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Lopes GDCA, Miranda BCR, Lima JOPF, Martins JA, de Sousa AA, Nobre TA, Severo JS, da Silva TEO, Afonso MDS, Lima JDCC, de Matos Neto EM, Torres LRDO, Cintra DE, Lottenberg AM, Seelaender M, da Silva MTB, Torres-Leal FL. Brain Perception of Different Oils on Appetite Regulation: An Anorectic Gene Expression Pattern in the Hypothalamus Dependent on the Vagus Nerve. Nutrients 2024; 16:2397. [PMID: 39125278 PMCID: PMC11314563 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We examined the effect of the acute administration of olive oil (EVOO), linseed oil (GLO), soybean oil (SO), and palm oil (PO) on gastric motility and appetite in rats. (2) Methods: We assessed food intake, gastric retention (GR), and gene expression in all groups. (3) Results: Both EVOO and GLO were found to enhance the rate of stomach retention, leading to a decrease in hunger. On the other hand, the reduction in food intake caused by SO was accompanied by delayed effects on stomach retention. PO caused an alteration in the mRNA expression of NPY, POMC, and CART. Although PO increased stomach retention after 180 min, it did not affect food intake. It was subsequently verified that the absence of an autonomic reaction did not nullify the influence of EVOO in reducing food consumption. Moreover, in the absence of parasympathetic responses, animals that received PO exhibited a significant decrease in food consumption, probably mediated by lower NPY expression. (4) Conclusions: This study discovered that different oils induce various effects on parameters related to food consumption. Specifically, EVOO reduces food consumption primarily through its impact on the gastrointestinal tract, making it a recommended adjunct for weight loss. Conversely, the intake of PO limits food consumption in the absence of an autonomic reaction, but it is not advised due to its contribution to the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele de Carvalho Araújo Lopes
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Brenda Caroline Rodrigues Miranda
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
| | - João Orlando Piauilino Ferreira Lima
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Jorddam Almondes Martins
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Athanara Alves de Sousa
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Taline Alves Nobre
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Juliana Soares Severo
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Tiago Eugênio Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 17012-900, SP, Brazil;
| | | | - Joana Darc Carola Correia Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 17012-900, SP, Brazil; (J.D.C.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | | | | | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-855, SP, Brazil;
- Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, CELN, School of Applied Sciences University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Lottenberg
- Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, CELN, School of Applied Sciences University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 17012-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery and LIM26-HCFMUSP, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 17012-900, SP, Brazil; (J.D.C.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Moisés Tolentino Bento da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Leonardo Torres-Leal
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Glauto Tuquarre, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil; (G.d.C.A.L.); (B.C.R.M.); (J.O.P.F.L.); (J.A.M.); (A.A.d.S.); (T.A.N.); (J.S.S.)
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Sibthorpe PEM, Fitzgerald DM, Sillence MN, de Laat MA. Associations between feeding and glucagon-like peptide-2 in healthy ponies. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:309-317. [PMID: 37705248 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal peptides, such as glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), could play a direct role in the development of equine hyperinsulinaemia. OBJECTIVES To describe the secretory pattern of endogenous GLP-2 over 24 h in healthy ponies and determine whether oral administration of a synthetic GLP-2 peptide increases blood glucose or insulin responses to feeding. STUDY DESIGN A cohort study followed by a randomised, controlled, cross-over study. METHODS In the cohort study, blood samples were collected every 2 h for 24 h in seven healthy ponies and plasma [GLP-2] was measured. In the cross-over study, 75 μg/kg bodyweight of synthetic GLP-2, or carrier only, was orally administered to 10 ponies twice daily for 10 days. The area under the curve (AUC0-3h ) of post-prandial blood glucose and insulin were determined before and after each treatment. RESULTS Endogenous [GLP-2] ranged from <0.55 to 1.95 ± 0.29 [CI 0.27] ng/mL with similar peak concentrations in response to meals containing 88-180 g of non-structural carbohydrate, that were ~4-fold higher (P < 0.001) than the overnight nadir. After GLP-2 treatment peak plasma [GLP-2] increased from 1.1 [0.63-1.37] ng/mL to 1.54 [1.1-2.31] ng/mL (28.6%; P = 0.002), and AUC0-3h was larger (P = 0.01) than before treatment. The peptide decreased (7%; P = 0.003) peak blood glucose responses to feeding from 5.33 ± 0.45 mmol/L to 5.0 ± 0.21 mmol/L, but not AUC0-3h (P = 0.07). There was no effect on insulin secretion. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study only included healthy ponies and administration of a single dose of GLP-2. CONCLUSIONS The diurnal pattern of GLP-2 secretion in ponies was similar to other species with no apparent effect of daylight. Although GLP-2 treatment did not increase post-prandial glucose or insulin responses to eating, studies using alternative dosing strategies for GLP-2 are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy E M Sibthorpe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle M Fitzgerald
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin N Sillence
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melody A de Laat
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kroscher KA, Fausnacht DW, McMillan RP, El-Kadi SW, Wall EH, Bravo DM, Rhoads RP. Supplementation with artificial sweetener and capsaicin alters metabolic flexibility and performance in heat-stressed and feed-restricted pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652329. [PMID: 35908791 PMCID: PMC9339275 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial economic losses in animal agriculture result from animals experiencing heat stress (HS). Pigs are especially susceptible to HS, resulting in reductions in growth, altered body composition, and compromised substrate metabolism. In this study, an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsaicin (CAPS-SUC; Pancosma, Switzerland) were supplemented in combination to mitigate the adverse effects of HS on pig performance. Forty cross-bred barrows (16.2 ± 6 kg) were assigned to one of five treatments: thermal neutral controls (TN) (22 ± 1.2 °C; 38%-73% relative humidity) with ad libitum feed, HS conditions with ad libitum feed with (HS+) or without (HS-) supplementation, and pair-fed to HS with (PF+) or without supplementation (PF-). Pigs in heat-stressed treatments were exposed to a cyclical environmental temperature of 12 h at 35 ± 1.2 °C with 27%-45% relative humidity and 12 h at 30 ± 1.1 °C with 24%-35% relative humidity for 21 d. Supplementation (0.1 g/kg feed) began 7 d before and persisted through the duration of environmental or dietary treatments (HS/PF), which lasted for 21 d. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates (RR; breaths/minute) were recorded thrice daily, and feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Before the start and at the termination of environmental treatments (HS/PF), a muscle biopsy of the longissimus dorsi was taken for metabolic analyses. Blood samples were collected weekly, and animals were weighed every 3 d during treatment. Core temperature (TN 39.2 ± 0.02 °C, HS- 39.6 ± 0.02 °C, and HS+ 39.6 ± 0.02 °C, P < 0.001) and RR (P < 0.001) were increased in both HS- and HS+ groups, but no difference was detected between HS- and HS+. PF- pigs exhibited reduced core temperature (39.1 ± 0.02 °C, P < 0.001), which was restored in PF+ pigs (39.3 ± 0.02 °C) to match TN. Weight gain and feed efficiency were reduced in PF- pigs (P < 0.05) but not in the PF+ or the HS- or HS+ groups. Metabolic flexibility was decreased in the HS- group (-48.4%, P < 0.05) but maintained in the HS+ group. CAPS-SUC did not influence core temperature or weight gain in HS pigs but did restore core temperature, weight gain, and feed efficiency in supplemented PF pigs. In addition, supplementation restored metabolic flexibility during HS and improved weight gain and feed efficiency during PF, highlighting CAPS-SUC's therapeutic metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Kroscher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dane W Fausnacht
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ryan P McMillan
- The Metabolism Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Samer W El-Kadi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Xie F, Shen J, Liu T, Zhou M, Johnston LJ, Zhao J, Zhang H, Ma X. Sensation of dietary nutrients by gut taste receptors and its mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5594-5607. [PMID: 34978220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients sensing is crucial for fundamental metabolism and physiological functions, and it is also an essential component for maintaining body homeostasis. Traditionally, basic taste receptors exist in oral cavity to sense sour, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and et al. Recent studies indicate that gut can sense the composition of nutrients by activating relevant taste receptors, thereby exerting specific direct or indirect effects. Gut taste receptors, also named as intestinal nutrition receptors, including at least bitter, sweet and umami receptors, have been considered to be activated by certain nutrients and participate in important intestinal physiological activities such as eating behavior, intestinal motility, nutrient absorption and metabolism. Additionally, gut taste receptors can regulate appetite and body weight, as well as maintain homeostasis via targeting hormone secretion or regulating the gut microbiota. On the other hand, malfunction of gut taste receptors may lead to digestive disorders, and then result in obesity, type 2 diabetes and gastrointestinal diseases. At present, researchers have confirmed that the brain-gut axis may play indispensable roles in these diseases via the secretion of brain-gut peptides, but the mechanism is still not clear. In this review, we summarize the current observation of knowledge in gut taste systems in order to shed light on revealing their important nutritional functions and promoting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hanawa Y, Higashiyama M, Kurihara C, Tanemoto R, Ito S, Mizoguchi A, Nishii S, Wada A, Inaba K, Sugihara N, Horiuchi K, Okada Y, Narimatsu K, Komoto S, Tomita K, Hokari R. Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:3140-3148. [PMID: 34368996 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium (ACK) is officially approved as safe for intake and has been used in processed foods. However, ACKs have been reported to induce metabolic syndrome, along with alteration of the gut microbiota in mice. In recent years, studies have suggested that this artificial sweetener promotes myeloperoxidase reactivity in Crohn's disease-like ileitis. We aimed to investigate the effect of ACK on the intestinal mucosa and gut microbiota of normal mice. METHODS Acesulfame potassium was administered to C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old) via free drinking. Intestinal damage was evaluated histologically, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL1-β, MAdCAM-1, GLP1R, and GLP2R were determined with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of MAdCAM-1 in the small intestine. The composition of gut microbiota was assessed using high-throughput sequencing. We performed intravital microscopic observation to examine if ACK altered lymphocyte migration to the intestinal microvessels. RESULTS Acesulfame potassium increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased the expression of GLP-1R and GLP-2R, and induced small intestinal injury with an increase in intestinal permeability, and ACK treatment induced microbial changes, but the transfer of feces alone from ACK mice did not reproduce intestinal damage in recipient mice. ACK treatment significantly increased the migration of lymphocytes to intestinal microvessels. CONCLUSION Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa. Massive use of non-caloric artificial sweeteners may not be as safe as we think.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hanawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Mizoguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Nishii
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Sugihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Morrow NM, Hanson AA, Mulvihill EE. Distinct Identity of GLP-1R, GLP-2R, and GIPR Expressing Cells and Signaling Circuits Within the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703966. [PMID: 34660576 PMCID: PMC8511495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells directly integrate signals of nutrient content within the gut lumen with distant hormonal responses and nutrient disposal via the production and secretion of peptides, including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). Given their direct and indirect control of post-prandial nutrient uptake and demonstrated translational relevance for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, malabsorption and cardiometabolic disease, there is significant interest in the locally engaged circuits mediating these metabolic effects. Although several specific populations of cells in the intestine have been identified to express endocrine receptors, including intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and αβ and γδ T-cells (Glp1r+) and smooth muscle cells (Glp2r+), the definitive cellular localization and co-expression, particularly in regards to the Gipr remain elusive. Here we review the current state of the literature and evaluate the identity of Glp1r, Glp2r, and Gipr expressing cells within preclinical and clinical models. Further elaboration of our understanding of the initiating G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) circuits engaged locally within the intestine and how they become altered with high-fat diet feeding can offer insight into the dysregulation observed in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya M Morrow
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio A Hanson
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Montreal Diabetes Research Center CRCHUM-Pavillion R, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Horiuchi K, Higashiyama M, Kurihara C, Matsumura K, Tanemoto R, Ito S, Mizoguchi A, Nishii S, Wada A, Inaba K, Sugihara N, Hanawa Y, Shibuya N, Okada Y, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Tomita K, Hokari R. Intestinal inflammations increase efflux of innate lymphoid cells from the intestinal mucosa to the mesenteric lymph nodes through lymph-collecting ducts. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12694. [PMID: 33742518 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are abundant in the intestinal mucosa, forming boundaries externally. Herein, ILCs were directly obtained from intestinal lymph using a lymph fistula rat model and analyzed under physiological and pathological conditions. METHODS Thoracic duct (TD) lymphocytes were collected by cannulation with/without preceded mesenteric lymphadenectomy, which were comparable to lymphocytes flowing through mesenteric lymphatic vessels (MLVs) or TD, respectively. The collected ILCs were classified according to gene transcription factors and analyzed by flow cytometry. The effect of IL-25 or indomethacin was studied. RESULTS The proportion of total ILCs in the MLVs (MLV-ILCs) was significantly higher than that in TD (TD-ILCs, 0.01% vs. 0.003%, respectively). Physiologically, there were several significant differences in the MLV-ILCs compared with TD-ILCs, including the proportion of ILC2 (42.3% vs. 70.9%) and ILC3 (33.3% vs. 13.8%), and the proportion of α4-integrin-positive cells (36.8% vs. 0.3%). IL-25 significantly increased the proportion of MLV-ILC2 after 3 days. Indomethacin-induced intestinal injury increased the proportion of MLV-ILC3 in the early phase within 12 h. CONCLUSION Intestinal ILCs were found to migrate through MLVs. The altered mobilization of MLV-ILCs after stimuli suggests that ILCs play an important role in regulating the immune responses at the secondary lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsumura
- Laboratory of Cell Analysis, Central Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Mizoguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Nishii
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Sugihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hanawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibuya
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chikako Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Chen J, Lei Y, Zhang Y, He S, Liu L, Dong X. Beyond sweetness: The high-intensity sweeteners and farm animals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Merino B, Fernández-Díaz CM, Cózar-Castellano I, Perdomo G. Intestinal Fructose and Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2019; 12:E94. [PMID: 31905727 PMCID: PMC7019254 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes have been linked to increased sugar consumption in humans. Here, we review fructose and glucose metabolism, as well as potential molecular mechanisms by which excessive sugar consumption is associated to metabolic diseases and insulin resistance in humans. To this end, we focus on understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of fructose and glucose transport and sensing in the intestine, the intracellular signaling effects of dietary sugar metabolism, and its impact on glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Finally, the peripheral and central effects of dietary sugars on the gut-brain axis will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merino
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
| | - Cristina M. Fernández-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - German Perdomo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos 09001, Spain
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10
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Kreuch D, Keating DJ, Wu T, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Young RL. Gut Mechanisms Linking Intestinal Sweet Sensing to Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:741. [PMID: 30564198 PMCID: PMC6288399 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing nutrients within the gastrointestinal tract engages the enteroendocrine cell system to signal within the mucosa, to intrinsic and extrinsic nerve pathways, and the circulation. This signaling provides powerful feedback from the intestine to slow the rate of gastric emptying, limit postprandial glycemic excursions, and induce satiation. This review focuses on the intestinal sensing of sweet stimuli (including low-calorie sweeteners), which engage similar G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the sweet taste receptors (STRs) of the tongue. It explores the enteroendocrine cell signals deployed upon STR activation that act within and outside the gastrointestinal tract, with a focus on the role of this distinctive pathway in regulating glucose transport function via absorptive enterocytes, and the associated impact on postprandial glycemic responses in animals and humans. The emerging role of diet, including low-calorie sweeteners, in modulating the composition of the gut microbiome and how this may impact glycemic responses of the host, is also discussed, as is recent evidence of a causal role of diet-induced dysbiosis in influencing the gut-brain axis to alter gastric emptying and insulin release. Full knowledge of intestinal STR signaling in humans, and its capacity to engage host and/or microbiome mechanisms that modify glycemic control, holds the potential for improved prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kreuch
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien J. Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Rayner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Richard L. Young
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We report recently published knowledge regarding gut chemosensory mechanisms focusing on nutrient-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on gut enteroendocrine cells (EECs), tuft cells, and in afferent nerves in the gastroduodenal mucosa and submucosa. RECENT FINDINGS Gene profiling of EECs and tuft cells have revealed expression of a variety of nutrient-sensing GPCRs. The density of EEC and tuft cells is altered by luminal environmental changes that may occur following bypass surgery or in the presence of mucosal inflammation. Some EECs and tuft cells are directly linked to sensory nerves in the subepithelial space. Vagal afferent neurons that innervate the intestinal villi express nutrient receptors, contributing to the regulation of duodenal anion secretion in response to luminal nutrients. Nutrients are also absorbed via specific epithelial transporters. SUMMARY Gastric and duodenal epithelial cells are continually exposed to submolar concentrations of nutrients that activate GPCRs expressed on EECs, tuft cells, and submucosal afferent nerves and are also absorbed through specific transporters, regulating epithelial cell proliferation, gastrointestinal physiological function, and metabolism. The chemical coding and distribution of EECs and tuft cells are keys to the development of GPCR-targeted therapies.
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12
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Sun JY, Ma LN, Gao L. New perspectives on research of sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 and 2. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3673-3682. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i25.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) are a family of glucose transporters located in the mucosa of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the nephron. They are important mediators of glucose uptake across cell membranes. According to recent basic studies and clinical trials, SGLT2 controls renal glucose reabsorption and its inhibitors not only act as antihyperglycemia agents via increment of urinary glucose excretion but also decrease blood pressure to exert a cardioprotective effect. When SGLT2 is inhibited, SGLT1 compensates for the function of SGLT2 in renal glucose reabsorption, weakening the hypoglycemic action of SGLT2 inhibitors. In the small intestine, SGLT1 also mediates almost the whole sodium-dependent glucose uptake. As a result, SGLT1 inhibitors have therapeutic potential for diabetes. In addition, the expression of SGLT1 is associated with gastrointestinal hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and taste receptors. Therefore, it can have an impact on human feeding behaviors and appetite and be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. This review focuses on the physiological functions of SGLT1 and SGLT2, their interaction with taste receptors and intestinal hormone, and their prospects as new therapeutic targets for diabetes management.
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Shearer J, Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners and metabolic dysregulation: Lessons learned from agriculture and the laboratory. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:179-86. [PMID: 27387506 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Escalating rates of obesity and public health messages to reduce excessive sugar intake have fuelled the consumption of artificial sweeteners in a wide range of products from breakfast cereals to snack foods and beverages. Artificial sweeteners impart a sweet taste without the associated energy and have been widely recommended by medical professionals since they are considered safe. However, associations observed in long-term prospective studies raise the concern that regular consumption of artificial sweeteners might actually contribute to development of metabolic derangements that lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obtaining mechanistic data on artificial sweetener use in humans in relation to metabolic dysfunction is difficult due to the long time frames over which dietary factors might exert their effects on health and the large number of confounding variables that need to be considered. Thus, mechanistic data from animal models can be highly useful because they permit greater experimental control. Results from animal studies in both the agricultural sector and the laboratory indicate that artificial sweeteners may not only promote food intake and weight gain but can also induce metabolic alterations in a wide range of animal species. As a result, simple substitution of artificial sweeteners for sugars in humans may not produce the intended consequences. Instead consumption of artificial sweeteners might contribute to increases in risks for obesity or its attendant negative health outcomes. As a result, it is critical that the impacts of artificial sweeteners on health and disease continue to be more thoroughly evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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14
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Zhang L, Gao L, Bi HM. New perspectives of incretin research. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4473-4481. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i28.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Incretins are a group of hormones released into the blood stream by gastrointestinal cells after food stimulation, including glucagon like peptide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which can promote insulin secretion and regulate blood sugar. GLP-1 is secreted by intestinal L cells, and fulfills its function through the specific GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). GLP-1R is widely distributed in the pancreas and non-pancreatic tissues such as central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, lungs, and kidneys. In recent years, GLP-1 drugs have been used for the treatment of diabetes, but it has attracted more interest because of its beneficiary effects on β cell function, weight reduction, endothelial function, and Alzheimer's disease. This article will review the recent progress in research of GLP-1 with regards to its synthesis and secretion, its effects on taste and Alzheimer's disease, and its relationship with other gastrointestinal hormones, with an aim to illuminate the future clinical use and research of GLP-1.
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15
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Cvijanovic N, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Little TJ. Oral and intestinal sweet and fat tasting: impact of receptor polymorphisms and dietary modulation for metabolic disease. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:318-334. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Araújo JR, Martel F, Keating E. Exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners during pregnancy and lactation: Impact in programming of metabolic diseases in the progeny later in life. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 49:196-201. [PMID: 25263228 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional environment during embryonic, fetal and neonatal development plays a crucial role in the offspring's risk of developing diseases later in life. Although non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) provide sweet taste without contributing to energy intake, animal studies showed that long-term consumption of NSS, particularly aspartame, starting during the perigestational period may predispose the offspring to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life. In this paper, we review the impact of NNS exposure during the perigestational period on the long-term disease risk of the offspring, with a particular focus on metabolic diseases. Some mechanisms underlying NNS adverse metabolic effects have been proposed, such as an increase in intestinal glucose absorption, alterations in intestinal microbiota, induction of oxidative stress and a dysregulation of appetite and reward responses. The data reviewed herein suggest that NNS consumption by pregnant and lactating women should be looked with particular caution and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Araújo
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa Keating
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, 4200-702 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Rønnestad I, Akiba Y, Kaji I, Kaunitz JD. Duodenal luminal nutrient sensing. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 19:67-75. [PMID: 25113991 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to numerous chemical substances and microorganisms, including macronutrients, micronutrients, bacteria, endogenous ions, and proteins. The regulation of mucosal protection, digestion, absorption and motility is signaled in part by luminal solutes. Therefore, luminal chemosensing is an important mechanism enabling the mucosa to monitor luminal conditions, such as pH, ion concentrations, nutrient quantity, and microflora. The duodenal mucosa shares luminal nutrient receptors with lingual taste receptors in order to detect the five basic tastes, in addition to essential nutrients, and unwanted chemicals. The recent 'de-orphanization' of nutrient sensing G protein-coupled receptors provides an essential component of the mechanism by which the mucosa senses luminal nutrients. In this review, we will update the mechanisms of and underlying physiological and pathological roles in luminal nutrient sensing, with a main focus on the duodenal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, N5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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18
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Moran A, Al-Rammahi M, Zhang C, Bravo D, Calsamiglia S, Shirazi-Beechey S. Sweet taste receptor expression in ruminant intestine and its activation by artificial sweeteners to regulate glucose absorption. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4955-72. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Thazhath SS, Wu T, Young RL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Glucose absorption in small intestinal diseases. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:301-12. [PMID: 24502537 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.887439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of diabetes and obesity management have established the central role of the gut in glucose homeostasis; not only is the gut the primary absorptive site, but it also triggers neurohumoral feedback responses that regulate the pre- and post-absorptive phases of glucose metabolism. Structural and/or functional disorders of the intestine have the capacity to enhance (e.g.: diabetes) or inhibit (e.g.: short-gut syndrome, critical illness) glucose absorption, with potentially detrimental outcomes. In this review, we first describe the normal physiology of glucose absorption and outline the methods by which it can be quantified. Then we focus on the structural and functional changes in the small intestine associated with obesity, critical illness, short gut syndrome and other malabsorptive states, and particularly Type 2 diabetes, which can impact upon carbohydrate absorption and overall glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony S Thazhath
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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20
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Taste Receptor Gene Expression Outside the Gustatory System. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Young RL, Chia B, Isaacs NJ, Ma J, Khoo J, Wu T, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Disordered control of intestinal sweet taste receptor expression and glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 62:3532-41. [PMID: 23761104 PMCID: PMC3781477 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously established that the intestinal sweet taste receptors (STRs), T1R2 and T1R3, were expressed in distinct epithelial cells in the human proximal intestine and that their transcript levels varied with glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes. Here we determined whether STR expression was 1) acutely regulated by changes in luminal and systemic glucose levels, 2) disordered in type 2 diabetes, and 3) linked to glucose absorption. Fourteen healthy subjects and 13 patients with type 2 diabetes were studied twice, at euglycemia (5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L) or hyperglycemia (12.3 ± 0.2 mmol/L). Endoscopic biopsy specimens were collected from the duodenum at baseline and after a 30-min intraduodenal glucose infusion of 30 g/150 mL water plus 3 g 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG). STR transcripts were quantified by RT-PCR, and plasma was assayed for 3-OMG concentration. Intestinal STR transcript levels at baseline were unaffected by acute variations in glycemia in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients. T1R2 transcript levels increased after luminal glucose infusion in both groups during euglycemia (+5.8 × 10(4) and +5.8 × 10(4) copies, respectively) but decreased in healthy subjects during hyperglycemia (-1.4 × 10(4) copies). T1R2 levels increased significantly in type 2 diabetic patients under the same conditions (+6.9 × 10(5) copies). Plasma 3-OMG concentrations were significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients than in healthy control subjects during acute hyperglycemia. Intestinal T1R2 expression is reciprocally regulated by luminal glucose in health according to glycemic status but is disordered in type 2 diabetes during acute hyperglycemia. This defect may enhance glucose absorption in type 2 diabetic patients and exacerbate postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Young
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author: Richard L. Young,
| | - Bridgette Chia
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole J. Isaacs
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jing Ma
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joan Khoo
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Rayner
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Cong WN, Wang R, Cai H, Daimon CM, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Bohr VA, Turkin R, Wood WH, Becker KG, Moaddel R, Maudsley S, Martin B. Long-term artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium treatment alters neurometabolic functions in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70257. [PMID: 23950916 PMCID: PMC3737213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity, artificial, non-nutritive sweeteners have been widely used as dietary supplements that provide sweet taste without excessive caloric load. In order to better understand the overall actions of artificial sweeteners, especially when they are chronically used, we investigated the peripheral and central nervous system effects of protracted exposure to a widely used artificial sweetener, acesulfame K (ACK). We found that extended ACK exposure (40 weeks) in normal C57BL/6J mice demonstrated a moderate and limited influence on metabolic homeostasis, including altering fasting insulin and leptin levels, pancreatic islet size and lipid levels, without affecting insulin sensitivity and bodyweight. Interestingly, impaired cognitive memory functions (evaluated by Morris Water Maze and Novel Objective Preference tests) were found in ACK-treated C57BL/6J mice, while no differences in motor function and anxiety levels were detected. The generation of an ACK-induced neurological phenotype was associated with metabolic dysregulation (glycolysis inhibition and functional ATP depletion) and neurosynaptic abnormalities (dysregulation of TrkB-mediated BDNF and Akt/Erk-mediated cell growth/survival pathway) in hippocampal neurons. Our data suggest that chronic use of ACK could affect cognitive functions, potentially via altering neuro-metabolic functions in male C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-na Cong
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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