example, adiponectin and leptin signal through their respective receptors that are expressed in multiple organs. For other adipocyte hormones, receptors are more promiscuous or remain to be identified. Furthermore, many of these hormones are also produced by other organs and tissues, which makes defining the endocrine contribution of adipose tissues a challenge. In this Review, we discuss the functional role of adipose tissue-derived endocrine hormones for metabolic adaptations to the environment and we highlight how these factors contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. We also cover how this knowledge can be translated into human therapies. In addition, we discuss recent findings that emphasize the endocrine role of white versus thermogenic adipocytes in conditions of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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32
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Dekeryte R, Hull C, Plucińska K, Khan S, Kamli-Salino S, Mody N, Morrice N, McLaughlin C, Gault V, Platt B, Delibegovic M. Effects of Liraglutide and Fenretinide treatments on the diabetic phenotype of neuronal human BACE1 knock-in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 166:222-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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33
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Potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis in sphingolipid metabolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:763-776. [PMID: 30890654 PMCID: PMC6422862 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelins, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphates (S1P) are a large group of structurally and functionally diverse molecules. Some specific species are found associated with atherogenesis and provide novel therapeutic targets. Herein, we briefly review how sphingolipids are implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases, and then we discuss the potential therapy options by targetting several key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism.
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34
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Liu Z, Cheng Y, Luan Y, Zhong W, Lai H, Wang H, Yu H, Yang Y, Feng N, Yuan F, Huang R, He Z, Zhang F, Yan M, Yin H, Guo F, Zhai Q. Short-term tamoxifen treatment has long-term effects on metabolism in high-fat diet-fed mice with involvement of Nmnat2 in POMC neurons. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3305-3316. [PMID: 30192985 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-term tamoxifen treatment has effects on lipid and glucose metabolism in mice fed chow. However, its effects on metabolism in mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that tamoxifen treatment for 5 days decreases fat mass for as long as 18 weeks in mice fed HFD. Tamoxifen alters mRNA levels of some genes involved in lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue and improves glucose and insulin tolerance as well as hepatic insulin signaling for 12-20 weeks. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron-specific deletion of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (Nmnat2) attenuates the effects of tamoxifen on glucose and insulin tolerance. These data demonstrate that short-term injection of tamoxifen has long-term effects on lipid and glucose metabolism in HFD mice with involvement of Nmnat2 in POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalan Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Luan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuling Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejin Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yale Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhishui He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200093, China
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Cunningham RP, Moore MP, Moore AN, Healy JC, Roberts MD, Rector RS, Martin JS. Curcumin supplementation mitigates NASH development and progression in female Wistar rats. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13789. [PMID: 30009570 PMCID: PMC6046645 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a naturally occurring plant polyphenolic compound, may have beneficial effects in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development. We examined whether curcumin supplementation could be used in both prevention and treatment of NASH with fibrosis. Female Wistar rats were provided ad libitum access to a "western diet" (WD) high in fat (43% kcal), sucrose (29% kcal), and cholesterol (2% w/v), as well as 15% fructose drinking water. Intraperitoneal CC14 injections (0.5 mL/kg) were also administered at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 to accelerate development of a NASH with fibrosis phenotype. Rats were randomized to four groups (n = 9-12/group) and fed ad libitum: (1) WD for 8-weeks (8WD), (2) WD enriched with curcumin for 8-weeks (8WD+C; 0.2% curcumin, BCM-95, DolCas Biotech) to assess prevention, (3) WD for 12-weeks (12WD), (4) WD for 8-weeks followed by 4-weeks WD+C (12WD+C) to assess treatment. Curcumin prevention (8WD vs. 8WD+C) attenuated (P < 0.05) histological liver inflammation, molecular markers of fibrosis (Col1a1 mRNA) and a serum marker of liver injury (AST). Curcumin treatment (12WD vs. 12WD+C) reduced (P < 0.05) hepatocellular inflammation, steatosis, NAFLD Activity Scores, and serum markers of liver injury (AST, ALP). Moreover, curcumin treatment also increased hepatic pACC/ACC, ApoB100, and SOD1 protein, and decreased hepatic FGF-21 levels; whereas, curcumin prevention increased hepatic glutathione levels. Both curcumin prevention and treatment reduced molecular markers of hepatic fibrosis (Col1a1 mRNA) and inflammation (TNF-α, SPP1 mRNA). Curcumin supplementation beneficially altered the NASH phenotype in female Wistar rats, particularly the reversal of hepatocellular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P. Cunningham
- Research Service‐Harry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbiaMissouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
| | - Mary P. Moore
- Research Service‐Harry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbiaMissouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
| | - Angelique N. Moore
- Department of Biomedical SciencesEdward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn CampusAuburnAlabama
| | - James C. Healy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesEdward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn CampusAuburnAlabama
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- Department of Biomedical SciencesEdward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn CampusAuburnAlabama
- School of KinesiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Research Service‐Harry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbiaMissouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
- Department of Medicine‐GIUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
| | - Jeffrey S. Martin
- Department of Biomedical SciencesEdward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn CampusAuburnAlabama
- School of KinesiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
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36
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Saeed A, Dullaart RPF, Schreuder TCMA, Blokzijl H, Faber KN. Disturbed Vitamin A Metabolism in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010029. [PMID: 29286303 PMCID: PMC5793257 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is required for important physiological processes, including embryogenesis, vision, cell proliferation and differentiation, immune regulation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Many of vitamin A’s functions are executed through retinoic acids that activate transcriptional networks controlled by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs).The liver plays a central role in vitamin A metabolism: (1) it produces bile supporting efficient intestinal absorption of fat-soluble nutrients like vitamin A; (2) it produces retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) that distributes vitamin A, as retinol, to peripheral tissues; and (3) it harbors the largest body supply of vitamin A, mostly as retinyl esters, in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In times of inadequate dietary intake, the liver maintains stable circulating retinol levels of approximately 2 μmol/L, sufficient to provide the body with this vitamin for months. Liver diseases, in particular those leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis, are associated with impaired vitamin A homeostasis and may lead to vitamin A deficiency. Liver injury triggers HSCs to transdifferentiate to myofibroblasts that produce excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis. HSCs lose the retinyl ester stores in this process, ultimately leading to vitamin A deficiency. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); it may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. NASH is projected to be the main cause of liver failure in the near future. Retinoic acids are key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, but it is unknown whether impaired vitamin A homeostasis contributes to or suppresses the development of NAFLD. A genetic variant of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3-I148M) is the most prominent heritable factor associated with NAFLD. Interestingly, PNPLA3 harbors retinyl ester hydrolase activity and PNPLA3-I148M is associated with low serum retinol level, but enhanced retinyl esters in the liver of NAFLD patients. Low circulating retinol in NAFLD may therefore not reflect true “vitamin A deficiency”, but rather disturbed vitamin A metabolism. Here, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin A metabolism in NAFLD and its putative role in the progression of liver disease, as well as the therapeutic potential of vitamin A metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Bio-Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim C M A Schreuder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Alterations in vitamin A/retinoic acid homeostasis in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:597-602. [PMID: 28651670 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for life and the phytochemical β-carotene, also known as pro-vitamin A, is an important dietary source of this vitamin. Vitamin A (retinol) is the parent compound of all bioactive retinoids but it is retinoic acid (RA) that is the active metabolite of vitamin A. The plasma concentration of retinol is maintained in a narrow range and its normal biological activities strictly regulated since excessive intake can lead to toxicity and thus also be detrimental to life. The present review will give an overview of how vitamin A homeostasis is maintained and move on to focus on the link between circulating vitamin A and metabolic disease states. Finally, we will examine how pharmacological or genetic alterations in vitamin A homeostasis and RA-signalling can influence body fat and blood glucose levels including a novel link to the liver secreted hormone fibroblast growth factor 21, an important metabolic regulator.
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Poliakov E, Samuel W, Duncan T, Gutierrez DB, Mata NL, Redmond TM. Inhibitory effects of fenretinide metabolites N-[4-methoxyphenyl]retinamide (MPR) and 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (3-keto-HPR) on fenretinide molecular targets β-carotene oxygenase 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176487. [PMID: 28448568 PMCID: PMC5407626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic capacity of fenretinide (N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide; 4-HPR) has been demonstrated for several conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and ocular disease. Yet, the mechanisms of action for its pleiotropic effects are still undefined. We hypothesized that investigation of two of the major physiological metabolites of fenretinide, N-[4-methoxyphenyl]retinamide (MPR) and 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (3-keto-HPR), might begin to resolve the multifaceted effects of this synthetic retinoid. We analyzed the effects of fenretinide, MPR, 3-keto-HPR, and the non-retinoid RBP4 ligand A1120, on the activity of known targets of fenretinide, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) and dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) in ARPE-19 cells, and purified recombinant mouse beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) in vitro. Lipids and retinoids were extracted and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and reversed phase HPLC, respectively. The data demonstrate that while fenretinide is an inhibitor of the activities of these three enzymes, that 3-keto-HPR is a more potent inhibitor of all three enzymes, potentially mediating most of the in vivo beneficial effects of fenretinide. However, while MPR does not affect SCD1 and DES1 activity, it is a potent specific inhibitor of BCO1. We conclude that a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of fenretinide and its metabolites provides new avenues for therapeutic specificity. For example, administration of 3-keto-HPR instead of fenretinide may be preferential if inhibition of SCD1 or DES1 activity is the goal (cancer), while MPR may be better for BCO1 modulation (carotenoid metabolism). Continued investigation of fenretinide metabolites in the context of fenretinide’s various therapeutic uses will begin to resolve the pleotropic nature of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EP); (TMR)
| | - William Samuel
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd Duncan
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle B. Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan L. Mata
- Acucela Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - T. Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EP); (TMR)
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Coccurello R, Romano A, Giacovazzo G, Tempesta B, Fiore M, Giudetti AM, Marrocco I, Altieri F, Moles A, Gaetani S. Increased intake of energy-dense diet and negative energy balance in a mouse model of chronic psychosocial defeat. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1485-1498. [PMID: 28314964 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic exposure to stress may represent a risk factor for developing metabolic and eating disorders, mostly driven by the overconsumption of easily accessible energy-dense palatable food, although the mechanisms involved remain still unclear. In this study, we used an ethologically oriented murine model of chronic stress caused by chronic psychosocial defeat (CPD) to investigate the effects of unrestricted access to a palatable high fat diet (HFD) on food intake, body weight, energy homeostasis, and expression of different brain neuropeptides. Our aim was to shed light on the mechanisms responsible for body weight and body composition changes due to chronic social stress. METHODS In our model of subordinate (defeated), mice (CPD) cohabitated in constant sensory contact with dominants, being forced to interact on daily basis, and were offered ad libitum access either to an HFD or to a control diet (CD). Control mice (of the same strain as CPD mice) were housed in pairs and left unstressed in their home cage (UN). In all these mice, we evaluated body weight, different adipose depots, energy metabolism, caloric intake, and neuropeptide expression. RESULTS CPD mice increased the intake of HFD and reduced body weight in the presence of enhanced lipid oxidation. Resting energy expenditure and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) were increased in CPD mice, whereas epididymal adipose tissue increased only in HFD-fed unstressed mice. Propiomelanocortin mRNA levels in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus increased only in HFD-fed unstressed mice. Oxytocin mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus and neuropeptide Y mRNA levels within the arcuate were increased only in CD-fed CPD mice. In the arcuate, CART was increased in HFD-fed UN mice and in CD-fed CPD mice, while HFD intake suppressed CART increase in defeated animals. In the basolateral amygdala, CART expression was increased only in CPD animals on HFD. CONCLUSIONS CPD appears to uncouple the intake of HFD from energy homeostasis causing higher HFD intake, larger iBAT accumulation, increased energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, and lower body weight. Overall, the present study confirms the notion that the chronic activation of the stress response can be associated with metabolic disorders, altered energy homeostasis, and changes of orexigenic and anorexigenic signaling. These changes might be relevant to better understand the etiology of stress-induced obesity and eating disorders and might represent a valid therapeutic approach for the development of new therapies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy. .,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Bianca Tempesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marrocco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy. .,Genomia srl, Via L. Ariosto 21, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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40
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Morrice N, Mcilroy GD, Tammireddy SR, Reekie J, Shearer KD, Doherty MK, Delibegović M, Whitfield PD, Mody N. Elevated Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in obese, insulin resistant states is normalised by the synthetic retinoid Fenretinide in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43782. [PMID: 28256636 PMCID: PMC5335663 DOI: 10.1038/srep43782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has emerged as an important beneficial regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis but its levels are also abnormally increased in insulin-resistant states in rodents and humans. The synthetic retinoid Fenretinide inhibits obesity and improves glucose homeostasis in mice and has pleotropic effects on cellular pathways. To identify Fenretinide target genes, we performed unbiased RNA-seq analysis in liver from mice fed high-fat diet ± Fenretinide. Strikingly, Fgf21 was the most downregulated hepatic gene. Fenretinide normalised elevated levels of FGF21 in both high-fat diet-induced obese mice and in genetically obese-diabetic Leprdbmice. Moreover, Fenretinide-mediated suppression of FGF21 was independent of body weight loss or improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and importantly does not induce unhealthy metabolic complications. In mice which have substantially decreased endogenous retinoic acid biosynthesis, Fgf21 expression was increased, whereas acute pharmacological retinoid treatment decreased FGF21 levels. The repression of FGF21 levels by Fenretinide occurs by reduced binding of RARα and Pol-II at the Fgf21 promoter. We therefore establish Fgf21 as a novel gene target of Fenretinide signalling via a retinoid-dependent mechanism. These results may be of nutritional and therapeutic importance for the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Morrice
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK.,Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Old Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UU, UK
| | - George D Mcilroy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Seshu R Tammireddy
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness, Scotland IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Jennifer Reekie
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Kirsty D Shearer
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness, Scotland IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Mirela Delibegović
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness, Scotland IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
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Lee SA, Yuen JJ, Jiang H, Kahn BB, Blaner WS. Adipocyte-specific overexpression of retinol-binding protein 4 causes hepatic steatosis in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:1534-1546. [PMID: 27227735 PMCID: PMC5074895 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is considerable evidence that both retinoids and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) contribute to the development of liver disease. To understand the basis for this, we generated and studied transgenic mice that express human RBP4 (hRBP4) specifically in adipocytes. When fed a chow diet, these mice show an elevation in adipose total RBP4 (mouse RBP4 + hRBP4) protein levels. However, no significant differences in plasma RBP4 or retinol levels or in hepatic or adipose retinoid (retinol, retinyl ester, and all-trans-retinoic acid) levels were observed. Strikingly, male adipocyte-specific hRBP4 mice fed a standard chow diet display significantly elevated hepatic triglyceride levels at 3-4 months of age compared to matched littermate controls. When mice were fed a high-fat diet, this hepatic phenotype, as well as other metabolic phenotypes (obesity and glucose intolerance), worsened. Because adipocyte-specific hRBP4 mice have increased tumor necrosis factor-α and leptin expression and crown-like structures in adipose tissue, our data are consistent with the notion that adipose tissue is experiencing RBP4-induced inflammation that stimulates increased lipolysis within adipocytes. Our data further establish that elevated hepatic triglyceride levels result from increased hepatic uptake of adipose-derived circulating free fatty acids. We obtained no evidence that elevated hepatic triglyceride levels arise from increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, decreased hepatic free fatty acid oxidation, or decreased very-low-density lipoprotein secretion. CONCLUSION Our investigations establish that RBP4 expressed in adipocytes induces hepatic steatosis arising from primary effects occurring in adipose tissue. (Hepatology 2016;64:1534-1546).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ah Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jason J. Yuen
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
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Moraes-Vieira PM, Castoldi A, Aryal P, Wellenstein K, Peroni OD, Kahn BB. Antigen Presentation and T-Cell Activation Are Critical for RBP4-Induced Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:1317-27. [PMID: 26936962 PMCID: PMC4839203 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation contributes to impaired insulin action, which is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. RBP4 is an adipocyte- and liver-derived protein with an important role in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and AT inflammation. RBP4 elevation causes AT inflammation by activating innate immunity, which elicits an adaptive immune response. RBP4-overexpressing mice (RBP4-Ox) are insulin resistant and glucose intolerant and have increased AT macrophages and T-helper 1 cells. We show that high-fat diet-fed RBP4(-/-) mice have reduced AT inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity versus wild type. We also elucidate the mechanism for RBP4-induced macrophage antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation. In RBP4-Ox, AT macrophages display enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, and p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of these pathways and of NF-κB reduces activation of macrophages and CD4 T cells. MyD88 is an adaptor protein involved in proinflammatory signaling. In macrophages from MyD88(-/-) mice, RBP4 fails to stimulate secretion of tumor necrosis factor, IL-12, and IL-6 and CD4 T-cell activation. In vivo blockade of antigen presentation by treating RBP4-Ox mice with CTLA4-Ig, which blocks costimulation of T cells, is sufficient to reduce AT inflammation and improve insulin resistance. Thus, MyD88 and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways are necessary for RBP4-induced macrophage antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation. Also, blocking antigen presentation with CTLA4-Ig improves RBP4-induced insulin resistance and macrophage-induced T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kerry Wellenstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Odile D Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Hammerling U. Retinol as electron carrier in redox signaling, a new frontier in vitamin A research. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2016; 5:15-28. [PMID: 26904553 PMCID: PMC4739943 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2016.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses carotenoids and retinoids as chromophores for diverse energy conversion processes. The key structural feature enabling the interaction with light and other manifestations of electro-magnetism is the conjugated double-bond system that all members of this superfamily share in common. Among retinoids, retinaldehyde alone was long known as the active chromophore of vision in vertebrates and invertebrates, as well of various light-driven proton and ion pumps in Archaea. Until now, vitamin A (retinol) was solely regarded as a biochemical precursor for bioactive retinoids such as retinaldehyde and retinoic acid (RA), but recent results indicate that this compound has its own physiology. It functions as an electron carrier in mitochondria. By electronically coupling protein kinase Cδ (PCKδ) with cytochrome c, vitamin A enables the redox activation of this enzyme. This review focuses on the biochemistry and biology of the PCKδ signaling system, comprising PKCδ, the adapter protein p66Shc, cytochrome c and retinol. This complex positively regulates the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. Vitamin A therefore plays a key role in glycolytic energy generation. The emerging paradigm of retinol as electron-transfer agent is potentially transformative, opening new frontiers in retinoid research.
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Abstract
For the past century, vitamin A has been considered to serve as a precursor for retinoids that facilitate vision or as a precursor for retinoic acid (RA), a signaling molecule that modulates gene expression. However, vitamin A circulates in plasma at levels that far exceed the amount needed for vision or the synthesis of nanomolar levels of RA, and this suggests that vitamin A alcohol (i.e. retinol) may possess additional biological activity. We have pursued this question for the last 20 years, and in this chapter, we unfold the story of our quest and the data that support a novel and distinct role for vitamin A (alcohol) action. Our current model supports direct binding of vitamin A to the activation domains of serine/threonine kinases, such as protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf isoforms, where it is involved in redox activation of these proteins. Redox activation of PKCs was first described by the founders of the PKC field, but several hurdles needed to be overcome before a detailed understanding of the biochemistry could be provided. Two discoveries moved the field forward. First, was the discovery that the PKCδ isoform was activated by cytochrome c, a protein with oxidoreduction activity in mitochondria. Second, was the revelation that both PKCδ and cytochrome c are tethered to p66Shc, an adapter protein that brings the PKC zinc-finger substrate into close proximity with its oxidizing partner. Detailed characterization of the PKCδ signalosome complex was made possible by the work of many investigators. Our contribution was determining that vitamin A is a vital co-factor required to support an unprecedented redox-activation mechanism. This unique function of vitamin A is the first example of a general system that connects the one-electron redox chemistry of a heme protein (cytochrome c) with the two-electron chemistry of a classical phosphoprotein (PKCδ). Furthermore, contributions to the regulation of mitochondrial energetics attest to biological significance of vitamin A alcohol action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hammerling
- Member Emeritus, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 10065, New York, NY, USA.
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Shabrova E, Hoyos B, Vinogradov V, Kim YK, Wassef L, Leitges M, Quadro L, Hammerling U. Retinol as a cofactor for PKCδ-mediated impairment of insulin sensitivity in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2015; 30:1339-55. [PMID: 26671999 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-281543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously defined that the mitochondria-localized PKCδ signaling complex stimulates the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. We demonstrated in vitro and ex vivo that retinol supplementation enhances ATP synthesis in the presence of the PKCδ signalosome. Here, we tested in vivo if a persistent oversupply of retinol would further impair glucose metabolism in a mouse model of diet-induced insulin resistance. We crossed mice overexpressing human retinol-binding protein (hRBP) under the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter (MCKhRBP) with the PKCδ(-/-) strain to generate mice with a different status of the PKCδ signalosome and retinoid levels. Mice with a functional PKCδ signalosome and elevated retinoid levels (PKCδ(+/+)hRBP) developed the most advanced stage of insulin resistance. In contrast, elevation of retinoid levels in mice with inactive PKCδ did not affect remarkably their metabolism, resulting in phenotypic similarity between PKCδ(-/-)hRBP and PKCδ(-/-) mice. Therefore, in addition to the well-defined role of PKCδ in the etiology of metabolic syndrome, we present a novel PKCδ signaling pathway that requires retinol as a metabolic cofactor and is involved in the regulation of fuel utilization in mitochondria. The distinct role in whole-body energy homeostasis establishes the PKCδ signalosome as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shabrova
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beatrice Hoyos
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valerie Vinogradov
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lesley Wassef
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Leitges
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Loredana Quadro
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrich Hammerling
- *Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; and Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Mcilroy GD, Tammireddy SR, Maskrey BH, Grant L, Doherty MK, Watson DG, Delibegović M, Whitfield PD, Mody N. Fenretinide mediated retinoic acid receptor signalling and inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis regulates adipogenesis, lipid accumulation, mitochondrial function and nutrient stress signalling in adipocytes and adipose tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 100:86-97. [PMID: 26592777 PMCID: PMC4762576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide (FEN) is a synthetic retinoid that inhibits obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and completely prevents 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism(s) of FEN action in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in mice. We used the 3T3-L1 model of adipogenesis, fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue from HFD-induced obese mice to investigate the mechanisms of FEN action. We measured expression of adipogenic and retinoid genes by qPCR and activation of nutrient-signalling pathways by western blotting. Global lipid and metabolite analysis was performed and specific ceramide lipid species measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We provide direct evidence that FEN inhibits 3T3-L1 adipogenesis via RA-receptor (RAR)-dependent signaling. However, RARα antagonism did not prevent FEN-induced decreases in lipid levels in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting an RAR-independent mechanism. Lipidomics analysis revealed that FEN increased dihydroceramide lipid species 5- to 16-fold in adipocytes, indicating an inhibition of the final step of ceramide biosynthesis. A similar blockade in adipose tissue from FEN-treated obese mice was associated with a complete normalisation of impaired mitochondrial β-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. The FEN catabolite, 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-OXO), also decreased lipid accumulation without affecting adipogenesis. FEN and 4-OXO (but not RA) treatment additionally led to the activation of p38-MAPK, peIF2α and autophagy markers in adipocytes. Overall our data reveals FEN utilises both RAR-dependent and -independent pathways to regulate adipocyte biology, both of which may be required for FEN to prevent obesity and insulin resistance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Mcilroy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Seshu R Tammireddy
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
| | - Louise Grant
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
| | - David G Watson
- Metabolomics Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Mirela Delibegović
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Young PA, Leonard S, Martin DSD, Findlay JBC. Analysis of the effect of a novel therapeutic for type 2 diabetes on the proteome of a muscle cell line. Proteomics 2015; 16:70-9. [PMID: 26573124 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) concentration has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Two series of small molecules have been designed to lower serum levels by reducing secretion of the transthyretin-RBP complex from the liver and enhancing RBP clearance through the kidney. These small molecules were seen to improve glucose and insulin tolerance tests and to reduce body weight gain in mice rendered diabetic through a high fat diet. A proteomics study was conducted to better understand the effects of these compounds in muscle cells, muscle being the primary site for energy expenditure. One lead compound, RTC-15, is seen to have a significant effect on proteins involved in fat and glucose metabolism. This could indicate that the compound is having a direct effect on muscle tissue to improve energy homeostasis as well as a whole body effect on circulating RBP levels. This newly characterized group of antidiabetic compounds may prove useful in the treatment and prevention of insulin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Young
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Leonard
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Darren S D Martin
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - John B C Findlay
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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Raja Gopal Reddy M, Pavan Kumar C, Mahesh M, Sravan Kumar M, Mullapudi Venkata S, Putcha UK, Vajreswari A, Jeyakumar SM. Vitamin A deficiency suppresses high fructose-induced triglyceride synthesis and elevates resolvin D1 levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:156-65. [PMID: 26597784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Vitamin A and its metabolites are known to regulate lipid metabolism. However so far, no study has assessed, whether vitamin A deficiency per se aggravates or attenuates the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, here, we tested the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the development of NAFLD. METHODS Male weanling Wistar rats were fed one of the following diets; control, vitamin A-deficient (VAD), high fructose (HFr) and VAD with HFr (VADHFr) of AIN93G composition, for 16weeks, except half of the VAD diet-fed rats were shifted to HFr diet (VAD(s)HFr), at the end of 8(th) week. RESULTS Animals fed on VAD diet with HFr displayed hypotriglyceridemia (33.5mg/dL) with attenuated hepatic triglyceride accumulation (8.2mg/g), compared with HFr diet (89.5mg/dL and 20.6mg/g respectively). These changes could be partly explained by the decreased activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and the down-regulation of stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), both at gene and protein levels, the key determinants of triglyceride biosynthesis. On the other hand, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid and its active metabolite; resolvin D1 (RvD1) levels were elevated in the liver and plasma of VAD diet-fed groups, which was negatively associated with triglyceride levels. All these factors confer vitamin A deficiency-mediated protection against the development of hepatic steatosis, which was also evident from the group shifted from VAD to HFr diet. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin A deficiency attenuates high fructose-induced hepatic steatosis, by regulating triglyceride synthesis, possibly through GPDH, SCD1 and RvD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mooli Raja Gopal Reddy
- Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Chodisetti Pavan Kumar
- Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Malleswarapu Mahesh
- Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manchiryala Sravan Kumar
- Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Uday Kumar Putcha
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Shanmugam M Jeyakumar
- Lipid Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Vitamin A Transport Mechanism of the Multitransmembrane Cell-Surface Receptor STRA6. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:425-53. [PMID: 26343735 PMCID: PMC4584289 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A has biological functions as diverse as sensing light for vision, regulating stem cell differentiation, maintaining epithelial integrity, promoting immune competency, regulating learning and memory, and acting as a key developmental morphogen. Vitamin A derivatives have also been used in treating human diseases. If vitamin A is considered a drug that everyone needs to take to survive, evolution has come up with a natural drug delivery system that combines sustained release with precise and controlled delivery to the cells or tissues that depend on it. This "drug delivery system" is mediated by plasma retinol binding protein (RBP), the principle and specific vitamin A carrier protein in the blood, and STRA6, the cell-surface receptor for RBP that mediates cellular vitamin A uptake. The mechanism by which the RBP receptor absorbs vitamin A from the blood is distinct from other known cellular uptake mechanisms. This review summarizes recent progress in elucidating the fundamental molecular mechanism mediated by the RBP receptor and multiple newly discovered catalytic activities of this receptor, and compares this transport system with retinoid transport independent of RBP/STRA6. How to target this new type of transmembrane receptor using small molecules in treating diseases is also discussed.
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Casasampere M, Ordoñez YF, Pou A, Casas J. Inhibitors of dihydroceramide desaturase 1: Therapeutic agents and pharmacological tools to decipher the role of dihydroceramides in cell biology. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 197:33-44. [PMID: 26248324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1) is the last enzyme in the de novo synthesis of ceramides (Cer). It catalyzes the insertion of a double bond into dihydroceramides (dhCer) to convert them to Cer, both of which are further metabolized to more complex (dihydro) sphingolipids. For many years dhCer have received poor attention, mainly due to their supposed lack of biological activity. It was not until about ten years ago that the concept that dhCer might have regulatory roles in biology emerged for the first time. Since then, multiple publications have established that dhCer are implicated in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of dhCer have been recently reviewed. In this review we will focus on the biochemical features of Des1 and on its inhibition by different compounds with presumably different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Casasampere
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yadira F Ordoñez
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pou
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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