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Matomäki P, Nuuttila OP, Heinonen OJ, Kyröläinen H, Nummela A. How to Equalize High- and Low-Intensity Endurance Exercise Dose. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:851-859. [PMID: 39032919 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Without appropriate standardization of exercise doses, comparing high- (HI) and low-intensity (LI) training outcomes might become a matter of speculation. In athletic preparation, proper quantification ensures an optimized stress-to-recovery ratio. This review aims to compare HI and LI doses by estimating theoretically the conversion ratio, 1:x, between HI and LI: How many minutes, x, of LI are equivalent to 1 minute of HI using various quantification methods? A scrutinized analysis on how the dose increases in relation to duration and intensity was also made. ANALYSIS An estimation was conducted across 4 categories encompassing 10 different approaches: (1) "arbitrary" methods, (2) physiological and perceptual measurements during exercise, (3) postexercise measurements, and comparison to (4a) acute and (4b) chronic intensity-related maximum dose. The first 2 categories provide the most conservative estimation for the HI:LI ratio (1:1.5-1:10), and the third, slightly higher (1:4-1:11). The category (4a) provides the highest estimation (1:52+) and (4b) suggests 1:10 to 1:20. The exercise dose in the majority of the approaches increase linearly in relation to duration and exponentially in relation to intensity. CONCLUSIONS As dose estimations provide divergent evaluations of the HI:LI ratio, the choice of metric will have a large impact on the research designs, results, and interpretations. Therefore, researchers should familiarize themselves with the foundations and weaknesses of their metrics and justify their choice. Last, the linear relationship between duration and exercise dose is in many cases assumed rather than thoroughly tested, and its use should be subjected to closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Matomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Center & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Nuuttila
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Center & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Grisebach D, Bornath DPD, McCarthy SF, Jarosz C, Hazell TJ. Low-Load and High-Load Resistance Exercise Completed to Volitional Fatigue Induce Increases in Postexercise Metabolic Responses With More Prolonged Responses With the Low-Load Protocol. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1386-1393. [PMID: 38775793 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Grisebach, D, Bornath, DPD, McCarthy, SF, Jarosz, C, and Hazell, TJ. Low-load and high-load resistance exercise completed to volitional fatigue induce increases in post-exercise metabolic responses with more prolonged responses with the low-load protocol. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1386-1393, 2024-Comparisons of high-load with low-load resistance training (RT) exercise have demonstrated no differences in postexercise metabolism when volume is matched. This important limitation of matching or equating volume diminishes benefits of the low-load RT protocol. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute low-load high volume and high-load low volume RT protocols completed to volitional fatigue on postexercise metabolism. Eleven recreationally active resistance-trained male subjects (24 ± 2 years; BMI: 25.3 ± 1.5 kg·m -2 ) completed 3 experimental sessions: (a) no-exercise control (CTRL); (b) RT at 30% 1 repetition maximum (1RM; 30% 1RM); and (c) RT at 90% 1RM (90% 1RM) with oxygen consumption (V̇ o2 ) measurements 2 hours postexercise. The RT sessions consisted of 3 sets of back squats, bench press, straight-leg deadlift, military press, and bent-over rows to volitional fatigue completed sequentially with 90 seconds of rest between sets and exercises. Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 with a ≥medium effect size. V̇ o2 1 hour postexercise was elevated following 30% 1RM (25%; p = 0.003, d = 1.40) and 90% 1RM (14%; p = 0.010, d = 1.15) vs. CTRL and remained elevated 2 hours postexercise following 30% 1RM (16%; p = 0.010, d = 1.15) vs. CTRL. Total O 2 consumed postexercise increased following 30% 1RM and 90% 1RM (∼17%; p < 0.044, d > 0.91) vs. CTRL. Fat oxidation was elevated 1 hour postexercise following 30% 1RM and 90% 1RM (∼155%; p < 0.001, d > 2.97) and remained elevated 2 hours postexercise following 30% 1RM compared with CTRL and 90% 1RM (∼69%; p < 0.030, d > 1.03). These data demonstrate beneficial changes to postexercise metabolism following high- and low-load RT sessions, with more prolonged effects following the low-load RT protocol completed to volitional fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grisebach
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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McCarthy SF, Jarosz C, Ferguson EJ, Kenno KA, Hazell TJ. Intense interval exercise induces greater changes in post-exercise metabolism compared to submaximal exercise in middle-aged adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1075-1084. [PMID: 37819613 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) consistently elevate post-exercise metabolism compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in young adults (18-25 years), however few studies have investigated this in middle-aged adults. PURPOSE To assess the effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise metabolism following submaximal, near-maximal, and supramaximal exercise protocols in middle-aged adults. METHODS 12 participants (8 females; age: 44 ± 10 years; V ˙ O2max: 35.73 ± 9.97 mL·kg-1 min-1) had their oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2) measured during and for 2 h following 4 experimental sessions: (1) no-exercise control (CTRL); (2) MICT exercise (30 min at 65% V ˙ O2max); (3) HIIT exercise (10 × 1 min at 90% maximum heart rate with 1 min rest); and (4) modified-SIT exercise (8 × 15 s "all-out" efforts with 2 min rest). Between session differences for V ˙ O2 and fat oxidation were compared. RESULTS O2 consumed post-exercise was elevated during the 1st h and 2nd h following HIIT (15.9 ± 2.6, 14.7 ± 2.3 L; P < 0.036, d > 0.98) and modified-SIT exercise (16.9 ± 3.3, 15.30 ± 3.4 L; P < 0.041, d > 0.96) compared to CTRL (13.3 ± 1.9, 12.0 ± 2.5 L) while modified-SIT was also elevated vs HIIT in the 1st h (P < 0.041, d > 0.96). Total post-exercise O2 consumption was elevated following all exercise sessions (MICT: 27.7 ± 4.1, HIIT: 30.6 ± 4.8, SIT: 32.2 ± 6.6 L; P < 0.027, d > 1.03) compared to CTRL (24.9 ± 4.1 L). Modified-SIT exercise increased fat oxidation (0.103 ± 0.019 g min-1) compared to all sessions post-exercise (CTRL: 0.059 ± 0.025, MICT: 0.075 ± 0.022, HIIT: 0.081 ± 0.021 g·min-1; P < 0.007, d > 1.30) and HIIT exercise increased compared to CTRL (P = 0.046, d = 0.87). CONCLUSION Exercise intensity has an important effect on post-exercise metabolism in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Claudia Jarosz
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Emily J Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kenji A Kenno
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L3C5, Canada.
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Chakravarty P, Cozzi G, Scantlebury DM, Ozgul A, Aminian K. Combining accelerometry with allometry for estimating daily energy expenditure in joules when in-lab calibration is unavailable. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:29. [PMID: 37254220 PMCID: PMC10228015 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All behaviour requires energy, and measuring energy expenditure in standard units (joules) is key to linking behaviour to ecological processes. Animal-borne accelerometers are commonly used to infer proxies of energy expenditure, termed 'dynamic body acceleration' (DBA). However, converting acceleration proxies (m/s2) to standard units (watts) involves costly in-lab respirometry measurements, and there is a lack of viable substitutes for empirical calibration relationships when these are unavailable. METHODS We used past allometric work quantifying energy expenditure during resting and locomotion as a function of body mass to calibrate DBA. We used the resulting 'power calibration equation' to estimate daily energy expenditure (DEE) using two models: (1) locomotion data-based linear calibration applied to the waking period, and Kleiber's law applied to the sleeping period (ACTIWAKE), and (2) locomotion and resting data-based linear calibration applied to the 24-h period (ACTIREST24). Since both models require locomotion speed information, we developed an algorithm to estimate speed from accelerometer, gyroscope, and behavioural annotation data. We applied these methods to estimate DEE in free-ranging meerkats (Suricata suricatta), and compared model estimates with published DEE measurements made using doubly labelled water (DLW) on the same meerkat population. RESULTS ACTIWAKE's DEE estimates did not differ significantly from DLW (t(19) = - 1.25; P = 0.22), while ACTIREST24's estimates did (t(19) = - 2.38; P = 0.028). Both models underestimated DEE compared to DLW: ACTIWAKE by 14% and ACTIREST by 26%. The inter-individual spread in model estimates of DEE (s.d. 1-2% of mean) was lower than that in DLW (s.d. 33% of mean). CONCLUSIONS We found that linear locomotion-based calibration applied to the waking period, and a 'flat' resting metabolic rate applied to the sleeping period can provide realistic joule estimates of DEE in terrestrial mammals. The underestimation and lower spread in model estimates compared to DLW likely arise because the accelerometer only captures movement-related energy expenditure, whereas DLW is an integrated measure. Our study offers new tools to incorporate body mass (through allometry), and changes in behavioural time budgets and intra-behaviour changes in intensity (through DBA) in acceleration-based field assessments of daily energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Chakravarty
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Constance, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Cozzi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre, Kuruman River Reserve, Van Zylsrus, 8467, South Africa
| | | | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre, Kuruman River Reserve, Van Zylsrus, 8467, South Africa
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Forsyth JJ, Burt D. Sex Differences in Recovery From Sprint Interval Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:e41-e48. [PMID: 31895284 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky J Forsyth
- School of Education and Life Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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The Effect of Resistance Training in Healthy Adults on Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass and Visceral Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:287-300. [PMID: 34536199 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is the gold standard exercise mode for accrual of lean muscle mass, but the isolated effect of resistance training on body fat is unknown. OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated resistance training for body composition outcomes in healthy adults. Our primary outcome was body fat percentage; secondary outcomes were body fat mass and visceral fat. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES We searched five electronic databases up to January 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included randomised trials that compared full-body resistance training for at least 4 weeks to no-exercise control in healthy adults. ANALYSIS We assessed study quality with the TESTEX tool and conducted a random-effects meta-analysis, with a subgroup analysis based on measurement type (scan or non-scan) and sex (male or female), and a meta-regression for volume of resistance training and training components. RESULTS From 11,981 records, we included 58 studies in the review, with 54 providing data for a meta-analysis. Mean study quality was 9/15 (range 6-15). Compared to the control, resistance training reduced body fat percentage by - 1.46% (95% confidence interval - 1.78 to - 1.14, p < 0.0001), body fat mass by - 0.55 kg (95% confidence interval - 0.75 to - 0.34, p < 0.0001) and visceral fat by a standardised mean difference of - 0.49 (95% confidence interval - 0.87 to - 0.11, p = 0.0114). Measurement type was a significant moderator in body fat percentage and body fat mass, but sex was not. Training volume and training components were not associated with effect size. Resistance training reduces body fat percentage, body fat mass and visceral fat in healthy adults. STUDY REGISTRATION osf.io/hsk32.
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de L Corrêa H, Ribeiro HS, Maya ÁTD, Neves RP, de Moraes MR, Lima RM, Nóbrega OT, Ferreira AP. Influence of the ACTN3 Genotype and the Exercise Intensity on the Respiratory Exchange Ratio and Excess Oxygen Consumption After Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1380-1388. [PMID: 30335718 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT de L. Corrêa, H, Ribeiro, HS, Maya, ÁTD, Neves, RP, de Moraes, MR, Lima, RM, Nóbrega, OT, and Ferreira, AP. Influence of the ACTN3 genotype and the exercise intensity on the respiratory exchange ratio and excess oxygen consumption after exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1380-1388, 2021-This study aimed to assess the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after high-intensity interval training and continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training in accordance with the ACTN3 genotype. A cross-sectional study with 30 physically active individuals who participated in 3 experimental sessions, as follows: a high-intensity interval aerobic exercise, for 3 minutes at 115% anaerobic threshold, with 90 seconds of passive recovery; a continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise at 85% anaerobic threshold; and a control session. Respiratory exchange ratio and V̇o2 were obtained through an indirect, calorimetry-based gas analysis method, using a breath-by-breath approach, assessed at baseline, during the trials, and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after exercise. We found that lower postexercise RER values were observed only in subjects with the X allele, in both the high- and the moderate-intensity training protocols. Homozygous RR subjects showed no differences in postexercise RER compared with the scores at the control day. After both sessions of exercise, EPOC levels were higher compared with scores at the control day for 2 hours among X allele carriers, and only in the first hour among RR homozygous. Thus, the RER and EPOC presented different responses after moderate and intense exercise according to the ACTN3 genotype. Moreover, individuals with the X allele of the ACTN3 gene show a higher oxidation of fats in the postexercise period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo de L Corrêa
- Graduation Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brazil-UCB-DF, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Heitor S Ribeiro
- Graduation Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brazil-UCB-DF, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Áthila T D Maya
- Graduation Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brazil-UCB-DF, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, ICESP, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Neves
- Graduation Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brazil-UCB-DF, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Milton R de Moraes
- Graduation Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brazil-UCB-DF, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Lima
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Brazil University (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil ; and
| | - Otávio T Nóbrega
- Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Brazil University (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Aparecido P Ferreira
- Graduation Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brazil-UCB-DF, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, ICESP, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Panissa VLG, Fukuda DH, Staibano V, Marques M, Franchini E. Magnitude and duration of excess of post-exercise oxygen consumption between high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13099. [PMID: 32656951 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review examined the effect of exercise intensity (high-intensity interval exercise [HIIE] vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise [MICE] vs. sprint interval exercise [SIE]) on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Twenty-two studies were included in the final evaluation. The retrieved investigations were split into studies that analysed short-duration (until 3 h) and long-duration (more than 3 h) EPOC. Studies that subtracted the baseline energy expenditure (EE) were analysed separately from those that did not. Most short-duration evaluations that subtracted baseline EE reported higher EPOC for HIIE (average of ~136 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~101 kJ) and higher values for SIE (average of ~241 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~151 kJ). The long-duration evaluations resulted in greater EPOC for HIIE (average of ~289 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~159 kJ), while no studies comparing SIE versus MICE provided appropriate values. EE from EPOC seems to be greater following HIIE and SIE compared with MICE, and long-duration evaluations seem to present higher values than short-duration evaluations. Additionally, more standardized methodologies are needed in order to determine the effective EPOC time following these protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria L G Panissa
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Victor Staibano
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Marques
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- High-intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group; Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ding C, Chooi YUC, Chan Z, Lo J, Choo J, Ding BTK, Leow MKS, Magkos F. Dose-Dependent Effects of Exercise and Diet on Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2109-2116. [PMID: 31033904 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A single bout of aerobic exercise increases insulin sensitivity the next day. The effects of exercise on insulin secretion, the role of exercise-induced energy deficit, and possible dose-response relationships are not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion after progressively greater negative energy balance induced by exercise or diet. METHODS Acute energy deficits (20% or 40% of weight maintenance needs) were induced by a single day of aerobic exercise (cycling at moderate intensity, n = 13) or dietary restriction (n = 19) in healthy men and women (age, 26 ± 2 yr; body mass index, 21.8 ± 0.5 kg·m). Intravenous glucose tolerance tests in conjunction with minimal modeling were performed the next morning, and blood samples were collected for 3 h to measure glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity increased linearly after exercise-induced energy deficits (P = 0.007) but did not change after equivalent diet-induced energy deficits (P = 0.673). Acute insulin response decreased after both exercise (P < 0.001) and dietary restriction (P = 0.005). The disposition index and glucose effectiveness were not affected by exercise (P = 0.138 and 0.808, respectively), but both decreased after 40% dietary restriction (P = 0.048 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are related to exercise energy expenditure, albeit in a different fashion (insulin sensitivity increases linearly, whereas insulin secretion drops to a nadir with a low exercise dose and does not decrease further). These changes cannot be replicated by equivalent energy deficits induced by dietary restriction, suggesting that exercise and diet have different effects on the mechanisms regulating glucose homeostasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03264001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherlyn Ding
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Y U Chung Chooi
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Zhiling Chan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Jezebel Lo
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - John Choo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Benjamin Tze Keong Ding
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE
| | - Melvin K-S Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE.,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, SINGAPORE.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, SINGAPORE.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, SINGAPORE.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), SINGAPORE.,Section for Obesity Research, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DENMARK
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Moniz SC, Islam H, Hazell TJ. Mechanistic and methodological perspectives on the impact of intense interval training on post-exercise metabolism. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:638-651. [PMID: 31830334 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The post-exercise recovery period is associated with an elevated metabolism known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The relationship between exercise duration and EPOC magnitude is thought to be linear whereas the relationship between EPOC magnitude and exercise intensity is thought to be exponential. Accordingly, near-maximal and supramaximal protocols such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols have been hypothesized to produce greater EPOC magnitudes than submaximal moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). This review updates previous reviews by focusing on the impact of HIIT and SIT on EPOC. Research to date suggests small differences in EPOC post-HIIT compared to MICT in the immediate (<1 hour) recovery period, but greater EPOC values post-HIIT when examined over 24 hours. Conversely, differences in EPOC post-SIT are more pronounced, as SIT tends to produce a larger EPOC vs MICT at all time points. We discuss potential mechanisms that may drive the EPOC response to interval training (eg, glycogen resynthesis, mitochondrial uncoupling, and protein turnover among others) and also consider the role of EPOC as one of the potential contributors to fat loss following HIIT/SIT interventions. Lastly, we highlight a number of methodological shortcomings related to the measurement of EPOC following HIIT and SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Moniz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Faculty of Science, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Hajizadeh Maleki B, Tartibian B. High-intensity interval training modulates male factor infertility through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative mechanisms in infertile men: A randomized controlled trial. Cytokine 2019; 125:154861. [PMID: 31569012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 24 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on markers of male reproductive function in infertile patients were studied. Infertile men (n = 441) were randomized to exercise (EX, n = 221) or non-exercise (NON-EX, n = 220) group. Patients in the EX group performed an interval training (1:1 work:rest ratio) 3 times per week at 75-95% of maximal oxygen consumption, for 24 weeks (VO2max). Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the seminal plasma, as well as semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation and rates of pregnancy, were measured at baseline, on weeks 12, 24; and 7 and 30 days thereafter during the recovery period. The intervention resulted in decreased seminal levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and markers of oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, and 8-isoprostane) (P < 0.05). The concentrations of seminal antioxidants were unaltered with HIIT intervention. These changes further coincide with promising developments in semen parameters, sperm DNA integrity and rates of pregnancy (P < 0.05). This may indicate that HIIT induced beneficial effects on markers of male reproductive function through decreased oxidative damage and proinflammatory status. Findings highlight the possibility that HIIT may be an effective intervention for male factor infertility and support the need for further human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
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Broad AA, Howe GJ, McKie GL, Vanderheyden LW, Hazell TJ. The effects of a pre-exercise meal on postexercise metabolism following a session of sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:411-420. [PMID: 31553895 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) has demonstrated reductions in fat mass through potential alterations in postexercise metabolism. This study examined whether exercising in the fasted or fed state affects postexercise metabolism following acute SIT. Ten active males performed a bout of modified SIT (8 × 15-s sprints; 120 s recovery) in both a fasted (FAST) and fed (FED) state. Gas exchange was collected through 3 h postexercise, appetite perceptions were measured using a visual analog scale, and energy intake was recorded using dietary food logs. There was no difference in energy expenditure between conditions at any time point (p > 0.329) or in total session energy expenditure (FED: 514.8 ± 54.9 kcal, FAST: 504.0 ± 74.3 kcal; p = 0.982). Fat oxidation at 3 h after exercise was higher in FED (0.110 ± 0.04 g·min-1) versus FAST (0.069 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.013) though not different between conditions across time (p > 0.340) or in total postexercise fat oxidation (FED: 0.125 ± 0.04 g·min-1, FAST: 0.105 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.154). Appetite perceptions were lower in FED (-4815.0 ± 4098.7 mm) versus FAST (-707.5 ± 2010.4 mm, p = 0.022); however, energy intake did not differ between conditions (p = 0.429). These results demonstrate the fasted or fed state does not augment postexercise metabolism following acute SIT in a way that would favour fat loss following training. Novelty Energy expenditure was similar between conditions, while fat oxidation was significantly greater in FED at 3 h after exercise. Appetite perceptions were significantly lower in FED; however, energy intake was not different between conditions. Current findings suggest that performing SIT in the fed or fasted state would not affect fat loss following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Broad
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg J Howe
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Luke W Vanderheyden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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14
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Charlot K, Chapelot D. Comparison of energy-matched high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise sessions on latency to eat, energy intake, and appetite. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:665-673. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval exercises (HIIex) have gained popularity but their effects on eating behavior are poorly known. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the effects of HIIex on the 3 main components of eating behavior (appetite, intake, and latency to eat) differ from those of moderate-intensity continuous exercises (MICex) for the same energy expenditure. Fifteen young normal-weight males completed 3 sessions in a counterbalanced order: HIIex (30-s bouts at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake interceded with 60-s bouts at 35% of maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min), MICex (42% of maximal oxygen uptake for 40 min), and a resting session (REST). Trials were scheduled 80 and 100 min after a standard breakfast for MICex and HIIex, respectively. At 120 min, participants were isolated until they asked for lunch. Appetite was rated on 4 visual analog scales (hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and prospective consumption) every 15 min until meal request. Results showed that the mean latency of requesting lunch was significantly longer after HIIex than after REST (+17.3 ± 4.3 min, P = 0.004), but not after MICex (P = 0.686). Energy intake was not different between conditions, leading to a negative energy balance in the 2 exercise sessions. Thus, the effects of HIIex on eating behavior are likely primarily mediated through the latency of meal initiation. However, inter-individual variability was large and further studies are needed to identify the predictive factors of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
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15
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Ferrara PJ, Verkerke ARP, Brault JJ, Funai K. Hypothermia Decreases O2 Cost for Ex Vivo Contraction in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:2015-2023. [PMID: 29787474 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests that the energy efficiency of key ATPases involved in skeletal muscle contractile activity is improved in a hypothermic condition. However, it is unclear how a decrease in temperature affects skeletal muscle O2 consumption (mVO2) induced by muscle contraction. METHODS Isolated mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were incubated in a temperature-controlled (37°C or 25°C) bath that included an O2 probe. EDL muscles from one limb were subjected to the measurement of resting mVO2, and the contralateral EDL muscles were used for the measurement of mVO2 with electrically stimulated contraction. For the resting protocol, muscles were suspended at resting tension for 15 min with continuous O2 recordings. For the contraction protocol, EDL muscles underwent 10 electrically stimulated isometric contractions with continuous O2 recordings for 15 min. The rate of O2 disappearance was quantified as micromoles of O2 per minute and normalized to the wet weight of the muscle. RESULTS Resting mVO2 was greater at 37°C than at 25°C, consistent with the idea that lower temperature reduces basal metabolic rate. Electrically stimulated contraction robustly increased mVO2 at both 37°C and 25°C, which was sustained for ~3 min postcontraction. During that period, mVO2 was elevated approximately fivefold at both 37°C and 25°C. Greater contraction-induced mVO2 at 37°C compared with 25°C occurred despite lower force generated at 37°C than at 25°C. CONCLUSIONS Together, O2 cost for muscle contraction (force-time integral per O2 consumed) was greater at 37°C than at 25°C. Levels of high-energy phosphates were consistent with greater energy demand at 37°C compared with 25°C. In conclusion, these results indicate that muscle contraction that occurs at subnormal temperature requires less O2 than at 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Ferrara
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Anthony R P Verkerke
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.,Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.,Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Ahlert M, Matzenbacher F, Albarello JCDS, Halmenschlager GH. COMPARISON OF EPOC AND RECOVERY ENERGY EXPENDITURE BETWEEN HIIT AND CONTINUOUS AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192501181346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare EPOC - excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and recovery energy expenditure between high intensity interval aerobic exercise (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise in adult amateur runners. Methods: The study included 10 runners, with a mean age of 35.7 ± 5.87 years, height 1.69 ± 0.11 m; body mass 74.13 ± 11.26 kg; fat percentage 19.31 ± 4.27% and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of 3.50 ± 0.64 l/kg/min-1. The continuous aerobic exercise protocol consisted of 20 minutes of running with intensity of 70-75% HRmax. Two 20-second cycles of 8 sprints were performed for HIIT at the highest possible speed, with 10 seconds of rest and a 3-minute interval between cycles. The sample group performed the two protocols at least 48 hours and at most one week apart. EPOC was observed using ergospirometry after the running protocols, and mean consumption was analyzed between 25-30 minutes after exercise. Oxygen consumption at 9-10 minutes was used for resting consumption. The study has a cross-sectional experimental design. Results: Oxygen consumption of 0.57 ± 0.29l/kg/min1 and energy expenditure of 2.84 ± 1.44 kcal/min were observed for continuous aerobic exercise, with values of 0.61 ± 0.62 l/kg/min−1 and 3.06 ± 1.10 kcal/min respectively (p <0.05) for HIIT. Conclusion: The protocols performed did not show a statistically significant difference in terms of EPOC and energy expenditure, but the performance of HIIT increased lipid metabolism for exercise recovery, which may favor the weight loss process. Moreover, this activity model takes up less time. Level of evidence I, randomized clinical trial.
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17
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Author's reply to Andreato et al: "Can we consider that the moderate-intensity continuous training results in higher total energy expenditure comparable to high-intensity interval training?". J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1316-1317. [PMID: 30642224 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1567448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Valstad SA, von Heimburg E, Welde B, van den Tillaar R. Comparison of Long and Short High-Intensity Interval Exercise Bouts on Running Performance, Physiological and Perceptual Responses. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E20-E27. [PMID: 30539113 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-124429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of long (4×4 min) and short intervals (4×8×20 s) of high-intensity interval exercise bouts (HIIT) on running performance, physiological and perceptual responses, and excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Twelve healthy college students (8 men, 4 women; mean age=22±2 years) performed long (90-95% of peak heart rate) and short intervals (maximal intensity) of high-intensity training (running on a non-motorized treadmill) with the same total duration on separate days. The total volume of consumed oxygen during recovery was the same in both cases ( P =0.21), whereas the short intervals of high-intensity training were performed at a faster mean running velocity (3.5±0.18 vs. 2.95±0.07 m/s) and at a lower RPE breath compared with the long intervals of high-intensity training. The blood lactate concentration also tended to be lower during the short intervals of high-intensity training, indicating that short-interval training was perceived to be easier than long-interval training, even though the cardiovascular and metabolic responses are similar. Furthermore, EPOC lasted significantly longer (83.4±3.2 vs. 61.3±27.9 min, P =0.016) and tended to be higher (8.02±4.22=vs. 5.70±3.75 L O 2 , P =0.053) after short intervals than after long intervals of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Andre Valstad
- Nord University, Levanger, Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Levanger, Norway
| | - Erna von Heimburg
- Nord University, Levanger, Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Levanger, Norway
| | - Boye Welde
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, School of Sports Sciences, Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Naves JPA, Viana RB, Rebelo ACS, de Lira CAB, Pimentel GD, Lobo PCB, de Oliveira JC, Ramirez-Campillo R, Gentil P. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Sprint Interval Training on Anthropometric Measures and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Young Women. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1738. [PMID: 30568598 PMCID: PMC6290642 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the effects of 8 weeks of two types of interval training, Sprint Interval Training (SIT) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), on anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy young women. Methods: A randomized clinical trial in which 49 young active women [age, 30.4 ± 6.1 years; body mass index, 24.8 ± 3.1 kg.m−2; peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), 34.9±7.5 mL.kg−1.min−1] were randomly allocated into a SIT or HIIT group. The SIT group performed four bouts of 30 s all-out cycling efforts interspersed with 4 min of recovery (passive or light cycling with no load). The HIIT group performed four bouts of 4-min efforts at 90–95% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 50–60% of HRpeak. At baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention, waist circumference, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, and thigh), body mass and BMI were measured by standard procedures and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by cardiorespiratory graded exertion test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. Results: The HIIT and SIT groups improved, respectively, 14.5 ± 22.9% (P < 0.001) and 16.9 ± 23.4% (P < 0.001) in VO2peak after intervention, with no significant difference between groups. Sum of skinfolds reduced 15.8 ± 7.9 and 22.2 ± 6.4 from baseline (P < 0.001) for HIIT and SIT groups, respectively, with greater reduction for SIT compared to HIIT (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant decreases in waist circumference (P < 0.001) for the HIIT (−3.1 ± 1.1%) and SIT (−3.3 ± 1.8%) groups, with no significant difference between groups. Only SIT showed significant reductions in body weight and BMI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Eight weeks of HIIT and SIT resulted in improvements in anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness, even in the absence of changes in dietary intake. In addition, the SIT protocol induced greater reductions than the HIIT protocol in the sum of skinfolds. Both protocols appear to be time-efficient interventions, since the HIIT and SIT protocols took 33 and 23 min (16 and 2 min of effective training) per session, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro A Naves
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B Viana
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Rebelo
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre B de Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina B Lobo
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jordana C de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Islam H, Townsend LK, Hazell TJ. Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption and Fat Utilization Following Submaximal Continuous and Supramaximal Interval Running. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:450-456. [PMID: 30325710 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1513633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have directly compared excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and fat utilization following different exercise intensities, and the effect of continuous exercise exceeding 75% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on these parameters remains unexplored. The current study examined EPOC and fat utilization following acute moderate- and vigorous-intensity continuous training (MICT and VICT) and sprint interval training (SIT). METHODS Eight active young men performed 4 experimental sessions: (a) MICT (30 min of running at 65% VO2max); (b) VICT (30 min of running at 85% VO2max); (c) SIT (4 30-s "all-out" sprints with 4 min of rest); and (d) no exercise (REST). Excess postexercise oxygen consumption and fat oxidation were estimated from gas measurements (VO2 and carbon dioxide production [VCO2]) obtained during a 2-hr postexercise period. RESULTS Total EPOC was similar (p = .097; effect size [ES] = 0.3) after VICT (8.6 ± 4.7 L) and SIT (10.0 ± 4.2 L) and greater after both (VICT, p = .025, ES = 0.3, and SIT, p < .001, ES = 0.6) versus MICT (6.0 ± 4.3 L). Fat utilization increased after MICT (0.047 ± 0.018 g· min-1, p = .018, ES = 1.3), VICT (0.066 ± 0.020 g•min-1, p = .034, ES = 2.2), and SIT (0.115 ± 0.026 g•min-1, p < .001, ES = 4.0) versus REST (0.025 ± 0.018 g•min-1) and was greatest after SIT (p < .001, ES = 3.0 vs. MICT; p = .031, ES = 2.1 vs. VICT). CONCLUSION Acute exercise increases EPOC and fat utilization in an intensity-dependent manner.
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21
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Sperlich B, De Clerck I, Zinner C, Holmberg HC, Wallmann-Sperlich B. Prolonged Sitting Interrupted by 6-Min of High-Intensity Exercise: Circulatory, Metabolic, Hormonal, Thermal, Cognitive, and Perceptual Responses. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1279. [PMID: 30386249 PMCID: PMC6198043 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to examine certain aspects of circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermoregulatory, cognitive, and perceptual responses while sitting following a brief session of high-intensity interval exercise. Twelve students (five men; age, 22 ± 2 years) performed two trials involving either simply sitting for 180 min (SIT) or sitting for this same period with a 6-min session of high-intensity exercise after 60 min (SIT+HIIT). At T0 (after 30 min of resting), T1 (after a 20-min breakfast), T2 (after sitting for 1 h), T3 (immediately after the HIIT), T4, T5, T6, and T7 (30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the HIIT), circulatory, metabolic, hormonal, thermoregulatory, cognitive, and perceptual responses were assessed. The blood lactate concentration (at T3-T5), heart rate (at T3-T6), oxygen uptake (at T3-T7), respiratory exchange ratio, and sensations of heat (T3-T5), sweating (T3, T4) and odor (T3), as well as perception of vigor (T3-T6), were higher and the respiratory exchange ratio (T4-T7) and mean body and skin temperatures (T3) lower in the SIT+HIIT than the SIT trial. Levels of blood glucose and salivary cortisol, cerebral oxygenation, and feelings of anxiety/depression, fatigue or hostility, as well as the variables of cognitive function assessed by the Stroop test did not differ between SIT and SIT+HIIT. In conclusion, interruption of prolonged sitting with a 6-min session of HIIT induced more pronounced circulatory and metabolic responses and improved certain aspects of perception, without affecting selected hormonal, thermoregulatory or cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Schaun GZ, Pinto SS, Praia ABDC, Alberton CL. Energy expenditure and EPOC between water-based high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training sessions in healthy women. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2053-2060. [PMID: 29400623 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1435967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared the energy expenditure (EE) during and after two water aerobics protocols, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (CONT). A crossover randomized design was employed comprising 11 healthy young women. HIIT consisted of eight 20s bouts at 130% of the cadence associated with the maximal oxygen consumption (measured in the aquatic environment) with 10s passive rest. CONT corresponded to 30 min at a heart rate equivalent to 90-95% of the second ventilatory threshold. EE was measured during and 30 min before and after the protocols and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated. Total EE during session was higher in CONT (227.62 ± 31.69 kcal) compared to HIIT (39.91 ± 4.24 kcal), while EE per minute was greater in HIIT (9.98 ± 1.06 kcal) than in CONT (7.58 ± 1.07 kcal). Post-exercise EE (64.48 ± 3.50 vs. 63.65 ± 10.39 kcal) and EPOC (22.53 ± 4.98 vs.22.10 ± 8.00 kcal) were not different between HIIT and CONT, respectively. Additionally, oxygen uptake had already returned to baseline fifteen minutes post-exercise. These suggest that a water aerobics CONT session results in post-exercise EE and EPOC comparable to HIIT despite the latter supramaximal nature. Still, CONT results in higher total EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Zaccaria Schaun
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Stephanie Santana Pinto
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | | | - Cristine Lima Alberton
- a Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
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Changes in fat oxidation in response to various regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:51-63. [PMID: 29124325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased whole-body fat oxidation (FOx) has been consistently demonstrated in response to moderate intensity continuous exercise training. Completion of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and its more intense form, sprint interval training (SIT), has also been reported to increase FOx in different populations. An explanation for this increase in FOx is primarily peripheral adaptations via improvements in mitochondrial content and function. However, studies examining changes in FOx are less common in response to HIIT or SIT than those determining increases in maximal oxygen uptake which is concerning, considering that FOx has been identified as a predictor of weight gain and glycemic control. In this review, we explored physiological and methodological issues underpinning existing literature concerning changes in FOx in response to HIIT and SIT. Our results show that completion of interval training increases FOx in approximately 50% of studies, with the frequency of increased FOx higher in response to studies using HIIT compared to SIT. Significant increases in β-HAD, citrate synthase, fatty acid binding protein, or FAT/CD36 are likely responsible for the greater FOx seen in these studies. We encourage scientists to adopt strict methodological procedures to attenuate day-to-day variability in FOx, which is dramatic, and develop standardized procedures for assessing FOx, which may improve detection of changes in FOx in response to HIIT.
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Tsuji K, Xu Y, Liu X, Tabata I. Effects of short-lasting supramaximal-intensity exercise on diet-induced increase in oxygen uptake. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13506. [PMID: 29151442 PMCID: PMC5704082 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to quantify the additional increase in diet-induced oxygen uptake after exhaustive high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), consisting of 6-7 bouts of 20-sec bicycle exercise (intensity: 170% V˙O2max) with a 10-sec rest between bouts. Using a metabolic chamber, the oxygen uptake of ten men was measured from 10:30 am to 07:00 am the next day on two separate days with or without HIIE, with lunch (12:00) and supper (18:00) (Diet experiment). On two other days, the oxygen uptake of six different subjects was measured from 10:30 to 16:00 with or without HIIE, but without meals (Fasting experiment). Ten minutes of exercise at 50% V˙O2maxpreceded the HIIE in both experiments; EPOC (excess postexercise oxygen consumption) after HIIE was found to wear off before 12:00 in both experiments. In the Diet experiment, oxygen uptake during HIIE and EPOC were 123.4 ± 12.0 and 115.3 ± 32.3 mL·kg-1, respectively. Meals elevated resting oxygen uptake on both days, but those on the HIIE day were significantly higher than on the control day. This enhanced diet-induced oxygen uptake (difference in resting oxygen uptake from 12:00-23:00 between HIIE and control day: ΔDIT) was 146.1 ± 90.9 mL·kg-1, comparable to the oxygen uptake during the HIIE and EPOC The ΔDIT was correlated with subjects' V˙O2max(52.1 ± 6.6 mL·kg-1·min-1) (r = 0.76, n = 10, P < 0.05). We concluded that HIIE enhances diet-induced oxygen uptake significantly, and that it is related to the cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tsuji
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yuzhong Xu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Xin Liu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
| | - Izumi Tabata
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan
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Schaun GZ, Alberton CL, Ribeiro DO, Pinto SS. Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training sessions on cardiorespiratory parameters in healthy young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1437-1444. [PMID: 28488137 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare the energy expenditure (EE) during and after two treadmill protocols, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (CONT), in young adult men. METHODS The sample was comprised by 26 physically active men aged between 18 and 35 years engaged in aerobic training programs. They were divided into two groups: HIIT (n = 14) which performed eight 20 s bouts at 130% of the velocity associated with the maximal oxygen consumption on a treadmill with 10 s of passive rest, or CONT (n = 12) which performed 30 min running on a treadmill at a submaximal velocity equivalent to 90-95% of the heart rate associated with the anaerobic threshold. Data related to oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and EE were measured during the protocols and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated for both sessions. RESULTS No difference was found between groups for mean [Formula: see text] (HIIT: 2.84 ± 0.46 L min-1; CONT: 2.72 ± 0.43 L min-1) and EE per minute (HIIT: 14.36 ± 2.34 kcal min-1; CONT: 13.21 ± 2.08 kcal min-1) during protocols. Regarding total EE during session, CONT resulted in higher values compared to HIIT (390.45 ± 65.15; 55.20 ± 9.33 kcal, respectively). However, post-exercise EE and EPOC values were higher after HIIT (69.31 ± 10.88; 26.27 ± 2.28 kcal, respectively) compared to CONT (55.99 ± 10.20; 13.43 ± 10.45 kcal, respectively). CONCLUSION These data suggest that supramaximal HIIT has a higher impact on EE and EPOC in the early phase of recovery when compared to CONT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Zaccaria Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristine Lima Alberton
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Oliveira Ribeiro
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Santana Pinto
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Islam H, Townsend LK, Hazell TJ. Modified sprint interval training protocols. Part I. Physiological responses. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:339-346. [PMID: 28177740 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT) are observed with brief (≤15-s) work bouts highlighting peak power generation as an important metabolic stimulus. This study examined the effects of manipulating SIT work bout and recovery period duration on energy expenditure (EE) during and postexercise, as well as postexercise fat oxidation rates. Nine active males completed a resting control session (CTRL) and 3 SIT sessions in randomized order: (i) 30:240 (4 × 30-s bouts, 240-s recovery); (ii) 15:120 (8 × 15-s bouts, 120-s recovery); (3) 5:40 (24 × 5-s bouts, 40-s recovery). Protocols were matched for the total duration of work (2 min) and recovery (16 min), as well as the work-to-recovery ratio (1:8 s). EE and fat oxidation rates were derived from gas exchange measured before, during, and for 3 h postexercise. All protocols increased EE versus CTRL (P < 0.001). Exercise EE was greater (P < 0.001) with 5:40 (209 kcal) versus both 15:120 (163 kcal) and 30:240 (138 kcal), while 15:120 was also greater (P < 0.001) than 30:240. Postexercise EE was greater (P = 0.014) with 15:120 (313 kcal) versus 5:40 (294 kcal), though both were similar (P > 0.077) to 30:240 (309 kcal). Postexercise fat oxidation was similar (P = 0.650) after 15:120 (0.104 g·min-1) and 30:240 (0.116 g·min-1) and both were greater (P < 0.030) than 5:40 (0.072 g·min-1) and CTRL (0.049 g·min-1). In conclusion, shorter SIT work bouts that target peak power generation increase exercise EE without compromising postexercise EE, though longer bouts promote greater postexercise fat utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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Martínez SR, Ríos LJC, Tamayo IM, Almeida LG, López-Gomez MA, Jara CC. An After-School, high-intensity, interval physical activity programme improves health-related fitness in children. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Tucker WJ, Angadi SS, Gaesser GA. Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption After High-Intensity and Sprint Interval Exercise, and Continuous Steady-State Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3090-3097. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Karstoft K, Wallis GA, Pedersen BK, Solomon TPJ. The effects of interval- vs. continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and substrate oxidation rates in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2016; 65:1316-25. [PMID: 27506739 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For unknown reasons, interval training often reduces body weight more than energy-expenditure matched continuous training. We compared the acute effects of time-duration and oxygen-consumption matched interval- vs. continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), substrate oxidation rates and lipid metabolism in the hours following exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Following an overnight fast, ten T2D subjects (M/F: 7/3; age=60.3±2.3years; body mass index (BMI)=28.3±1.1kg/m(2)) completed three 60-min interventions in a counterbalanced, randomized order: 1) control (CON), 2) continuous walking (CW), 3) interval-walking (IW - repeated cycles of 3min of fast and 3min of slow walking). Indirect calorimetry was applied during each intervention and repeatedly for 30min per hour during the following 5h. A liquid mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT, 450kcal) was consumed by the subjects 45min after completion of the intervention with blood samples taken regularly. RESULTS Exercise interventions were successfully matched for total oxygen consumption (CW=1641±133mL/min; IW=1634±126mL/min, P>0.05). EPOC was higher after IW (8.4±1.3l) compared to CW (3.7±1.4l, P<0.05). Lipid oxidation rates were increased during the MMTT in IW (1.03±0.12mg/kg per min) and CW (0.87±0.04mg/kg per min) compared with CON (0.73±0.04mg/kg per min, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), with no difference between IW and CW. Moreover, free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations, and glycerol kinetics were increased comparably during and after IW and CW compared to CON. CONCLUSIONS Interval exercise results in greater EPOC than oxygen-consumption matched continuous exercise during a post-exercise MMTT in subjects with T2D, whereas effects on substrate oxidation and lipid metabolism are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Beaulieu K, Olver TD, Abbott KC, Lemon PWR. Energy intake over 2 days is unaffected by acute sprint interval exercise despite increased appetite and energy expenditure. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 40:79-86. [PMID: 25494974 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A cumulative effect of reduced energy intake, increased oxygen consumption, and/or increased lipid oxidation could explain the fat loss associated with sprint interval exercise training (SIT). This study assessed the effects of acute sprint interval exercise (SIE) on energy intake, subjective appetite, appetite-related peptides, oxygen consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio over 2 days. Eight men (25 ± 3 years, 79.6 ± 9.7 kg, body fat 13% ± 6%; mean ± SD) completed 2 experimental treatments: SIE and recovery (SIEx) and nonexercise control. Each 34-h treatment consisted of 2 consecutive 10-h test days. Between 0800-1800 h, participants remained in the laboratory for 8 breath-by-breath gas collections, 3 buffet-type meals, 14 appetite ratings, and 4 blood samples for appetite-related peptides. Treatment comparisons were made using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA or t tests. An immediate, albeit short-lived (<1 h), postexercise suppression of appetite and increase in peptide YY (PYY) were observed (P < 0.001). However, overall hunger and motivation to eat were greater during SIEx (P < 0.02) without affecting energy intake. Total 34-h oxygen consumption was greater during SIEx (P = 0.04), elicited by the 1491-kJ (22%) greater energy expenditure over the first 24 h (P = 0.01). Despite its effects on oxygen consumption, appetite, and PYY, acute SIE did not affect energy intake. Consequently, if these dietary responses to SIE are sustained with regular SIT, augmentations in oxygen consumption and/or a substrate shift toward increased fat use postexercise are most likely responsible for the observed body fat loss with this type of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Beaulieu
- a Exercise Nutrition Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
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Falcone PH, Tai CY, Carson LR, Joy JM, Mosman MM, McCann TR, Crona KP, Kim MP, Moon JR. Caloric expenditure of aerobic, resistance, or combined high-intensity interval training using a hydraulic resistance system in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:779-85. [PMID: 25162652 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although exercise regimens vary in content and duration, few studies have compared the caloric expenditure of multiple exercise modalities with the same duration. The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure of single sessions of resistance, aerobic, and combined exercise with the same duration. Nine recreationally active men (age: 25 ± 7 years; height: 181.6 ± 7.6 cm; weight: 86.6 ± 7.5 kg) performed the following 4 exercises for 30 minutes: a resistance training session using 75% of their 1-repetition maximum (1RM), an endurance cycling session at 70% maximum heart rate (HRmax), an endurance treadmill session at 70% HRmax, and a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on a hydraulic resistance system (HRS) that included repeating intervals of 20 seconds at maximum effort followed by 40 seconds of rest. Total caloric expenditure, substrate use, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Caloric expenditure was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater when exercising with the HRS (12.62 ± 2.36 kcal·min), compared with when exercising with weights (8.83 ± 1.55 kcal·min), treadmill (9.48 ± 1.30 kcal·min), and cycling (9.23 ± 1.25 kcal·min). The average HR was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater with the HRS (156 ± 9 b·min), compared with that using weights (138 ± 16 b·min), treadmill (137 ± 5 b·min), and cycle (138 ± 6 b·min). Similarly, the average RPE was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher with the HRS (16 ± 2), compared with that using weights (13 ± 2), treadmill (10 ± 2), and cycle (11 ± 1). These data suggest that individuals can burn more calories performing an HIIT session with an HRS than spending the same amount of time performing a steady-state exercise session. This form of exercise intervention may be beneficial to individuals who want to gain the benefits of both resistance and cardiovascular training but have limited time to dedicate to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Falcone
- 1MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, Colorado; 2University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; 3University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; and 4Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, Alabama
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Riddell MC, Zaharieva DP, Yavelberg L, Cinar A, Jamnik VK. Exercise and the Development of the Artificial Pancreas: One of the More Difficult Series of Hurdles. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 9:1217-26. [PMID: 26428933 PMCID: PMC4667314 DOI: 10.1177/1932296815609370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) promotes numerous health benefits for people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, PA also complicates blood glucose control. Factors affecting blood glucose fluctuations during PA include activity type, intensity and duration as well as the amount of insulin and food in the body at the time of the activity. To maintain equilibrium with blood glucose concentrations during PA, the rate of glucose appearance (Ra) to disappearance (Rd) in the bloodstream must be balanced. In nondiabetics, there is a rise in glucagon and a reduction in insulin release at the onset of mild to moderate aerobic PA. During intense aerobic -anaerobic work, insulin release first decreases and then rises rapidly in early recovery to offset a more dramatic increase in counterregulatory hormones and metabolites. An "exercise smart" artificial pancreas (AP) must be capable of sensing glucose and perhaps other physiological responses to various types and intensities of PA. The emergence of this new technology may benefit active persons with T1D who are prone to hypo and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dessi P Zaharieva
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loren Yavelberg
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Cinar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Veronica K Jamnik
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Metcalfe RS, Koumanov F, Ruffino JS, Stokes KA, Holman GD, Thompson D, Vollaard NBJ. Physiological and molecular responses to an acute bout of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2321-34. [PMID: 26156806 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that 6 weeks of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) improves VO2max in sedentary men and women and insulin sensitivity in men. Here, we present two studies examining the acute physiological and molecular responses to REHIT. METHODS In Study 1, five men and six women (age: 26 ± 7 year, BMI: 23 ± 3 kg m(-2), VO2max: 51 ± 11 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed a single 10-min REHIT cycling session (60 W and two 20-s 'all-out' sprints), with vastus lateralis biopsies taken before and 0, 30, and 180 min post-exercise for analysis of glycogen content, phosphorylation of AMPK, p38 MAPK and ACC, and gene expression of PGC1α and GLUT4. In Study 2, eight men (21 ± 2 year; 25 ± 4 kg·m(-2); 39 ± 10 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed three trials (REHIT, 30-min cycling at 50 % of VO2max, and a resting control condition) in a randomised cross-over design. Expired air, venous blood samples, and subjective measures of appetite and fatigue were collected before and 0, 15, 30, and 90 min post-exercise. RESULTS Acutely, REHIT was associated with a decrease in muscle glycogen, increased ACC phosphorylation, and activation of PGC1α. When compared to aerobic exercise, changes in VO2, RER, plasma volume, and plasma lactate and ghrelin were significantly more pronounced with REHIT, whereas plasma glucose, NEFAs, PYY, and measures of appetite were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that REHIT is associated with a pronounced disturbance of physiological homeostasis and associated activation of signalling pathways, which together may help explain previously observed adaptations once considered exclusive to aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Metcalfe
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, University of Ulster, Derry, UK
| | - F Koumanov
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - J S Ruffino
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - K A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - G D Holman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - D Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - N B J Vollaard
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Townsend LK, Couture KM, Hazell TJ. Mode of exercise and sex are not important for oxygen consumption during and in recovery from sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1388-94. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most sprint interval training (SIT) research involves cycling as the mode of exercise and whether running SIT elicits a similar excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) response to cycling SIT is unknown. As running is a more whole-body–natured exercise, the potential EPOC response could be greater when using a running session compared with a cycling session. The purpose of the current study was to determine the acute effects of a running versus cycling SIT session on EPOC and whether potential sex differences exist. Sixteen healthy recreationally active individuals (8 males and 8 females) had their gas exchange measured over ∼2.5 h under 3 experimental sessions: (i) a cycle SIT session, (ii) a run SIT session, and (iii) a control (CTRL; no exercise) session. Diet was controlled. During exercise, both SIT modes increased oxygen consumption (cycle: male, 1.967 ± 0.343; female, 1.739 ± 0.296 L·min−1; run: male, 2.169 ± 0.369; female, 1.791 ± 0.481 L·min−1) versus CTRL (male, 0.425 ± 0.065 L·min−1; female, 0.357 ± 0.067; P < 0.001), but not compared with each other (P = 0.234). In the first hour postexercise, oxygen consumption was still increased following both run (male, 0.590 ± 0.065; female, 0.449 ± 0.084) and cycle SIT (male, 0.556 ± 0.069; female, 0.481 ± 0.110 L·min−1) versus CTRL and oxygen consumption was maintained through the second hour postexercise (CTRL: male, 0.410 ± 0.048; female, 0.332 ± 0.062; cycle: male, 0.430 ± 0.047; female, 0.395 ± 0.087; run: male, 0.463 ± 0.051; female, 0.374 ± 0.087 L·min−1). The total EPOC was not significantly different between modes of exercise or males and females (P > 0.05). Our data demonstrate that the mode of exercise during SIT (cycling or running) is not important to O2 consumption and that males and females respond similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K. Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Katie M. Couture
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tom J. Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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Peake JM, Tan SJ, Markworth JF, Broadbent JA, Skinner TL, Cameron-Smith D. Metabolic and hormonal responses to isoenergetic high-intensity interval exercise and continuous moderate-intensity exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E539-52. [PMID: 25096178 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00276.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. work-matched moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MOD) on metabolism and counterregulatory stress hormones. In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 10 well-trained male cyclists and triathletes completed a HIIT session [81.6 ± 3.7% maximum oxygen consumption (V̇o2 max); 72.0 ± 3.2% peak power output; 792 ± 95 kJ] and a MOD session (66.7 ± 3.5% V̇o2 max; 48.5 ± 3.1% peak power output; 797 ± 95 kJ). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 and 2 h postexercise. Carbohydrate oxidation was higher (P = 0.037; 20%), whereas fat oxidation was lower (P = 0.037; -47%) during HIIT vs. MOD. Immediately after exercise, plasma glucose (P = 0.024; 20%) and lactate (P < 0.01; 5.4×) were higher in HIIT vs. MOD, whereas total serum free fatty acid concentration was not significantly different (P = 0.33). Targeted gas chromatography-mass spectromtery metabolomics analysis identified and quantified 49 metabolites in plasma, among which 11 changed after both HIIT and MOD, 13 changed only after HIIT, and 5 changed only after MOD. Notable changes included substantial increases in tricarboxylic acid intermediates and monounsaturated fatty acids after HIIT and marked decreases in amino acids during recovery from both trials. Plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (P = 0.019), cortisol (P < 0.01), and growth hormone (P < 0.01) were all higher immediately after HIIT. Plasma norepinephrine (P = 0.11) and interleukin-6 (P = 0.20) immediately after exercise were not significantly different between trials. Plasma insulin decreased during recovery from both HIIT and MOD (P < 0.01). These data indicate distinct differences in specific metabolites and counterregulatory hormones following HIIT vs. MOD and highlight the value of targeted metabolomic analysis to provide more detailed insights into the metabolic demands of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia;
| | - Sok Joo Tan
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | | | - James A Broadbent
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; and
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Larsen I, Welde B, Martins C, Tjønna AE. High- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in men with metabolic syndrome. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:e174-9. [PMID: 24118097 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is central in prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. High-intensity aerobic exercise can induce larger energy expenditure per unit of time compared with moderate-intensity exercise. Furthermore, it may induce larger energy expenditure at post-exercise recovery. The aim of this study is to compare the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in three different aerobic exercise sessions in men with metabolic syndrome. Seven men (age: 56.7 ± 10.8) with metabolic syndrome participated in this crossover study. The sessions consisted of one aerobic interval (1-AIT), four aerobic intervals (4-AIT), and 47-min continuous moderate exercise (CME) on separate days, with at least 48 h between each test day. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured pre-exercise and used as baseline value. EPOC was measured until baseline metabolic rate was re-established. An increase in O2 uptake lasting for 70.4 ± 24.8 min (4-AIT), 35.9 ± 17.3 min (1-AIT), and 45.6 ± 17.3 min (CME) was observed. EPOC were 2.9 ± 1.7 L O2 (4-AIT), 1.3 ± .1 L O2 (1-AIT), and 1.4 ± 1.1 L O2 (CME). There were significant differences (P < 0.001) between 4-AIT, CME, and 1-AIT. Total EPOC was highest after 4-AIT. These data suggest that exercise intensity has a significant positive effect on EPOC in men with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Larsen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Sport and Physical Education, Nord-Trøndelag University College, Levanger, Norway
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Kelly B, King JA, Goerlach J, Nimmo MA. The impact of high-intensity intermittent exercise on resting metabolic rate in healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:3039-47. [PMID: 24097174 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-intensity intermittent exercise training (HIT) may favourably alter body composition despite low training volumes and predicted energy expenditure (EE). PURPOSE To characterise the acute impact of two common HIT protocols on EE and post-exercise oxygen consumption (11 h EPOC). METHODS Oxygen consumption (l min(-1)), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and EE were measured in nine healthy, lean males over 12 h under three conditions: control (CON), HIT1 (10 × 1 min high-intensity cycling bouts followed by 1 min rest) and HIT2 (10 × 4 min high-intensity cycling bouts followed by 2 min rest). RESULTS Total exercise period EE during HIT1 (1,151 ± 205 kJ) (mean ± SD) was significantly lower than HIT2 (2,788 ± 322 kJ; p < 0.001). EE within the 60 min after exercise was significantly albeit marginally higher after HIT1 (388 ± 44 kJ; p = 0.02) and HIT2 (389 ± 39 kJ; p = 0.01) compared with CON (329 ± 39 kJ), with no difference between exercise conditions (p = 0.778). RER during this period was significantly lower in HIT1 (0.78 ± 0.06; p = 0.011) and HIT2 (0.76 ± 0.04; p = 0.004) compared with CON (0.87 ± 0.06). During the 'slow phase' of EPOC (1.25-9.75 h), there were no significant differences in EE (p = 0.07) or RER (p = 0.173) between trials. CONCLUSIONS Single HIT sessions notably increases EE during exertion; however, the influence on metabolic rate post-exercise is transient and relatively minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kelly
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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Williams CB, Zelt JGE, Castellani LN, Little JP, Jung ME, Wright DC, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ. Changes in mechanisms proposed to mediate fat loss following an acute bout of high-intensity interval and endurance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1236-44. [PMID: 24195624 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of endurance exercise (END; 65% V̇O2peak for 60 min) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIE; four 30 s Wingates separated by 4.5 min of active rest) on cardiorespiratory, hormonal, and subjective appetite measures that may account for the previously reported superior fat loss with low volume HIE compared with END. Recreationally active males (n = 18) completed END, HIE, and control (CON) protocols. On each test day, cardiorespiratory measures including oxygen uptake (V̇O2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate were recorded and blood samples were obtained at baseline (BSL), 60 min after exercise, and 180 min after exercise (equivalent times for CON). Subjective measures of appetite (hunger, fullness, nausea, and prospective consumption) were assessed using visual analogue scales, administered at BSL, 0, 60, 120, and 180 min after exercise. No significant differences in excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were observed between conditions. RER was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed in HIE compared with CON at 60 min after exercise, yet estimates of total fat oxidation over CON were not different between HIE and END. No differences in plasma adiponectin concentrations between protocols or time points were present. Epinephrine and norepinephrine were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated immediately after exercise in HIE compared with CON. Several subjective measures of appetite were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed immediately following HIE. Our data indicate that increases in EPOC or fat oxidation following HIE appear unlikely to contribute to the reported superior fat loss compared with END.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B Williams
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Chan HH, Burns SF. Oxygen consumption, substrate oxidation, and blood pressure following sprint interval exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:182-7. [PMID: 23438230 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examined the acute effect of sprint interval exercise (SIE) on postexercise oxygen consumption, substrate oxidation, and blood pressure. The participants were 10 healthy males aged 21-27 years. Following overnight fasts, each participant undertook 2 trials in a random balanced order: (i) four 30-s bouts of SIE on a cycle ergometer, separated by 4.5 min of recovery, and (ii) resting (control) in the laboratory for an equivalent period. Time-matched measurements of oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood pressure were made for 2 h into recovery. Total 2-h oxygen consumption was significantly higher in the SIE than in the control trial (mean ± SD: CONTROL 31.9 ± 6.7 L vs Exercise: 45.5 ± 6.8 L, p < 0.001). The rate of fat oxidation was 75% higher 2 h after the exercise trial compared with the control trial ( CONTROL 0.08 ± 0.05 g·min(-1) vs Exercise: 0.14 ± 0.06 g·min(-1), p = 0.035). Systolic blood pressure ( CONTROL 117 ± 8 mm Hg vs Exercise: 109 ± 8 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure ( CONTROL 84 ± 6 mm Hg vs Exercise: 77 ± 5 mm Hg, p < 0.05) were significantly lower 2 h after the exercise trial compared with the control trial. These data showed a 42% increase in oxygen consumption (∼13.6 L) over 2 h after a single bout of SIE. Moreover, the rate of fat oxidation increased by 75%, whereas blood pressure was reduced by ∼8 mm Hg 2 h after SIE. Whether these acute benefits of SIE can translate into long-term changes in body composition and an improvement in vascular health needs investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hao Chan
- a Sport Science and Management, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616
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Bloomer R, Farney T. Plasma glycerol during the acute post-exercise recovery period: influence of exercise intensity. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/cep13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intensity of exercise can influence substrate utilization, with increasing intensity resulting in lower rates of fat oxidation and the reliance on carbohydrate as the preferred fuel. Fat oxidation (or more specifically, mobilization) can be assessed via the measurement of circulating glycerol, with most prior research focusing on aerobic exercise and measurements obtained during the actual exercise bout. The present study determined the degree of fat oxidation/mobilization by measuring plasma glyctierol concentrations during the one hour post-exercise recovery period following three difference exercise bouts. On four different days, exercise trained men (n=12; 23.7±1.1 years) either rested quietly or performed aerobic cycle exercise (60 min at 70% heart rate reserve), 60 s cycle sprints at 100% max wattage obtained during graded exercise testing (GXT) - a total of five, or 15 s cycle sprints at 200% max wattage obtained during GXT - a total of 10. Blood was collected before and at 1, 30 and 60 min post-exercise. Haematocrit and haemoglobin were measured to correct for changes in plasma volume. Glycerol was analysed in plasma and the area under the curve was calculated. Glycerol increased across time (P<0.0001) from pre-exercise (8.4±0.3 μg/dl) to 1 min (13.1±0.7 μg/dl), 30 min (11.3±0.6 μg/dl) and 60 min (9.1±0.5 μg/dl) post-exercise, with 1 min and 30 min post-exercise greater than pre-exercise and 60 min post-exercise (P<0.05). Area under the curve was greater (P=0.0004) for aerobic exercise (24.7±2.0 μg/dl/h), 60 second sprints (23.4±1.9 μg/dl/h) and 15 sec sprints (24.4±1.5 μg/dl/h), as compared to rest (15.3±0.8 μg/dl/h), with no differences noted between exercise bouts (P≯0.05). All exercise bouts increase circulating glycerol, with no differences noted between bouts. Although previous data indicate that low intensity aerobic exercise results in greater fat oxidation than high intensity exercise (when assessed during the actual exercise session), our findings suggest that high intensity exercise may result in similar fat oxidation/mobilization as compared to aerobic exercise during the acute post-exercise period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.J. Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, University of Memphis, 106 Roane Field House, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - T.M. Farney
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, University of Memphis, 106 Roane Field House, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Vilacxa Alves J, Saavedra F, Simão R, Novaes J, Rhea MR, Green D, Machado Reis V. Does aerobic and strength exercise sequence in the same session affect the oxygen uptake during and postexercise? J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1872-8. [PMID: 21986689 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318238e852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent training is a strategy employed in both general fitness and sports conditioning. The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of VO2 in different combinations of strength exercise with aerobic interval exercise. Eight men (23.6 ± 4.2 years, 178 ± 6.3 cm, 77 ± 7.9 kg, 7.67 ± 1.95% body fat) completed 3 combinations of strength training (ST) and aerobic training (AT) in a randomized order with a 7-day recovery period: AT before ST exercises, AT between 2 blocks of ST exercises, and AT after ST exercises. The ST comprised 4 exercises performed in 3 sets of 10 reps and 2 exercises, abdominal crunch and lumbar extension, performed in 3 sets of 30 and 20 reps, respectively. The AT consisted of a 20-minute interval cycling. There were no significant differences in the values of absolute or relative VO2, in the heart rate (HR) and in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) when the 3 sessions (during + postexercise measurements) were compared (values are mean ± SD). Analyzing only ST in each session, differences were detected in the RER values (F = 4.714; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.308) between AT before ST and AT in the middle of ST (1.01 ± 0.97 vs. 1.11 ± 0.07, respectively). In all sequences, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the values of relative and absolute VO2 and HR, and a significant decrease in RER values (p < 0.05) from the first to the second part of the ST session. The values of absolute or relative VO2, HR, and RER did not vary significantly among the 3 sessions as compared with the AT after ST. These data support the hypothesis that ST and AT, when performed in sequence in the same session, do not seem to affect the overall oxygen consumption during the exercise session. Therefore, training sessions may incorporate both modalities without apparent impact on aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vilacxa Alves
- Research Center for Sport, Health, and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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Deighton K, Barry R, Connon CE, Stensel DJ. Appetite, gut hormone and energy intake responses to low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1147-56. [PMID: 23111564 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sprint interval exercise improves several health markers but the appetite and energy balance response is unknown. This study compared the effects of sprint interval and endurance exercise on appetite, energy intake and gut hormone responses. Twelve healthy males [mean (SD): age 23 (3) years, body mass index 24.2 (2.9) kg m(-2), maximum oxygen uptake 46.3 (10.2) mL kg(-1) min(-1)] completed three 8 h trials [control (CON), endurance exercise (END), sprint interval exercise (SIE)] separated by 1 week. Trials commenced upon completion of a standardised breakfast. Sixty minutes of cycling at 68.1 (4.3) % of maximum oxygen uptake was performed from 1.75-2.75 h in END. Six 30-s Wingate tests were performed from 2.25-2.75 h in SIE. Appetite ratings, acylated ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were measured throughout each trial. Food intake was monitored from buffet meals at 3.5 and 7 h and an overnight food bag. Appetite (P < 0.0005) and acylated ghrelin (P < 0.002) were suppressed during exercise but more so during SIE. Peptide YY increased during exercise but most consistently during END (P < 0.05). Acylated ghrelin was lowest in the afternoon of SIE (P = 0.018) despite elevated appetite (P = 0.052). Exercise energy expenditure was higher in END than that in SIE (P < 0.0005). Energy intake was not different between trials (P > 0.05). Therefore, relative energy intake (energy intake minus the net energy expenditure of exercise) was lower in END than that in CON (15.7 %; P = 0.006) and SIE (11.5 %; P = 0.082). An acute bout of endurance exercise resulted in lower appetite perceptions in the hours after exercise than sprint interval exercise and induced a greater 24 h energy deficit due to higher energy expenditure during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Deighton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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Crisp NA, Fournier PA, Licari MK, Braham R, Guelfi KJ. Adding sprints to continuous exercise at the intensity that maximises fat oxidation: implications for acute energy balance and enjoyment. Metabolism 2012; 61:1280-8. [PMID: 22480984 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the effect of adding sprints to continuous exercise at the intensity that maximises fat oxidation (Fat(max)) on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, enjoyment and post-exercise energy intake in boys. Nine overweight and nine normal weight boys (8-12 years) attended the laboratory on three mornings. First, body anthropometrics, peak aerobic capacity and Fat(max) were assessed. On the remaining two sessions, resting metabolic rate was determined before participants completed 30 min of either continuous cycling at Fat(max) (MOD) or sprint interval exercise consisting of continuous cycling at Fat(max) interspersed with four-second maximal sprints every two minutes (SI). Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured during exercise and for 30 min post-exercise, while participants completed a modified Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). This was followed by a buffet-like breakfast to measure post-exercise energy intake. Fat oxidation rate was similar between groups and protocols (P>0.05). Both groups expended more energy with SI compared to MOD, resulting from increased carbohydrate oxidation (P<0.05), which was not compensated by increased energy intake. Participants indicated that they preferred SI more than MOD, although there was no significant difference in PACES score between the protocols (P>0.05). In summary, the addition of short sprints to continuous exercise at Fat(max) increased energy expenditure without compromising fat oxidation or stimulating increased post-exercise energy intake. The boys preferred SI and did not perceive it to be any harder than MOD, indicating that sprint interval exercise should be considered in exercise prescription for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Crisp
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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45
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High-intensity exercise attenuates postprandial lipaemia and markers of oxidative stress. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:313-21. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise can reduce the risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease). Although moderate-intensity exercise can attenuate postprandial TAG (triacylglycerol), high-intensity intermittent exercise might be a more effective method to improve health. We compared the effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise and 30 min of brisk walking on postprandial TAG, soluble adhesion molecules and markers of oxidative stress. Nine men each completed three 2-day trials. On day 1, subjects rested (control), walked briskly for 30 min (walking) or performed 5×30 s maximal sprints (high-intensity). On day 2, subjects consumed a high-fat meal for breakfast and 3 h later for lunch. Blood samples were taken at various times and analysed for TAG, glucose, insulin, ICAM-1 (intracellular adhesion molecule-1), VCAM-1 (vascular adhesion molecule-1), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances), protein carbonyls and β-hydroxybutyrate. On day 2 of the high-intensity trial, there was a lower (P<0.05) incremental TAG AUC (area under the curve; 6.42±2.24 mmol/l per 7 h) compared with the control trial (9.68±4.77 mmol/l per 7 h) with no differences during day 2 of the walking trial (8.98±2.84 mmol/l per 7 h). A trend (P=0.056) for a reduced total TAG AUC was also seen during the high-intensity trial (14.13±2.83 mmol/l per 7 h) compared with control (17.18±3.92 mmol/l per 7 h), walking showed no difference (16.33±3.51 mmol/l per 7 h). On day 2 of the high-intensity trial plasma TBARS and protein carbonyls were also reduced (P<0.05) when compared with the control and walking trials. In conclusion, high-intensity intermittent exercise attenuates postprandial TAG and markers of oxidative stress after the consumption of a high-fat meal.
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Drenowatz C, Eisenmann JC, Pivarnik JM, Pfeiffer KA, Carlson JJ. Differences in energy expenditure between high- and low-volume training. Eur J Sport Sci 2011; 13:422-30. [PMID: 23834549 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2011.635707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have examined energy expenditure in various sports but there is a lack of research on the contribution of exercise and habitual activity during different training periods. This study examined changes in total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and its components during high- and low-volume training periods. Further, changes in time spent in sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous activity in response to different training volumes were explored. Energy expenditure was measured in 15 male endurance athletes during 2 non-consecutive weeks - 1 week of high volume (>13 hours) training and another week of low volume (<7 hours) training. The SenseWear Pro 3 Armband, individual heart-rate-oxygen consumption regression and indirect calorimetry was used to measure non-exercise activity thermogensis (NEAT), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and resting metabolic rate, respectively. Time spent at different intensities was assessed using previously established MET cutpoints. TDEE as well as EEE increased significantly with higher training volume, while no difference in NEAT occurred. Further, significantly less time was spent in sedentary activities during the high-volume week. These results suggest that highly trained athletes do not compensate for increased training volume and reduce sedentary activities to allow for more training time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Oliveira NL, Oliveira J. Excess postexercise oxygen consumption is unaffected by the resistance and aerobic exercise order in an exercise session. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2843-50. [PMID: 21878824 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318207ef4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude and duration of excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after 2 exercise sessions with different exercise mode orders, resistance followed by aerobic exercise (R-A); aerobic by resistance exercise (A-R). Seven young men (19.6 ± 1.4 years) randomly underwent the 2 sessions. Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill for 30 minutes (80-85% of reserve heart rate). Resistance exercise consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetition maximum on 5 exercises. Previous to the exercise sessions, V(O2), heart rate, V(CO2), and respiratory exchange rate (RER) were measured for 15 minutes and again during recovery from exercise for 60 minutes. The EPOC magnitude was not significantly different between R-A (5.17 ± 2.26 L) and A-R (5.23 ± 2.48 L). Throughout the recovery period (60 minutes), V(O2) and HR values were significantly higher than those observed in the pre-exercise period (p < 0.05) in both exercise sessions. In the first 10 minutes of recovery, V(CO2) and RER declined to pre-exercise levels. Moreover, V(CO2) and RER values in A-R were significantly lower than in R-A. In conclusion, the main result of this study suggests that exercise mode order does not affect the EPOC magnitude and duration. Therefore, it is not necessary for an individual to consider the EPOC when making the decision as to which exercise mode is better to start a training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norton L Oliveira
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Hazell TJ, Lemon PWR. Synchronous whole-body vibration increases VO₂ during and following acute exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:413-20. [PMID: 21573780 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Single bout whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise has been shown to produce small but significant increases in oxygen consumption (VO(2)). How much more a complete whole-body exercise session (multiple dynamic exercises targeting both upper and lower body muscles) can increase VO(2) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify VO(2) during and for an extended time period (24 h) following a multiple exercise WBV exercise session versus the same session without vibration (NoV). VO(2) of healthy males (n = 8) was measured over 24 h on a day that included a WBV exercise session versus a day with the same exercise session without vibration (NoV), and versus a control day (no exercise). Upper and lower body exercises were studied (five, 30 s, 15 repetition sets of six exercises; 1:1 exercise:recovery ratio over 30 min). Diet was controlled. VO(2) was 23% greater (P = 0.002) during the WBV exercise session versus the NoV session (62.5 ± 12.0 vs. 50.7 ± 8.2 L O(2)) and elicited a higher (P = 0.033) exercise heart rate versus NoV (139 ± 6 vs. 126 ± 11 bpm). Total O(2) consumed over 8 and 24 h following the WBV exercise was also increased (P < 0.010) (240.5 ± 28.3 and 518.9 ± 61.2 L O(2)) versus both NoV (209.7 ± 22.9 and 471.1 ± 51.6 L O(2)) and control (151.4 ± 20.7 and 415.2 ± 51.6 L O(2)). NoV was also increased versus control (P < 0.003). A day with a 30-min multiple exercise, WBV session increased 24 h VO(2) versus a day that included the same exercise session without vibration, and versus a non-exercise day by 10 and 25%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Hazell
- Exercise Nutrition Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 2235 3M Centre, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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MACPHERSON REBECCAEK, HAZELL TOMJ, OLVER TDYLAN, PATERSON DONH, LEMON PETERWR. Run Sprint Interval Training Improves Aerobic Performance but Not Maximal Cardiac Output. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:115-22. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e5eacd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Substrate metabolism, appetite and feeding behaviour under low and high energy turnover conditions in overweight women. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1249-59. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether substrate metabolism, appetite and feeding behaviour differed between high and low energy turnover conditions. Thirteen overweight premenopausal women completed two 1 d trials: low energy turnover (LET) and high energy turnover (HET), in a randomised, cross-over design. In LET, subjects consumed a test breakfast (49 % carbohydrate, 37 % fat, 14 % protein) calculated to maintain energy balance over a 6 h observation period, during which metabolic rate and substrate utilisation were measured and blood samples taken. Immediately following this anad libitumbuffet meal was provided. HET was identical to LET, except that subjects walked on a treadmill for 60 min at 50 % VO2maxbefore the test breakfast, which was increased in size (by about 65 %) to replace the energy expended during the walk and maintain energy balance over the observation period. Postprandial fat balance (i.e. the difference between fat intake and oxidation) was lower and carbohydrate balance higher in HET compared with LET throughout the postprandial period (P < 0·05 for both). After the buffet meal, carbohydrate balance did not differ between trials but energy and fat balances were lower (by 0·28 MJ and 11·6 g, respectively) in HET compared with LET (P < 0·001 for both). Carbohydrate balance immediately before the buffet meal correlated negatively with buffet energy intake (r− 0·49) and postprandial acylated ghrelin responses (r− 0·48), and positively with postprandial glucose responses (r0·49). These findings demonstrate that HET resulted in a more positive carbohydrate balance than LET, which associated with lower subsequent energy intake. This may have implications for the regulation of body weight.
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