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Santos Cuevas DC, Campos Ruiz RE, Collina DD, Tierra Criollo CJ. Effective brain connectivity related to non-painful thermal stimuli using EEG. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:045044. [PMID: 38834037 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad53ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the brain response to thermal stimuli is crucial in the sensory experience. This study focuses on non-painful thermal stimuli, which are sensations induced by temperature changes without causing discomfort. These stimuli are transmitted to the central nervous system through specific nerve fibers and are processed in various regions of the brain, including the insular cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Despite the prevalence of studies on painful stimuli, non-painful thermal stimuli have been less explored. This research aims to bridge this gap by investigating brain functional connectivity during the perception of non-painful warm and cold stimuli using electroencephalography (EEG) and the partial directed coherence technique (PDC). Our results demonstrate a clear contrast in the direction of information flow between warm and cold stimuli, particularly in the theta and alpha frequency bands, mainly in frontal and temporal regions. The use of PDC highlights the complexity of brain connectivity during these stimuli and reinforces the existence of different pathways in the brain to process different types of non-painful warm and cold stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denny Daniel Collina
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30510-000, Brazil
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2
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Sarubbi J, Martínez-Burnes J, Ghezzi MD, Olmos-Hernandez A, Lendez PA, Ceriani MC, Hernández-Avalos I. Hypothalamic Neuromodulation and Control of the Dermal Surface Temperature of Livestock during Hyperthermia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1745. [PMID: 38929364 PMCID: PMC11200636 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia elicits several physiological and behavioral responses in livestock to restore thermal neutrality. Among these responses, vasodilation and sweating help to reduce core body temperature by increasing heat dissipation by radiation and evaporation. Thermoregulatory behaviors such as increasing standing time, reducing feed intake, shade-seeking, and limiting locomotor activity also increase heat loss. These mechanisms are elicited by the connection between peripheral thermoreceptors and cerebral centers, such as the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Considering the importance of this thermoregulatory pathway, this review aims to discuss the hypothalamic control of hyperthermia in livestock, including the main physiological and behavioral changes that animals adopt to maintain their thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sarubbi
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Independência, Palmeira das Missões 3751, RS, Brazil
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina;
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernandez
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
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Rogers JF, Vandendoren M, Prather JF, Landen JG, Bedford NL, Nelson AC. Neural cell-types and circuits linking thermoregulation and social behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105667. [PMID: 38599356 PMCID: PMC11163828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how social and affective behavioral states are controlled by neural circuits is a fundamental challenge in neurobiology. Despite increasing understanding of central circuits governing prosocial and agonistic interactions, how bodily autonomic processes regulate these behaviors is less resolved. Thermoregulation is vital for maintaining homeostasis, but also associated with cognitive, physical, affective, and behavioral states. Here, we posit that adjusting body temperature may be integral to the appropriate expression of social behavior and argue that understanding neural links between behavior and thermoregulation is timely. First, changes in behavioral states-including social interaction-often accompany changes in body temperature. Second, recent work has uncovered neural populations controlling both thermoregulatory and social behavioral pathways. We identify additional neural populations that, in separate studies, control social behavior and thermoregulation, and highlight their relevance to human and animal studies. Third, dysregulation of body temperature is linked to human neuropsychiatric disorders. Although body temperature is a "hidden state" in many neurobiological studies, it likely plays an underappreciated role in regulating social and affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Rogers
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA
| | - Morgane Vandendoren
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA
| | - Jonathan F Prather
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Jason G Landen
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA
| | - Nicole L Bedford
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Adam C Nelson
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA.
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Valenzise M, D’Amico F, La Barbera G, Cassone CM, Patafi S, Lombardo F, Aversa T, Wasniewska MG, Salzano G, Morace C. Retrospective Analysis of Fever in Pediatric Age: Our Experience over the Last 5 Years. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:539. [PMID: 38790534 PMCID: PMC11120056 DOI: 10.3390/children11050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fever is one of the most frequent symptoms highlighted during medical assistance. Due to this great impact, our study has the purpose of analyzing the demographic and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized in our center and identifying predictive markers to make the differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious fever. METHODS Our population included 220 children, collected from January 2017 to August 2022, hospitalized for continuous fever (4 days or more in duration with at least one temperature peak ≥37.5 °C) and excluded cases of discharge against medical advice and/or transfer to other operating units. Demographic (mean age at the time of admission, frequency of hospitalization, and mean days of hospitalization), laboratory, and instrumental variables were analyzed in order to find correlation with fever etiology. RESULTS Older age at the time of hospitalization, family history of periodic fever, fever lasting more than 8 days, and longer hospitalization are strongly associated with non-infectious fever, together with anemia, high platelet count, high CRP and ferritin, and hyponatremia at the time of admission. Paracetamol is the preferred antipyretic treatment. Echocardiogram has shown anomalies in patients with infectious fever, while ECG anomalies were detected in non-infectious fever. CONCLUSIONS Our data underline the importance of predictive markers, such as clinical and laboratory parameters, to differentiate infectious from non-infectious fevers, but further studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Valenzise
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Federica D’Amico
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Giulia La Barbera
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Carlo Maria Cassone
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Silvia Patafi
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Tommaso Aversa
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Malgorzata Gabriela Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (F.D.); (G.L.B.); (C.M.C.); (S.P.); (F.L.); (T.A.); (M.G.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Carmela Morace
- Department of Clinical and Sperimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
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Zheng W, Wang H, Wang X, Li X, Hu J, Zi X, Zhou Y, Pan D, Fu Y. Kaempferol 3-O-Rutinoside, a Flavone Derived from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg, Reduces Body Temperature through Accelerating the Elimination of IL-6 and TNF-α in a Mouse Fever Model. Molecules 2024; 29:1641. [PMID: 38611918 PMCID: PMC11013357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fever is a serious condition that can lead to various consequences ranging from prolonged illness to death. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (T. hemsleyanum) has been used for centuries to treat fever, but the specific chemicals responsible for its antipyretic effects are not well understood. This study aimed to isolate and identify the chemicals with antipyretic bioactivity in T. hemsleyanum extracts and to provide an explanation for the use of T. hemsleyanum as a Chinese herbal medicine for fever treatment. Our results demonstrate that kaempferol 3-rutinoside (K3OR) could be successfully isolated and purified from the roots of T. hemsleyanum. Furthermore, K3OR exhibited a significant reduction in rectal temperature in a mouse model of fever. Notably, a 4 μM concentration of K3OR showed more effective antipyretic effects than ibuprofen and acetaminophen. To explore the underlying mechanism, we conducted an RNA sequencing analysis, which revealed that PXN may act as a key regulator in the fever process induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the mouse model of fever, K3OR significantly promoted the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α during the early stage in the LPS-treated group. However, during the middle to late stages, K3OR facilitated the elimination of IL-6 and TNF-α in the LPS-treated group. Overall, our study successfully identified the chemicals responsible for the antipyretic bioactivity in T. hemsleyanum extracts, and it answered the question as to why T. hemsleyanum is used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating fever. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of T. hemsleyanum in managing fever, and they provide a basis for further research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zheng
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China; (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
- Taizhou Research Institute of Bio-Medical and Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Haina Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China;
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China; (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China; (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jiahuan Hu
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiangyu Zi
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Duotao Pan
- Institute of Information and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical and Technology, Shenyang 110142, China;
| | - Yongqian Fu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China; (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (J.H.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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6
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Toussaint B, Heinzle J, Stephan KE. A computationally informed distinction of interoception and exteroception. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105608. [PMID: 38432449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
While interoception is of major neuroscientific interest, its precise definition and delineation from exteroception continue to be debated. Here, we propose a functional distinction between interoception and exteroception based on computational concepts of sensor-effector loops. Under this view, the classification of sensory inputs as serving interoception or exteroception depends on the sensor-effector loop they feed into, for the control of either bodily (physiological and biochemical) or environmental states. We explain the utility of this perspective by examining the perception of skin temperature, one of the most challenging cases for distinguishing between interoception and exteroception. Specifically, we propose conceptualising thermoception as inference about the thermal state of the body (including the skin), which is directly coupled to thermoregulatory processes. This functional view emphasises the coupling to regulation (control) as a defining property of perception (inference) and connects the definition of interoception to contemporary computational theories of brain-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Toussaint
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas Enno Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Pešić D, Đukić MM, Stanojević I, Živkovć V, Bolevich S, Bolevich S, Jakovljević V. Cardiorespiratory fitness mediates cortisol and lactate responses to winter and summer marches. J Med Biochem 2024; 43:72-85. [PMID: 38496029 PMCID: PMC10943469 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-44369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of homeostatically regulated physiological processes, including cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), on the response to physical stressors such as acclimatisation and marching, remains understudied. We aimed to investigate the effects of summer and winter acclimatisation and marching on cortisol levels and blood lactate, to gain insight into the role of these physiological processes in the stress response. Methods Two groups of young Europeans, classified as poor (PCF; n=9) and good physical condition (GCF; n=21), based on a VO2MAX threshold of 40 mL O2/ kg/min, underwent 2-h March (6-7 km/h) in winter (5˚C) and summer (32˚C). Commercial tests, UniCel DxI Access Cortisol assay and EKF Biosen Clinic/GP assay were used for cortisol and lactate blood measurements (morning samples and those taken immediately after marches), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniel Pešić
- Military Medical Academy, Institute of Hygiene, Department of Exercise Physiology, Belgrade
| | - Mirjana M. Đukić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Belgrade
| | - Ivan Stanojević
- Military Medical Academy, Institute of Medical Research, Belgrade
| | - Vladimir Živkovć
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kragujevac
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- First Moscow State Medical University I. M. Sechenov, Department of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefani Bolevich
- First Moscow State Medical University I. M. Sechenov, Department of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kragujevac
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8
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Ge M, Wang Y, Wu T, Li H, Yang C, Wang Z, Mu N, Chen T, Xu D, Feng H, Yao J. Raman spectroscopic diagnosis of blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats combined with machine learning. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123419. [PMID: 37738762 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a kind of nervous system disease, which results in a major health and economic problem to society. However, the rapid and label-free detection method with high sensitivity is still in great demand for the diagnosis of bTBI, especially for mild bTBI. In this paper, we report a new strategy for bTBI diagnosis through hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues based on Raman spectroscopy. The spectral characteristics of hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues of experimental bTBI in rats have been investigated for mild and moderate degrees at 3 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h after blast exposure. The results show that the Raman spectra of mild and moderate bTBIs in 300-1700 cm-1 and 2800-3000 cm-1 regions exhibit significant differences at different time points compared with the control group. The main reason is the content change of proteins and lipids in hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues after bTBI. Moreover, four machine learning algorithms are used to automatically identify mild and moderate bTBIs at different time points (a total of 11 groups). The highest diagnostic accuracies are up to 95.3% and 88.5% based on Raman spectra of hippocampus and hypothalamus tissue, respectively. In addition, the classification performance of linear discriminant analysis classifier has been improved after data fusion. It is suggested that there has great potential as an alternative method for high-sensitive, rapid, label-free, economical diagnosis of bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Ge
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuye Wang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zelong Wang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ning Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Degang Xu
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Cajanding RJM. Current State of Knowledge on the Definition, Pathophysiology, Etiology, Outcomes, and Management of Fever in the Intensive Care Unit. AACN Adv Crit Care 2023; 34:297-310. [PMID: 38033217 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2023314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Fever-an elevated body temperature-is a prominent feature of a wide range of disease conditions and is a common finding in intensive care, affecting up to 70% of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The causes of fever in the ICU are multifactorial, and it can be due to a number of infective and noninfective etiologies. The production of fever represents a complex physiological, adaptive host response that is beneficial for host defense and survival but can be maladaptive and harmful if left unabated. Despite any cause, fever is associated with a wide range of cellular, local, and systemic effects, including multiorgan dysfunction, systemic inflammation, poor neurological recovery, and an increased risk of mortality. This narrative review presents the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the definition, pathophysiology, etiology, and outcomes of fever in the ICU and highlights evidence-based findings regarding the management of fever in the intensive care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruff Joseph Macale Cajanding
- Ruff Joseph Macale Cajanding is a Critical Care Senior Charge Nurse, Adult Critical Care Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, King George V Building, West Smithfield EC1A 7BE London, United Kingdom
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10
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Verduzco-Mendoza A, Mota-Rojas D, Olmos Hernández SA, Gálvez-Rosas A, Aguirre-Pérez A, Cortes-Altamirano JL, Alfaro-Rodríguez A, Parra-Cid C, Avila-Luna A, Bueno-Nava A. Traumatic brain injury extending to the striatum alters autonomic thermoregulation and hypothalamic monoamines in recovering rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1304440. [PMID: 38144211 PMCID: PMC10748590 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1304440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain cortex is the structure that is typically injured in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is anatomically connected with other brain regions, including the striatum and hypothalamus, which are associated in part with motor function and the regulation of body temperature, respectively. We investigated whether a TBI extending to the striatum could affect peripheral and core temperatures as an indicator of autonomic thermoregulatory function. Moreover, it is unknown whether thermal modulation is accompanied by hypothalamic and cortical monoamine changes in rats with motor function recovery. The animals were allocated into three groups: the sham group (sham), a TBI group with a cortical contusion alone (TBI alone), and a TBI group with an injury extending to the dorsal striatum (TBI + striatal injury). Body temperature and motor deficits were evaluated for 20 days post-injury. On the 3rd and 20th days, rats were euthanized to measure the serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) levels using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We observed that TBI with an injury extending to the dorsal striatum increased core and peripheral temperatures. These changes were accompanied by a sustained motor deficit lasting for 14 days. Furthermore, there were notable increases in NA and 5-HT levels in the brain cortex and hypothalamus both 3 and 20 days after injury. In contrast, rats with TBI alone showed no changes in peripheral temperatures and achieved motor function recovery by the 7th day post-injury. In conclusion, our results suggest that TBI with an injury extending to the dorsal striatum elevates both core and peripheral temperatures, causing a delay in functional recovery and increasing hypothalamic monoamine levels. The aftereffects can be attributed to the injury site and changes to the autonomic thermoregulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurofisiología, Conducta y Bienestar Animal, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Arturo Gálvez-Rosas
- Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (LGII), SSa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alexander Aguirre-Pérez
- Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (LGII), SSa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Luis Cortes-Altamirano
- Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (LGII), SSa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Quiropráctica, Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, Ecatepec de Morelos, Estado de México, Mexico
- Madrid College of Chiropractic, Real Centro Universitario Escorial María Cristina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (LGII), SSa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carmen Parra-Cid
- Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, SSa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Avila-Luna
- Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (LGII), SSa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (LGII), SSa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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11
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Bettinger JS, Friston KJ. Conceptual foundations of physiological regulation incorporating the free energy principle and self-organized criticality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105459. [PMID: 37956880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bettinger, J. S., K. J. Friston. Conceptual Foundations of Physiological Regulation incorporating the Free Energy Principle & Self-Organized Criticality. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 23(x) 144-XXX, 2022. Since the late nineteen-nineties, the concept of homeostasis has been contextualized within a broader class of "allostatic" dynamics characterized by a wider-berth of causal factors including social, psychological and environmental entailments; the fundamental nature of integrated brain-body dynamics; plus the role of anticipatory, top-down constraints supplied by intrinsic regulatory models. Many of these evidentiary factors are integral in original descriptions of homeostasis; subsequently integrated; and/or cite more-general operating principles of self-organization. As a result, the concept of allostasis may be generalized to a larger category of variational systems in biology, engineering and physics in terms of advances in complex systems, statistical mechanics and dynamics involving heterogenous (hierarchical/heterarchical, modular) systems like brain-networks and the internal milieu. This paper offers a three-part treatment. 1) interpret "allostasis" to emphasize a variational and relational foundation of physiological stability; 2) adapt the role of allostasis as "stability through change" to include a "return to stability" and 3) reframe the model of homeostasis with a conceptual model of criticality that licenses the upgrade to variational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Bettinger
- Center for Process Studies, Claremont, CA, United States; The Cobb Institute, Claremont, CA, United States.
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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12
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Fang W, Liu L, Yin B, Ke L, Su Y, Liu F, Ma X, Di Q. Heat exposure intervention, anxiety level, and multi-omic profiles: A randomized crossover study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108247. [PMID: 37871510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change has led to the frequent occurrence of high-temperature weather, which has various adverse effects on health, ranging from blood metabolism to systemic organ function. In particular, the sequelae of heat stress injury in most people are related to the nervous system. However, the mechanisms between heat stress and mental health conditions, especially heat stress and anxiety, remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We attempted to elucidate the effect of heat exposure intervention on anxiety levels in the population and its mechanism. METHODS We first carried out a randomized controlled trial in 20 college students in Beijing, China, to observe the results of the effects of heat exposure intervention on human anxiety. Then, we collected blood samples before and after heat exposure experiment and used metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to quantify serum metabolites and ELISA measurements to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We found that even 1.5-hour heat exposure intervention significantly increased anxiety levels. Heat stress-induced anxiety was mediated by the activation of the HPA axis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and subsequently unbalanced neurotransmitters. Metabolites such as BDNF, GABA, and glucocorticoids released by the adrenal glands are biomarkers of heat stress-induced anxiety. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a causal link between heat stress and anxiety, explored possible biological pathway between heat stress and anxiety. Heat stress can cause the activation of the HPA axis and lead to changes in the body's metabolism, resulting in a series of changes such as inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to anxiety. This study reveals hidden health cost of climate change that has been underexplored, and also reminds us the importance of immediate climate actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fang
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yin
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Limei Ke
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Su
- National Protein Science Facility, School of Life Science Tsinghua University, Beijing China
| | - Fang Liu
- National Protein Science Facility, School of Life Science Tsinghua University, Beijing China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Komura M, Miyata S, Yoshimura R. Icilin, a cool/cold-inducing agent, alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic sickness responses in mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 816:137492. [PMID: 37742941 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a significant global public health challenge, resulting in millions of human deaths annually. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a non-selective ion channel, is the primary cold sensor in humans; however, its effects on endotoxin-induced inflammation remain unclear. We previously reported that TRPM8 knockout mice exhibited more severe physiological and behavioral endotoxemia responses upon a high-dose injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the present study, we investigated whether icilin, a TRPM8 agonist, was a target for the suppression of sickness responses using a mouse model of LPS-induced sepsis. A peripheral high-dose injection of LPS at 5 mg/kg showed a maximal body temperature decrease of 5.1 °C in mice subcutaneously pretreated with vehicle and 1.5 °C in icilin-pretreated animals. The decline in locomotor activity was attenuated in icilin-pretreated mice and its recovery was faster; however, the high-dose LPS injection rapidly decreased locomotor activity regardless of the icilin pretreatment. Furthermore, the icilin pretreatment attenuated LPS-induced decreases in body weight and food and water intakes and accelerated recovery from these sickness responses. Therefore, the present results demonstrated that the icilin pretreatment alleviated LPS-induced sickness responses or decreases in body temperature, locomotor activity, body weight loss, and food and water intakes, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Komura
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 Japan.
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14
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Muzik O, Diwadkar VA. Depth and hierarchies in the predictive brain: From reaction to action. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1664. [PMID: 37518831 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is a prediction device, a view widely accepted in neuroscience. Prediction is a rational and efficient response that relies on the brain's ability to create and employ generative models to optimize actions over unpredictable time horizons. We argue that extant predictive frameworks while compelling, have not explicitly accounted for the following: (a) The brain's generative models must incorporate predictive depth (i.e., rely on degrees of abstraction to enable predictions over different time horizons); (b) The brain's implementation scheme to account for varying predictive depth relies on dynamic predictive hierarchies formed using the brain's functional networks. We show that these hierarchies incorporate the ascending processes (driven by reaction), and the descending processes (related to prediction), eventually driving action. Because they are dynamically formed, predictive hierarchies allow the brain to address predictive challenges in virtually any domain. By way of application, we explain how this framework can be applied to heretofore poorly understood processes of human behavioral thermoregulation. Although mammalian thermoregulation has been closely tied to deep brain structures engaged in autonomic control such as the hypothalamus, this narrow conception does not translate well to humans. In addition to profound differences in evolutionary history, the human brain is bestowed with substantially increased functional complexity (that itself emerged from evolutionary differences). We argue that behavioral thermoregulation in humans is possible because, (a) ascending signals shaped by homeostatic sub-networks, interject with (b) descending signals related to prediction (implemented in interoceptive and executive sub-networks) and action (implemented in executive sub-networks). These sub-networks cumulatively form a predictive hierarchy for human thermoregulation, potentiating a range of viable responses to known and unknown thermoregulatory challenges. We suggest that our proposed extensions to the predictive framework provide a set of generalizable principles that can further illuminate the many facets of the predictive brain. This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Behavior Philosophy > Action Psychology > Prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Muzik
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Michigan, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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15
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Smith LL. Similarities and differences regarding acute anorexia nervosa and semi-starvation: does behavioral thermoregulation play a central role? Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1243572. [PMID: 37953827 PMCID: PMC10634530 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1243572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To clarify the association between acute anorexia nervosa (AN) and semi-starvation (SS) by focusing on similarities and differences in physiology, mood, and behavior. Method A comparison of published literature between these two groups. Results Both groups show similar hormonal and metabolic changes in response to caloric restriction and extreme weight loss (~25%). Associated changes result in a reduced body temperature (Tcore-low). Maintenance of body temperature within a specific range is crucial to survival. However, both groups cannot activate autonomic strategies to maintain their Tcore-low, such as increasing metabolic rate, constricting skin blood vessels, or shivering. Furthermore, Tcore-low increases the individuals' "coldness sensations" throughout the body, hence the frequent reports from ANs and SSs of "feeling cold." To eliminate these uncomfortable "coldness sensations" and, importantly, to maintain Tcore-low, ANs, and SSs "select" different thermoregulatory behavioral strategies. It is proposed that the primary differences between AN and SS, based on genetics, now manifest due to the "selection" of different thermo-regulatory behaviors. AN patients (ANs) "select" hyperactive behavior (HyAc), which increases internal metabolic heat and thus assists with maintaining Tcore-low; in harmony with hyperactive behavior is a lively mood. Also related to this elevated arousal pattern, ANs experience disrupted sleep. In contrast, SS individuals "select" a passive thermo-behavioral strategy, "shallow torpor," which includes reduced activity, resulting in energy conservation. In addition, this inactivity aids in the retention of generated metabolic heat. Corresponding to this lethargic behavior, SS individuals display a listless mood and increased sleep. Conclusion Initial similarities between the two are attributable to physiological changes related to extreme weight loss. Differences are most likely attributable to genetically programmed "selection" of alternate thermoregulatory strategies, primarily to maintain Tcore-low. However, if acute AN is prolonged and evolves into a chronic condition, AN will more closely align with starvation and more precisely reflect SS symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Lakier Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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16
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O’Brien F, Feetham CH, Staunton CA, Hext K, Barrett-Jolley R. Temperature modulates PVN pre-sympathetic neurones via transient receptor potential ion channels. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1256924. [PMID: 37920211 PMCID: PMC10618372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1256924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and modulates cardiovascular function via autonomic pre-sympathetic neurones. We have previously shown that coupling between transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V Member 4 (Trpv4) and small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK) in the PVN facilitate osmosensing, but since TRP channels are also thermosensitive, in this report we investigated the temperature sensitivity of these neurones. Methods: TRP channel mRNA was quantified from mouse PVN with RT-PCR and thermosensitivity of Trpv4-like PVN neuronal ion channels characterised with cell-attached patch-clamp electrophysiology. Following recovery of temperature-sensitive single-channel kinetic schema, we constructed a predictive stochastic mathematical model of these neurones and validated this with electrophysiological recordings of action current frequency. Results: 7 thermosensitive TRP channel genes were found in PVN punches. Trpv4 was the most abundant of these and was identified at the single channel level on PVN neurones. We investigated the thermosensitivity of these Trpv4-like channels; open probability (Po) markedly decreased when temperature was decreased, mediated by a decrease in mean open dwell times. Our neuronal model predicted that PVN spontaneous action current frequency (ACf) would increase as temperature is decreased and in our electrophysiological experiments, we found that ACf from PVN neurones was significantly higher at lower temperatures. The broad-spectrum channel blocker gadolinium (100 µM), was used to block the warm-activated, Ca2+-permeable Trpv4 channels. In the presence of gadolinium (100 µM), the temperature effect was largely retained. Using econazole (10 µM), a blocker of Trpm2, we found there were significant increases in overall ACf and the temperature effect was inhibited. Conclusion: Trpv4, the abundantly transcribed thermosensitive TRP channel gene in the PVN appears to contribute to intrinsic thermosensitive properties of PVN neurones. At physiological temperatures (37°C), we observed relatively low ACf primarily due to the activity of Trpm2 channels, whereas at room temperature, where most of the previous characterisation of PVN neuronal activity has been performed, ACf is much higher, and appears to be predominately due to reduced Trpv4 activity. This work gives insight into the fundamental mechanisms by which the body decodes temperature signals and maintains homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Ageing Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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17
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Vabba A, Panasiti MS, Scattolin M, Spitaleri M, Porciello G, Aglioti SM. The thermoception task: a thermal imaging-based procedure for measuring awareness of changes in peripheral body temperature. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1053-1064. [PMID: 37529855 PMCID: PMC10635420 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00014.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although thermal body signals provide crucial information about the state of an organism and changes in body temperature may be a sign of affective states (e.g., stress, pain, sexual arousal), research on thermal awareness is limited. Here we developed a task measuring awareness of changes in peripheral body temperature (thermal interoception) and compared it to the classical heartbeat counting task (cardiac interoception). With an infrared light bulb we delivered stimuli of different temperature intensities to the right hand of 31 healthy participants. Thermal interoceptive accuracy, i.e., the difference between participants' real and perceived change in hand temperature, showed good interindividual variability. We found that thermal interoception did not correlate with (and was generally higher than) cardiac interoception, suggesting that different interceptive channels provide separate contributions to awareness of bodily states. Moreover, the results hint at the great salience of thermal signals and the need for thermoregulation in day-to-day life. Finally, thermal interoceptive accuracy was associated with self-reported awareness of body temperature changes and with the ability to regulate distress by focusing on body sensations. Our task has the potential to significantly increase current knowledge about the role of interoception in cognition and behavior, particularly in social and emotional contexts.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a novel task measuring awareness of changes in peripheral body temperature (i.e., thermal interoception). To avoid tactile confounds present in existing thermoceptive tasks, we used an infrared light bulb to deliver stimuli of different temperature intensities to the hand of participants and asked them to judge the perceived change in their hand temperature. Performance in the task showed good interindividual variability, did not correlate with cardiac interoceptive tasks, and was associated with self-reported thermosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Vabba
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Spitaleri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Porciello
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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18
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Barlas T, Yalcin MM, Avci DE, Kaplan Y, Akturk M, Toruner FB, Karakoc A, Altinova AE. Sleep quality in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma: impact of replacement therapies with an emphasis on the time of hydrocortisone. Pituitary 2023:10.1007/s11102-023-01328-1. [PMID: 37261656 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep disturbances are widespread and associated with pituitary diseases, even those under long-term therapeutic management. The aim of this study was to investigate sleep quality in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) and determine the factors that might influence sleep quality, including the detailed features of replacement therapy. METHODS Eighty-two patients with NFPA and 82 age- and gender-matched control subjects were included. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used. RESULTS In the NFPA group, 57.3% of patients had decreased sleep quality, compared to 35.4% in the control group (p=0.005). Although there was no relationship between the presence of hydrocortisone replacement and sleep quality (p>0.05), a strong positive correlation was observed between PSQI and morning hydrocortisone replacement time in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency (r=0.834, p<0.001). Diabetes insipidus was found to be significantly higher in the group with decreased sleep quality (p=0.01). Moreover, there was a negative correlation between PSQI and IGF-1 in patients with NFPA (r=-0.259, p=0.01). A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that depression score and free T4 level in the upper half of the normal limit influence the sleep quality of patients with NFPA. CONCLUSION Our study indicated the presence of depression, and a free T4 level in the upper half of the normal range have an impact on the sleep quality of patients with NFPA. The time of hydrocortisone replacement might be important factor for improved sleep quality in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Barlas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Muhittin Yalcin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Yigit Kaplan
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mujde Akturk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fusun Balos Toruner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Karakoc
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alev Eroglu Altinova
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Wang B, Zhang XY, Yuan S, Fu HP, Wang CZ, Wang DH. Genetic Diversity of a Heat Activated Channel-TRPV1 in Two Desert Gerbil Species with Different Heat Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119123. [PMID: 37298074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat sensation and tolerance are crucial for determining species' survival and distribution range of small mammals. As a member of the transmembrane proteins, transient receptor potential vanniloid 1 (TRPV1) is involved in the sensation and thermoregulation of heat stimuli; however, the associations between animal's heat sensitivity and TRPV1 in wild rodents are less studied. Here, we found that Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), a rodent species living in Mongolia grassland, showed an attenuated sensitivity to heat compared with sympatrically distributed mid-day gerbils (M. meridianus) based on a temperature preference test. To explain this phenotypical difference, we measured the TRPV1 mRNA expression of two gerbil species in the hypothalamus, brown adipose tissue, and liver, and no statistical difference was detected between two species. However, according to the bioinformatics analysis of TRPV1 gene, we identified two single amino acid mutations on two TRPV1 orthologs in these two species. Further Swiss-model analyses of two TRPV1 protein sequences indicated the disparate conformations at amino acid mutation sites. Additionally, we confirmed the haplotype diversity of TRPV1 in both species by expressing TRPV1 genes ectopicly in Escherichia coli system. Taken together, our findings supplemented genetic cues to the association between the discrepancy of heat sensitivity and the functional differentiation of TRPV1 using two wild congener gerbils, promoting the comprehension of the evolutionary mechanisms of the TRPV1 gene for heat sensitivity in small mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pests Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pests Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - He-Ping Fu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pests Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pests Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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20
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Vizin RC, Almeida MC, Soriano RN, Romanovsky AA. Selection of preferred thermal environment and cold-avoidance responses in rats rely on signals transduced by the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:121-135. [PMID: 37187830 PMCID: PMC10177698 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2023.2191378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulatory behaviors are powerful effectors for core body temperature (Tc) regulation. We evaluated the involvement of afferent fibers ascending through the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord in "spontaneous" thermal preference and thermoregulatory behaviors induced by thermal and pharmacological stimuli in a thermogradient apparatus. In adult Wistar rats, the DLF was surgically severed at the first cervical vertebra bilaterally. The functional effectiveness of funiculotomy was verified by the increased latency of tail-flick responses to noxious cold (-18°C) and heat (50°C). In the thermogradient apparatus, funiculotomized rats showed a higher variability of their preferred ambient temperature (Tpr) and, consequently, increased Tc fluctuations, as compared to sham-operated rats. The cold-avoidance (warmth-seeking) response to moderate cold (whole-body exposure to ~17°C) or epidermal menthol (an agonist of the cold-sensitive TRPM8 channel) was attenuated in funiculotomized rats, as compared to sham-operated rats, and so was the Tc (hyperthermic) response to menthol. In contrast, the warmth-avoidance (cold-seeking) and Tc responses of funiculotomized rats to mild heat (exposure to ~28°C) or intravenous RN-1747 (an agonist of the warmth-sensitive TRPV4; 100 μg/kg) were unaffected. We conclude that DLF-mediated signals contribute to driving spontaneous thermal preference, and that attenuation of these signals is associated with decreased precision of Tc regulation. We further conclude that thermally and pharmacologically induced changes in thermal preference rely on neural, presumably afferent, signals that travel in the spinal cord within the DLF. Signals conveyed by the DLF are important for cold-avoidance behaviors but make little contribution to heat-avoidance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson C.L. Vizin
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Almeida
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato N. Soriano
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrej A. Romanovsky
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Arizona, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Zharko Pharma, Inc, Olympia, WA, USA
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21
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Oh EJ, Han S, Lee S, Choi EA, Ko JS, Gwak MS, Kim GS. Forced-air prewarming prevents hypothermia during living donor liver transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3713. [PMID: 37024533 PMCID: PMC10079654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite various intraoperative thermal strategies, core heat loss is considerable during liver transplantation and hypothermia is common. We tested whether forced-air prewarming prevents hypothermia during liver transplantation. Adult patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation were randomly assigned to non-prewarming group (n = 20) or prewarming group (n = 20). Patients in prewarming group underwent 30-min forced-air warming before anesthetic induction. During surgery, core temperature was measured in the pulmonary artery. The primary outcome was intraoperative hypothermia (< 36.0 °C). The secondary outcomes included plasma lactate concentration. Intraoperative hypothermia risk was significantly lower in prewarming group than in non-prewarming group (60.0% vs. 95.0%, P = 0.020). The difference in hypothermia incidence between groups was greater in the post-induction phase (20.0% vs. 85.0%, P < 0.001) than in the anhepatic or post-reperfusion phase, suggesting that prewarming mainly acts on preventing post-induction core-to-peripheral heat redistribution. Hypothermia duration was significantly shorter in prewarming group (60 [0-221] min vs. 383 [108-426] min, P = 0.001). Lactate concentration decreased during 3 h after graft reperfusion in prewarming group, whereas it continuously increased in non-prewarming group (- 0.19 [- 0.48 to 0.13] mmol/L vs. 1.17 [3.31-0.77] mmol/L, P = 0.034). In conclusion, forced-air prewarming decreases the incidence and duration of intraoperative hypothermia with potential clinical benefit while mainly acting by preventing the core-to-peripheral heat redistribution.Clinical trial registration: Registered at the Clinical Research Information Service ( https://cris.nih.go.kr , [KCT0003230]) on 01/10/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, South Korea
| | - Sangbin Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Eun Ah Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Justin S Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Mi Sook Gwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Gaab Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
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22
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Namisnak LH, Khoshnevis S, Diller KR. Interdependency of Core Temperature and Glabrous Skin Blood Flow in Human Thermoregulation Function: A Pilot Study. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:041010. [PMID: 36305625 PMCID: PMC9791667 DOI: 10.1115/1.4056110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human thermoregulation is governed by a complex, nonlinear feedback control system. The system consists of thermoreceptors, a controller, and effector mechanisms for heat exchange that coordinate to maintain a central core temperature. A principal route for heat flow between the core and the environment is via convective circulation of blood to arteriovenous anastomoses located in glabrous skin of the hands and feet. This paper presents new human experimental data for thermoregulatory control behavior along with a coupled, detailed control system model specific to the interdependent actions of core temperature and glabrous skin blood flow (GSBF) under defined transient environmental thermal stress. The model was tuned by a nonlinear least-squared curve fitting algorithm to optimally fit the experimental data. Transient GSBF in the model is influenced by core temperature, nonglabrous skin temperature, and the application of selective thermal stimulation. The core temperature in the model is influenced by integrated heat transfer across the nonglabrous body surface and GSBF. Thus, there is a strong cross-coupling between GSBF and core temperature in thermoregulatory function. Both variables include a projection term in the model based on the average rates of their change. Six subjects each completed two thermal protocols to generate data to which the common model was fit. The model coefficients were unique to each of the twelve data sets but produced an excellent agreement between the model and experimental data for the individual trials. The strong match between the model and data confirms the mathematical structure of the control algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H. Namisnak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Sepideh Khoshnevis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Kenneth R. Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 West Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX 78712
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23
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Sixtus RP, Berry MJ, Gray CL, Dyson RM. A novel whole-body thermal stress test for monitoring cardiovascular responses in Guinea pigs. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103500. [PMID: 37055107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stress tests are frequently employed to expose early signs of cardiovascular dysfunction or disease and can be employed, for example, in the context of preterm birth. We aimed to establish a safe and effective thermal stress test to examine cardiovascular function. Guinea pigs were anaesthetized using a 0.8% isoflurane, 70% N2O mix. ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, laser Doppler flowmetry, respiratory rate, and an array of skin and rectal thermistors were applied. A physiologically relevant heating and a cooling thermal stress test was developed. Upper and lower thermal limits for core body temperature were set at 41.5 OC and 34 OC, for the safe recovery of animals. This protocol therefore presents a viable thermal stress test for use in guinea pig models of health and disease that facilitates exploration of whole-system cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Sixtus
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Mary J Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clint L Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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24
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Ntoumani M, Dugué B, Rivas E, Gongaki K. Thermoregulation and thermal sensation during whole-body water immersion at different water temperatures in healthy individuals: A scoping review. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103430. [PMID: 36796887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe thermal discomfort may increase risk of drowning due to hypothermia or hyperthermia from prolonged exposure to noxious water temperatures. The importance of using a behavioral thermoregulation model with thermal sensation may predict the thermal load that the human body receives when exposed to various immersive water conditions. However, there is no thermal sensation "gold standard" model specific for water immersion. This scoping review aims to present a comprehensive overview regarding human physiological and behavioral thermoregulation during whole-body water immersion and explore the feasibility for an accepted defined sensation scale for cold and hot water immersion. METHODS A standard literary search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS. The words "Water Immersion," "Thermoregulation," "Cardiovascular responses" were used either as independent searched terms and MeSH terms (Medical Subject Headings) or in combination with other text words. The inclusion criteria for clinical trials terms to thermoregulatory measurements (core or skin temperature), whole-body immersion, 18-60 years old and healthy individuals. The prementioned data were analyzed narratively to achieve the overall study objective. RESULTS Twenty-three published articles fulfilled the review inclusion/exclusion criteria (with nine measured behavioral responses). Our outcomes illustrated a homogenous thermal sensation in a variety of water temperatures ranges, that was strongly associated with thermal balance, and observed different thermoregulatory responses. This scoping review highlights the impact of water immersion duration on human thermoneutral zone, thermal comfort zone, and thermal sensation. CONCLUSION Our findings enlighten the significance of thermal sensation as a health indicator for establishing a behavioral thermal model applicable for water immersion. This scoping review provides insight for the needed development of subjective thermal model of thermal sensation in relation to human thermal physiology specific to immersive water temperature ranges within and outside the thermal neutral and comfort zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ntoumani
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Physiology, 11527, Athens, Greece; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Philosophy Division, 17237, Athens, Greece.
| | - Benoit Dugué
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, UR 20296, Laboratoire "Mobilité, Vieillissement et Exercice (MOVE)", 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Rivas
- KBR, Human Physiology, Performance, Protection & Operations Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center, 77058, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Konstantina Gongaki
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Philosophy Division, 17237, Athens, Greece
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25
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Dado-Senn B, Ouellet V, Lantigua V, Van Os J, Laporta J. Methods for detecting heat stress in hutch-housed dairy calves in a continental climate. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1039-1050. [PMID: 36543645 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dairy calves exposed to solar radiation, elevated ambient temperature, and humidity are at risk of impaired welfare and productivity. Initial detection of thermal discomfort requires determination of optimal heat stress indicators and thresholds. Such values have recently been established in calves in chronic, subtropical, and acute continental environments but not in continuous, temperate conditions. Herein, the objectives were to determine associations between animal-based and environmental heat stress indicators and establish environmental breakpoints for hutch-raised dairy calves during a continental summer. From June to August, dairy calves (n = 63; 14 to 42 d of age) were individually hutch-housed and managed according to the dairy standard operating procedures in Arlington, Wisconsin. Calf respiration rates (RR), rectal temperatures (RT), shaved or unshaved skin temperatures (ST), and hutch internal and external air speed were measured thrice weekly at 0700 and 1400 h after a 15 min hutch restriction. Environmental indices including dry bulb temperature (Tdb), black globe temperature, and relative humidity were measured every 15 min, averaged hourly, and used to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI) using 8 different equations (THI1-8). Correlation and linear regression models were used to determine relationships within and between animal-based and environmental indicators. Environmental breakpoints were established using segmented regression models to estimate THI and Tdb thresholds for abrupt changes in animal responses. There were strong, positive correlations between animal-based indicators and Tdb or THI1-8, with the strongest association observed between unshaved ST and Tdb (r = 0.80). The linear regression of animal-based indicators with the best fit included Tdb or Tdb plus relative humidity and air speed. The threshold at which RR and RT began to rise was at a THI of 69 for both or at a Tdb of 21.0 or 21.5°C, respectively. No threshold was established for ST. Together, these outcomes indicate that Tdb is an appropriate measurement to detect thermal discomfort for calves in a temperate summer climate and individual hutch housing. Monitoring of calves is warranted before ambient temperature reaches 21.0°C, corresponding to RR of 40 breaths per minute and RT of 38.5°C, to promote calf comfort and reduce the risk of hyperthermia-related welfare and productivity consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - V Ouellet
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - V Lantigua
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Van Os
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
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26
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Reis TO, Noronha SISR, Lima PMA, De Abreu ARR, Mesquita LBT, Ferreira FI, Silva FC, Chianca-Jr DA, De Menezes RC. Abdominal TRPV1 channel desensitization enhances stress-induced hyperthermia during social stress in rats. Auton Neurosci 2023; 246:103073. [PMID: 36736078 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2023.103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In rats, stress-induced hyperthermia caused by social interaction depends on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and peripheral vasoconstriction. However, the peripheral mechanisms responsible for regulating the level of hyperthermia during social stress are still unknown. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) subfamily, expressed in sensory and visceral neurons, can serve as a thermoreceptor. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the abdominal TRPV1 is essential in regulating stress-induced hyperthermia during social stress. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal injection of Resiniferatoxin (RTX) - an ultra-potent capsaicin analog, (i.e., to desensitize the TRPV1 channels) or vehicle. Seven days later, we evaluated the effects of abdominal TRPV1 channels desensitization on core body temperature (CBT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) temperature, tail skin temperature, and heart rate (HR) of rats subjected to a social stress protocol. KEY FINDINGS We found abdominal TRPV1 desensitization increased CBT and BAT temperature but did not change tail skin temperature and HR during rest. However, under social stress, we found that abdominal TRPV1 desensitization heightened the increase in CBT and BAT caused by stress. Also, it abolished the increase in tail skin temperature that occurs during and after social stress. TRPV1 desensitization also delayed the HR recovery after the exposure to the social stress. SIGNIFICANCE These results show that abdominal TRPV1 channels desensitization heightens stress-induced hyperthermia, causing heat dissipation during and after social stress, enabling optimal thermal control during social encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Reis
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - S I S R Noronha
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - P M A Lima
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - A R R De Abreu
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - L B T Mesquita
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - F I Ferreira
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - F C Silva
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil..
| | - D A Chianca-Jr
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil..
| | - R C De Menezes
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil..
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27
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Sen J, Mondal T, Grewal N, Jana J, Roy D, Nag PK. Human skin thermography—a descriptive analysis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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Fitzgerald SP, Bean NG, Falhammar H, Hoermann R. Physiological linkage of thyroid and pituitary sensitivities. Endocrine 2023; 79:143-151. [PMID: 36115005 PMCID: PMC9813051 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The sensitivities of the pituitary to thyroxine feedback, and the thyroid to thyrotropin stimulation determine the free thyroxine /thyrotropin feedback loop and can be described mathematically by two curves. It is not well understood how the two curves combine in a healthy population with normal thyroid function to express the individual balance points that are observed. This study was directed at this issue testing the possibilities of random combination and directed linkage between the two curves. METHODS We reverse-engineered two sets of population data, on the assumption of independent combinations of thyroid and pituitary sensitivities, to obtain estimates of the curve describing thyroid sensitivity. Sensitivity studies were performed. RESULTS No analysis resulted in a physiologically feasible estimate of the curve describing thyroid sensitivity. There was evidence of linkage of the two curves in terms of their combination throughout the normal range. Thyroid response curves reflecting a low free thyroxine response to thyrotropin tended to be combined in individuals with thyrotropin curves reflecting a high thyrotropin response to free thyroxine, and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid and pituitary sensitivities are linked, being combined in individuals in a non-random directed pattern. Direct mutual interaction may contribute to this linkage. This linkage precludes the derivation of the curves describing these sensitivities from population data of the free thyroxine and thyrotropin relationship and complicates their derivation by physiological experimentation. This linkage and probable interaction may also bestow evolutionary advantage by minimising inter-individual variation in free thyroxine levels and by augmenting homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Paul Fitzgerald
- The Departments of General Medicine and Endocrinology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Nigel G Bean
- School of Mathematical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Paulmannshöherstr. 14, 58515, Lüdenscheid, Germany
- 113 Andersons Road, Yandina, QLD, 4561, Australia
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29
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Chowdhury VS. L-Citrulline: A novel hypothermic amino acid promoting thermotolerance in heat-exposed chickens. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13826. [PMID: 36938778 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
With global warming becoming of increasing concern, poultry farms are experiencing a concomitant increase in heat stress. Chickens are very sensitive to high ambient temperature (HT), so the development of novel nutrients that will help deal with the challenge posed by heat stress is vital. We revealed that L-citrulline (L-Cit) can reduce body temperature in chickens. Orally administered L-Cit solution has been found to provide heat tolerance in chickens and to result in reduced food intake. Heat exposure and oral administration of L-Cit led to increased levels of plasma insulin, whereas heat stress led to a decline in plasma thyroxine. Dietary administration of L-Cit was also shown to be effective to reduce heat stress in broiler chickens. Moreover, L-Cit was found to be metabolized in the liver within 1 h of its administration, and in L-Cit-treated broiler chicks, the Cit-Arginine cycle and the Krebs cycle were found to be active. L-Cit has not yet been approved for inclusion in the poultry diet, so it is important to find alternative sources of L-Cit. Taken together, these findings suggest that L-Cit may serve as an important novel nutrient with the ability to produce heat tolerance in chickens under HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Domingues TE, Diniz E Magalhães CO, Szawka RE, Reis AM, Henriques PC, da Costa Silva KS, Costa SP, Silva SB, Ferreira da Fonseca S, Rodrigues CM, Dias Peixoto MF, Coimbra CC, Mendonça VA, Scheidet PHF, Sampaio KH, Lacerda ACR. Prior aerobic physical training modulates neuropeptide expression and central thermoregulation after ovariectomy in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 558:111756. [PMID: 36084853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of aerobic physical training and estradiol (E2) replacement on central pathways involved with thermoregulation in ovariectomized rats. Rats were assigned to untrained ovariectomized treated with placebo (UN-OVX), untrained ovariectomized treated with E2 (E2-OVX), and trained ovariectomized (TR-OVX) groups. Tail skin temperature (TST), internal temperature (Tint), and basal oxygen consumption (VO2) were recorded. Neuronal activity, brain expression of Kiss1, NKB and Prodyn, and central norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured. UN-OVX had the highest TST. Compared to UN-OVX rats, TR-OVX and E2-OVX had lower Fos expression in the paraventricular and arcuate (ARC) nuclei, and lower double labeling for Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Fos in the brainstem. Compared to UN-OVX, only TR-OVX group exhibited lower kisspeptin (Kiss1), neurokinin B (NKB), and prodynorphin expression in the ARC and higher central NE levels. Aerobic physical training before menopause may prevent the heat dissipation imbalance induced by reduction of E2, through central NE release, modulation of Kiss1, NKB and prodynorphin expression in neurons from ARC nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Emanuela Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caíque Olegário Diniz E Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório Experimental de Treinamento Físico - LETFis - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raphael Escorsim Szawka
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adelina Martha Reis
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Costa Henriques
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kaoma Stephani da Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Paula Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Grduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sara Barros Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Grduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sueli Ferreira da Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Maria Rodrigues
- Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Grduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Figueiredo Scheidet
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Grduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kinulpe Honorato Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício - LAFIEX - CIPq Saúde. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Grduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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A temperature-regulated circuit for feeding behavior. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4229. [PMID: 35869064 PMCID: PMC9307622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBoth rodents and primates have evolved to orchestrate food intake to maintain thermal homeostasis in coping with ambient temperature challenges. However, the mechanisms underlying temperature-coordinated feeding behavior are rarely reported. Here we find that a non-canonical feeding center, the anteroventral and periventricular portions of medial preoptic area (apMPOA) respond to altered dietary states in mice. Two neighboring but distinct neuronal populations in apMPOA mediate feeding behavior by receiving anatomical inputs from external and dorsal subnuclei of lateral parabrachial nucleus. While both populations are glutamatergic, the arcuate nucleus-projecting neurons in apMPOA can sense low temperature and promote food intake. The other type, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH)-projecting neurons in apMPOA are primarily sensitive to high temperature and suppress food intake. Caspase ablation or chemogenetic inhibition of the apMPOA→PVH pathway can eliminate the temperature dependence of feeding. Further projection-specific RNA sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization identify that the two neuronal populations are molecularly marked by galanin receptor and apelin receptor. These findings reveal unrecognized cell populations and circuits of apMPOA that orchestrates feeding behavior against thermal challenges.
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Liu J, Zeng D, Luo J, Wang H, Xiong J, Chen X, Chen T, Sun J, Xi Q, Zhang Y. LPS-Induced Inhibition of miR-143 Expression in Brown Adipocytes Promotes Thermogenesis and Fever. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13805. [PMID: 36430282 PMCID: PMC9696956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is an important part of inflammatory response to infection. Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is known to be potently influenced by systemic inflammation, the role of BAT during infection-induced fever remains largely unknown. Here, we injected mice with a low dose of LPS and found that low-dose LPS can directly induce thermogenesis of brown adipocytes. It is known that miR-143 is highly expressed in the BAT, and miR-143 knockout mice exhibited stronger thermogenesis under cold exposure. Interestingly, miR-143 was negatively correlated with an LPS-induced increase of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels, and the IL-6 pathway may mediate the inhibition of miR-143 expression. Moreover, miR-143 is down-regulated by LPS, and overexpression of miR-143 in brown adipocytes by lentivirus could rescue the enhancement of UCP1 protein expression caused by LPS, hinting miR-143 may be an important regulator of the thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. More importantly, the knockout of miR-143 further enhanced the LPS-induced increase of body temperature and BAT thermogenesis, and this result was further confirmed by in vitro experiments by using primary brown adipocytes. Mechanistically, adenylate cyclase 9 (AC9) is a new target gene of miR-143 and LPS increases BAT thermogenesis by a way of inhibiting miR-143 expression, a negative regulator for AC9. Our study considerably improves our collective understanding of the important function of miR-143 in inflammatory BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiali Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Cramer MN, Gagnon D, Laitano O, Crandall CG. Human temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injury. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1907-1989. [PMID: 35679471 PMCID: PMC9394784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body constantly exchanges heat with the environment. Temperature regulation is a homeostatic feedback control system that ensures deep body temperature is maintained within narrow limits despite wide variations in environmental conditions and activity-related elevations in metabolic heat production. Extensive research has been performed to study the physiological regulation of deep body temperature. This review focuses on healthy and disordered human temperature regulation during heat stress. Central to this discussion is the notion that various morphological features, intrinsic factors, diseases, and injuries independently and interactively influence deep body temperature during exercise and/or exposure to hot ambient temperatures. The first sections review fundamental aspects of the human heat stress response, including the biophysical principles governing heat balance and the autonomic control of heat loss thermoeffectors. Next, we discuss the effects of different intrinsic factors (morphology, heat adaptation, biological sex, and age), diseases (neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and genetic), and injuries (spinal cord injury, deep burns, and heat stroke), with emphasis on the mechanisms by which these factors enhance or disturb the regulation of deep body temperature during heat stress. We conclude with key unanswered questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Cramer
- Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart Institute and School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Matsunaga D, Tanaka Y, Tajima T, Seyama M. Optimization of a Stacked-design Core-body-temperature Sensor for Long-period Human Trials. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:1258-1261. [PMID: 36086560 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a wearable sensor that can be attached to the skin surface and continuously measure core body temperature (CBT) wirelessly over a long period. CBT is calculated from skin-surface temperature and heat flux passing through the sensor. Since heat flux is lost to the surroundings of the probe, the slightest change in convection in daily life will degrade the measurement accuracy of the sensor. Accordingly, we previously proposed a heat-flux-path control structure to reduce the absolute amount of heat-flux loss. To make wearable sensors for long-term human trials, we proposed an integrated design in which a sensor probe, a circuit board, and a battery are stacked. We optimized the proposed design by computer simulation and evaluated the fabricated sensor by a phantom experiment in which the convectional state was changed. The evaluation results demonstrate that the sensor has limits of agreement (LOA) of [-0.13; 0.03]°C under 1-m/s-wind convection. Moreover, a preliminary human trial conducted under daily-life conditions (including convectional changes) demonstrated that the sensor has LOA of [-0.18; 0.22]°C. These results demonstrate that the fabricated sensor is suitable for CBT measurement.
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Fitzgerald SP, Falhammar H. Redefinition of Successful Treatment of Patients With Hypothyroidism. Is TSH the Best Biomarker of Euthyroidism? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920854. [PMID: 35784560 PMCID: PMC9243528 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years evidence has accumulated supporting a revised view of the nature of euthyroidism and the biomarkers of thyroid function. Within the normal range, variations in thyroid hormone levels are associated with variations in clinical parameters and outcomes. There are therefore no readily identified individually specific optimum levels of thyroid hormones for any individual. Levels around the middle of the normal population range may best reflect euthyroidism. These levels may have evolutionary advantages on the basis that adverse outcomes often increase with divergence from such levels, and physiological processes tend to minimise such inter-individual and intra-individual divergence. In populations of predominantly untreated individuals, levels of thyroid hormones and in particular levels of free thyroxine (FT4) correlate more often with clinical parameters than do levels of thyrotropin (TSH). Levels of thyroid hormones may therefore be regarded as the best available biomarkers of euthyroidism and dysthyroidism. It follows that 'subclinical hypothyroidism' (normal FT4/raised TSH levels), rather than being an accurate marker of peripheral tissue hypothyroidism is more a marker of decreased thyroid reserve and prognosis. The recent evidence suggests that treatment of hypothyroxinemia, regardless of the TSH level, and monitoring therapy using FT4 and/or triiodothyronine levels, depending on the replacement regime, may result in more successful treatment of hypothyroidism than relying on thyrotropin levels for patient selection and subsequent treatment monitoring. The equivalents of mid-range levels of thyroid hormones (especially FT4), adjusted by individual comorbidity concerns, may be rational general replacement targets. These implications of the new evidence may create opportunities for novel trials of thyroid replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Fitzgerald
- The Departments of General Medicine and Endocrinology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Menzies School of Health Research and Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia
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Ferrulli A, Gandini S, Cammarata G, Redaelli V, Massarini S, Macrì C, Terruzzi I, Cannavaro D, Luzi F, Luzi L. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with skin thermography in obesity: a window on sympathetic nervous system. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:729-742. [PMID: 35174415 PMCID: PMC8995296 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is known to be associated with an altered thermoregulation as well as a dysregulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Considering the ability of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to modulate the SNS, we hypothesized a potential role of dTMS in affecting thermoregulation in obesity. Aims of the study were to monitor the effect of a single session of dTMS on body temperature in subjects with obesity, and to correlate the dTMS-induced changes in body temperature with activation of the SNS (epinephrine and norepinephrine release). METHODS Twenty-nine subjects with obesity [5 M, 24 F; age 50 (IQR: 58, 38) yrs; BMI 36.1 (IQR: 33.9, 38.7) kg/m2] were randomized into 2 groups receiving a single session of high frequency stimulation (HF) or sham stimulation. Under neutral thermal conditions, infrared thermography was utilized to assess bilateral fingernail-beds and abdominal temperature. RESULTS During a single session HF, the average temperature of both fingernail-beds decreased. Right-hand temperature difference was statistically greater in HF vs Sham: median = - 1.45 (IQR: - 2.0, - 1.0) °C for HF, p = 0.009. While temperature variation in the fingernail-bed of left hand was not statistically significant in HF compared to Sham: median = - 1.26 (IQR: - 1.6, -0.5) °C, p = 0.064. Concurrently, when estimating the effect of norepinephrine variation on temperature change of fingernail-bed of left hand, a borderline significant positive association was estimated (beta = 1.09, p = 0.067) in HF. CONCLUSIONS Deep TMS revealed to be effective in modulating temperature in subjects with obesity, partially reversing obesity-induced alterations in heat production and dissipation with a potential SNS-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese, N. 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cammarata
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Redaelli
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Massarini
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese, N. 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Italy
| | - Concetta Macrì
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese, N. 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese, N. 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Cannavaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese, N. 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Ambler M, Hitrec T, Pickering A. Turn it off and on again: characteristics and control of torpor. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:313. [PMID: 35087956 PMCID: PMC8764563 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17379.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpor is a hypothermic, hypoactive, hypometabolic state entered into by a wide range of animals in response to environmental challenge. This review summarises the current understanding of torpor. We start by describing the characteristics of the wide-ranging physiological adaptations associated with torpor. Next follows a discussion of thermoregulation, control of food intake and energy expenditure, and the interactions of sleep and thermoregulation, with particular emphasis on how those processes pertain to torpor. We move on to review the evidence for the systems that control torpor entry, including both the efferent circulating factors that signal the need for torpor, and the central processes that orchestrate it. Finally, we consider how the putative circuits responsible for torpor induction integrate with the established understanding of thermoregulation under non-torpid conditions and highlight important areas of uncertainty for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ambler
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Timna Hitrec
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anthony Pickering
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Chowdhury VS, Han G, Elhussiny MZ, Ouchi Y, Tran PV, Nishimura H, Haraguchi S, Cockrem JF, Bungo T, Furuse M. Oral Administration of L-Citrulline Changes Brain Free Amino Acid and Monoamine Metabolism in Heat-Exposed Broiler Chickens. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.875572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High ambient temperatures (HT) in summer are becoming more severe due to global warming, leading to severe adverse effects on poultry production. Recently, we have reported that oral administration of L-citrulline (L-Cit) can minimize hyperthermia in chickens under HT. However, whether oral L-Cit can enter the brain, the center for thermoregulation, has not been studied. We investigated the effects of oral administration of L-Cit on free amino acids and monoamines in the diencephalon region of the brain of heat-exposed broilers. Broilers were treated with L-Cit (40 mmol/20 ml/bird), then moved to a chamber at HT (30 ± 1°C) or to a thermoneutral temperature (CT: 22 ± 1°C) chamber for 2 h. Control groups were given methyl cellulose solution and placed in the CT or HT chambers. After 2 h of exposure to HT, there were increased brain concentrations of Cit in comparison with concentrations in broilers exposed to CT, whereas brain ornithine (Orn) concentrations were decreased, and arginine (Arg) concentrations were not changed. Interestingly, oral administration of L-Cit increased brain concentration of Cit, Arg, and Orn under both CT and HT. Tryptophan and its metabolite, serotonin (5-HT) concentrations were lower in the brain under HT than under CT. HT did not change brain concentrations of tyrosine, but dopamine (DA, a metabolite of tyrosine) concentrations decreased, and methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG, a metabolite of DA) concentrations increased in comparison with CT. Oral administration of L-Cit decreased brain concentrations of both tryptophan and tyrosine under CT and HT without changing 5-HT; however, DA levels declined under HT. Moreover, MHPG concentrations increased. In conclusion, these results suggest that metabolism of amino acids and metabolism of DA can be enhanced in the brain by oral administration of L-Cit. Metabolic changes in the brain in response to oral administration of L-Cit may influence the thermoregulatory center in the brain, leading to a reduction in body temperature and conferring thermotolerance in heat-exposed broiler chickens.
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Corticospinal and peripheral responses to heat-induced hypo-hydration: potential physiological mechanisms and implications for neuromuscular function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1797-1810. [PMID: 35362800 PMCID: PMC9287254 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Heat-induced hypo-hydration (hyperosmotic hypovolemia) can reduce prolonged skeletal muscle performance; however, the mechanisms are less well understood and the reported effects on all aspects of neuromuscular function and brief maximal contractions are inconsistent. Historically, a 4–6% reduction of body mass has not been considered to impair muscle function in humans, as determined by muscle torque, membrane excitability and peak power production. With the development of magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological techniques, such as electromyography, peripheral nerve, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the integrity of the brain-to-muscle pathway can be further investigated. The findings of this review demonstrate that heat-induced hypo-hydration impairs neuromuscular function, particularly during repeated and sustained contractions. Additionally, the mechanisms are separate to those of hyperthermia-induced fatigue and are likely a result of modulations to corticospinal inhibition, increased fibre conduction velocity, pain perception and impaired contractile function. This review also sheds light on the view that hypo-hydration has ‘no effect’ on neuromuscular function during brief maximal voluntary contractions. It is hypothesised that irrespective of unchanged force, compensatory reductions in cortical inhibition are likely to occur, in the attempt of achieving adequate force production. Studies using single-pulse TMS have shown that hypo-hydration can reduce maximal isometric and eccentric force, despite a reduction in cortical inhibition, but the cause of this is currently unclear. Future work should investigate the intracortical inhibitory and excitatory pathways within the brain, to elucidate the role of the central nervous system in force output, following heat-induced hypo-hydration.
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Križančić Bombek L, Čater M. Skeletal Muscle Uncoupling Proteins in Mice Models of Obesity. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030259. [PMID: 35323702 PMCID: PMC8955650 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and accompanying type 2 diabetes are among major and increasing worldwide problems that occur fundamentally due to excessive energy intake during its expenditure. Endotherms continuously consume a certain amount of energy to maintain core body temperature via thermogenic processes, mainly in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle glucose utilization and heat production are significant and directly linked to body glucose homeostasis at rest, and especially during physical activity. However, this glucose balance is impaired in diabetic and obese states in humans and mice, and manifests as glucose resistance and altered muscle cell metabolism. Uncoupling proteins have a significant role in converting electrochemical energy into thermal energy without ATP generation. Different homologs of uncoupling proteins were identified, and their roles were linked to antioxidative activity and boosting glucose and lipid metabolism. From this perspective, uncoupling proteins were studied in correlation to the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity and their possible treatments. Mice were extensively used as model organisms to study the physiology and pathophysiology of energy homeostasis. However, we should be aware of interstrain differences in mice models of obesity regarding thermogenesis and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles. Therefore, in this review, we gathered up-to-date knowledge on skeletal muscle uncoupling proteins and their effect on insulin sensitivity in mouse models of obesity and diabetes.
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Namisnak LH, Haghayegh S, Khoshnevis S, Diller KR. Bioheat Transfer Basis of Human Thermoregulation: Principles and Applications. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2022; 144:031203. [PMID: 35833149 PMCID: PMC8823203 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a process that is essential to the maintenance of life for all warm-blooded mammalian and avian species. It sustains a constant core body temperature in the face of a wide array of environmental thermal conditions and intensity of physical activities that generate internal heat. A primary component of thermoregulatory function is the movement of heat between the body core and the surface via the circulation of blood. The peripheral vasculature acts as a forced convection heat exchanger between blood and local peripheral tissues throughout the body enabling heat to be convected to the skin surface where is may be transferred to and from the environment via conduction, convection, radiation, and/or evaporation of water as local conditions dictate. Humans have evolved a particular vascular structure in glabrous (hairless) skin that is especially well suited for heat exchange. These vessels are called arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) and can vasodilate to large diameters and accommodate high flow rates. We report herein a new technology based on a physiological principle that enables simple and safe access to the thermoregulatory control system to allow manipulation of thermoregulatory function. The technology operates by applying a small amount of heating local to control tissue on the body surface overlying the cerebral spine that upregulates AVA perfusion. Under this action, heat exchangers can be applied to glabrous skin, preferably on the palms and soles, to alter the temperature of elevated blood flow prior to its return to the core. Therapeutic and prophylactic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Namisnak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Shahab Haghayegh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Biostatics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138
| | - Sepideh Khoshnevis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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Pezzulo G, Parr T, Friston K. The evolution of brain architectures for predictive coding and active inference. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200531. [PMID: 34957844 PMCID: PMC8710884 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article considers the evolution of brain architectures for predictive processing. We argue that brain mechanisms for predictive perception and action are not late evolutionary additions of advanced creatures like us. Rather, they emerged gradually from simpler predictive loops (e.g. autonomic and motor reflexes) that were a legacy from our earlier evolutionary ancestors-and were key to solving their fundamental problems of adaptive regulation. We characterize simpler-to-more-complex brains formally, in terms of generative models that include predictive loops of increasing hierarchical breadth and depth. These may start from a simple homeostatic motif and be elaborated during evolution in four main ways: these include the multimodal expansion of predictive control into an allostatic loop; its duplication to form multiple sensorimotor loops that expand an animal's behavioural repertoire; and the gradual endowment of generative models with hierarchical depth (to deal with aspects of the world that unfold at different spatial scales) and temporal depth (to select plans in a future-oriented manner). In turn, these elaborations underwrite the solution to biological regulation problems faced by increasingly sophisticated animals. Our proposal aligns neuroscientific theorising-about predictive processing-with evolutionary and comparative data on brain architectures in different animal species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via S. Martino della Battaglia, 44, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Wilson SP, Prescott TJ. Scaffolding layered control architectures through constraint closure: insights into brain evolution and development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200519. [PMID: 34957842 PMCID: PMC8710877 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional organization of the mammalian brain can be considered to form a layered control architecture, but how this complex system has emerged through evolution and is constructed during development remains a puzzle. Here we consider brain organization through the framework of constraint closure, viewed as a general characteristic of living systems, that they are composed of multiple sub-systems that constrain each other at different timescales. We do so by developing a new formalism for constraint closure, inspired by a previous model showing how within-lifetime dynamics can constrain between-lifetime dynamics, and we demonstrate how this interaction can be generalized to multi-layered systems. Through this model, we consider brain organization in the context of two major examples of constraint closure-physiological regulation and visual orienting. Our analysis draws attention to the capacity of layered brain architectures to scaffold themselves across multiple timescales, including the ability of cortical processes to constrain the evolution of sub-cortical processes, and of the latter to constrain the space in which cortical systems self-organize and refine themselves. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tony J. Prescott
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Heterogeneous Heat Absorption Is Complementary to Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040901. [PMID: 35205649 PMCID: PMC8870118 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review shows the advantages of heterogeneous heating of selected malignant cells in harmonic synergy with radiotherapy. The main clinical achievement of this complementary therapy is its extreme safety and minimal adverse effects. Combining the two methods opens a bright perspective, transforming the local radiotherapy to the antitumoral impact on the whole body, destroying the distant metastases by “teaching” the immune system about the overall danger of malignancy. Abstract (1) Background: Hyperthermia in oncology conventionally seeks the homogeneous heating of the tumor mass. The expected isothermal condition is the basis of the dose calculation in clinical practice. My objective is to study and apply a heterogenic temperature pattern during the heating process and show how it supports radiotherapy. (2) Methods: The targeted tissue’s natural electric and thermal heterogeneity is used for the selective heating of the cancer cells. The amplitude-modulated radiofrequency current focuses the energy absorption on the membrane rafts of the malignant cells. The energy partly “nonthermally” excites and partly heats the absorbing protein complexes. (3) Results: The excitation of the transmembrane proteins induces an extrinsic caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, while the heat stress promotes the intrinsic caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic signals generated by mitochondria. The molecular changes synergize the method with radiotherapy and promote the abscopal effect. The mild average temperature (39–41 °C) intensifies the blood flow for promoting oxygenation in combination with radiotherapy. The preclinical experiences verify, and the clinical studies validate the method. (4) Conclusions: The heterogenic, molecular targeting has similarities with DNA strand-breaking in radiotherapy. The controlled energy absorption allows using a similar energy dose to radiotherapy (J/kg). The two therapies are synergistically combined.
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Henrik SZŐKE, István BÓKKON, David M, Jan V, Ágnes K, Zoltán K, Ferenc F, Tibor K, László SL, Ádám D, Odilia M, Andrea K. The innate immune system and fever under redox control: A Narrative Review. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4324-4362. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220203122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
In living cells, redox potential is vitally important for normal physiological processes that are closely regulated by antioxidants, free amino acids and proteins that either have reactive oxygen and nitrogen species capture capability or can be compartmentalized. Although hundreds of experiments support the regulatory role of free radicals and their derivatives, several authors continue to claim that these perform only harmful and non-regulatory functions. In this paper we show that countless intracellular and extracellular signal pathways are directly or indirectly linked to regulated redox processes. We also briefly discuss how artificial oxidative stress can have important therapeutic potential and the possible negative effects of popular antioxidant supplements.
Next, we present the argument supported by a large number of studies that several major components of innate immunity, as well as fever, is also essentially associated with regulated redox processes. Our goal is to point out that the production of excess or unregulated free radicals and reactive species can be secondary processes due to the perturbed cellular signal pathways. However, researchers on pharmacology should consider the important role of redox mechanisms in the innate immune system and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- SZŐKE Henrik
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - BÓKKON István
- Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Vision Research Institute,
Lowell, MA, USA
| | - martin David
- Department of Human Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Vagedes Jan
- University Children’s Hospital, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - kiss Ágnes
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - kovács Zoltán
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - fekete Ferenc
- Department of Nyerges Gábor Pediatric Infectology, Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - kocsis Tibor
- Department of Clinical Governance, Hungarian National Ambulance Service, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - kisbenedek Andrea
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Coull NA, Hodder SG, Havenith G. Age comparison of changes in local warm and cold sensitivity due to whole body cooling. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Elhussiny MZ, Tran PV, Tsuru Y, Haraguchi S, Gilbert ER, Cline MA, Bungo T, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Central Taurine Attenuates Hyperthermia and Isolation Stress Behaviors Augmented by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor with Modifying Brain Amino Acid Metabolism in Neonatal Chicks. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010083. [PMID: 35050205 PMCID: PMC8781603 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of centrally administered taurine on rectal temperature, behavioral responses and brain amino acid metabolism under isolation stress and the presence of co-injected corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Neonatal chicks were centrally injected with saline, 2.1 pmol of CRF, 2.5 μmol of taurine or both taurine and CRF. The results showed that CRF-induced hyperthermia was attenuated by co-injection with taurine. Taurine, alone or with CRF, significantly decreased the number of distress vocalizations and the time spent in active wakefulness, as well as increased the time spent in the sleeping posture, compared with the saline- and CRF-injected chicks. An amino acid chromatographic analysis revealed that diencephalic leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, glutamate, asparagine, alanine, β-alanine, cystathionine and 3-methylhistidine were decreased in response to taurine alone or in combination with CRF. Central taurine, alone and when co-administered with CRF, decreased isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and cysteine, but increased glycine concentrations in the brainstem, compared with saline and CRF groups. The results collectively indicate that central taurine attenuated CRF-induced hyperthermia and stress behaviors in neonatal chicks, and the mechanism likely involves the repartitioning of amino acids to different metabolic pathways. In particular, brain leucine, isoleucine, cysteine, glutamate and glycine may be mobilized to cope with acute stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z. Elhussiny
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (M.Z.E.); (P.V.T.); (Y.T.); (M.F.)
- Department of Animal & Poultry Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Phuong V. Tran
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (M.Z.E.); (P.V.T.); (Y.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Yuriko Tsuru
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (M.Z.E.); (P.V.T.); (Y.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan;
| | - Elizabeth R. Gilbert
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, USA; (E.R.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Mark A. Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, USA; (E.R.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan;
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (M.Z.E.); (P.V.T.); (Y.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (M.Z.E.); (P.V.T.); (Y.T.); (M.F.)
- Division of Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Correspondence:
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A critique on the theory of homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Tschantz A, Barca L, Maisto D, Buckley CL, Seth AK, Pezzulo G. Simulating homeostatic, allostatic and goal-directed forms of interoceptive control using active inference. Biol Psychol 2022; 169:108266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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