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Aagaard KM, Barkin SL, Burant CF, Carnell S, Demerath E, Donovan SM, Eneli I, Francis LA, Gilbert-Diamond D, Hivert MF, LeBourgeois MK, Loos RJF, Lumeng JC, Miller AL, Okely AD, Osganian SK, Ramirez AG, Trasande L, Van Horn LV, Wake M, Wright RJ, Yanovski SZ. Understanding risk and causal mechanisms for developing obesity in infants and young children: A National Institutes of Health workshop. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13690. [PMID: 38204366 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity in children remains a major public health problem, with the current prevalence in youth ages 2-19 years estimated to be 19.7%. Despite progress in identifying risk factors, current models do not accurately predict development of obesity in early childhood. There is also substantial individual variability in response to a given intervention that is not well understood. On April 29-30, 2021, the National Institutes of Health convened a virtual workshop on "Understanding Risk and Causal Mechanisms for Developing Obesity in Infants and Young Children." The workshop brought together scientists from diverse disciplines to discuss (1) what is known regarding epidemiology and underlying biological and behavioral mechanisms for rapid weight gain and development of obesity and (2) what new approaches can improve risk prediction and gain novel insights into causes of obesity in early life. Participants identified gaps and opportunities for future research to advance understanding of risk and underlying mechanisms for development of obesity in early life. It was emphasized that future studies will require multi-disciplinary efforts across basic, behavioral, and clinical sciences. An exposome framework is needed to elucidate how behavioral, biological, and environmental risk factors interact. Use of novel statistical methods may provide greater insights into causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shari L Barkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Ihuoma Eneli
- Center for Healthy Weight and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lori A Francis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony D Okely
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- llawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Stavroula K Osganian
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelie G Ramirez
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Linda V Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa Wake
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Z Yanovski
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Huang Y, Wang A, Zhou W, Li B, Zhang L, Rudolf AM, Jin Z, Hambly C, Wang G, Speakman JR. Maternal dietary fat during lactation shapes single nucleus transcriptomic profile of postnatal offspring hypothalamus in a sexually dimorphic manner in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2382. [PMID: 38493217 PMCID: PMC10944494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition during lactation predisposes offspring to develop metabolic diseases and exacerbates the relevant syndromes in males more than females in later life. The hypothalamus is a heterogenous brain region that regulates energy balance. Here we combined metabolic trait quantification of mother and offspring mice under low and high fat diet (HFD) feeding during lactation, with single nucleus transcriptomic profiling of their offspring hypothalamus at peak lacation to understand the cellular and molecular alterations in response to maternal dietary pertubation. We found significant expansion in neuronal subpopulations including histaminergic (Hdc), arginine vasopressin/retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor β (Avp/Rorb) and agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/Npy) in male offspring when their mothers were fed HFD, and increased Npy-astrocyte interactions in offspring responding to maternal overnutrition. Our study provides a comprehensive offspring hypothalamus map at the peak lactation and reveals how the cellular subpopulations respond to maternal dietary fat in a sex-specific manner during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Metabolism Program, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Anyongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenjiang Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Linshan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zengguang Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Guanlin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK.
- China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
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3
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Burton JJN, Alonso LC. Overnutrition in the early postnatal period influences lifetime metabolic risk: Evidence for impact on pancreatic β-cell mass and function. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:263-274. [PMID: 38193815 PMCID: PMC10906026 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of energy-rich foods that disrupt caloric balance is a fundamental cause of overweight, obesity and diabetes. Dysglycemia and the resulting cardiovascular disease cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as high societal cost. The prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence is increasing, leading to younger diabetes diagnosis, and higher severity of microvascular and macrovascular complications. An important goal is to identify early life conditions that increase future metabolic risk, toward the goal of preventing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An ample body of evidence implicates prenatal and postnatal childhood growth trajectories in the programming of adult metabolic disease. Human epidemiological data show that accelerated childhood growth increases risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Type 2 diabetes results from the combination of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell failure, but specific mechanisms by which accelerated postnatal growth impact one or both of these processes remain uncertain. This review explores the metabolic impact of overnutrition during postnatal life in humans and in rodent models, with specific attention to the connection between accelerated childhood growth and future adiposity, insulin resistance, β-cell mass and β-cell dysfunction. With improved knowledge in this area, we might one day be able to modulate nutrition and growth in the critical postnatal window to maximize lifelong metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua JN Burton
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew YorkUSA
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4
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O'Sullivan A, Brady E, Lafferty L, O'Shea F, O'Regan Z, Meurs N, Baldini M, Gengatharan J, Metallo CM, Wallace M. Long chain monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid levels in human milk vary with gestational weight gain. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2024; 201:102607. [PMID: 38277883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is an important determinant of infant health and there is immense interest in understanding its metabolite composition so that key beneficial components can be identified. The aim of this research was to measure the fatty acid composition of human milk in an Irish cohort where we examined changes depending on lactation stage and gestational weight gain trajectory. Utilizing a chromatography approach optimal for isomer separation, we identified 44 individual fatty acid species via GCMS and showed that monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids(mmBCFA's), C15:0 and C16:1 are lower in women with excess gestational weight gain versus low gestational weight gain. To further explore the potential contribution of the activity of endogenous metabolic pathways to levels of these fatty acids in milk, we administered D2O to C57BL/6J dams fed a purified lard based high fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet during gestation and quantified the total and de novo synthesized levels of fatty acids in their milk. We found that de novo synthesis over three days can account for between 10 and 50 % of mmBCFAs in milk from dams on the low-fat diet dependent on the branched-chain fatty acid species. However, HFD fed mice had significantly decreased de novo synthesized fatty acids in milk resulting in lower total mmBCFAs and medium chain fatty acid levels. Overall, our findings highlight the diverse fatty acid composition of human milk and that human milk mmBCFA levels differ between gestational weight gain phenotypes. In addition, our data indicates that de novo synthesis contributes to mmBCFA levels in mice milk and thus may also be a contributory factor to mmBCFA levels in human milk. Given emerging data indicating mmBCFAs may be beneficial components of milk, this study contributes to our knowledge around the phenotypic factors that may impact their levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O'Sullivan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer Brady
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucy Lafferty
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Shea
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zoe O'Regan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Baldini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Jivani Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, 10010N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Sun J, Wang X, Sun R, Xiao X, Wang Y, Peng Y, Gao Y. Microglia shape AgRP neuron postnatal development via regulating perineuronal net plasticity. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:306-316. [PMID: 38001338 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in controlling metabolism and energy balance, with Agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons being essential components of this process. The proper development of these neurons is important for metabolic regulation in later life. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, have been shown to significantly influence neurodevelopment. However, their role in shaping the postnatal development of hypothalamic neural circuits remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of microglia in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) during lactation and their impact on the maturation of AgRP and POMC neurons. We demonstrated that microglial depletion during a critical period of ARC neuron maturation increases the number of AgRP neurons and fiber density, with less effect on POMC neurons. This depletion also resulted in increased neonatal feeding behavior. Mechanistically, microglia can engulf perineuronal net (PNN) components surrounding AgRP neurons both in vivo and ex vivo. The absence of microglia leads to increased PNN formation and enhanced leptin sensitivity in ARC. Our findings suggest that microglia participate in the postnatal development of AgRP neurons by regulating the plasticity of PNN formation. This study contributes to a better understanding of microglia's role in shaping hypothalamic neural circuits during postnatal development and their impact on metabolism regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
- Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Yu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, P. R. China.
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6
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Xu Y, Yang D, Wang L, Król E, Mazidi M, Li L, Huang Y, Niu C, Liu X, Lam SM, Shui G, Douglas A, Speakman JR. Maternal High Fat Diet in Lactation Impacts Hypothalamic Neurogenesis and Neurotrophic Development, Leading to Later Life Susceptibility to Obesity in Male but Not Female Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305472. [PMID: 37867217 PMCID: PMC10724448 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Early life nutrition can reprogram development and exert long-term consequences on body weight regulation. In mice, maternal high-fat diet (HFD) during lactation predisposed male but not female offspring to diet-induced obesity when adult. Molecular and cellular changes in the hypothalamus at important time points are examined in the early postnatal life in relation to maternal diet and demonstrated sex-differential hypothalamic reprogramming. Maternal HFD in lactation decreased the neurotropic development of neurons formed at the embryo stage (e12.5) and impaired early postnatal neurogenesis in the hypothalamic regions of both males and females. Males show a larger increased ratio of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) to Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in early postnatal neurogenesis, in response to maternal HFD, setting an obese tone for male offspring. These data provide insights into the mechanisms by which hypothalamic reprograming by early life overnutrition contributes to the sex-dependent susceptibility to obesity in adult life in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Xu
- Shenzhen key laboratory for metabolic healthCenter for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Dengbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotlandAB24 2TZUK
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShijingshanBeijing100049P. R. China
- School of PharmacyKey Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug EvaluationMinistry of EducationYantai UniversityYantai264005P. R. China
| | - Elżbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotlandAB24 2TZUK
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShijingshanBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShijingshanBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Niu
- Shenzhen key laboratory for metabolic healthCenter for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotlandAB24 2TZUK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Shenzhen key laboratory for metabolic healthCenter for Energy Metabolism and ReproductionShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotlandAB24 2TZUK
- China medical universityShenyang110000P. R. China
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7
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Wayland JL, Doll JR, Lawson MJ, Stankiewicz TE, Oates JR, Sawada K, Damen MSMA, Alarcon PC, Haslam DB, Trout AT, DeFranco EA, Klepper CM, Woo JG, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Mouzaki M, Divanovic S. Thermoneutral Housing Enables Studies of Vertical Transmission of Obesogenic Diet-Driven Metabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:4958. [PMID: 38068816 PMCID: PMC10708424 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of obesity is a critical contributor to the unabated obesity pandemic and the associated surge in metabolic diseases. Existing experimental models insufficiently recapitulate "human-like" obesity phenotypes, limiting the discovery of how severe obesity in pregnancy instructs vertical transmission of obesity. Here, via utility of thermoneutral housing and obesogenic diet feeding coupled to syngeneic mating of WT obese female and lean male mice on a C57BL/6 background, we present a tractable, more "human-like" approach to specifically investigate how maternal obesity contributes to offspring health. Using this model, we found that maternal obesity decreased neonatal survival, increased offspring adiposity, and accelerated offspring predisposition to obesity and metabolic disease. We also show that severe maternal obesity was sufficient to skew offspring microbiome and create a proinflammatory gestational environment that correlated with inflammatory changes in the offspring in utero and adulthood. Analysis of a human birth cohort study of mothers with and without obesity and their infants was consistent with mouse study findings of maternal inflammation and offspring weight gain propensity. Together, our results show that dietary induction of obesity in female mice coupled to thermoneutral housing can be used for future mechanistic interrogations of obesity and metabolic disease in pregnancy and vertical transmission of pathogenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Wayland
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jessica R. Doll
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Matthew J. Lawson
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Traci E. Stankiewicz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jarren R. Oates
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Keisuke Sawada
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michelle S. M. A. Damen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Pablo C. Alarcon
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David B. Haslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Andrew T. Trout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Emily A. DeFranco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Corie M. Klepper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jessica G. Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Maria E. Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marialena Mouzaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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8
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Zhu H, Ding G, Liu X, Huang H. Developmental origins of diabetes mellitus: Environmental epigenomics and emerging patterns. J Diabetes 2023. [PMID: 37190864 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting epidemiological evidence indicates that environmental exposures in early life have roles in diabetes susceptibility in later life. Additionally, environmentally induced diabetic susceptibility could be transmitted to subsequent generations. Epigenetic modifications provide a potential association with the environmental factors and altered gene expression that might cause disease phenotypes. Here, we bring the increasing evidence that environmental exposures early in development are linked to diabetes through epigenetic modifications. This review first summarizes the epigenetic targets, including metastable epialleles and imprinting genes, by which the environmental factors can modify the epigenome. Then we review the epigenetics changes in response to environmental challenge during critical developmental windows, gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and fetal and postnatal period, with the specific example of diabetic susceptibility. Although the mechanisms are still largely unknown, especially in humans, the new research methods are now gradually available, and the animal models can provide more in-depth study of mechanisms. These have implications for investigating the link of the phenomena to human diabetes, providing a new perspective on environmentally triggered diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guolian Ding
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
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9
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Garza V, West SM, Cardoso RC. Review: Gestational and postnatal nutritional effects on the neuroendocrine control of puberty and subsequent reproductive performance in heifers. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100782. [PMID: 37567667 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pubertal attainment is an intricate biological process that involves maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis and increased pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone. Nutrition is a critical environmental factor controlling the timing of puberty attainment. Nutrient restriction during early postnatal development delays puberty, whereas increased feed intake and adiposity during this period hasten pubertal maturation by imprinting the hypothalamus. Moreover, the dam's nutrition during gestation can program the neuroendocrine system in the developing fetus and has the potential to advance or delay puberty in the offspring. Leptin, a hormone produced primarily by adipose cells, plays an important role in communicating energy status to the brain and regulating sexual maturation. Leptin's regulation of GnRH release is mediated by an upstream neuronal network since GnRH neurons do not contain the leptin receptor. Two groups of neurons located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide, and alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), an anorexigenic peptide, are central elements of the neural circuitry that relay inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. Moreover, KNDy neurons, neurons in the arcuate nucleus that co-express kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin, also play a role in the metabolic regulation of puberty. Our studies in beef heifers demonstrate that increased rates of BW gain during early postweaning (4-9 mo of age) result in reduced expression of NPY mRNA, increased expression of proopiomelanocortin and kisspeptin receptor mRNA, reduced NPY inhibitory inputs to GnRH neurons, and increased excitatory αMSH inputs to KNDy neurons. Finally, our most recent data demonstrate that nutrition of the cow during the last two trimesters of gestation can also induce transcriptional and structural changes in hypothalamic neurocircuitries in the heifer progeny that likely persist long-term after birth. Managerial approaches, such as supplementation of the dam during gestation (fetal programming), creep feeding, early weaning, and stair-step nutritional regimens have been developed to exploit brain plasticity and advance pubertal maturation in heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Garza
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sarah M West
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rodolfo C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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10
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Nash MJ, Dobrinskikh E, Soderborg TK, Janssen RC, Takahashi DL, Dean TA, Varlamov O, Hennebold JD, Gannon M, Aagaard KM, McCurdy CE, Kievit P, Bergman BC, Jones KL, Pietras EM, Wesolowski SR, Friedman JE. Maternal diet alters long-term innate immune cell memory in fetal and juvenile hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in nonhuman primate offspring. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112393. [PMID: 37058409 PMCID: PMC10570400 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition increases inflammatory and metabolic disease risk in postnatal offspring. This constitutes a major public health concern due to increasing prevalence of these diseases, yet mechanisms remain unclear. Here, using nonhuman primate models, we show that maternal Western-style diet (mWSD) exposure is associated with persistent pro-inflammatory phenotypes at the transcriptional, metabolic, and functional levels in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from 3-year-old juvenile offspring and in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from fetal and juvenile bone marrow and fetal liver. mWSD exposure is also associated with increased oleic acid in fetal and juvenile bone marrow and fetal liver. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) profiling of HSPCs and BMDMs from mWSD-exposed juveniles supports a model in which HSPCs transmit pro-inflammatory memory to myeloid cells beginning in utero. These findings show that maternal diet alters long-term immune cell developmental programming in HSPCs with proposed consequences for chronic diseases featuring altered immune/inflammatory activation across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Nash
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Taylor K Soderborg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rachel C Janssen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Diana L Takahashi
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tyler A Dean
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Bryan C Bergman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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11
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Vollbrecht PJ, Nesbitt KM, Addis VM, Boulnemour KM, Micheli DA, Smith KB, Sandoval DA, Kennedy RT, Ferrario CR. Differential regulation of nucleus accumbens glutamate and GABA in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. J Neurochem 2023; 164:499-511. [PMID: 36336816 PMCID: PMC10604761 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the leading health concerns in the United States. Studies from human and rodent models suggest that inherent differences in the function of brain motivation centers, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), contribute to overeating and thus obesity. For example, there are basal enhancements in the excitability of NAc GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSN) and reductions in basal expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in obesity-prone vs obesity-resistant rats. However, very little is known about the regulation of extracellular glutamate and GABA within the NAc of these models. Here we gave obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats stable isotope-labeled glucose (13 C6 -glucose) and used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of NAc dialysate to examine the real-time incorporation of 13 C6 -glucose into glutamate, glutamine, and GABA. This novel approach allowed us to identify differences in glucose utilization for neurotransmitter production between these selectively bred lines. We found that voluntarily ingested or gastrically infused 13 C6 -glucose rapidly enters the NAc and is incorporated into 13 C2 -glutamine, 13 C2 -glutamate, and 13 C2 -GABA in both groups within minutes. However, the magnitude of increases in NAc 13 C2 -glutamine and 13 C2 -GABA were lower in obesity-prone than in obesity-resistant rats, while basal levels of glutamate were elevated. This suggested that there may be differences in the astrocytic regulation of these analytes. Thus, we next examined NAc glutamine synthetase, GAD67, and GLT-1 protein expression. Consistent with reduced 13 C2 -glutamine and 13 C2 -GABA, NAc glutamine synthetase and GLT-1 protein expression were reduced in obesity-prone vs obesity-resistant groups. Taken together, these data show that NAc glucose utilization differs dramatically between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats, favoring glutamate over GABA production in obesity-prone rats and that reductions in NAc astrocytic recycling of glutamate contribute to these differences. These data are discussed in light of established differences in NAc function between these models and the role of the NAc in feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Vollbrecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Kathryn M. Nesbitt
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Victoria M. Addis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Keenan M. Boulnemour
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Daniel A. Micheli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Kendall B. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Darleen A. Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Carrie R. Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychology Department (Biopsychology) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Maternal high-fat diet consumption during pregnancy and lactation predisposes offspring to renal and metabolic injury later in life: comparative study of diets with different lipid contents. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:33-41. [PMID: 35481551 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that maternal overnutrition can result in a higher development risk of obesity and renal disease in the offspring's adulthood. The present study tested different lipid levels in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and its repercussions on the offspring of Wistar rats. Offspring of 1, 7, 30 and 90-d-old were divided into the following groups: Control (CNT) - offspring of dams that consumed a standard chow diet (3.5% of lipids); Experimental 1 (EXP1) - offspring of dams exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) (28% of lipids); and Experimental 2 (EXP2) - offspring of dams exposed to a HFD (40% of lipids). Regarding maternal data, there was a decrease in the amount of diet ingested by EXP2. Daily caloric intake was higher in EXP1, while protein and carbohydrate intakes were lower in EXP2. While lipid intake was higher in the experimental groups, EXP1 consumed more lipids than EXP2, despite the body weight gain being higher in EXP2. Adult offspring from EXP1 presented higher blood glucose. Regarding morphometric analysis, in both experimental groups, there was an increase in the glomerular tuft and renal corpuscle areas, but an increase in the capsular space area only in EXP1. There was a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in EXP1, in contrast to an increase in GFR of EXP2, along with an increase in urinary protein excretion. In conclusion, the maternal HFDs caused significant kidney damage in offspring, but had different repercussions on the type and magnitude of recorded change.
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13
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Castillo P, Pomar CA, Palou A, Palou M, Picó C. Influence of Maternal Metabolic Status and Diet during the Perinatal Period on the Metabolic Programming by Leptin Ingested during the Suckling Period in Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030570. [PMID: 36771278 PMCID: PMC9921535 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the long-term metabolic effects of leptin supplementation at physiological doses during suckling in the offspring of diet-induced obese rats, together with the potential benefits of improving maternal diet during lactation. Thus, the offspring of: dams fed standard-diet (SD) (CON-dams), dams fed western-diet (WD) before and during gestation and lactation (WD-dams), and dams fed as WD-dams but moved to SD during lactation (REV-dams) were supplemented throughout suckling with leptin or vehicle, and fed SD or WD from weaning to four months. Under SD, leptin treatment significantly improved metabolic profile and body fat accumulation, with stronger effects in the male offspring of CON-dams and REV-dams. Under WD, the offspring of WD-dams presented metabolic alterations that were not evident in the offspring of REV-dams. Moreover, leptin supplementation improved glucose homeostasis in the male offspring of REV-dams. Conversely, leptin supplementation in females born to WD-dams and fed WD from weaning resulted in impaired insulin sensitivity and increased hepatic lipid content. These results highlight the importance of a balanced maternal diet during the perinatal period, especially lactation, for the subsequent metabolic health of the offspring and for the beneficial effects of leptin supplementation during suckling, more evident in the male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Amadora Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971172373
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa, 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Rajamoorthi A, LeDuc CA, Thaker VV. The metabolic conditioning of obesity: A review of the pathogenesis of obesity and the epigenetic pathways that "program" obesity from conception. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032491. [PMID: 36329895 PMCID: PMC9622759 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the developmental origins of health and disease is integral to overcome the global tide of obesity and its metabolic consequences, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The rising prevalence of obesity has been attributed, in part, to environmental factors including the globalization of the western diet and unhealthy lifestyle choices. In this review we argue that how and when such exposures come into play from conception significantly impact overall risk of obesity and later health outcomes. While the laws of thermodynamics dictate that obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, the drivers of each of these may be laid down before the manifestation of the phenotype. We present evidence over the last half-century that suggests that the temporospatial evolution of obesity from intrauterine life and beyond is, in part, due to the conditioning of physiological processes at critical developmental periods that results in maladaptive responses to obesogenic exposures later in life. We begin the review by introducing studies that describe an association between perinatal factors and later risk of obesity. After a brief discussion of the pathogenesis of obesity, including the systemic regulation of appetite, adiposity, and basal metabolic rate, we delve into the mechanics of how intrauterine, postnatal and early childhood metabolic environments may contribute to adult obesity risk through the process of metabolic conditioning. Finally, we detail the specific epigenetic pathways identified both in preclinical and clinical studies that synergistically "program" obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthi Rajamoorthi
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles A. LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vidhu V. Thaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Comas-Armangue G, Makharadze L, Gomez-Velazquez M, Teperino R. The Legacy of Parental Obesity: Mechanisms of Non-Genetic Transmission and Reversibility. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102461. [PMID: 36289722 PMCID: PMC9599218 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While a dramatic increase in obesity and related comorbidities is being witnessed, the underlying mechanisms of their spread remain unresolved. Epigenetic and other non-genetic mechanisms tend to be prominent candidates involved in the establishment and transmission of obesity and associated metabolic disorders to offspring. Here, we review recent findings addressing those candidates, in the context of maternal and paternal influences, and discuss the effectiveness of preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Comas-Armangue
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lela Makharadze
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melisa Gomez-Velazquez
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (R.T.)
| | - Raffaele Teperino
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (R.T.)
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16
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Gregg B, Ellsworth L, Pavela G, Shah K, Berger PK, Isganaitis E, VanOmen S, Demerath EW, Fields DA. Bioactive compounds in mothers milk affecting offspring outcomes: A narrative review. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12892. [PMID: 35060344 PMCID: PMC9177518 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to the exhaustive study of transgenerational programming of obesity and diabetes through exposures in the prenatal period, postnatal programming mechanisms are understudied, including the potential role of breast milk composition linking maternal metabolic status (body mass index and diabetes) and offspring growth, metabolic health and future disease risk. METHODS This narrative review will principally focus on four emergent bioactive compounds [microRNA's (miRNA), lipokines/signalling lipids, small molecules/metabolites and fructose] that, until recently were not known to exist in breast milk. The objective of this narrative review is to integrate evidence across multiple fields of study that demonstrate the importance of these compositional elements of breast milk during lactation and the subsequent effect of breast milk components on the health of the infant. RESULTS Current knowledge on the presence of miRNA's, lipokines/signalling lipids, small molecules/metabolites and fructose in breast milk and their associations with infant outcomes is compelling, but far from resolved. Two themes emerge: (1) maternal metabolic phenotypes are associated with these bioactives and (2) though existing in milk at low concentrations, they are also associated with offspring growth and body composition. CONCLUSION Breast milk research is gaining momentum though we must remain focused on understanding how non-nutritive bioactive components are affected by the maternal phenotype, how they subsequently impact infant outcomes. Though early, there is evidence to suggest fructose is associated with fat mass in the 1st months of life whereas 12,13 diHOME (brown fat activator) and betaine are negatively associated with early adiposity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay Ellsworth
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory Pavela
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kruti Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Paige K. Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Isganaitis
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (USA)
| | - Sheri VanOmen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David A. Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA,Correspondence to: Address: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 Children's Avenue Suite 4500, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
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17
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Amaro A, Baptista FI, Matafome P. Programming of future generations during breastfeeding: The intricate relation between metabolic and neurodevelopment disorders. Life Sci 2022; 298:120526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Pomar CA, Castillo P, Palou M, Palou A, Picó C. Implementation of a healthy diet to lactating rats attenuates the early detrimental programming effects in the offspring born to obese dams. Putative relationship with milk hormone levels. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109043. [PMID: 35569798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is a critical period of development and alterations in milk composition due to maternal diet or status may affect infant growth. We aimed to evaluate in rats whether improving maternal nutrition during lactation attenuates early imprinted adverse metabolic effects in the offspring born to obese dams. Three groups were studied: Control (C) dams, fed with standard diet; Western diet (WD) dams, fed with WD one month prior to gestation and during gestation and lactation; and Reversion (Rev) dams, fed as WD-dams, but moved to a standard diet during lactation. Macronutrient content, insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels were determined in milk. Phenotypic traits and circulating parameters in dams and their offspring were determined throughout lactation. Results showed that, at weaning, WD-dams displayed lower body weight and greater plasma insulin and non-esterified fatty acids levels than C-dams, and signs of hepatic steatosis. Milk from WD-dams showed lower protein content and insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels during the entire or the late lactation. Rev-dams retained excess body fat content, but milk composition and most circulating parameters were not different from controls at late lactation and showed higher leptin mRNA levels in mammary gland than WD-dams. The offspring of WD-dams, but not that of Rev-dams, displayed higher body weight, adiposity, and circulating leptin and glucose levels than controls at weaning. In conclusion, dietary improvement during lactation prevents early adverse effects in offspring associated with maternal intake of an obesogenic diet, that may be related with the normalization of milk hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, IdISBa, 07010, Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Daoust L, Choi BSY, Lacroix S, Rodrigues Vilela V, Varin TV, Dudonné S, Pilon G, Roy D, Levy E, Desjardins Y, Chassaing B, Marette A. The postnatal window is critical for the development of sex-specific metabolic and gut microbiota outcomes in offspring. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:2004070. [PMID: 34812123 PMCID: PMC8632343 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2004070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept has been proposed to explain the influence of environmental conditions during critical developmental stages on the risk of diseases in adulthood. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of the prenatal vs. postnatal environment on the gut microbiota in dams during the preconception, gestation and lactation periods and their consequences on metabolic outcomes in offspring. Here we used the cross-fostering technique, e.g. the exchange of pups following birth to a foster dam, to decipher the metabolic effects of the intrauterine versus postnatal environmental exposures to a polyphenol-rich cranberry extract (CE). CE administration to high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS)-fed dams improved glucose homeostasis and reduced liver steatosis in association with a shift in the maternal gut microbiota composition. Unexpectedly, we observed that the postnatal environment contributed to metabolic outcomes in female offspring, as revealed by adverse effects on adiposity and glucose metabolism, while no effect was observed in male offspring. In addition to the strong sexual dimorphism, we found a significant influence of the nursing mother on the community structure of the gut microbiota based on α-diversity and β-diversity indices in offspring. Gut microbiota transplantation (GMT) experiments partly reproduced the observed phenotype in female offspring. Our data support the concept that the postnatal environment represents a critical window to influence future sex-dependent metabolic outcomes in offspring that are causally but partly linked with gut microbiome alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Daoust
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Béatrice S.-Y. Choi
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoïdome Mediators Axis in Metabolic Health (Cerc-mend), Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Vilela
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thibault Vincent Varin
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dudonné
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Chu Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Inserm U1016, Team “Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases”, Cnrs Umr 8104, Université De Paris, Paris, France
| | - André Marette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Laval University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada,CONTACT André Marette Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, QuébecG1V 0A6, Canada
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20
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Yang H, Chen N, Fan L, Lin X, Liu J, You Y, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Li J, Xiao X. Pre-Weaning Exposure to Maternal High-Fat Diet Is a Critical Developmental Window for Programming the Metabolic System of Offspring in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:816107. [PMID: 35222275 PMCID: PMC8867064 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.816107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and lactation exerts long-term effects on the health of offspring. However, the critical developmental window for metabolic programming of maternal exposure to HFD on pathogenesis of obesity in offspring needs further clarification. MATERIALS & METHODS Female ICR mice were fed low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD for 8 weeks until delivery. During lactation, half of LFD dams received HFD while the other half of LFD dams and HFD dams maintained the previous diet. Male offspring were weaned at postnatal day 21 (P21) and fed LFD or HFD for 7 weeks. Metabolic parameters, biochemical, and histological indicators of thermogenesis, rectal temperature, and sympathetic nerve tone were detected at P21 and 10 weeks old. RESULTS At P21, LH (maternal LFD before delivery but HFD during lactation) and HH (maternal HFD before delivery and during lactation) offspring gained more body weight and showed higher serum glucose and triglyceride levels as compared with LL (maternal LFD before delivery and during lactation), and the metabolic characters were maintained until 10 weeks age when fed with LFD after weaning. However, LH offspring exhibited a greater degree of metabolic abnormalities compared to HH offspring, with increased body weight, as well as lower norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated rectal temperature rise when fed with HFD after weaning. The lower UCP1 levels and HSL phosphorylation in LH offspring further suggested that brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic function was impaired. CONCLUSION Exposure to maternal HFD feeding during pre-weaning period alone showed similar detrimental effects on programming metabolic system of offspring as those of both prenatal and early postnatal HFD feeding. Early postnatal stage is a critical time window for metabolic programming and has profound and long-lasting effects on BAT development and function through sympathetic nerve-mediated thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Fan
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuehua You
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jibin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqiu Xiao,
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21
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Hafner H, Mulcahy MC, Carlson Z, Hartley P, Sun H, Westerhoff M, Qi N, Bridges D, Gregg B. Lactational High Fat Diet in Mice Causes Insulin Resistance and NAFLD in Male Offspring Which Is Partially Rescued by Maternal Metformin Treatment. Front Nutr 2021; 8:759690. [PMID: 34977118 PMCID: PMC8714922 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.759690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal metabolic disease and diet during pregnancy and lactation have important implications for the programming of offspring metabolic disease. In addition, high-fat diets during pregnancy and lactation can predispose the offspring to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a rising health threat in the U.S. We developed a model of maternal high-fat feeding exclusively during the lactation period. We previously showed that offspring from dams, given lactational high-fat diet (HFD), are predisposed to obesity, glucose intolerance, and inflammation. In separate experiments, we also showed that lactational metformin treatment can decrease offspring metabolic risk. The purpose of these studies was to understand the programming implications of lactational HFD on offspring metabolic liver disease risk. Dams were fed a 60% lard-based HFD from the day of delivery through the 21-day lactation period. A subset of dams was also given metformin as a co-treatment. Starting at weaning, the offspring were fed normal fat diet until 3 months of age; at which point, a subset was challenged with an additional HFD stressor. Lactational HFD led male offspring to develop hepatic insulin resistance. The post-weaning HFD challenge led male offspring to progress to NAFLD with more severe outcomes in the lactational HFD-challenged offspring. Co-administration of metformin to lactating dams on HFD partially rescued the offspring liver metabolic defects in males. Lactational HFD or post-weaning HFD had no impact on female offspring who maintained a normal insulin sensitivity and liver phenotype. These findings indicate that HFD, during the lactation period, programs the adult offspring to NAFLD risk in a sexually dimorphic manner. In addition, early life intervention with metformin via maternal exposure may prevent some of the liver programming caused by maternal HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hafner
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Molly C. Mulcahy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zach Carlson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Phillip Hartley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Haijing Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria Westerhoff
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nathan Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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22
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Huang Y, Osorio Mendoza J, Li M, Jin Z, Li B, Wu Y, Togo J, Speakman JR. Impact of graded maternal dietary fat content on offspring susceptibility to high-fat diet in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:2055-2067. [PMID: 34813173 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) increases offspring obesity, yet the impacts of different levels of maternal dietary fat have seldom been addressed. In mice, the impact of graded maternal dietary fat on offspring adiposity and offspring's later susceptibility to HFD were assessed. METHODS Lactating mice were fed diets with graded fat content from 8.3% to 66.6%. One male and one female pup from each litter were weaned onto a low-fat diet for 15 weeks. HFD (41.7%) was then introduced to half of the offspring for 12 weeks. RESULTS Offspring body weight and adiposity were positively related to maternal dietary fat content and were higher when mothers were exposed to HFD. The maternal diet effect was nonlinear and sex dependent. A maternal dietary fat of 41.7% and above exaggerated the offspring body weight gain in males but was not significant in females. Maternal 8.3% fat and 25% fat diets led to the highest daily energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio in offspring. Offspring fed a low-fat diet had higher daily energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio than those fed an HFD. CONCLUSIONS Increasing maternal dietary fat during lactation, and HFD in later life, had significant and interacting impacts on offspring obesity. Maternal diet had a bigger impact on male offspring. The effects of maternal dietary fat content were nonlinear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengguang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingga Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jacques Togo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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23
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Schneider-Worthington CR, Bahorski JS, Fields DA, Gower BA, Fernández JR, Chandler-Laney PC. Associations Among Maternal Adiposity, Insulin, and Adipokines in Circulation and Human Milk. J Hum Lact 2021; 37:714-722. [PMID: 33035124 PMCID: PMC8276526 DOI: 10.1177/0890334420962711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin, leptin, and adiponectin regulate energy balance and may influence infant growth via their presence in human milk. Maternal body mass index has been associated with human milk insulin, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations, but results are inconsistent. Maternal serum hormone concentrations and fat mass may better characterize human phenotype and be more appropriate predictors of human milk insulin, leptin, and adiponectin. RESEARCH AIM To examine the associations of human milk insulin, leptin, and adiponectin with their concentrations in maternal circulation and with maternal fat mass. METHODS Insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured in serum and human milk at 1 month postpartum in 25 women. Total body fat mass and fat-free mass were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Linear regression modeling was used to examine associations of serum hormone concentrations or fat mass with human milk insulin, leptin, and adiponectin after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Serum insulin (p = .007), leptin (p < .001), and adiponectin (p < .001) were each associated with their respective concentrations in human milk. Fat mass was positively associated with insulin (p = .005) and leptin (p < .001), but not with adiponectin (p = .65), in human milk. CONCLUSIONS Human milk insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were positively associated with their concentrations in serum, and human milk insulin and leptin were associated with maternal fat mass. Future research is needed to elucidate the role of human milk hormones in infant energy balance and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Fields
- 6186 Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Barbara A Gower
- 9968 Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - José R Fernández
- 9968 Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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24
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Mothers' cafeteria diet induced sex-specific changes in fat content, metabolic profiles, and inflammation outcomes in rat offspring. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18573. [PMID: 34535697 PMCID: PMC8448886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
“Western diet” containing high concentrations of sugar and fat consumed during pregnancy contributes to development of obesity and diabetes type 2 in offspring. To mimic effects of this diet in animals, a cafeteria (CAF) diet is used. We hypothesized that CAF diet given to rats before, and during pregnancy and lactation differently influences fat content, metabolic and inflammation profiles in offspring. Females were exposed to CAF or control diets before pregnancy, during pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal day 25 (PND 25), body composition, fat contents were measured, and blood was collected for assessment of metabolic and inflammation profiles. We have found that CAF diet lead to sex-specific alterations in offspring. At PND25, CAF offspring had: (1) higher percentage of fat content, and were lighter; (2) sex-specific differences in levels of glucose; (3) higher levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α); (4) sex-specific differences in concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α, with an increase in CAF females; (5) higher level of IL-10 in both sexes, with a more pronounced increase in females. We concluded that maternal CAF diet affects fat content, metabolic profiles, and inflammation parameters in offspring. Above effects are sex-specific, with female offspring being more susceptible to the diet.
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25
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Kislal S, Jin W, Maesner C, Edlow AG. Mismatch between obesogenic intrauterine environment and low-fat postnatal diet may confer offspring metabolic advantage. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:450-461. [PMID: 34401203 PMCID: PMC8346367 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mismatch between a depleted intrauterine environment and a substrate-rich postnatal environment confers an increased risk of offspring obesity and metabolic syndrome. Maternal diet-induced obesity (MATOB) is associated with the same outcomes. These experiments tested the hypothesis that a mismatch between a nutrient-rich intrauterine environment and a low-fat postnatal environment would ameliorate offspring metabolic morbidity. METHODS C57BL6/J female mice were fed either a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) or a 10% fat control diet (CD) for 14-week pre-breeding and during pregnancy/lactation. Offspring were weaned to CD. Weight was evaluated weekly; body composition was determined using EchoMRI. Serum fasting lipids and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Metabolic rate, locomotor, and sleep behavior were evaluated with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS MATOB-exposed/CD-weaned offspring of both sexes had improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared to controls. Males had improved fasting lipids. Females had significantly increased weight and body fat percentage in adulthood compared to sex-matched controls. Females also had significantly increased sleep duration and reduced locomotor activity compared to males. CONCLUSIONS Reduced-fat dietary switch following intrauterine and lactational exposure to MATOB was associated with improved glucose handling and lipid profiles in adult offspring, more pronounced in males. A mismatch between a high-fat prenatal and low-fat postnatal environment may confer a metabolic advantage. The amelioration of deleterious metabolic programming by strict offspring adherence to a low-fat diet may have translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Kislal
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - William Jin
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Claire Maesner
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrea G. Edlow
- Vincent Center for Reproductive BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
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26
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Deer EM, Phillips CL, Welch BA, Himel AR, Duncan BC, Spann RA, Grayson BE. Dysregulated appetitive leptin signaling in male rodent offspring from post-bariatric dams. Curr Res Physiol 2020; 3:50-58. [PMID: 33644768 PMCID: PMC7909366 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery produces significant positive benefits to recipients such as resolution of various obesity-related comorbidities, including improved reproductive function. Females of childbearing age seek bariatric surgical remedies to improve their chance of successful pregnancy; however, limited knowledge exists on the impact of surgical weight loss to subsequently born offspring. We previously reported that circulating leptin levels were reduced in pregnant females having previously received vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in comparison to control dams having received Sham surgery. Furthermore, the levels of leptin receptors in the VSG placenta were also reduced in comparison to controls in. These data suggest there may be a significant difference in leptin signaling during pregnancy that may produce an altered developmental environment for the offspring. Here, we investigate the adult offspring of dams having received VSG or Sham-VSG prior to pregnancy. Endogenous fasting plasma leptin levels were not different between Sham and VSG offspring. Fasting leptin receptor mRNA in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was elevated in VSG offspring in comparison to Sham. Intraperitoneal administration of exogenous leptin produced reductions in acute food intake in male Sham offspring, but did not reduce food intake at any time point measured in male VSG offspring. Using Western blot, we identified elevated pSTAT3 and pSTAT3/STAT3 ratios in the MBH of post-VSG offspring in comparison to controls. Using immunohistochemistry, we found an increased number of pSTAT positive cells in the arcuate nucleus in the Sham offspring in comparison to VSG. In contrast, within the paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei the VSG offspring had elevated numbers of pSTAT-positive cells in comparison to controls. Collectively, these data support our hypothesis that leptin signaling is dysregulated in VSG offspring and may be partially responsible for the long-term impact of maternal bariatric surgery on the metabolic health of offspring. Pregnancies following bariatric surgeries have reduced circulating leptin and increased leptin receptors in placenta. Offspring of dams having previously received bariatric surgery have altered growth trajectories during postnatal life. The male offspring experience have elevated expression of hypothalamic leptin receptors. The bariatric offspring are non-responsive to the anorexigenic effects of exogenous leptin administration. pSTAT in the hypothalamus of post-bariatric offspring is elevated without a change in food intake. Leptin signaling may be responsible for long-term metabolic changes in post-bariatric offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline M Deer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Charles L Phillips
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bradley A Welch
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Alexandra R Himel
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Brittany C Duncan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Redin A Spann
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Early life overnutrition impairs plasticity of non-neuronal brainstem cells and drives obesity in offspring across development in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:2405-2418. [PMID: 32999409 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of adolescent obesity has increased dramatically, becoming a serious public health concern. While previous evidence suggests that in utero- and early postnatal overnutrition increases adult-onset obesity risk, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this outcome are not well understood. Non-neuronal cells play an underestimated role in the physiological responses to metabolic/nutrient signals. Hypothalamic glial-mediated inflammation is now considered a contributing factor in the development and perpetuation of obesity; however, attention on the role of gliosis and microglia activation in other nuclei is still needed. METHODS/RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that early life consumption of high-fat/sucrose diet (HFSD) is sufficient to increase offspring body weight, hyperleptinemia and potentially maladaptive cytoarchitectural changes in the brainstem dorsal-vagal-complex (DVC), an essential energy balance processing hub, across postnatal development. Our data demonstrate that pre- and postnatal consumption of HFSD result in increased body weight, hyperleptinemia and dramatically affects the non-neuronal landscape, and therefore the plasticity of the DVC in the developing offspring. CONCLUSIONS Current findings are very provocative, considering the importance of the DVC in appetite regulation, suggesting that HFSD-consumption during early life may contribute to subsequent obesity risk via DVC cytoarchitectural changes.
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Enstad S, Cheema S, Thomas R, Fichorova RN, Martin CR, O'Tierney-Ginn P, Wagner CL, Sen S. The impact of maternal obesity and breast milk inflammation on developmental programming of infant growth. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:180-188. [PMID: 32814855 PMCID: PMC7855210 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Little is known about how maternal obesity impacts breast milk (BM) composition and how BM composition may impact growth. We sought to determine the role of maternal body mass index (BMI) on BM inflammatory and oxidative stress markers and to delineate the role of these BM markers on infant growth. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of 40 mother-infant dyads. We first assessed the association between maternal BMI and BM marker (omega-6:omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio (n-6:n-3 PUFA), leptin, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1β and malondialdehyde (MDA)) concentration at one (V1) and four (V4) months postpartum. We then examined the association between BM markers on infant growth trajectory from birth to seven months. Results: Higher maternal BMI was associated with higher BM n-6:n-3 PUFA (V1 β=0.12, 95% CI 0.01, 0.2; V4 β=0.13, 95% CI 0.01, 0.3) and leptin (V1 β=107, 95% CI 29, 184; V4 β=254, 95% CI 105, 403) concentrations. Infants exposed to high BM n-6:n-3 PUFA had higher BMI z-scores over time (p=0.01). Higher BM leptin was associated with lower infant percent fat mass at V4 (β=−9, 95% CI −17, −0.6). Infants exposed to high BM IL-8, IL-6, or IL-1β had higher weight z-scores over time (IL-8 p<0.001; IL-6 p<0.001; IL-1β p=0.02). There was no association between BM MDA and maternal BMI or infant growth. Conclusions: Higher maternal BMI is associated with higher BM n-6:n-3 PUFA and leptin concentrations. In addition, higher BM n-6:n-3 PUFA and inflammatory cytokines were associated with accelerated weight gain in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Enstad
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sukhinder Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science and the Environment/Boreal Ecosystem Research Initiative, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilia R Martin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Carol L Wagner
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Kislal S, Shook LL, Edlow AG. Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity: Lasting cardiometabolic impact on offspring. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1109-1125. [PMID: 32643194 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and animal model studies clearly demonstrates that prenatal and lactational maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption are associated with cardiometabolic morbidity in offspring. Fetal and offspring sex may be an important effect modifier. Adverse offspring cardiometabolic outcomes observed in the setting of maternal obesity include an increased risk for obesity, features of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, increased adiposity), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review article synthesizes human and animal data linking maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption in pregnancy and lactation to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in offspring. We review key mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreatic, liver, and central brain reward programming in obesity-exposed offspring, and how such malprogramming contributes to offspring cardiometabolic morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Kislal
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lydia L Shook
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Sun S, Corbeels K, Desmet L, Segers A, Wang Q, Van Der Schueren B, Depoortere I. Involvement of the GHSR in the developmental programming and metabolic disturbances induced by maternal undernutrition. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108468. [PMID: 32750410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mismatch between maternal undernutrition and adequate nutrition after birth increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. We aimed to investigate whether the hyperghrelinemia during maternal undernourishment rewires the hypothalamic development of the offspring and contributes to the conversion to an obese phenotype when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Pregnant C57BL/6 J, wild type (WT) and ghrelin receptor (GHSR)-/- mice were assigned to either a normal nourished (NN) group, or an undernutrition (UN) (30% food restricted) group. All pups were fostered by NN Swiss mice. After weaning, pups were fed a normal diet, followed by a HFD from week 9. Plasma ghrelin levels peaked at postnatal day 15 (P15) in both C57BL/6 J UN and NN pups. Hypothalamic Ghsr mRNA expression was upregulated at P15 in UN pups compared to NN pups and inhibited agouti-related peptide (AgRP) projections. Adequate lactation increased body weight of UN WT but not of GHSR-/- pups compared to NN littermates. After weaning with a HFD, body weight and food intake was higher in WT UN pups but lower in GHSR-/- UN pups than in NN controls. The GHSR prevented a decrease in ambulatory activity and oxygen consumption in UN offspring during ad libitum feeding. Maternal undernutrition triggers developmental changes in the hypothalamus in utero which were further affected by adequate feeding after birth during the postnatal period by affecting GHSR signaling. The GHSR contributes to the hyperphagia and the increase in body weight when maternal undernutrition is followed by an obesity prone life environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Sun
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Targid, KU Leuven,3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Corbeels
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven,3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Desmet
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Targid, KU Leuven,3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Segers
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Targid, KU Leuven,3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Targid, KU Leuven,3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven,3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Targid, KU Leuven,3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Ellsworth L, Perng W, Harman E, Das A, Pennathur S, Gregg B. Impact of maternal overweight and obesity on milk composition and infant growth. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e12979. [PMID: 32074402 PMCID: PMC7296794 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) impact half of the pregnancies in the United States and can have negative consequences for offspring health. Studies are limited on human milk alterations in the context of maternal obesity. Alterations in milk are hypothesized to impact offspring development during the critical period of lactation. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between mothers with OW/OB (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2 ), infant growth, and selected milk nutrients. We recruited mother-infant dyads with pre-pregnancy OW/OB and normal weight status. The primary study included 52 dyads with infant growth measures through 6 months. Thirty-two dyads provided milk at 2 weeks, which was analysed for macronutrients, long-chain fatty acids, and insulin. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association of maternal weight status with infant growth, maternal weight status with milk components, and milk components with infant growth. Mothers with OW/OB had infants with higher weight-for-length (WFL) and BMI Z-scores at birth. Mothers with OW/OB had higher milk insulin and dihomo-gamma-linolenic, adrenic, and palmitic acids and reduced conjugated linoleic and oleic acids. N6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-driven factor 1 was associated with higher WFL, lower length-for-age (LFA), and lower head circumference-for-age Z-scores change from 2 weeks to 2 months in human milk-fed infants, whereas N6 LC-PUFA-driven factor 5 was associated with lower LFA Z-score change. Human milk composition is associated with maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and composition may be a contributing factor to early infant growth trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Division of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wei Perng
- Nutrition Sciences at the School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and Lifecourse Epidemiology and Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Emma Harman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Arun Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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32
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Marousez L, Lesage J, Eberlé D. Epigenetics: Linking Early Postnatal Nutrition to Obesity Programming? Nutrients 2019; 11:E2966. [PMID: 31817318 PMCID: PMC6950532 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite constant research and public policy efforts, the obesity epidemic continues to be a major public health threat, and new approaches are urgently needed. It has been shown that nutrient imbalance in early life, from conception to infancy, influences later obesity risk, suggesting that obesity could result from "developmental programming". In this review, we evaluate the possibility that early postnatal nutrition programs obesity risk via epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, focusing on four main topics: (1) the dynamics of epigenetic processes in key metabolic organs during the early postnatal period; (2) the epigenetic effects of alterations in early postnatal nutrition in animal models or breastfeeding in humans; (3) current limitations and remaining outstanding questions in the field of epigenetic programming; (4) candidate pathways by which early postnatal nutrition could epigenetically program adult body weight set point. A particular focus will be given to the potential roles of breast milk fatty acids, neonatal metabolic and hormonal milieu, and gut microbiota. Understanding the mechanisms by which early postnatal nutrition can promote lifelong metabolic modifications is essential to design adequate recommendations and interventions to "de-program" the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delphine Eberlé
- University Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, F-59000 Lille, France
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33
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Sarker G, Litwan K, Kastli R, Peleg-Raibstein D. Maternal overnutrition during critical developmental periods leads to different health adversities in the offspring: relevance of obesity, addiction and schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17322. [PMID: 31754139 PMCID: PMC6872534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition during sensitive periods of early development increases the risk for obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. However, it still remains unclear during which phases of early development the offspring is more vulnerable. Here, we investigate the effects of maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) at different stages of pre- or postnatal development and characterize the behavioral, neurochemical and metabolic phenotypes. We observe that MHFD exposure at pre-conception has no deleterious effects on the behavioral and metabolic state of the offspring. Late gestational HFD exposure leads to more prominent addictive-like behaviors with reduced striatal dopamine levels compared to early gestational HFD. Conversely, offspring exposed to MHFD during lactation display the metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia-like phenotype. The latter, is manifested by impaired sensory motor gating, and latent inhibition as well as enhanced sensitivity to amphetamine. These effects are accompanied by higher striatal dopamine levels. Together, our data suggest that MHFD exposure during specific stages of development leads to distinct neuropathological alterations that determine the severity and nature of poor health outcome in adulthood, which may provide insight in identifying effective strategies for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitalee Sarker
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Switzerland.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Litwan
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Kastli
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Switzerland.
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34
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Feeding circuit development and early-life influences on future feeding behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 19:302-316. [PMID: 29662204 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of maternal exposures - undernutrition, obesity, diabetes, stress and infection - are associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease in offspring. Developmental influences can cause persistent structural changes in hypothalamic circuits regulating food intake in the service of energy balance. The physiological relevance of these alterations has been called into question because maternal impacts on daily caloric intake do not persist to adulthood. Recent behavioural and epidemiological studies in humans provide evidence that the relative contribution of appetitive traits related to satiety, reward and the emotional aspects of food intake regulation changes across the lifespan. This Opinion article outlines a neurodevelopmental framework to explore the possibility that crosstalk between developing circuits regulating different modalities of food intake shapes future behavioural responses to environmental challenges.
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35
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George G, Draycott SAV, Muir R, Clifford B, Elmes MJ, Langley-Evans SC. Exposure to maternal obesity during suckling outweighs in utero exposure in programming for post-weaning adiposity and insulin resistance in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10134. [PMID: 31300679 PMCID: PMC6626015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to maternal obesity during early development programmes adverse metabolic health in rodent offspring. We assessed the relative contributions of obesity during pregnancy and suckling on metabolic health post-weaning. Wistar rat offspring exposed to control (C) or cafeteria diet (O) during pregnancy were cross-fostered to dams on the same (CC, OO) or alternate diet during suckling (CO, OC) and weaned onto standard chow. Measures of offspring metabolic health included growth, adipose tissue mass, and 12-week glucose and insulin concentrations during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT). Exposure to maternal obesity during lactation was a driver for reduced offspring weight post-weaning, higher fasting blood glucose concentrations and greater gonadal adiposity (in females). Males displayed insulin resistance, through slower glucose clearance despite normal circulating insulin and lower mRNA expression of PIK3R1 and PIK3CB in gonadal fat and liver respectively. In contrast, maternal obesity during pregnancy up-regulated the insulin signalling genes IRS2, PIK3CB and SREBP1-c in skeletal muscle and perirenal fat, favouring insulin sensitivity. In conclusion exposure to maternal obesity during lactation programmes offspring adiposity and insulin resistance, overriding exposure to an optimal nutritional environment in utero, which cannot be alleviated by a nutritionally balanced post-weaning diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace George
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sally A V Draycott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ronan Muir
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Bethan Clifford
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Matthew J Elmes
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Simon C Langley-Evans
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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36
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Cordner ZA, Khambadkone SG, Boersma GJ, Song L, Summers TN, Moran TH, Tamashiro KLK. Maternal high-fat diet results in cognitive impairment and hippocampal gene expression changes in rat offspring. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:92-100. [PMID: 31051155 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet has long been known to increase risk for obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Further evidence strongly suggests that these same metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment later in life. Now faced with an expanding global burden of obesity and increasing prevalence of dementia due to an aging population, understanding the effects of high-fat diet consumption on cognition is of increasingly critical importance. Further, the developmental origins of many adult onset neuropsychiatric disorders have become increasingly clear, indicating a need to investigate effects of various risk factors, including diet, across the lifespan. Here, we use a rat model to assess the effects of maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation on cognition and hippocampal gene expression of offspring. Behaviorally, adult male offspring of high-fat fed dams had impaired object recognition memory and impaired spatial memory compared to offspring of chow-fed dams. In hippocampus, we found decreased expression of Insr, Lepr, and Slc2a1 (GLUT1) among offspring of high-fat fed dams at postnatal day 21. The decreased expression of Insr and Lepr persisted at postnatal day 150. Together, these data provide additional evidence to suggest that maternal exposure to high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation can have lasting effects on the brain, behavior, and cognition on adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Cordner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seva G Khambadkone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gretha J Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tyler N Summers
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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37
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Suarez-Trujillo A, Chen Y, Aduwari C, Cummings S, Kuang S, Buhman KK, Hedrick V, Sobreira TJP, Aryal UK, Plaut K, Casey T. Maternal high-fat diet exposure during gestation, lactation, or gestation and lactation differentially affects intestinal morphology and proteome of neonatal mice. Nutr Res 2019; 66:48-60. [PMID: 31051321 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Offspring nutrition depends on the mother during gestation and lactation; thus, maternal nutrition and metabolism can affect their development. We hypothesized that maternal exposure to high-fat (HF) diet affects neonate's gastrointestinal tract development. Our objective was to determine the effect of maternal HF diet during gestation and lactation on neonate's duodenum histomorphology and proteome. Female mice were fed either a control (C, 10% kcal fat) or an HF (60% kcal fat) diet for 4 weeks and bred. On postnatal day 2, half the pups were cross-fostered to dams fed on different diet, creating 4 treatments: C-C, C-HF, HF-C, and HF-HF, indicating maternal diet during gestation-lactation, respectively. On postnatal day 12, pups' duodenum was excised and prepared for histology and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of proteome. Villi were significantly longer in HF-HF pups, and crypt cell proliferation rate was not different among treatments. Between C-C and HF-HF, HF-C, or C-HF, 812, 601, or 894 proteins were differentially expressed (Tukey adjusted P < .05), respectively. Functional analysis clustered proteins upregulated in HF-HF vs C-C in fat digestion and absorption, extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, immune response, oxidation-reduction processes, phagocytosis, and transport categories. Proteins downregulated were classified as RNA splicing, translation, protein folding, endocytosis, and transport. There was evidence for a carryover effect of exposure to HF diet during gestation to the postnatal period. Alterations in proteome relative to HF exposure potentially reflect long-term changes in the functioning of the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulu Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University; Department for Animal Sciences, Iowa State University.
| | | | | | | | | | - Victoria Hedrick
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University.
| | | | - Uma K Aryal
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University.
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University.
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38
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Alonso-Caraballo Y, Hodgson KJ, Morgan SA, Ferrario CR, Vollbrecht PJ. Enhanced anxiety-like behavior emerges with weight gain in male and female obesity-susceptible rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 360:81-93. [PMID: 30521928 PMCID: PMC6462400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that body mass index and obesity are strong risk factors for depression and anxiety. However, it is difficult to separate cause from effect, as predisposition to obesity may enhance susceptibility to anxiety, or vice versa. Here, we examined the effect of diet and obesity on anxiety-like behaviors in male and female selectively bred obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats, and outbred Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that when obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats do not differ in weight or fat mass, measures of anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field are similar between the two groups. However, once weight and fat mass diverge, group differences emerge, with greater anxiety in obesity-prone relative to obesity-resistant rats. This same pattern was observed for males and females. Interestingly, even when obesity-resistant rats were "forced" to gain fat mass comparable to obesity-prone rats (via prolonged access to 60% high-fat diet), anxiety-like behaviors did not differ from lean chow fed controls. In addition, a positive correlation between anxiety-like behaviors and adiposity were observed in male but not in female obesity-prone rats. Finally, diet-induced weight gain in and of itself was not sufficient to increase measures of anxiety in outbred male rats. Together, these data suggest that interactions between susceptibility to obesity and physiological alterations accompanying weight gain may contribute to the development of enhanced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Alonso-Caraballo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K J Hodgson
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
| | - S A Morgan
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
| | - C R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P J Vollbrecht
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
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39
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Mirzadeh Z, Alonge KM, Cabrales E, Herranz-Pérez V, Scarlett JM, Brown JM, Hassouna R, Matsen ME, Nguyen HT, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Zeltser LM, Schwartz MW. Perineuronal Net Formation during the Critical Period for Neuronal Maturation in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus. Nat Metab 2019; 1:212-221. [PMID: 31245789 PMCID: PMC6594569 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, obesity and diabetes are associated with abnormal development of neurocircuits in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC)1, a critical brain area for energy and glucose homeostasis2,3. As this developmental defect can be remedied by systemic leptin administration, but only if given before postnatal day 28, a critical period (CP) for leptin-dependent development of ARC neurocircuits has been proposed4. In other brain areas, CP closure coincides with the appearance of perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix specializations that restrict the plasticity of neurons that they enmesh5. Here we report that in humans as well as rodents, subsets of neurons in the mediobasal aspect of the ARC are enmeshed by PNN-like structures. In mice, these neurons are densely-packed into a continuous ring that encircles the junction of the ARC and median eminence, which facilitates exposure of ARC neurons to the circulation. Most of the enmeshed neurons are both GABAergic and leptin receptor-positive, including a majority of Agrp neurons. Postnatal formation of the PNN-like structures coincides precisely with closure of the CP for Agrp neuron maturation and is dependent on input from circulating leptin, as postnatal ob/ob mice have reduced ARC PNN-like material that is restored by leptin administration during the CP. We conclude that neurons crucial to metabolic homeostasis are enmeshed by PNN-like structures and organized into a densely packed cluster situated circumferentially at the ARC-ME junction, where metabolically-relevant humoral signals are sensed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Mirzadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine Cabrales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, CIBERNED, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny M Brown
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rim Hassouna
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miles E Matsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong T Nguyen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, CIBERNED, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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40
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Choi JS. Effects of Maternal and Post-Weaning High-Fat Diet on Leptin Resistance and Hypothalamic Appetite Genes in Sprague Dawley Rat Offspring. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:276-290. [PMID: 30406057 PMCID: PMC6209730 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The defective satiation signaling may contribute to the etiology of obesity. We investigated how dietary modification during maternal (pregnancy and lactation) and post-weaning affects obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and hypothalamic appetite responses in offspring in adulthood. Pregnant female SD rats were randomly allocated to either maternal high-fat diet (43% energy from fat) or control diet (12% energy from fat) until the end of suckling. After weaning for additional 4 weeks, half of the offsprings were continuously fed the same diet as the dam (C-C and H-H groups); the remainder received the counterpart diet (C-H and H-C groups). The long-term high-fat diet during maternal and post-weaning period (H-H group) led to susceptibility to obesity and IR through the significant increases of hypothalamic orexigenic genes compared to the maternal and post-weaning control diet group (C-C group). In contrast, the hypothalamic expression levels of anorexigenic genes, apolipoprotein E, leptin receptor, and activated signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 were significantly lower in H-H group with elevations in circulating insulin and leptin and body fat mass. However, dietary changes after weaning (H-C and C-H groups) partially modified these conditions. These results suggest that maternal and post-weaning diet conditions can potentially disrupt hypothalamic neuronal signal irrelevantly, which is essential for leptin's regulation of energy homeostasis and induce the risk of offspring to future metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Sun Choi
- Department of Home Economics, College of Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea
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41
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Ellsworth L, Harman E, Padmanabhan V, Gregg B. Lactational programming of glucose homeostasis: a window of opportunity. Reproduction 2018; 156:R23-R42. [PMID: 29752297 PMCID: PMC6668618 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The window of lactation is a critical period during which nutritional and environmental exposures impact lifelong metabolic disease risk. Significant organ and tissue development, organ expansion and maturation of cellular functions occur during the lactation period, making this a vulnerable time during which transient insults can have lasting effects. This review will cover current literature on factors influencing lactational programming such as milk composition, maternal health status and environmental endocrine disruptors. The underlying mechanisms that have the potential to contribute to lactational programming of glucose homeostasis will also be addressed, as well as potential interventions to reduce offspring metabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emma Harman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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42
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Alonso-Caraballo Y, Jorgensen ET, Brown T, Ferrario CR. Functional and structural plasticity contributing to obesity: roles for sex, diet, and individual susceptibility. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018; 23:160-170. [PMID: 31058203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of cortico-striatal pathways in cue-triggered motivational processes have been extensively studied. However, recent work has begun to examine the potential contribution of plasticity in these circuits to obesity. Despite the inclusion of women in human obesity studies examining neurobehavioral alterations in cue-triggered motivation, preclinical studies have focused mainly on male subjects. This lack of female subjects in preclinical research had led to a gap in the basic understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying over-eating in females. In this review, we highlight recent work from our lab and others that has begun to elucidate how diet, obesity, and individual susceptibility to weight gain influence functional and structural plasticity within the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex in adult rats. As is the case throughout neuroscience, studies of females or sex differences are largely lacking in this area. Thus, below we describe preliminary neurobehavioral results from female studies in our labs and point out areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis Brown
- Neuroscience Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.,Pharmaceutical Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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43
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Monks J, Orlicky DJ, Stefanski AL, Libby AE, Bales ES, Rudolph MC, Johnson GC, Sherk VD, Jackman MR, Williamson K, Carlson NE, MacLean PS, McManaman JL. Maternal obesity during lactation may protect offspring from high fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:18. [PMID: 29695710 PMCID: PMC5916951 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives The current obesity epidemic has spurred exploration of the developmental origin of adult heath and disease. A mother’s dietary choices and health can affect both the early wellbeing and lifelong disease-risk of the offspring. Subjects/Methods To determine if changes in the mother’s diet and adiposity have long-term effects on the baby’s metabolism, independently from a prenatal insult, we utilized a mouse model of diet-induced-obesity and cross-fostering. All pups were born to lean dams fed a low fat diet but were fostered onto lean or obese dams fed a high fat diet. This study design allowed us to discern the effects of a poor diet from those of mother’s adiposity and metabolism. The weaned offspring were placed on a high fat diet to test their metabolic function. Results In this feeding challenge, all male (but not female) offspring developed metabolic dysfunction. We saw increased weight gain in the pups nursed on an obesity-resistant dam fed a high fat diet, and increased pathogenesis including liver steatosis and adipose tissue inflammation, when compared to pups nursed on either obesity-prone dams on a high fat diet or lean dams on a low fat diet. Conclusion Exposure to maternal over-nutrition, through the milk, is sufficient to shape offspring health outcomes in a sex- and organ-specific manner, and milk from a mother who is obesity-prone may partially protect the offspring from the insult of a poor diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - David J Orlicky
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Adrianne L Stefanski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elise S Bales
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vanessa D Sherk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kayla Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nichole E Carlson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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44
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Young BE, Patinkin ZW, Pyle L, de la Houssaye B, Davidson BS, Geraghty S, Morrow AL, Krebs N. Markers of Oxidative Stress in Human Milk do not Differ by Maternal BMI But are Related to Infant Growth Trajectories. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:1367-1376. [PMID: 28138825 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Obesity in adults is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Whether or not this phenotype is reflected in human milk (HM) composition, or may impact infant growth remains unknown. We investigated whether HM from overweight/obese (OW/Ob) mothers exhibited higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress. We also correlated these bioactive components with infant growth patterns. Methods This was an observational cohort of 56 breastfeeding mothers and their infants [33 normal weight (NW) and 23 OW/Ob]. Infants were followed until 6 months of age and HM collected at 2-weeks and 4-months. Results Markers of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) and 4-hydroxynonenol (HNE), decreased in HM over time (p < 0.001) and did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. Concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, were all inter-correlated (p < 0.001) but did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. HM fat, protein, lactose, and total calories did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. Infant growth patterns did not differ by group. In a model of infant weight-for-length-Z score trajectory, there was a significant interaction between both lactose and 8OHdG with maternal group: HM lactose and 8OHdG concentrations were both positively associated with increases in WLZ trajectory only among infants breastfed by OW/Ob mothers. Conclusions for Practice HM composition was relatively stable between NW and OW/Ob women. In exclusively breastfed infants, HM concentrations of lactose and 8OHdG, a marker of oxidative stress, may contribute to regulation of infant weight gain, especially among infants of OW/Ob women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Young
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Zachary W Patinkin
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, 12477 E 19Th Avenue, Box A036, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Becky de la Houssaye
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Ave, Box 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Barbara S Davidson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sheela Geraghty
- Center for Breastfeeding Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ardythe L Morrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Nancy Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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45
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Oken E, Fields DA, Lovelady CA, Redman LM. TOS Scientific Position Statement: Breastfeeding and Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1864-1866. [PMID: 29086503 PMCID: PMC9048856 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Cheryl A Lovelady
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Clinical Sciences Division, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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46
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Caimari A, Mariné-Casadó R, Boqué N, Crescenti A, Arola L, Del Bas JM. Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12573. [PMID: 28974704 PMCID: PMC5626783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) supplementation in pregnant and lactating rats exerted both healthy and deleterious programming effects on their offspring. Here, we evaluated whether the administration of GSPE during lactation (100 mg.kg−1.day−1) in rats elicited beneficial effects in their normoweight (STD-GSPE group) and cafeteria-fed obese (CAF-GSPE group) adult male offspring. STD-GSPE and CAF-GSPE offspring showed increased energy expenditure and circulating total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin. However, these rats showed hyperinsulinemia, decreased insulin sensitivity, increased insulin resistance, down-regulated mRNA levels of adiponectin receptors in inguinal white adipose tissue (Adipor1 and Adipor2) and soleus muscle (Adipor2), and decreased levels of phosphorylated AMPK, the downstream post-receptor target of adiponectin, in the soleus muscle. These deleterious effects could be related to an increased lipid transfer to the pups through the milk, since GSPE-supplemented dams displayed decreased fat content and increased expression of lipogenic genes in their mammary glands, in addition to increased circulating total adiponectin and non-esterified free fatty acids. In conclusion, maternal intake of GSPE during lactation induced insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in their normoweight and obese offspring. These findings raise concerns about the possibility of using GSPE as a nutraceutical supplement during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Caimari
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health. EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain. .,Nutrition and Health Research Group, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain.
| | - Roger Mariné-Casadó
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health. EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain
| | - Noemí Boqué
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health. EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain.,Nutrition and Health Research Group, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Crescenti
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health. EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain.,Nutrition and Health Research Group, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health. EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain.,Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Del Bas
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health. EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain.,Nutrition and Health Research Group, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Spain
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47
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Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Leibel RL. Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:267-296. [PMID: 28898979 PMCID: PMC5546881 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most common and costly chronic disorders worldwide. Estimates suggest that in the United States obesity affects one-third of adults, accounts for up to one-third of total mortality, is concentrated among lower income groups, and increasingly affects children as well as adults. A lack of effective options for long-term weight reduction magnifies the enormity of this problem; individuals who successfully complete behavioral and dietary weight-loss programs eventually regain most of the lost weight. We included evidence from basic science, clinical, and epidemiological literature to assess current knowledge regarding mechanisms underlying excess body-fat accumulation, the biological defense of excess fat mass, and the tendency for lost weight to be regained. A major area of emphasis is the science of energy homeostasis, the biological process that maintains weight stability by actively matching energy intake to energy expenditure over time. Growing evidence suggests that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight. We need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this "upward setting" or "resetting" of the defended level of body-fat mass, whether inherited or acquired. The ongoing study of how genetic, developmental, and environmental forces affect the energy homeostasis system will help us better understand these mechanisms and are therefore a major focus of this statement. The scientific goal is to elucidate obesity pathogenesis so as to better inform treatment, public policy, advocacy, and awareness of obesity in ways that ultimately diminish its public health and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Eric Ravussin
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Leanne M Redman
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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48
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Levin BE. 10 lessons learned by a misguided physician. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:217-222. [PMID: 28034577 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It was a great and humbling honor to receive the 2016 Distinguished Career Award from my SSIB colleagues. This paper summarizes the major points of my DCA talk at the 2016 annual meeting. It is a reflection on my 50year medical and research career and 10 lessons I have learned over those years which might be of help to young investigators near the beginning of their own research careers. These lessons include: the value of being receptive to the opportunities provided you; how clinician-scientists can serve as critical role models for young investigators like me and a history of how my career developed as a result of their influence; the importance of carefully examining your own data, particularly when it doesn't agree with your preconceived ideas; the critical role that students, postdocs and PhD (and even veterinarian) colleagues can play in developing one's career; the likelihood that your career path will have many interesting twists and turns determined by changes in your own scientific interests and how rewarding various areas of research focus are to you; the importance of building a close-knit laboratory staff family; the fact that science and romance can mix. Finally, I offer 3 somewhat self-evident free pieces of advice for building and maintaining a rewarding career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Levin
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H506, Newark, NJ 07107, USA.
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49
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Kim YJ, Schroeder M, Liang NC, Moran TH, Weller A, Bi S. Effects of early postnatal environment on hypothalamic gene expression in OLETF rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178428. [PMID: 28575002 PMCID: PMC5456065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that the early postnatal environment has the ability to modify the obesity phenotype of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. To determine whether this early postnatal environment affects hypothalamic signaling systems involved in energy balance, OLETF pups and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) pups were cross-fostered to same or opposite strain Dams (designated as LdLp: LETO pups with LETO dams; LdOp: OLETF pups with LETO dams; OdLp: LETO pups with OLETF dams; and OdOp: OLETF pups with OLETF dams). Hypothalamic gene expression was examined at postnatal day 23 (PND 23) and PND 90 as OdOp rats started to gain more body weight at PND 23 and developed obesity at PND 90 relative to lean control LdLp rats. On PND 23, neuropeptide Y (Npy) gene expression was significantly increased in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in both LdOp and OdOp pups compared to LdLp pups. Maternal environment did not affect DMH Npy expression in LETO weanlings. On PND 90, maternal environment during the cross-fostering period had a major effect on DMH Npy expression. Levels were significantly increased in both OdOp and OdLp rats relative to those in LdOp rats and LdLp controls. Reduced expression of Npy in the DMH of LdOp rats was consistent with their reduction of body weight compared to OdOp rats. In contrast to DMH Npy, gene expression for Npy and proopiomelanocortin in the arcuate nucleus appeared to appropriately respond to alterations in body weight and plasma leptin levels. Levels of oxytocin gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus were lower in offspring raised by LETO dams apparently responding to the higher DMH NPY levels. Together, our results demonstrate effects of both genotype and early postnatal environment on obesity of OLETF rats and further suggest an important role of DMH NPY in the development of obesity of OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonwook J. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariana Schroeder
- Psychology Department and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nu-Chu Liang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy H. Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aron Weller
- Psychology Department and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sheng Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Toop CR, Muhlhausler BS, O'Dea K, Gentili S. Impact of perinatal exposure to sucrose or high fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55) on adiposity and hepatic lipid composition in rat offspring. J Physiol 2017; 595:4379-4398. [PMID: 28447343 DOI: 10.1113/jp274066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fructose-containing sugars, including sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), have been implicated in the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Few studies have evaluated the impact of perinatal exposure to these sugars on metabolic and physiological outcomes in the offspring. Using a rat model, offspring exposed to a maternal sucrose or HFCS diet during the prenatal and/or suckling periods were found to have altered adiposity and liver fat content and composition at weaning. Plasma levels of free fatty acids remained elevated in young adulthood, but consumption of a control diet following weaning appeared to ameliorate most other effects of perinatal exposure to a maternal high-sugar diet. Guidelines for maternal nutrition should advise limiting consumption of fructose-containing sugars, and it is particularly important that these recommendations include maternal nutrition during lactation. ABSTRACT Perinatal exposure to excess maternal intake of added sugars, including fructose and sucrose, is associated with an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adult life. However, it is unknown to what extent the type of sugar and the timing of exposure affect these outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of exposure to maternal consumption of a 10% (w/v) beverage containing sucrose or high fructose corn syrup-55 (HFCS-55) during the prenatal and/or suckling periods on offspring at 3 and 12 weeks, utilising a cross-fostering approach in a rodent model. Perinatal sucrose exposure decreased plasma glucose concentrations in offspring at 3 weeks, but did not alter glucose tolerance. Increased adiposity was observed in 3-week-old offspring exposed to sucrose or HFCS-55 during suckling, with increased hepatic fat content in HFCS-55-exposed offspring. In terms of specific fatty acids, hepatic monounsaturated (omega-7 and -9) fatty acid content was elevated at weaning, and was most pronounced in sucrose offspring exposed during both the prenatal and suckling periods, and HFCS-55 offspring exposed during suckling only. By 12 weeks, the effects on adiposity and hepatic lipid composition were largely normalised. However, exposure to either sucrose or HFCS-55 during the prenatal period only was associated with elevated plasma free fatty acids at weaning, and this effect persisted until 12 weeks. This study suggests that the type of sugar and the timing of exposure (prenatal or suckling periods) are both important for determining the impact on metabolic health outcomes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Toop
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sheridan Gentili
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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