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Friedman MI, Sørensen TIA, Taubes G, Lund J, Ludwig DS. Trapped fat: Obesity pathogenesis as an intrinsic disorder in metabolic fuel partitioning. Obes Rev 2024. [PMID: 38961319 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity remains at best incomplete despite a century of research. During this time, two alternative perspectives have helped shape thinking about the etiology of the disorder. The currently prevailing view holds that excessive fat accumulation results because energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, with excessive food consumption being the primary cause of the imbalance. The other perspective attributes the initiating cause of obesity to intrinsic metabolic defects that shift fuel partitioning from pathways for mobilization and oxidation to those for synthesis and storage. The resulting reduction in fuel oxidation and trapping of energy in adipose tissue drives a compensatory increase in energy intake and, under some conditions, a decrease in expenditure. This theory of obesity pathogenesis has historically garnered relatively less attention despite its pedigree. Here, we present an updated comprehensive formulation of the fuel partitioning theory, focused on evidence gathered over the last 80 years from major animal models of obesity showing a redirection of fuel fluxes from oxidation to storage and accumulation of excess body fat with energy intake equal to or even less than that of lean animals. The aim is to inform current discussions about the etiology of obesity and by so doing, help lay new foundations for the design of more efficacious approaches to obesity research, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Childhood Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Onaka GM, de Carvalho MR, Onaka PK, Barbosa CM, Martinez PF, de Oliveira-Junior SA. Exercise, mTOR Activation, and Potential Impacts on the Liver in Rodents. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:362. [PMID: 38927242 PMCID: PMC11201249 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The literature offers a consensus on the association between exercise training (ET) protocols based on the adequate parameters of intensity and frequency, and several adaptive alterations in the liver. Indeed, regular ET can reverse glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, especially from aerobic modalities, which can decrease intrahepatic fat formation. In terms of molecular mechanisms, the regulation of hepatic fat formation would be directly related to the modulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which would be stimulated by insulin signaling and Akt activation, from the following three different primary signaling pathways: (I) growth factor, (II) energy/ATP-sensitive, and (III) amino acid-sensitive signaling pathways, respectively. Hyperactivation of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway induces lipogenesis by regulating the action of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Exercise training interventions have been associated with multiple metabolic and tissue benefits. However, it is worth highlighting that the mTOR signaling in the liver in response to exercise interventions remains unclear. Hepatic adaptive alterations seem to be most outstanding when sustained by chronic interventions or high-intensity exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Moreto Onaka
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Marianna Rabelo de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Patricia Kubalaki Onaka
- Graduate Program in Education and Health, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil
| | - Claudiane Maria Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Paula Felippe Martinez
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
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3
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Saigo Y, Uno K, Ishigure T, Odake T, Ohta T. Pathophysiological Features of Rat Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. In Vivo 2024; 38:990-999. [PMID: 38688597 PMCID: PMC11059886 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is caused by various factors, including genetic and/or environmental factors, and has complicated pathophysiological features during the development of the disease. NAFLD/NASH is recognized as an unmet medical need, and NAFLD/NASH animal models are essential tools for developing new therapies, including potential drugs and biomarkers. In this review, we describe the pathological features of the NAFLD/NASH rat models, focusing on the histopathology of hepatic fibrosis. NAFLD/NASH rat models are divided into three categories: diet-induced, genetic, and combined models based on diet, chemicals, and genetics. Rat models of NASH with hepatic fibrosis are especially expected to contribute to the development of new therapies, such as drugs and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuka Saigo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kinuko Uno
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Ishigure
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Odake
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Besqueut‐Rougerie C, Chavanelle V, Michaux A, Otero YF, Sirvent P, King JA, Ennequin G. Voluntary exercise fails to prevent metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression in male rats fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15993. [PMID: 38627215 PMCID: PMC11021195 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major public health issue with a worldwide prevalence of 30%-32%. In animal models, voluntary exercise may be an alternative to forced physical activity, avoiding stress, potential injuries, and being logistically simpler. Here, we assessed voluntary exercise (Vex) in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks to induce MASLD. We quantified workload (speed and distance) using exercise wheels and evaluated energy expenditure using calorimetric cages. MASLD progression was assessed using circulating and hepatic biochemical and gene markers of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The animals ran an average of 301 km during the study period, with the average daily distance peaking at 4937 m/day during Weeks 3-4 before decreasing to 757 m/day by the end of the study. Rats exposed to Vex showed no improvement in any of the MASLD-associated features, such as steatosis, inflammation, or fibrosis. Rats exposed to Vex exhibited a higher total energy expenditure during the night phase (+0.35 kcal/h; p = 0.003) without resulting in any effect on body composition. We conclude that, in our experimental conditions, Vex failed to prevent MASLD progression in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - James A. King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUK
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Chaire Santé en MouvementClermont Auvergne UniversityClermont‐FerrandFrance
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5
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Hernández-Saavedra D, Hinkley JM, Baer LA, Pinckard KM, Vidal P, Nirengi S, Brennan AM, Chen EY, Narain NR, Bussberg V, Tolstikov VV, Kiebish MA, Markunas C, Ilkayeva O, Goodpaster BH, Newgard CB, Goodyear LJ, Coen PM, Stanford KI. Chronic exercise improves hepatic acylcarnitine handling. iScience 2024; 27:109083. [PMID: 38361627 PMCID: PMC10867450 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise mediates tissue metabolic function through direct and indirect adaptations to acylcarnitine (AC) metabolism, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. We found that circulating medium-chain acylcarnitines (AC) (C12-C16) are lower in active/endurance trained human subjects compared to sedentary controls, and this is correlated with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced adiposity. In mice, exercise reduced serum AC and increased liver AC, and this was accompanied by a marked increase in expression of genes involved in hepatic AC metabolism and mitochondrial β-oxidation. Primary hepatocytes from high-fat fed, exercise trained mice had increased basal respiration compared to hepatocytes from high-fat fed sedentary mice, which may be attributed to increased Ca2+ cycling and lipid uptake into mitochondria. The addition of specific medium- and long-chain AC to sedentary hepatocytes increased mitochondrial respiration, mirroring the exercise phenotype. These data indicate that AC redistribution is an exercise-induced mechanism to improve hepatic function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J. Matthew Hinkley
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Lisa A. Baer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Pinckard
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pablo Vidal
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrea M. Brennan
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christina Markunas
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Damasceno de Lima R, Fudoli Lins Vieira R, Rosetto Muñoz V, Chaix A, Azevedo Macedo AP, Calheiros Antunes G, Felonato M, Rosseto Braga R, Castelo Branco Ramos Nakandakari S, Calais Gaspar R, Ramos da Silva AS, Esper Cintra D, Pereira de Moura L, Mekary RA, Rochete Ropelle E, Pauli JR. Time-restricted feeding combined with resistance exercise prevents obesity and improves lipid metabolism in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E513-E528. [PMID: 37755454 PMCID: PMC10864020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00129.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, is estimated to be the most common liver disease worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor and contributor, and, accordingly, weight loss can improve NAFLD. Previous studies in preclinical models of diet-induced obesity and fatty liver disease have shown the independent benefits of resistance exercise training (RT) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) in preventing weight gain and hepatic build-up of fat. Here, we tested the combined effect of TRF and RT on obesity and NAFLD in mice fed a high-fat diet. Our results showed that both TRF-8-h food access in the active phase-and RT-consisting of three weekly sessions of ladder climbing-attenuated body weight gain, improved glycemic homeostasis, and decreased the accumulation of lipids in the liver. TRF combined with RT improved the respiratory exchange rate, energy expenditure, and mitochondrial respiration in the liver. Furthermore, gene expression analysis in the liver revealed lower mRNA expression of lipogenesis and inflammation genes along with increased mRNA of fatty acid oxidation genes in the TRF + RT group. Importantly, combined TRF + RT was shown to be more efficient in preventing obesity and metabolic disorders. In conclusion, TRF and RT exert complementary actions compared with isolated interventions, with significant effects on metabolic disorders and NAFLD in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether time-restricted feeding (TRF) combined with resistance exercise training (RT) may be more efficient compared with these interventions alone is still unclear. We show that when combined with RT, TRF provided additional benefits, being more effective in increasing energy expenditure, preventing weight gain, and regulating glycemic homeostasis than each intervention alone. Thus, our results demonstrate that TRF and RT have complementary actions on some synergistic pathways that prevented obesity and hepatic liver accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Damasceno de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Renan Fudoli Lins Vieira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ana Paula Azevedo Macedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Calheiros Antunes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Maíra Felonato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Renata Rosseto Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Stine JG, Long MT, Corey KE, Sallis RE, Allen AM, Armstrong MJ, Conroy DE, Cuthbertson DJ, Duarte-Rojo A, Hallsworth K, Hickman IJ, Kappus MR, Keating SE, Pugh CJA, Rotman Y, Simon TL, Vilar-Gomez E, Wai-Sun Wong V, Schmitz KH. Physical Activity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Roundtable Statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1717-1726. [PMID: 37126039 PMCID: PMC10524517 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although physical activity (PA) is crucial in the prevention and clinical management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, most individuals with this chronic disease are inactive and do not achieve recommended amounts of PA. There is a robust and consistent body of evidence highlighting the benefit of participating in regular PA, including a reduction in liver fat and improvement in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, vascular biology, and health-related quality of life. Importantly, the benefits of regular PA can be seen without clinically significant weight loss. At least 150 min of moderate or 75 min of vigorous intensity PA are recommended weekly for all patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, including those with compensated cirrhosis. If a formal exercise training program is prescribed, aerobic exercise with the addition of resistance training is preferred. In this roundtable document, the benefits of PA are discussed, along with recommendations for 1) PA assessment and screening; 2) how best to advise, counsel, and prescribe regular PA; and 3) when to refer to an exercise specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Stine
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University- Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University- College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Michelle T. Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Robert E. Sallis
- Department of Family Medicine and Sports Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Fontana, CA
| | - Alina M. Allen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew J. Armstrong
- Liver Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals Birmingham, and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David E. Conroy
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Daniel J. Cuthbertson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andres Duarte-Rojo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kate Hallsworth
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and the Liver Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ingrid J. Hickman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Matthew R. Kappus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Shelley E. Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Christopher J. A. Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tracey L. Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eduardo Vilar-Gomez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Indiana University School of Medicine. Indianapolis
| | - Vincent Wai-Sun Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CHINA
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Heinle JW, DiJoseph K, Sabag A, Oh S, Kimball SR, Keating S, Stine JG. Exercise Is Medicine for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Exploration of Putative Mechanisms. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112452. [PMID: 37299416 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise remains a key component of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment. The mechanisms that underpin improvements in NAFLD remain the focus of much exploration in our attempt to better understand how exercise benefits patients with NAFLD. In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature in terms of mechanistic studies which explore the role of exercise training in modulating fatty acid metabolism, reducing hepatic inflammation, and improving liver fibrosis. This review highlights that beyond simple energy expenditure, the activation of key receptors and pathways may influence the degree of NAFLD-related improvements with some pathways being sensitive to exercise type, intensity, and volume. Importantly, each therapeutic target of exercise training in this review is also the focus of previous or ongoing drug development studies in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and even when a regulatory-agency-approved drug comes to market, exercise will likely remain an integral component in the clinical management of patients with NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Westley Heinle
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kara DiJoseph
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Angelo Sabag
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sechang Oh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, R Professional University of Rehabilitation, Tsuchiura 300-0032, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shelley Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Stine
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Fatty Liver Program, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Liver Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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9
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Wu Y, Tan HWS, Lin JY, Shen HM, Wang H, Lu G. Molecular mechanisms of autophagy and implications in liver diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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10
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Flack KD, Vítek L, Fry CS, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Cutting edge concepts: Does bilirubin enhance exercise performance? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1040687. [PMID: 36713945 PMCID: PMC9874874 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise performance is dependent on many factors, such as muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular capacity, liver health, and metabolic flexibility. Recent studies show that plasma levels of bilirubin, which has classically been viewed as a liver dysfunction biomarker, are elevated by exercise training and that elite athletes may have significantly higher levels. Other studies have shown higher plasma bilirubin levels in athletes and active individuals compared to general, sedentary populations. The reason for these adaptions is unclear, but it could be related to bilirubin's antioxidant properties in response to a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that originates from mitochondria during exercise. However, the mechanisms of these are unknown. Current research has re-defined bilirubin as a metabolic hormone that interacts with nuclear receptors to drive gene transcription, which reduces body weight. Bilirubin has been shown to reduce adiposity and improve the cardiovascular system, which might be related to the adaption of bilirubin increasing during exercise. No studies have directly tested if elevating bilirubin levels can influence athletic performance. However, based on the mechanisms proposed in the present review, this seems plausible and an area to consider for future studies. Here, we discuss the importance of bilirubin and exercise and how the combination might improve metabolic health outcomes and possibly athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
| | - Libor Vítek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
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11
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Willis SA, Malaikah S, Parry S, Bawden S, Ennequin G, Sargeant JA, Yates T, Webb DR, Davies MJ, Stensel DJ, Aithal GP, King JA. The effect of acute and chronic exercise on hepatic lipid composition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:550-568. [PMID: 36610000 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is recommended for those with, or at risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), owing to beneficial effects on hepatic steatosis and cardiometabolic risk. Whilst exercise training reduces total intrahepatic lipid in people with NAFLD, accumulating evidence indicates that exercise may also modulate hepatic lipid composition. This metabolic influence is important as the profile of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) dramatically affect the metabolic consequences of hepatic lipid accumulation; with SFA being especially lipotoxic. Relatedly, obesity and NAFLD are associated with hepatic PUFA depletion and elevated SFA. This review summarizes the acute (single bout) and chronic (exercise training) effects of exercise on hepatic lipid composition in rodents (acute studies: n = 3, chronic studies: n = 13) and humans (acute studies: n = 1, chronic studies: n = 3). An increased proportion of hepatic PUFA after acute and chronic exercise is the most consistent finding of this review. Mechanistically, this may relate to an enhanced uptake of adipose-derived PUFA (reflecting habitual diet), particularly in rodents. A relative decrease in the proportion of hepatic MUFA after chronic exercise is also documented repeatedly, particularly in rodent models with elevated hepatic MUFA. This outcome is related to decreased hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity in some studies. Findings regarding hepatic SFA are less consistent and limited by the absence of metabolic challenge in rodent models. These findings require confirmation in well-controlled interventions in people with NAFLD. These studies will be facilitated by recently validated magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques, able to precisely quantify hepatic lipid composition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Willis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sundus Malaikah
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Siôn Parry
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Stephen Bawden
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jack A Sargeant
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David R Webb
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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12
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Sherry AP, Willis SA, Yates T, Johnson W, Razieh C, Sargeant JA, Malaikah S, Stensel DJ, Aithal GP, King JA. Physical activity is inversely associated with hepatic fibro-inflammation: A population-based cohort study using UK Biobank data. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100622. [PMID: 36440257 PMCID: PMC9691414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Physical activity (PA) is recommended in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) given its beneficial effects on liver fat and cardiometabolic risk. Using data from the UK Biobank population-cohort, this study examined associations between habitual PA and hepatic fibro-inflammation. Methods A total of 840 men and women aged 55-70 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Hepatic fibro-inflammation (iron-corrected T1 [cT1]) and liver fat were measured using MRI, whilst body fat was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA was measured using accelerometry. Generalised linear models examined associations between PA (light [LPA], moderate [MPA], vigorous [VPA], moderate-to-vigorous [MVPA] and mean acceleration) and hepatic cT1. Models were fitted for the whole sample and separately for upper and lower median groups for body and liver fat. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. Results In the full sample, LPA (-0.08 ms [-0.12 to -0.03]), MPA, (-0.13 ms [-0.21 to -0.05]), VPA (-1.16 ms [-1.81 to -0.51]), MVPA (-0.14 ms [-0.21 to -0.06]) and mean acceleration (-0.67 ms [-1.05 to-0.28]) were inversely associated with hepatic cT1. With the sample split by median liver or body fat, only VPA was inversely associated with hepatic cT1 in the upper median groups for body (-2.68 ms [-4.24 to -1.13]) and liver fat (-2.33 [-3.73 to -0.93]). PA was unrelated to hepatic cT1 in the lower median groups. Conclusions Within a population-based cohort, device-measured PA is inversely associated with hepatic fibro-inflammation. This relationship is strongest with VPA and is greater in people with higher levels of body and liver fat. Lay summary This study has shown that people who regularly perform greater amounts of physical activity have a reduced level of inflammation and fibrosis in their liver. This beneficial relationship is particularly strong when more intense physical activity is undertaken (i.e., vigorous-intensity), and is most visible in individuals with higher levels of liver fat and body fat.
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Key Words
- DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- Exercise
- LPA, light physical activity
- Liver fat
- MPA, moderate physical activity
- MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Obesity
- PA, physical activity
- PDFF, proton density fat fraction
- VPA, vigorous physical activity
- cT1, iron-corrected T1
- ms, milliseconds
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron P. Sherry
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Scott A. Willis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - William Johnson
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Cameron Razieh
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
- Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK
| | - Jack A. Sargeant
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Sundus Malaikah
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - David J. Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, UK
| | - James A. King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
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13
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Ramanathan R, Ali AH, Ibdah JA. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Plays Central Role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137280. [PMID: 35806284 PMCID: PMC9267060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global pandemic that affects one-quarter of the world’s population. NAFLD includes a spectrum of progressive liver disease from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis and can be complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma. It is strongly associated with metabolic syndromes, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and it has been shown that metabolic dysregulation is central to its pathogenesis. Recently, it has been suggested that metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a more appropriate term to describe the disease than NAFLD, which puts increased emphasis on the important role of metabolic dysfunction in its pathogenesis. There is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and, more recently, a reduction in mitochondrial quality, have been suggested to play a major role in NAFLD development and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of NAFLD and highlight how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to its pathogenesis in both animal models and human subjects. Further we discuss evidence that the modification of mitochondrial function modulates NAFLD and that targeting mitochondria is a promising new avenue for drug development to treat NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Ramanathan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (R.R.); (A.H.A.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Ahmad Hassan Ali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (R.R.); (A.H.A.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Jamal A. Ibdah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (R.R.); (A.H.A.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +573-882-7349; Fax: +573-884-4595
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14
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Nguyen ST, Fujita N, Oshima T, Nishihira M, Ohno H, Yoneda M, Urakawa S. Effects of long-term childhood exercise and detraining on lipid accumulation in metabolic-related organs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270330. [PMID: 35749411 PMCID: PMC9231767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The preventive effects of regular exercise on obesity-related health problems are carried over to the non-exercise detraining period, even when physical activity decreases with aging. However, it remains unknown whether regular childhood exercises can be carried over to adulthood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term childhood exercise and detraining on lipid accumulation in organs to prevent obesity in adulthood. Four-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats were used as obese animals. OLETF rats were allocated into sedentary and exercise groups: exercise from 4- to 12-week-old and detraining from 12- to 20-week-old. At 12-week-old immediately after the exercise period, regular exercise completely inhibited hyperphagia, obesity, enlarged pancreatic islets, lipid accumulation and lobular inflammation in the liver, hypertrophied adipocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) whitening in OLETF rats. Additionally, exercise attenuated the decrease in the ratio of muscle wet weight to body weight associated with obesity. Decreased food consumption was maintained during the detraining period, which inhibited obesity and diabetes at 20-week-old after the detraining period. Histologically, childhood exercise inhibited the enlargement of pancreatic islets after the detraining period. In addition, inhibition of lipid accumulation was completely maintained in the WAT and BAT after the detraining period. However, the effectiveness was only partially successful in lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver. The ratio of muscle wet weight to body weight was maintained after detraining. In conclusion, early long-term regular exercise effectively prevents obesity and diabetes in childhood, and its effectiveness can be tracked later in life. The present study suggests the importance of exercise during childhood and adolescence to inhibit hyperphagia-induced lipid accumulation in metabolic-related organs in adulthood despite exercise cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tien Nguyen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujita
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takaya Oshima
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misuzu Nishihira
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Preventive Medicine for Diabetes and Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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NAFLD: Mechanisms, Treatments, and Biomarkers. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060824. [PMID: 35740949 PMCID: PMC9221336 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is one of the most common causes of liver diseases worldwide. NAFLD is growing in parallel with the obesity epidemic. No pharmacological treatment is available to treat NAFLD, specifically. The reason might be that NAFLD is a multi-factorial disease with an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms involved, an absence of accurate and inexpensive imaging tools, and lack of adequate non-invasive biomarkers. NAFLD consists of the accumulation of excess lipids in the liver, causing lipotoxicity that might progress to metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanisms for the pathogenesis of NAFLD, current interventions in the management of the disease, and the role of sirtuins as potential targets for treatment are discussed here. In addition, the current diagnostic tools, and the role of non-coding RNAs as emerging diagnostic biomarkers are summarized. The availability of non-invasive biomarkers, and accurate and inexpensive non-invasive diagnosis tools are crucial in the detection of the early signs in the progression of NAFLD. This will expedite clinical trials and the validation of the emerging therapeutic treatments.
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16
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Cunningham RP, Moore MP, Dashek RJ, Meers GM, Jepkemoi V, Takahashi T, Vieira-Potter VJ, Kanaley JA, Booth FW, Rector RS. Hepatocyte-specific eNOS deletion impairs exercise-induced adaptations in hepatic mitochondrial function and autophagy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1066-1078. [PMID: 35357089 PMCID: PMC9050943 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a potential mediator of exercise-induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations. METHODS Here, male and female hepatocyte-specific eNOS knockout (eNOShep-/- ) and intact hepatic eNOS (eNOSfl/fl ) mice performed voluntary wheel-running exercise (EX) or remained in sedentary cage conditions for 10 weeks. RESULTS EX resolved the exacerbated hepatic steatosis in eNOShep-/- male mice. Elevated hydrogen peroxide emission (~50% higher in eNOShep-/- vs. eNOSfl/fl mice) was completely ablated with EX. Interestingly, EX increased [1-14 C] palmitate oxidation in eNOSfl/fl male mice, but this was blunted in the eNOShep-/- male mice. eNOShep-/- mice had lower markers of the energy sensors AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/phospho- (p)AMPK and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p-mTOR, as well as the autophagy initiators serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 and pULK1, compared with eNOSfl/fl mice. Females showed elevated electron transport chain protein content and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (transcription factor A, mitochondrial, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study demonstrates for the first time, to the authors' knowledge, the requirement of eNOS in hepatocytes in the EX-induced increases in hepatic fatty acid oxidation in male mice. Deletion of eNOS in hepatocytes also appears to impair the energy-sensing ability of the cell and inhibit the activation of the autophagy initiating factor ULK1. These data uncover the important and novel role of hepatocyte eNOS in EX-induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P. Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary P. Moore
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ryan J. Dashek
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Grace M. Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Vivien Jepkemoi
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
| | - Takamune Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | - Jill A. Kanaley
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Frank W. Booth
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
- Departments of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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17
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Poole KE, Seija A, Harris MP, Greene NP, Wooten JS. Exercise during weight-loss improves hepatic mitophagy. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 4:183-189. [PMID: 36090917 PMCID: PMC9453692 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently become a public health concern concurrent with the obesity crisis. Previous work has shown aberrant mitochondrial content/quality and autophagy in models of NAFLD, whereas exercise is known to improve these derangements. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different weight-loss modalities on hepatic mitochondrial content, autophagy and mitophagy in NAFLD. Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 1 of 4 groups: low fat diet (LFD, 10% fat, 18 weeks), high fat diet (HFD, 60% fat diet, 18 weeks), weight-loss by diet (D, 60% fat diet for 10 weeks then 10% fat diet for 8 weeks) or weight-loss by diet and physical activity (D/PA, 60% fat diet for 10 weeks, then 10% fat diet plus a running wheel for 8 weeks). Immunoblot data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance denoted at p < 0.05. COX-IV protein contents were approximately 50% less in HFD compared to LFD. D/PA had 50% more BNIP3 compared to HFD. PINK1 content was 40% higher in D and D/PA compared to LFD. P-PARKIN/PARKIN levels were 40% lower in HFD, D, and D/PA compared to LFD. Whereas p-UbSer65 was 3-fold higher in HFD. LC3II/I ratio was 50% greater in HFD and D/PA, yet p62 protein content was 2.5 fold higher in HFD. High-fat diet causes disruptions in markers of mitochondrial quality control. Physical activity combined with diet were able to ameliorate these derangements and seemingly improve hepatic mitochondrial quality above control values.
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18
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Niibo M, Kanasaki A, Iida T, Ohnishi K, Ozaki T, Akimitsu K, Minamino T. d-allulose protects against diabetic nephropathy progression in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263300. [PMID: 35100325 PMCID: PMC8803202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
d-allulose is a rare sugar that has been reported to possess anti-hyperglycemic effects. In the present study, we hypothesized that d-allulose is effective in attenuating the progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drinking water with or without 3% d-allulose was administered to OLETF rats for 13 weeks. Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats that received drinking water without d-allulose were used as non-diabetic control rats. d-allulose significantly attenuated the increase in blood glucose levels and progressive mesangial expansion in the glomerulus, which is regarded as a characteristic of diabetic nephropathy, in OLETF rats. d-allulose also attenuated the significant increases in renal IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA levels in OLETF rats, which is a proinflammatory parameter. Additionally, we showed that d-allulose suppresses mesangial matrix expansion, but its correlation with suppressing renal inflammation in OLETF rats should be investigated further. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that d-allulose can prevent diabetic nephropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Niibo
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akane Kanasaki
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohnishi
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Taro Ozaki
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Akimitsu
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education & Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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19
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Lafoz E, Campreciós G, García-Calderó H, Anton A, Vilaseca M, Ruart M, Guasch E, Garrabou G, Delgado TC, Martínez-Chantar ML, García-Martínez R, Gracia-Sancho J, Hernández-Gea V, García-Pagán JC. Impact of lifestyle interventions targeting physical exercise and caloric intake on cirrhosis regression in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G603-G616. [PMID: 34585619 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00191.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In patients, advanced cirrhosis only regresses partially once the etiological agent is withdrawn. Animal models for advanced cirrhosis regression are missing. Lifestyle interventions (LIs) have been shown to improve steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and portal pressure (PP) in liver disease. We aimed at characterizing cirrhosis regression after etiological agent removal in experimental models of advanced cirrhosis and to study the impact of different LI on it. Advanced cirrhosis was induced in rats either by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or by thioacetamide (TAA) administration. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamics, liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, hepatic macrophage infiltration, and metabolic profile were evaluated after 48 h, 4 wk or 8 wk of etiological agent removal. The impact of LI consisting in caloric restriction (CR) or moderate endurance exercise (MEE) during the 8-wk regression process was analyzed. The effect of MEE was also evaluated in early cirrhotic and in healthy rats. A significant reduction in portal pressure (PP), liver fibrosis, and HSC activation was observed during regression. However, these parameters remained above those in healthy animals. During regression, animals markedly worsened their metabolic profile. CR although preventing those metabolic disturbances did not further reduce PP, hepatic fibrosis, or HSC activation. MEE also prevented metabolic disturbances, without enhancing, but even attenuating the reduction of PP, hepatic fibrosis, and HSC activation achieved by regression. MEE also worsened hepatic fibrosis in early-TAA cirrhosis and in healthy rats.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have developed two advanced cirrhosis regression experimental models with persistent relevant fibrosis and portal hypertension and an associated deteriorated metabolism that mimic what happens in patients. LI, despite improving metabolism, did not enhance the regression process in our cirrhotic models. CR did not further reduce PP, hepatic fibrosis, or HSC activation. MEE exhibited a profibrogenic effect in the liver blunting cirrhosis regression. One of the potential explanations of this worsening could be ammonia accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lafoz
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genís Campreciós
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor García-Calderó
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina Anton
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Vilaseca
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Ruart
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa C Delgado
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - María-Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Rita García-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Hernández-Gea
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos García-Pagán
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Cunningham RP, Moore MP, Dashek RJ, Meers GM, Takahashi T, Sheldon RD, Wheeler AA, Diaz-Arias A, Ibdah JA, Parks EJ, Thyfault JP, Rector RS. Critical Role for Hepatocyte-Specific eNOS in NAFLD and NASH. Diabetes 2021; 70:2476-2491. [PMID: 34380696 PMCID: PMC8564406 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in hepatocytes may be an important target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development and progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we show genetic deletion and viral knockdown of hepatocyte-specific eNOS exacerbated hepatic steatosis and inflammation, decreased hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and respiration, increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission, and impaired the hepatic mitophagic (BNIP3 and LC3II) response. Conversely, overexpressing eNOS in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo increased hepatocyte mitochondrial respiration and attenuated Western diet-induced NASH. Moreover, patients with elevated NAFLD activity score (histology score of worsening steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation) exhibited reduced hepatic eNOS expression, which correlated with reduced hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and lower hepatic protein expression of mitophagy protein BNIP3. The current study reveals an important molecular role for hepatocyte-specific eNOS as a key regulator of NAFLD/NASH susceptibility and mitochondrial quality control with direct clinical correlation to patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mary P Moore
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Ryan J Dashek
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Grace M Meers
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Takamune Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI
| | | | | | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - John P Thyfault
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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21
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Roberts FL, Markby GR. New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise; A Review Focusing on Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Function, Mitophagy and Autophagy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102639. [PMID: 34685618 PMCID: PMC8533934 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise itself is fundamental for good health, and when practiced regularly confers a myriad of metabolic benefits in a range of tissues. These benefits are mediated by a range of adaptive responses in a coordinated, multi-organ manner. The continued understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action which confer beneficial effects of exercise on the body will identify more specific pathways which can be manipulated by therapeutic intervention in order to prevent or treat various metabolism-associated diseases. This is particularly important as exercise is not an available option to all and so novel methods must be identified to confer the beneficial effects of exercise in a therapeutic manner. This review will focus on key emerging molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and mitophagy in selected, highly metabolic tissues, describing their regulation and contribution to beneficial adaptations to exercise.
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22
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DesOrmeaux GJ, Petrick HL, Brunetta HS, Holloway GP. Independent of mitochondrial respiratory function, dietary nitrate attenuates HFD-induced lipid accumulation and mitochondrial ROS emission within the liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E217-E228. [PMID: 34229472 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00610.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver is particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet (HFD), rapidly developing lipid accumulation and impaired cellular homeostasis. Recently, dietary nitrate has been shown to attenuate HFD-induced whole body glucose intolerance and liver steatosis, however, the underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly defined. In the current study, we investigated the ability of dietary nitrate to minimize possible impairments in liver mitochondrial bioenergetics following 8 wk of HFD (60% fat) in male C57BL/6J mice. Consumption of a HFD caused whole body glucose intolerance (P < 0.0001), and within the liver, increased lipid accumulation (P < 0.0001), mitochondrial-specific reactive oxygen species emission (P = 0.007), and markers of oxidative stress. Remarkably, dietary nitrate attenuated almost all of these pathological responses. Despite the reduction in lipid accumulation and redox stress (reduced TBARS and nitrotyrosine), nitrate did not improve insulin signaling within the liver or whole body pyruvate tolerance (P = 0.313 HFD vs. HFD + nitrate). Moreover, the beneficial effects of nitrate were independent of changes in weight gain, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) signaling, mitochondrial content, mitochondrial respiratory capacity and ADP sensitivity or antioxidant protein content. Combined, these data suggest nitrate supplementation represents a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation and decrease mitochondrial ROS emission following HFD, processes linked to improvements in whole body glucose tolerance. However, the beneficial effects of nitrate within the liver do not appear to be a result of increased oxidative capacity or mitochondrial substrate sensitivity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanism(s) for how dietary nitrate prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance remain poorly defined. We show that dietary nitrate attenuates HFD-induced increases in lipid accumulation, mitochondrial-specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission, and markers of oxidative stress within the liver. The beneficial effects of nitrate were independent of changes 5' AMP-activated protein kinase signaling, mitochondrial content/respiratory capacity, or lipid-supported respiratory sensitivity. Combined, these data provide potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of dietary nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather L Petrick
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Fredrickson G, Barrow F, Dietsche K, Parthiban P, Khan S, Robert S, Demirchian M, Rhoades H, Wang H, Adeyi O, Revelo XS. Exercise of high intensity ameliorates hepatic inflammation and the progression of NASH. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101270. [PMID: 34118476 PMCID: PMC8255932 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a wide spectrum of liver pathology ranging from simple fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Notably, immune cell-driven inflammation is a key mechanism in the transition from fatty liver to the more serious NASH. Although exercise training is effective in ameliorating obesity-related diseases, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise remain unclear. It is unknown whether there is an optimal modality and intensity of exercise to treat NAFLD. The objective of this study was to determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MIT) is more effective at ameliorating the progression of NASH. Methods Wild-type mice were fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet for 6 weeks and left sedentary (SED) or assigned to either an MIT or HIIT regimen using treadmill running for an additional 16 weeks. MIT and HIIT groups were pair-fed to ensure that energy intake was similar between the exercise cohorts. To determine changes in whole-body metabolism, we performed insulin and glucose tolerance tests, indirect calorimetry, and magnetic resonance imaging. NASH progression was determined by triglyceride accumulation, expression of inflammatory genes, and histological assessment of fibrosis. Immune cell populations in the liver were characterized by cytometry by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and progenitor populations within the bone marrow were assessed by flow cytometry. Finally, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of the liver by bulk RNA sequencing. Results Compared with SED mice, both HIIT and MIT suppressed weight gain, improved whole-body metabolic parameters, and ameliorated the progression of NASH by reducing hepatic triglyceride levels, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, HIIT was superior to MIT at reducing adiposity, improving whole-body glucose tolerance, and ameliorating liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, without any changes in body weight. Improved NASH progression in HIIT mice was accompanied by a substantial decrease in the frequency of pro-inflammatory infiltrating, monocyte-derived macrophages in the liver and reduced myeloid progenitor populations in the bone marrow. Notably, an acute bout of MIT or HIIT exercise had no effect on the intrahepatic and splenic immune cell populations. In addition, bulk mRNA sequencing of the entire liver tissue showed a pattern of gene expression confirming that HIIT was more effective than MIT in improving liver inflammation and lipid biosynthesis. Conclusions Our data suggest that exercise lessens hepatic inflammation during NASH by reducing the accumulation of hepatic monocyte-derived inflammatory macrophages and bone marrow precursor cells. Our findings also indicate that HIIT is superior to MIT in ameliorating the disease in a dietary mouse model of NASH. High-intensity is more effective than moderate-intensity exercise at reducing NASH. High-intensity exercise lowers the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages in the liver. Reduced macrophage accumulation was associated with lower progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katrina Dietsche
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sacha Robert
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maya Demirchian
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hailey Rhoades
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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24
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Atakan MM, Koşar ŞN, Güzel Y, Tin HT, Yan X. The Role of Exercise, Diet, and Cytokines in Preventing Obesity and Improving Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051459. [PMID: 33922998 PMCID: PMC8145589 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide despite evidence-based public health recommendations. The promise to adopt a healthy lifestyle is increasingly important for tackling this global epidemic. Calorie restriction or regular exercise or a combination of the two is accepted as an effective strategy in preventing or treating obesity. Furthermore, the benefits conferred by regular exercise to overcome obesity are attributed not only to reduced adiposity or reduced levels of circulating lipids but also to the proteins, peptides, enzymes, and metabolites that are released from contracting skeletal muscle or other organs. The secretion of these molecules called cytokines in response to exercise induces browning of white adipose tissue by increasing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes within the white adipose tissue, suggesting that exercise-induced cytokines may play a significant role in preventing obesity. In this review, we present research-based evidence supporting the effects of exercise and various diet interventions on preventing obesity and adipose tissue health. We also discuss the interplay between adipose tissue and the cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs that are known to affect adipose tissue and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yasemin Güzel
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hiu Tung Tin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9919-4024; Fax: +61-3-9919-5615
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25
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Moore MP, Cunningham RP, Davis RAH, Deemer SE, Roberts BM, Plaisance EP, Rector RS. A dietary ketone ester mitigates histological outcomes of NAFLD and markers of fibrosis in high-fat diet fed mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G564-G572. [PMID: 33501889 PMCID: PMC8238172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00259.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional ketosis as a therapeutic tool has been extended to the treatment of metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary administration of the ketone ester (KE) R,S-1,3-butanediol diacetoacetate (BD-AcAc2) attenuates markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and hepatic fibrosis in the context of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were placed on a 10-wk ad libitum HFD (45% fat, 32% carbohydrates, 23% proteins). Mice were then randomized to one of three groups (n = 10 per group) for an additional 12 wk: 1) control (CON), continuous HFD; 2) pair-fed (PF) to KE, and 3) KE (HFD + 30% energy from BD-AcAc2, KE). KE feeding significantly reduced histological steatosis, inflammation, and total NAFLD activity score versus CON, beyond improvements observed for calorie restriction alone (PF). Dietary KE supplementation also reduced the protein content and gene expression of profibrotic markers (α-SMA, COL1A1, PDGF-β, MMP9) versus CON (P < 0.05), beyond reductions observed for PF versus CON. Furthermore, KE feeding increased hepatic markers of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (CD163) and also reduced proinflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1)] versus CON and PF (P ≤ 0.05), in the absence of changes in markers of total hepatic macrophage content (F4/80 and CD68; P > 0.05). These data highlight that the dietary ketone ester BD-AcAc2 ameliorates histological NAFLD and inflammation and reduces profibrotic and proinflammatory markers. Future studies to further explore potential mechanisms are warranted.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on hepatic outcomes in response to dietary ketone ester feeding in male mice with HFD-induced NAFLD. Novel findings include that dietary ketone ester feeding ameliorates NAFLD outcomes via reductions in histological steatosis and inflammation. These improvements were beyond those observed for caloric restriction alone. Furthermore, dietary ketone ester feeding was associated with greater reductions in markers of hepatic fibrogenesis and inflammation compared with control and calorie-restricted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Moore
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rory P Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rachel A H Davis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sarah E Deemer
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Brandon M Roberts
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eric P Plaisance
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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26
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Stevanović-Silva J, Beleza J, Coxito P, Pereira S, Rocha H, Gaspar TB, Gärtner F, Correia R, Martins MJ, Guimarães T, Martins S, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Maternal high-fat high-sucrose diet and gestational exercise modulate hepatic fat accumulation and liver mitochondrial respiratory capacity in mothers and male offspring. Metabolism 2021; 116:154704. [PMID: 33421507 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal high-caloric nutrition and related gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with a high-risk for developing metabolic complications later in life and in their offspring. In contrast, exercise is recognized as a non-pharmacological strategy against metabolic dysfunctions associated to lifestyle disorders. Therefore, we investigated whether gestational exercise delays the development of metabolic alterations in GDM mothers later in life, but also protects 6-week-old male offspring from adverse effects of maternal diet. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with either control (C) or high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet to induce GDM and submitted to gestational exercise during the 3 weeks of pregnancy. Male offspring were sedentary and fed with C-diet. RESULTS Sedentary HFHS-fed dams exhibited increased gestational body weight gain (p < 0.01) and glucose intolerance (p < 0.01), characteristic of GDM. Their offspring had normal glucose metabolism, but increased early-age body weight, which was reverted by gestational exercise. Gestational exercise also reduced offspring hepatic triglycerides accumulation (p < 0.05) and improved liver mitochondrial respiration capacity (p < 0.05), contributing to the recovery of liver bioenergetics compromised by maternal HFHS diet. Interestingly, liver mitochondrial respiration remained increased by gestational exercise in HFHS-fed dams despite prolonged HFHS consumption and exercise cessation. CONCLUSIONS Gestational exercise can result in liver mitochondrial adaptations in GDM animals, which can be preserved even after the exercise program cessation. Exposure to maternal GDM programs liver metabolic setting of male offspring, whereas gestational exercise appears as an important preventive tool against maternal diet-induced metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Stevanović-Silva
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Beleza
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Coxito
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Pereira
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rocha
- Newborn Screening, Metabolism and Genetics Unit, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Glycobiology in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (Ipatimup), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rossana Correia
- HEMS - Histology and Electron Microscopy Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal,; Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Martins
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Guimarães
- Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Pathology, São João Hospital Centre, EPE, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Department of Clinical Pathology, São João Hospital Centre, EPE, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
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27
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Kurosaka Y, Machida S, Shiroya Y, Yamauchi H, Minato K. Protective Effects of Voluntary Exercise on Hepatic Fat Accumulation Induced by Dietary Restriction in Zucker Fatty Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2014. [PMID: 33670590 PMCID: PMC7922922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight control based on dietary restriction (DR) alone can cause lipid metabolic failure and progression to fatty liver. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on preventing DR-induced hepatic fat accumulation in Zucker fatty (ZF) rats by focusing on the relationship between adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic fat uptake. Six-week-old male ZF rats were randomly assigned to obese, DR, or DR with exercise (DR + Ex) groups. The DR and DR + Ex groups were fed a restricted diet, with the latter also undergoing voluntary exercise. After 6 weeks, hepatic fat accumulation was observed in the DR group, whereas intrahepatic fat was markedly reduced in the DR + Ex group. Compared with the obese (Ob) group, the DR group exhibited 2.09-fold expression of hepatic fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 proteins (p < 0.01) and 0.14-fold expression of hepatic fatty acid-binding protein (FABP)1 (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the DR + Ex group and the Ob group. FAT/CD36 and hepatic triglyceride (TG) expression levels were strongly positively correlated (r = 0.81, p < 0.001), whereas there was a strong negative correlation between FABP1 and hepatic TG expression levels (r = -0.65, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that hepatic fat accumulation induced by DR in ZF rats might be prevented through exercise-induced modifications in FAT/CD36 and FABP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kurosaka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Wayo Women’s University, Chiba 272-8533, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Division of Physical Fitness, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 182-8570, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan;
| | - Yoko Shiroya
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Wayo Women’s University, Chiba 272-8533, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Division of Physical Fitness, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 182-8570, Japan;
| | - Hideki Yamauchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Division of Physical Fitness, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 182-8570, Japan;
| | - Kumiko Minato
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Wayo Women’s University, Chiba 272-8533, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.M.)
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Machado MV. Aerobic Exercise in the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3627-3645. [PMID: 34408459 PMCID: PMC8364841 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s304357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentarism is the pandemic of modern times. It is associated with several medical conditions including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and also liver disease, particularly metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). In an era when MAFLD is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, whilst no pharmacological therapy has been approved for it, exercise has proved to be effective in improving liver steatosis. Interestingly, exercise decreases liver fat even in the absence of weight loss. The challenge for the clinician is to motivate the obese patient with MAFLD, and associated co-morbidities, who has crystallized a sedentary behavior, at times when every need is at the distance of a click on the Internet, and the entire world can be visited behind a screen. In this review, the aggregate evidence on the mechanisms and effects of exercise in the management of MAFLD is summarized, with simple recommendations for everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: Mariana Verdelho Machado Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, 1649-035, PortugalTel +35 1912620306 Email
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Thyfault JP, Bergouignan A. Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1464-1474. [PMID: 32529412 PMCID: PMC7377236 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise is a formidable regulator of insulin sensitivity and overall systemic metabolism through both acute events driven by each exercise bout and through chronic adaptations. As a result, regular exercise significantly reduces the risks for chronic metabolic disease states, including type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Many of the metabolic health benefits of exercise depend on skeletal muscle adaptations; however, there is plenty of evidence that exercise exerts many of its metabolic benefit through the liver, adipose tissue, vasculature and pancreas. This review will highlight how exercise reduces metabolic disease risk by activating metabolic changes in non-skeletal-muscle tissues. We provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations within each tissue and discuss emerging work on the exercise-induced integration of inter-tissue communication by a variety of signalling molecules, hormones and cytokines collectively named 'exerkines'. Overall, the evidence clearly indicates that exercise is a robust modulator of metabolism and a powerful protective agent against metabolic disease, and this is likely to be because it robustly improves metabolic function in multiple organs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Hemenway Life Sciences Innovation Center, Mailstop 3043, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyle and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Linecker M, Frick L, Kron P, Limani P, Kambakamba P, Tschuor C, Langiewicz M, Kachaylo E, Tian Y, Schneider MA, Ungethüm U, Calo N, Foti M, Dufour JF, Graf R, Humar B, Clavien PA. Exercise Improves Outcomes of Surgery on Fatty Liver in Mice: A Novel Effect Mediated by the AMPK Pathway. Ann Surg 2020; 271:347-355. [PMID: 30138163 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether exercise improves outcomes of surgery on fatty liver, and whether pharmacological approaches can substitute exercising programs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Steatosis is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, and decreases the liver's ability to handle inflammatory stress or to regenerate after tissue loss. Exercise activates adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) and mitigates steatosis; however, its impact on ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration is unknown. METHODS We used a mouse model of simple, diet-induced steatosis and assessed the impact of exercise on metabolic parameters, ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration after hepatectomy. The same parameters were evaluated after treatment of mice with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). Mice on a control diet served as age-matched controls. RESULTS A 4-week-exercising program reversed steatosis, lowered insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Exercise markedly enhanced the ischemic tolerance and the regenerative capacity of fatty liver. Replacing exercise with AICAR was sufficient to replicate the above benefits. Both exercise and AICAR improved survival after extended hepatectomy in mice challenged with a Western diet, indicating protection from resection-induced liver failure. CONCLUSIONS Exercise efficiently counteracts the metabolic, ischemic, and regenerative deficits of fatty liver. AICAR acts as an exercise mimetic in settings of fatty liver disease, an important finding given the compliance issues associated with exercise. Exercising, or its substitution through AICAR, may provide a feasible strategy to negate the hepatic consequences of energy-rich diet, and has the potential to extend the application of liver surgery if confirmed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linecker
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frick
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kron
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Perparim Limani
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patryk Kambakamba
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Tschuor
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magda Langiewicz
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Kachaylo
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yinghua Tian
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Schneider
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Ungethüm
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Calo
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Wang R, Tian H, Guo D, Tian Q, Yao T, Kong X. Impacts of exercise intervention on various diseases in rats. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:211-227. [PMID: 32444146 PMCID: PMC7242221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is considered as an important intervention for treatment and prevention of several diseases, such as osteoarthritis, obesity, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes decadal exercise intervention studies with various rat models across 6 major systems to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects that exercise brought. METHODS PubMed was utilized as the data source. To collect research articles, we used the following terms to create the search: (exercise [Title] OR physical activity [Title] OR training [Title]) AND (rats [Title/Abstract] OR rat [Title/Abstract] OR rattus [Title/Abstract]). To best cover targeted studies, publication dates were limited to "within 11 years." The exercise intervention methods used for different diseases were sorted according to the mode, frequency, and intensity of exercise. RESULTS The collected articles were categorized into studies related to 6 systems or disease types: motor system (17 articles), metabolic system (110 articles), cardiocerebral vascular system (171 articles), nervous system (71 articles), urinary system (2 articles), and cancer (21 articles). Our review found that, for different diseases, exercise intervention mostly had a positive effect. However, the most powerful effect was achieved by using a specific mode of exercise that addressed the characteristics of the disease. CONCLUSION As a model animal, rats not only provide a convenient resource for studying human diseases but also provide the possibility for exploring the molecular mechanisms of exercise intervention on diseases. This review also aims to provide exercise intervention frameworks and optimal exercise dose recommendations for further human exercise intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qianqian Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Thyfault JP, Rector RS. Exercise Combats Hepatic Steatosis: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Diabetes 2020; 69:517-524. [PMID: 32198195 PMCID: PMC7085252 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis, the excess storage of intrahepatic lipids, is a rampant clinical problem associated with the obesity epidemic. Hepatic steatosis is linked to increased risk for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and advanced liver disease. Accumulating evidence shows that physical activity, exercise, and aerobic capacity have profound effects on regulating intrahepatic lipids and mediating susceptibility for hepatic steatosis. Moreover, exercise can effectively reduce hepatic steatosis independent of changes in body mass. In this perspective, we highlight 1) the relationship between obesity and metabolic pathways putatively driving hepatic steatosis compared with changes induced by exercise; 2) the impact of physical activity, exercise, and aerobic capacity compared with caloric restriction on regulating intrahepatic lipids and steatosis risk; 3) the effects of exercise training (modalities, volume, intensity) for treatment of hepatic steatosis, and 4) evidence for a sustained protection against steatosis induced by exercise. Overall, evidence clearly indicates that exercise powerfully regulates intrahepatic storage of fat and risk for steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO
| | - R Scott Rector
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
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Physical exercise and liver "fitness": Role of mitochondrial function and epigenetics-related mechanisms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2019; 32:1-14. [PMID: 32029220 PMCID: PMC6931125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern lifestyles, especially high-caloric intake and physical inactivity, contribute to the increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which becomes a significant health problem worldwide. Lifestyle changes, however, affect not only parental generation, but also their offspring, reinforcing the need for efficient preventive approaches to deal with this disease. This transgenerational influence of phenotypes dependent on parents (particularly maternal) behaviours may open additional research avenues. Despite persistent attempts to design an effective pharmacological therapy against NAFLD, physical activity, as a non-pharmacological approach, emerges as an exciting strategy. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we briefly review the effect of physical exercise on liver mitochondria adaptations in NAFLD, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial metabolism and transgenerational and epigenetic mechanisms in liver diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A deeper look into cellular mechanisms sheds a light on possible effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD through modulation of function and structure of particular organelles, namely mitochondria. Additionally, despite of increasing evidence regarding the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of different diseases, the role of microRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modification in NAFLD pathogenesis still needs to be elucidated.
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34
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Sheldon RD, Meers GM, Morris EM, Linden MA, Cunningham RP, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. eNOS deletion impairs mitochondrial quality control and exacerbates Western diet-induced NASH. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E605-E616. [PMID: 31361543 PMCID: PMC6842915 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated mitochondrial quality control leads to mitochondrial functional impairments that are central to the development and progression of hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we identify hepatocellular localized endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as a novel master regulator of mitochondrial quality control. Mice lacking eNOS were more susceptible to Western diet-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in conjunction with decreased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover. The hepatocyte-specific influence was verified via magnetic activated cell sorting purified primary hepatocytes and in vitro siRNA-induced knockdown of eNOS. Hepatic mitochondria from eNOS knockout mice revealed decreased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (PPARγ coactivator-1α, mitochondrial transcription factor A) and autophagy/mitophagy [BCL-2-interacting protein-3 (BNIP3), 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3)], suggesting decreased mitochondrial turnover rate. eNOS knockout in primary hepatocytes exhibited reduced fatty acid oxidation capacity and were unable to mount a normal BNIP3 response to a mitophagic challenge compared with wild-type mice. Finally, we demonstrate that eNOS is required in primary hepatocytes to induce activation of the stress-responsive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Thus, our data demonstrate that eNOS is an important regulator of hepatic mitochondrial content and function and NASH susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Sheldon
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Grace M Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Melissa A Linden
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rory P Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Zhong W, Shi X, Yuan H, Bu H, Wu L, Wang R. Effects of Exercise Training on the Autophagy-Related Muscular Proteins Expression in Ovariectomized Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:735. [PMID: 31263428 PMCID: PMC6585433 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovariectomy disrupts estrogen production and homeostasis. However, whether exercise training (ET) could counteract the ovariectomy-induced effect on muscular autophagy has remained elusive. This study examined muscular autophagy in ovariectomized (OVX) rats following 8 weeks of swimming ET. Here, 40 6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated control (Sham), OVX control (OVX), OVX with 60-min ET (OVX-60ET), 90-min ET (OVX-90ET), and 120-min ET (OVX-120ET) for 6 days/week. According to the results of Western blotting, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins in the OVX gastrocnemius muscle, including mammalian target of rapamycin, uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1, Beclin-1, autophagy-related gene (Atg-7), and microtubule-associated protein light chains 3 were significantly decreased (all P < 0.05), while there was an elevation on the p62 level. ET appreciably mitigated the OVX-induced negative effects on muscle quality and the autophagy pathway, which seemed to be dependent on ET volume. The most optimal outcomes were observed in the OVX-90ET group. The OVX-120 group had an adversely augmented catabolic process associated with gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. In conclusion, the expression levels of autophagy proteins are decreased in OVX rats, which can be appreciably mitigated following 8 weeks of swimming ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Zhong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Shi
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huimin Bu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Renwei Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Fuller SE, Huang TY, Simon J, Batdorf HM, Essajee NM, Scott MC, Waskom CM, Brown JM, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Noland RC. Low-intensity exercise induces acute shifts in liver and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism but not chronic adaptations in tissue oxidative capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:143-156. [PMID: 31095457 PMCID: PMC6692746 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00820.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptations in hepatic and skeletal muscle substrate metabolism following acute and chronic (6 wk; 5 days/wk; 1 h/day) low-intensity treadmill exercise were tested in healthy male C57BL/6J mice. Low-intensity exercise maximizes lipid utilization; therefore, we hypothesized pathways involved in lipid metabolism would be most robustly affected. Acute exercise nearly depleted liver glycogen immediately postexercise (0 h), whereas hepatic triglyceride (TAG) stores increased in the early stages after exercise (0-3 h). Also, hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) gene expression and fat oxidation (mitochondrial and peroxisomal) increased immediately postexercise (0 h), whereas carbohydrate and amino acid oxidation in liver peaked 24-48 h later. Alternatively, skeletal muscle exhibited a less robust response to acute exercise as stored substrates (glycogen and TAG) remained unchanged, induction of PGC-1α gene expression was delayed (up at 3 h), and mitochondrial substrate oxidation pathways (carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid) were largely unaltered. Peroxisomal lipid oxidation exhibited the most dynamic changes in skeletal muscle substrate metabolism after acute exercise; however, this response was also delayed (peaked 3-24 h postexercise), and expression of peroxisomal genes remained unaffected. Interestingly, 6 wk of training at a similar intensity limited weight gain, increased muscle glycogen, and reduced TAG accrual in liver and muscle; however, substrate oxidation pathways remained unaltered in both tissues. Collectively, these results suggest changes in substrate metabolism induced by an acute low-intensity exercise bout in healthy mice are more rapid and robust in liver than in skeletal muscle; however, training at a similar intensity for 6 wk is insufficient to induce remodeling of substrate metabolism pathways in either tissue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Effects of low-intensity exercise on substrate metabolism pathways were tested in liver and skeletal muscle of healthy mice. This is the first study to describe exercise-induced adaptations in peroxisomal lipid metabolism and also reports comprehensive adaptations in mitochondrial substrate metabolism pathways (carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid). Acute low-intensity exercise induced shifts in mitochondrial and peroxisomal metabolism in both tissues, but training at this intensity did not induce adaptive remodeling of metabolic pathways in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Fuller
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette , Lafayette, Louisiana
| | - Tai-Yu Huang
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jacob Simon
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Heidi M Batdorf
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nabil M Essajee
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Matthew C Scott
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Callie M Waskom
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - John M Brown
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Susan J Burke
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - J Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Robert C Noland
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Moore MP, Cunningham RP, Kelty TJ, Boccardi LR, Nguyen NY, Booth FW, Rector RS. Ketogenic diet in combination with voluntary exercise impacts markers of hepatic metabolism and oxidative stress in male and female Wistar rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:35-44. [PMID: 31116955 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KDs) are shown to benefit hepatic metabolism; however, their effect on the liver when combined with exercise is unknown. We investigated the effects of a KD versus a "western" diet (WD) on markers of hepatic lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in exercising rats. Male and female Wistar rats with access to voluntary running wheels were randomized to 3 groups (n = 8-14 per group): standard chow (SC; 17% fat), WD (42% fat), or KD (90.5% fat) for 7 weeks. Body fat percentage (BF%) was increased in WD and KD versus SC, although KD females displayed lower BF% versus WD (p ≤ 0.05). Liver triglycerides were higher in KD and WD versus SC but were attenuated in KD females versus WD (p ≤ 0.05). KD suppressed hepatic markers of de novo lipogenesis (fatty acid synthase, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase) and increased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis/content (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-1α, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and citrate synthase activity). KD also increased hepatic glutathione peroxidase 1 and lowered oxidized glutathione. Female rats exhibited elevated hepatic markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM), mitophagy (light chain 3 II/I ratio, autophagy-related protein 12:5), and cellular energy homeostasis (phosphorylated 5'AMP-activated protein kinase/5'AMP-activated protein kinase) versus males. These data highlight that KD and exercise beneficially impacts hepatic metabolism and oxidative stress and merits further investigation. Novelty KD feeding combined with exercise improved hepatic oxidative stress, suppressed markers of de novo lipogenesis, and increased markers of mitochondrial content versus WD feeding. Males and females responded similarly to combined KD feeding and exercise. Female rats exhibited elevated hepatic markers of autophagy/mitophagy and energy homeostasis compared with male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Moore
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Rory P Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Taylor J Kelty
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Luigi R Boccardi
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Nhu Y Nguyen
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Deibert P, Lazaro A, Schaffner D, Berg A, Koenig D, Kreisel W, Baumstark MW, Steinmann D, Buechert M, Lange T. Comprehensive lifestyle intervention vs soy protein-based meal regimen in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1116-1131. [PMID: 30862999 PMCID: PMC6406181 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become one of the leading causes of liver disease in the western world. In obese patients weight reduction is recommended. Up to now there are no specific guidelines for weight loss in order to reduce hepatic fat content.
AIM To investigate the effects of a 24-wk guided lifestyle intervention program compared to a meal replacement regimen based on soy protein.
METHODS Twenty-six subjects with NASH participated in a randomized single-center study. They were randomly assigned to either meal replacement group (MR-G) with soy-yogurt-honey preparation or to guided lifestyle change group (LC-G) with endurance activity and nutrition counselling. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lipid parameters, and adipokines were measured. Liver fat content and lipid composition were determined by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Body fat mass and lean body mass were assessed using Bod Pod® device. Pre- and post-intervention monitoring of parameters was performed. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS software, results were expressed as median (interquartile range).
RESULTS Twenty-two subjects (MR-G, n = 11 and LC-G, n = 11) completed the study (9 women, 13 men; age 52.1 (15.0) years, body mass index (BMI) 32.3 (3.3) kg/m²). In both groups a significant weight loss was achieved (MR-G: -6.4 (3.6) kg, P < 0.01; LC-G: -9.1 (10.4) kg, P < 0.01). BMI dropped in both groups (MR-G: -2.3 (1.5) kg/m2, P = 0.003; LC-G: -3.0 (3.4) kg/m2, P = 0.006). Internal fat and hepatic lipid content were markedly reduced in both groups in comparable amount. There was a strong correlation between reduction in liver fat and decrease in ALT. Likewise, both groups showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile. Changes in adipokines, particularly in adiponectin and leptin were closely related to intrahepatic lipid changes.
CONCLUSION Comprehensive lifestyle intervention and meal replacement regimen have comparable effects on body and liver fat, as well as decrease in markers of hepatic inflammation among NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Deibert
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Adhara Lazaro
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Denise Schaffner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Aloys Berg
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Daniel Koenig
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreisel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Manfred W Baumstark
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinmann
- University Hospital of Freiburg, Occupational Medicine, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Martin Buechert
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology - Medical Physics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Thomas Lange
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology - Medical Physics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
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Winn NC, Jurrissen TJ, Grunewald ZI, Cunningham RP, Woodford ML, Kanaley JA, Lubahn DB, Manrique-Acevedo C, Rector RS, Vieira-Potter VJ, Padilla J. Estrogen receptor-α signaling maintains immunometabolic function in males and is obligatory for exercise-induced amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E156-E167. [PMID: 30512987 PMCID: PMC6397364 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00259.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) signaling in immunometabolic function is established in females. However, its necessity in males, while appreciated, requires further study. Accordingly, we first determined whether lower metabolic function in male mice compared with females is related to reduced ERα expression. ERα protein expression in metabolically active tissues was lower in males than in females, and this lower expression was associated with worse glucose tolerance. Second, we determined whether ERα is required for optimal immunometabolic function in male mice consuming a chow diet. Despite lower expression of ERα in males, its genetic ablation (KO) caused an insulin-resistant phenotype characterized by enhanced adiposity, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and metaflammation in adipose tissue and liver. Last, we determined whether ERα is essential for exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. Twelve-week-old wild-type (WT) and ERα KO mice either remained sedentary (SED) or were given access to running wheels (WR) for 10 wk while fed an obesogenic diet. Body weight and fat mass were lower in WR mice regardless of genotype. Daily exercise obliterated immune cell infiltration and inflammatory gene transcripts in adipose tissue in both genotypes. In the liver, however, wheel running suppressed hepatic steatosis and inflammatory gene transcripts in WT but not in KO mice. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that ERα is required for optimal immunometabolic function in male mice despite their reduced ERα protein expression in metabolically active tissues. Furthermore, for the first time, we show that ERα signaling appears to be obligatory for exercise-induced prevention of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas J Jurrissen
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rory P Cunningham
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Hospital, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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Pereira VAR, Vedovelli KS, Muller GY, Depieri YF, Avelar DHCG, de Amo AHE, Jimenes DR, Martins JNL, Silvério AC, Gomes CRG, Godoi VAF, Pedrosa MMD. Pros and cons of insulin administration on liver glucose metabolism in strength-trained healthy mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e7637. [PMID: 30698225 PMCID: PMC6345355 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-diabetic individuals use hormones like insulin to improve muscle strength and performance. However, as insulin also leads the liver and the adipose tissue to an anabolic state, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of insulin on liver metabolism in trained non-diabetic Swiss mice. The mice were divided into four groups: sedentary treated with saline (SS) or insulin (SI) and trained treated with saline (TS) or insulin (TI). Training was made in a vertical stair, at 90% of the maximum load, three times per week. Insulin (0.3 U/kg body weight) or saline were given intraperitoneally five times per week. After eight weeks, tissue and blood were collected and in situ liver perfusion with glycerol+lactate or alanine+glutamine (4 mM each) was carried out. The trained animals increased their muscle strength (+100%) and decreased body weight gain (–11%), subcutaneous fat (–42%), mesenteric fat (–45%), and peritoneal adipocyte size (–33%) compared with the sedentary groups. Insulin prevented the adipose effects of training (TI). The gastrocnemius muscle had greater density of muscle fibers (+60%) and less connective tissue in the trained groups. Liver glycogen was increased by insulin (SI +40% and TI +117%), as well as liver basal glucose release (TI +40%). Lactate and pyruvate release were reduced to a half by training. The greater gluconeogenesis from alanine+glutamine induced by training (TS +50%) was reversed by insulin (TI). Insulin administration had no additional effect on muscle strength and reversed some of the lipolytic and gluconeogenic effects of the resistance training. Therefore, insulin administration does not complement training in improving liver glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A R Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - K S Vedovelli
- Especialização em Fisiologia Humana, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - G Y Muller
- Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Y F Depieri
- Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - D H C G Avelar
- Graduação em Educação Física, Centro Metropolitano de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - A H E de Amo
- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - D R Jimenes
- Especialização em Anatomia e Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - J N L Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - A C Silvério
- Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - C R G Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - V A F Godoi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - M M D Pedrosa
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Yoshimura S, Nakashima S, Tomiga Y, Kawakami S, Uehara Y, Higaki Y. Short- and long-term effects of high-fat diet feeding and voluntary exercise on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:291-296. [PMID: 30449601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is an effective tool for improving high-fat diet induced fat accumulation in the liver. However, the process of fat accumulation in the liver and the efficacy of early intervention with exercise remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term effects of high-fat diet feeding and voluntary exercise on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into two groups, the control group and high-fat diet feeding group, and fed a normal or high-fat diet for 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, mice in the high-fat diet feeding group were further divided into no exercise group and voluntary exercise training group, with mice in the exercise group provided a running wheel for 6 weeks. Body weight, food intake, and wheel rotation counts were measured every second day for 12 weeks. We found that voluntary exercise for 1 week (short-term exercise) significantly reduced fat accumulation in the liver by downregulating the expression of hepatic lipogenesis-associated proteins and upregulating the expression of hepatic lipolysis-associated proteins, as determined through western blotting and histology. Further, voluntary exercise for 6 weeks (long-term exercise) downregulated the expression of hepatic lipogenesis-associated proteins. These results suggest that hepatic lipogenesis and/or hepatic lipolysis mediate the beneficial effects of voluntary exercise on hepatic fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shihoko Nakashima
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuki Tomiga
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kawakami
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, 1-1-1 Zokumyoin, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-0067, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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Cho J, Kim D, Jang J, Kim J, Kang H. Treadmill running suppresses the vulnerability of dopamine D2 receptor deficiency to obesity and metabolic complications: a pilot study. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:42-50. [PMID: 30343561 PMCID: PMC6199485 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To investigate the effect of treadmill running on D2R deficiency related susceptibility to high fat diet (HFD )-induced obesity and its metabolic complications. [Methods] D2R-/-and +/-mice were obtained by backcrossing D2R+/-heterozygotes on wild type (WT) littermates (C57BL/6J background) for >10 generations. Mice were randomly assigned to 1) WT mice with standard chow (SC) (WT+SC); 2) WT mice with high-fat diet (WT+HFD); 3) WT mice with high-fat diet plus exercise (WT+HFD+EX), 4) heterozygous (HET) D2R mice with SC (HET+SC); 5) heterozygous D2R mice with HFD (HET+HFD); and 6) heterozygous D2R mice with HFD plus exercise (HET+HFD+EX). In addition, mice assigned to EX groups were subjected to running on a motor-driven rodent treadmill with a frequency of 5 days per week. [Results] After a 10-week HFD treatment, HET D2R (+/-) mice exhibited significantly higher values for hepatic steatosis (p<0.001), areas under the curves (AUCs) for the glucose tolerance test (GTT) and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) (p<0.001 & p<0.001 respectively), serum leptin (p=0.005) and total cholesterol (TC ) (p=0.009), in conjunction with decreased locomotor activity (p=0.031), compared to HET mice exposed to standard chow. However, these HFD-induced elevations in hepatic steatosis (p<0.001), AUCs for GTT and ITT (p=0.032 & p=0.018, respectively), serum leptin (p=0.038) and TC (p=0.038) were significantly alleviated after 10 weeks of treadmill running. [Conclusion] The current findings of the study provide experimental evidence of treadmill running as an effective and non-pharmacologic strategy to treat the susceptibility of brain D2R deficiency to HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Uslu S, Alaca N, Kilic KD, Uysal A, Kurtel H. The effects of aerobic exercise frequencies on liver fibrosis, α-fetoprotein and cytokeratin 19 in experimental type 2 diabetes-induced rats: an immunohistochemistry study. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:615-622. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1517898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Uslu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N. Alaca
- Department of Physiotherapy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K. D. Kilic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A. Uysal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H. Kurtel
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Molina-Molina E, Baccetto RL, Wang DQH, de Bari O, Krawczyk M, Portincasa P. Exercising the hepatobiliary-gut axis. The impact of physical activity performance. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e12958. [PMID: 29797516 PMCID: PMC8118139 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity puts the populations at risk of several health problems, while regular physical activity brings beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease, mortality and other health outcomes, including obesity, glycaemic control and insulin resistance. The hepatobiliary tract is greatly involved in several metabolic aspects which include digestion and absorption of nutrients in concert with intestinal motility, bile acid secretion and flow across the enterohepatic circulation and intestinal microbiota. Several metabolic abnormalities, including nonalcoholic fatty liver as well as cholesterol cholelithiasis, represent two conditions explained by changes of the aforementioned pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review defines different training modalities and discusses the effects of physical activity in two metabolic disorders, that is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cholelithiasis. Emphasis is given to pathogenic mechanisms involving intestinal bile acids, microbiota and inflammatory status. RESULTS A full definition of physical activity includes the knowledge of aerobic and endurance exercise, metabolic equivalent tasks, duration, frequency and intensity, beneficial and harmful effects. Physical activity influences the hepatobiliary-gut axis at different levels and brings benefits to fat distribution, liver fat and gallbladder disease while interacting with bile acids as signalling molecules, intestinal microbiota and inflammatory changes in the body. CONCLUSIONS Several beneficial effects of physical activity are anticipated on metabolic disorders linking liver steatosis, gallstone disease, gut motility, enterohepatic circulation of signalling bile acids in relation to intestinal microbiota and inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Raquel Lunardi Baccetto
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ornella de Bari
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Role of exercise in the mechanisms ameliorating hepatic steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity has made nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) the most common chronic liver disease. As a consequence, NAFLD and especially its inflammatory form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the fastest increasing etiology of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Physical inactivity is related to the severity of fatty liver disease irrespective of body weight, supporting the hypothesis that increasing physical activity through exercise can improve fatty liver disease. This review summarizes the evidence for the effects of physical exercise on NAFLD and NASH. Several clinical trials have shown that both aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the hepatic fat content. From clinical and basic scientific studies, it is evident that exercise affects fatty liver disease through various pathways. Improved peripheral insulin resistance reduces the excess delivery of free fatty acids and glucose for free fatty acid synthesis to the liver. In the liver, exercise increases fatty acid oxidation, decreases fatty acid synthesis, and prevents mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage through a reduction of the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. In conclusion, physical exercise is a proven therapeutic strategy to improve fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J. van der Windt
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vikas Sud
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongji Zhang
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Allan Tsung
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Xu L, Xia J, Wang D, Qian M, Ding S. Treatment of Diabetic Mice with a Combination of Ketogenic Diet and Aerobic Exercise via Modulations of PPARs Gene Programs. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:4827643. [PMID: 29743883 PMCID: PMC5884211 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4827643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease arising as a serious public health problem worldwide. Diet intervention is considered to be a critical strategy in glycemic control of diabetic patients. Recently, the low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet is shown to be effective in glycemic control and weight loss. However, hepatic lipid accumulation could be observed in mice treated with ketogenic diet. On the other hand, exercise is a well-known approach for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We thus hypothesize that the combination of ketogenic diet and exercise could improve insulin sensitivity, while minimizing adverse effect of hepatic steatosis. In order to test this hypothesis, we established diabetic mice model with streptozotocin (STZ) and divided them into control group, ketogenic diet group, and ketogenic diet with aerobic exercise group. We found that after six weeks of intervention, mice treated with ketogenic diet and ketogenic diet combined with exercise both have lower body weights, HbAlc level, HOMA index, and improvements in insulin sensitivity, compared with diabetes group. In addition, mice in ketogenic diet intervention exhibited hepatic steatosis shown by serum and hepatic parameters, as well as histochemistry staining in the liver, which could be largely relieved by exercise. Furthermore, gene analysis revealed that ketogenic diet in combination with exercise reduced PPARγ and lipid synthetic genes, as well as enhancing PPARα and lipid β-oxidation gene program in the liver compared to those in ketogenic diet without exercise. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the combination of ketogenic diet and a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise intervention improved insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice, while avoiding hepatic steatosis, which provided a novel strategy in the combat of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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48
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Winn NC, Liu Y, Rector RS, Parks EJ, Ibdah JA, Kanaley JA. Energy-matched moderate and high intensity exercise training improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk independent of changes in body mass or abdominal adiposity - A randomized trial. Metabolism 2018; 78:128-140. [PMID: 28941598 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exercise training is commonly prescribed for individuals diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, consensus regarding the volume and intensity of exercise for optimal benefits is lacking. Thus, we determined whether high intensity interval exercise training (HIIT) produced greater reductions in intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content and NAFLD risk factors compared with energy-matched moderate intensity continuous exercise training (MICT) in obese adults with liver steatosis. METHODS Eighteen obese adults were randomized to either 4weeks of HIIT (4min 80% VO2peak/3min, 50% VO2peak) or MICT (55% VO2peak, ~60min), matched for energy expenditure (~400kcal/session) and compared to five non-exercising age-matched control subjects. IHL was measured by 1H-MRS and frequent blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, c-peptide, and NEFA levels during a liquid meal test (180min) to characterize metabolic phenotype. RESULTS Baseline body weight, visceral abdominal adiposity, and fasting insulin concentrations were greater in the MICT vs HIIT group (P<0.05), while IHL was tightly matched between MICT and HIIT subjects (P>0.05), albeit higher than control subjects (P<0.01). Visceral abdominal adiposity, body mass, liver aminotransferases (ALT, AST), and hepatic apoptotic/inflammatory markers (cytokeratin 18 and fetuin a) were not reduced with either exercise training intervention (P>0.05). Both HIIT and MICT lowered IHL (HIIT, -37.0±12.4%; MICT, -20.1±6.6%, P<0.05); however, the reduction in IHL was not statistically different between exercise intensities (P=0.25). Furthermore, exercise training decreased postprandial insulin, c-peptide, and lipid peroxidation levels (iAUC, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings indicate that energy-matched high intensity and moderate intensity exercise are effective at decreasing IHL and NAFLD risk that is not contingent upon reductions in abdominal adiposity or body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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49
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Takahashi H, Kotani K, Tanaka K, Egucih Y, Anzai K. Therapeutic Approaches to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Exercise Intervention and Related Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:588. [PMID: 30374329 PMCID: PMC6196235 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as obesity and metabolic syndrome. Although it is difficult to eliminate the effects of body weight reduction and increased energy expenditure-some pleiotropic effects of exercise training-a number of studies involving either aerobic exercise training or resistance training programs showed ameliorations in NAFLD that are independent of the improvements in obesity and insulin resistance. In vivo studies have identified effects of exercise training on the liver, which may help to explain the "direct" or "independent" effect of exercise training on NAFLD. Exercise training increases peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) expression, improves mitochondrial function and leads to reduced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor genesis. Crosstalk between the liver and adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the microbiome is also a possible mechanism for the effect of exercise training on NAFLD. Although numerous studies have reported benefits of exercise training on NAFLD, the optimal duration and intensity of exercise for the prevention or treatment of NAFLD have not been established. Maintaining adherence of patients with NAFLD to exercise training regimes is another issue to be resolved. The use of comprehensive analytical approaches to identify biomarkers such as hepatokines that specifically reflect the effect of exercise training on liver functions might help to monitor the effect of exercise on NAFLD, and thereby improve adherence of these patients to exercise training. Exercise training is a robust approach for alleviating the pathogenesis of NAFLD, although further clinical and experimental studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- Liver Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tanaka
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Egucih
- Liver Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Keizo Anzai
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keizo Anzai
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50
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Panasevich MR, Meers GM, Linden MA, Booth FW, Perfield JW, Fritsche KL, Wankhade UD, Chintapalli SV, Shankar K, Ibdah JA, Rector RS. High-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol feeding causes severe NASH and cecal microbiota dysbiosis in juvenile Ossabaw swine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E78-E92. [PMID: 28899857 PMCID: PMC5866386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are on the rise in industrialized countries, yet our ability to mechanistically examine this relationship is limited by the lack of a suitable higher animal models. Here, we examined the effects of high-fat, high-fructose corn syrup, high-cholesterol Western-style diet (WD)-induced obesity on NASH and cecal microbiota dysbiosis in juvenile Ossabaw swine. Juvenile female Ossabaw swine (5 wk old) were fed WD (43.0% fat; 17.8% high-fructose corn syrup; 2% cholesterol) or low-fat diet (CON/lean; 10.5% fat) for 16 wk ( n = 6 each) or 36 wk ( n = 4 each). WD-fed pigs developed obesity, dyslipidemia, and systemic insulin resistance compared with CON pigs. In addition, obese WD-fed pigs developed severe NASH, with hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis after 16 wk, with further exacerbation of histological inflammation and fibrosis after 36 wk of WD feeding. WD feeding also resulted in robust cecal microbiota changes including increased relative abundances of families and genera in Proteobacteria ( P < 0.05) (i.e., Enterobacteriaceae, Succinivibrionaceae, and Succinivibrio) and LPS-containing Desulfovibrionaceae and Desulfovibrio and a greater ( P < 0.05) predicted microbial metabolic function for LPS biosynthesis, LPS biosynthesis proteins, and peptidoglycan synthesis compared with CON-fed pigs. Overall, juvenile Ossabaw swine fed a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol diet develop obesity and severe microbiota dysbiosis with a proinflammatory signature and a NASH phenotype directly relevant to the pediatric/adolescent and young adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Panasevich
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - G. M. Meers
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M. A. Linden
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - F. W. Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J. W. Perfield
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Food Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - K. L. Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Umesh D. Wankhade
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - K. Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - J. A. Ibdah
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R. S. Rector
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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