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Li B, Hussain W, Jiang ZL, Wang JY, Hussain S, Yasoob TB, Zhai YK, Ji XY, Dang YL. Nuclear proteins and diabetic retinopathy: a review. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:62. [PMID: 38918766 PMCID: PMC11197269 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye disease that causes blindness and vision loss in diabetic. Risk factors for DR include high blood glucose levels and some environmental factors. The pathogenesis is based on inflammation caused by interferon and other nuclear proteins. This review article provides an overview of DR and discusses the role of nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Some core proteins such as MAPK, transcription co-factors, transcription co-activators, and others are part of this review. In addition, some current advanced treatment resulting from the role of nuclear proteins will be analyzes, including epigenetic modifications, the use of methylation, acetylation, and histone modifications. Stem cell technology and the use of nanobiotechnology are proposed as promising approaches for a more effective treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Wahab Hussain
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
- Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory for Infection and Biosafety, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medicine Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- San-Quan College, XinXiang Medical University, No. 688 Xiangyang Road, Hongmen Town, Hongqi District, Xinxiang City, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Sarfraz Hussain
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Talat Bilal Yasoob
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, 32200, Pakistan
| | - Yuan-Kun Zhai
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China.
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Periodontal Tissue Engineering, Kaifeng, 475000, China.
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory for Infection and Biosafety, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medicine Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China.
- Faculty of Basic Medical Subjects, Shu-Qing Medical College of Zhengzhou, Mazhai, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450064, Henan, China.
| | - Ya-Long Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, Henan, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Eye Hospital, Sanmenxia, Henan, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Luoyang, Henan, China.
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Liu X, Huang K, Zhang F, Huang G, Wang L, Wu G, Ren H, Yang G, Lin Z. Multifunctional nano-in-micro delivery systems for targeted therapy in fundus neovascularization diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:354. [PMID: 38902775 PMCID: PMC11191225 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fundus neovascularization diseases are a series of blinding eye diseases that seriously impair vision worldwide. Currently, the means of treating these diseases in clinical practice are continuously evolving and have rapidly revolutionized treatment opinions. However, key issues such as inadequate treatment effectiveness, high rates of recurrence, and poor patient compliance still need to be urgently addressed. Multifunctional nanomedicine can specifically respond to both endogenous and exogenous microenvironments, effectively deliver drugs to specific targets and participate in activities such as biological imaging and the detection of small molecules. Nano-in-micro (NIM) delivery systems such as metal, metal oxide and up-conversion nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots, and carbon materials, have shown certain advantages in overcoming the presence of physiological barriers within the eyeball and are widely used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Few studies, however, have evaluated the efficacy of NIM delivery systems in treating fundus neovascular diseases (FNDs). The present study describes the main clinical treatment strategies and the adverse events associated with the treatment of FNDs with NIM delivery systems and summarizes the anatomical obstacles that must be overcome. In this review, we wish to highlight the principle of intraocular microenvironment normalization, aiming to provide a more rational approach for designing new NIM delivery systems to treat specific FNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Keke Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Fuxiao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Ge Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Guiyu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Zhiqing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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Ma C, Li H, Lu S, Li X. The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin in Degenerative Fundus Diseases: Diabetes Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2329-2346. [PMID: 38911030 PMCID: PMC11193467 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s471525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Degenerative fundus disease encompasses a spectrum of ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which are major contributors to visual impairment and blindness worldwide. The development and implementation of effective strategies for managing and preventing the onset and progression of these diseases are crucial for preserving patients' visual acuity. Melatonin, a neurohormone primarily produced by the pineal gland, exhibits properties such as circadian rhythm modulation, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and neuroprotection within the ocular environment. Furthermore, melatonin has been shown to suppress neovascularization and reduce vascular leakage, both of which are critical in the pathogenesis of degenerative fundus lesions. Consequently, melatonin emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for degenerative ocular diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of melatonin synthesis, its localization within ocular tissues, and its mechanisms of action, particularly in regulating melatonin production, thereby underscoring its potential as a therapeutic agent for degenerative fundus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Ekelund C, Dereke J, Nilsson C, Landin-Olsson M. Are soluble E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 potential predictors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in young adults, 15-34 years of age? A Swedish prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304173. [PMID: 38843125 PMCID: PMC11156360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine plasma levels of three adhesion molecules that may contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy; soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), in young adults, aged 15-34 years at diagnosis of diabetes, to find potential predictors for development of retinopathy, and to evaluate their relation to diabetes associated autoantibodies. Participants with type 1 (n = 169) and type 2 diabetes (n = 83) were selected from the complications trial of the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden and classified in two subgroups according to presence (n = 80) or absence (n = 172) of retinopathy as determined by retinal photography at follow-up 8-10 years after diagnosis of diabetes. Blood samples were collected at diagnosis in 1987-88. The levels of sE-selectin, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and islet cell antibodies by a prolonged two-colour immunofluorescent assay. Mean HbA1c (p<0.001) and clinical characteristics: mean body mass index (p = 0.019), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.002), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.003), male gender (p = 0.026), and young age at diagnosis of diabetes (p = 0.015) remained associated with development of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. However, in a multivariate analysis only HbA1c remained as a risk factor. sE-selectin was significantly higher in the group with type 2 diabetes and retinopathy, compared to the group with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy (p = 0.04). Regarding sE-selectin, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 in participants with type 1 diabetes, no differences were observed between the groups with or without retinopathy. This trial confirmed the role of HbA1c and clinical characteristics as predictors for development of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. sE-selectin stands out as a potential predictor for development of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes, whereas a predictive role for sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 could not be identified neither for type 1 nor type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ekelund
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Dereke
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Mona Landin-Olsson
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Juin SK, Pushpakumar S, Sen U. Nimbidiol protects from renal injury by alleviating redox imbalance in diabetic mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1369408. [PMID: 38835661 PMCID: PMC11148448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1369408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Moreover, adverse extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation elevates renal resistive index leading to progressive worsening of the pathology in DN. Nimbidiol is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, isolated from the medicinal plant, 'neem' (Azadirachta indica) and reported as a promising anti-diabetic compound. Previously, a myriad of studies demonstrated an anti-oxidative property of a broad-spectrum neem-extracts in various diseases including diabetes. Our recent study has shown that Nimbidiol protects diabetic mice from fibrotic renal dysfunction in part by mitigating adverse ECM accumulation. However, the precise mechanism remains poorly understood. Methods The present study aimed to investigate whether Nimbidiol ameliorates renal injury by reducing oxidative stress in type-1 diabetes. To test the hypothesis, wild-type (C57BL/6J) and diabetic Akita (C57BL/6-Ins2Akita/J) mice aged 10-14 weeks were used to treat with saline or Nimbidiol (400 μg kg-1 day-1) for 8 weeks. Results Diabetic mice showed elevated blood pressure, increased renal resistive index, and decreased renal vasculature compared to wild-type control. In diabetic kidney, reactive oxygen species and the expression levels of 4HNE, p22phox, Nox4, and ROMO1 were increased while GSH: GSSG, and the expression levels of SOD-1, SOD-2, and catalase were decreased. Further, eNOS, ACE2, Sirt1 and IL-10 were found to be downregulated while iNOS and IL-17 were upregulated in diabetic kidney. The changes were accompanied by elevated expression of the renal injury markers viz., lipocalin-2 and KIM-1 in diabetic kidney. Moreover, an upregulation of p-NF-κB and a downregulation of IkBα were observed in diabetic kidney compared to the control. Nimbidiol ameliorated these pathological changes in diabetic mice. Conclusion Altogether, the data of our study suggest that oxidative stress largely contributes to the diabetic renal injury, and Nimbidiol mitigates redox imbalance and thereby protects kidney in part by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway in type-1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Kumar Juin
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Blagov AV, Summerhill VI, Sukhorukov VN, Zhigmitova EB, Postnov AY, Orekhov AN. Potential use of antioxidants for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378335. [PMID: 38818374 PMCID: PMC11137403 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The excessive production of various reactive oxidant species over endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to the development of a state of oxidative stress, with serious biological consequences. The consequences of oxidative stress depend on the balance between the generation of reactive oxidant species and the antioxidant defense and include oxidative damage of biomolecules, disruption of signal transduction, mutation, and cell apoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the physiopathology of various debilitating illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, or neurodegenerative processes, that need continuous pharmacological treatment. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are tightly linked pathophysiological processes, one of which can be simply promoted by another. Although, many antioxidant trials have been unsuccessful (some of the trials showed either no effect or even harmful effects) in human patients as a preventive or curative measure, targeting oxidative stress remains an interesting therapeutic approach for the development of new agents to design novel anti-inflammatory drugs with a reliable safety profile. In this regard, several natural antioxidant compounds were explored as potential therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Several metalloenzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, are among the essential enzymes that maintain the low nanomolar physiological concentrations of superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the major redox signaling molecules, and thus play important roles in the alteration of the redox homeostasis. These enzymes have become a striking source of motivation to design catalytic drugs to enhance the action of these enzymes under pathological conditions related to chronic inflammation. This review is focused on several major representatives of natural and synthetic antioxidants as potential drug candidates for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery (FSBSI “Petrovsky NRCS”), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anton Y. Postnov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery (FSBSI “Petrovsky NRCS”), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery (FSBSI “Petrovsky NRCS”), Moscow, Russia
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Tang H, Luo N, Zhang X, Huang J, Yang Q, Lin H, Zhang X. Association between biological aging and diabetic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10123. [PMID: 38698194 PMCID: PMC11065862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of aging on diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains underestimated. The current study aimed to investigate the association between biological aging and DR, in contrast to chronological age (CA). Using the National Health and Nutrition Survey data from 2005 to 2008. Biological aging was evaluated through the biological age (BA) and phenotypic age (PA), which were calculated from clinical markers. DR was identified in participants with diabetes mellitus (DM) when they exhibited one or more retinal microaneurysms or retinal blot hemorrhages under retinal imaging, with or without the presence of more severe lesions. Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression was performed, and the regression model was further fitted using restricted cubic splines. The discriminatory capability and clinical utility of the model were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). Based on weighted analyses, of the 3100 participants included in this study, of which 162 had DR. In the adjusted model, BA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95% CI, 1.06-1.18) and PA (OR = 1.11, 95% CI, 1.07-1.14) were associated with DR, while CA was not significantly (OR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.99-1.03). Narrowing the analysis to DM participants and adjusting for factors like insulin showed similar results. ROC and DCA analyses indicate that BA/PA predicted DR better than CA and offer greater clinical utility. The positive association between BA/PA and DR was consistent across subgroups despite potential interactions. Biological aging heightens DR risk, with BA/PA showing a stronger association than CA. Our findings underscored the importance of timely anti-aging interventions for preventing DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxian Tang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Luo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingtao Huang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinglong Yang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanyuan Lin
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang LC, Li N, Xu M, Chen JL, He H, Liu J, Wang TH, Zuo ZF. Salidroside protects RGC from pyroptosis in diabetes-induced retinopathy associated with NLRP3, NFEZL2 and NGKB1, revealed by network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:60. [PMID: 38243268 PMCID: PMC10799395 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of salidroside (SAL) in protecting retinal ganglion cell (RGC) from pyroptosis and explore associated molecular network mechanism in diabetic retinapathy (DR) rats. METHODS HE, Nissl and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the retinal morphological change, and the related target genes for salidroside, DR and pyroptosis were downloaded from GeneCard database. Then Venny, PPI, GO, KEGG analysis and molecular docking were used to reveal molecular network mechanism of SAL in inhibiting the pyroptosis of RGC. Lastly, all hub genes were confirmed by using qPCR. RESULTS HE and Nissl staining showed that SAL could improve the pathological structure known as pyroptosis in diabetic retina, and the fluorescence detection of pyroptosis marker in DM group was the strongest, while they decreased in the SAL group(P < 0.05)). Network pharmacological analysis showed 6 intersecting genes were obtained by venny analysis. GO and KEGG analysis showed 9 biological process, 3 molecular function and 3 signaling pathways were involved. Importantly, molecular docking showed that NFE2L2, NFKB1, NLRP3, PARK2 and SIRT1 could combine with salidroside, and qPCR validates the convincible change of CASP3, NFE2L2, NFKB1, NLRP3, PARK2 and SIRT1. CONCLUSION Salidroside can significantly improve diabetes-inducedRGC pyrotosis in retina, in which, the underlying mechanism is associated with the NLRP3, NFEZL2 and NGKB1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Chun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Diabetic Cognitive and Perceptive Dysfunction, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Min Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Diabetic Cognitive and Perceptive Dysfunction, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Ji-Lin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hua He
- Department of Pharmacology, Haiyuan College of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Haiyuan College of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Diabetic Cognitive and Perceptive Dysfunction, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Zhong-Fu Zuo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Diabetic Cognitive and Perceptive Dysfunction, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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9
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Liu L, Jiang Y, Steinle JJ. Semaphorin 7a regulates inflammatory mediators and permeability in retinal endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2023; 150:104587. [PMID: 37453650 PMCID: PMC10528930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Research supports a key role for inflammation in damaging the retinal vasculature. Current work is designed to investigate regulation of key inflammatory pathways. In this study, we hypothesized that semaphorin 7a (Sema7a) was involved in the increased inflammatory mediators and permeability changes in retinal endothelial cells (REC) grown in high glucose. For these studies, we used diabetic mouse samples and REC to investigate our hypothesis. Primary retinal endothelial cells were grown in normal (5 mM) or high glucose (25 mM glucose) for measurements. In a subset of cells grown in high glucose, cells were transfected with Sema7a siRNA or scrambled siRNA. We measured levels of key inflammatory mediators and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin levels by Western blot. Data suggest that high glucose increased inflammatory mediators and reduced the tight junction proteins, which follows what is often observed in cells grown in high glucose. Sema7a siRNA significantly decreased inflammatory proteins and increased levels of ZO-1 and occludin. These data suggest that Sema7a mediates the actions of high glucose in REC. Use of Sema7a siRNA may offer a new avenue for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Youde Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jena J Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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10
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Bohley M, Dillinger AE, Braunger BM, Tamm ER, Goepferich A. Intravenous injection of cyclosporin A loaded lipid nanocapsules fights inflammation and immune system activation in a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2807-2818. [PMID: 37208562 PMCID: PMC10545584 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and immune system activation are key pathologic events in the onset and escalation of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Both are driven by cytokines and complement originating from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Despite the RPE's pivotal role, there is no therapeutic tool to specifically interfere with the RPE-related pathomechanism. A therapy that addresses RPE cells and counteracts inflammation and immune response would be of paramount value for the early treatment of DR, where currently are no specific therapies available. Here, we utilized lipoprotein-mimetic lipid nanocapsules to deliver the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) to RPE cells. Using a mouse model of DR that mirrors all pathologic aspects of human DR, we demonstrate that intravenously applied CsA-loaded lipid nanocapsules comprehensively counteract inflammation and immune system activation. One single injection suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, dampened macrophage infiltration, and prevented macrophage and microglia activation in eyes with DR. This work shows that CsA-loaded lipid nanocapsules can offer new avenues for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bohley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea E Dillinger
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Barbara M Braunger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
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JIN S, LIU Y, HAN X, CAI M, XU J, LU H, CHEN Q. Dark red tongue color formation caused by hyperglycemia is attributed to decreased blood flow of tongue tissue partially due to nuclear factor-kappa B pathway activation. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:1118-1125. [PMID: 37946474 PMCID: PMC10623255 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20231018.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the dark red tongue color formation induced by hyperglycemia. METHODS A high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were used to establish a diabetes model. The color and blood flow of tongues were analyzed by the Tongue Diagnosis Analysis System and laser Doppler flowmetry, respectively. Inflammatory factors and adhesion factors were measured in the circulation and tongue tissue by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting was employed to evaluate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p50 and inhibitor of kappa B kinase protein expression levels in the tongue. Then, the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid ammonium salt was utilized to repress NF-κB pathway activation to validate that the NF-κB pathway plays a key role in blood flow and dark red tongue color formation. RESULTS The diabetic rats displayed a dark red tongue color that was accompanied by NF-κB pathway activation and decreased blood flow in the tongue. These effects could be reversed by the NF-κB inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation demonstrated that hyperglycemia led to dark red tongue color formation by decreasing blood flow in the tongue, which was partly due to NF-κB pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyi JIN
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yahua LIU
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu HAN
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengjie CAI
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiatuo XU
- 2 Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao LU
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingguang CHEN
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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12
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Rajendrakumar AL, Hapca SM, Nair ATN, Huang Y, Chourasia MK, Kwan RSY, Nangia C, Siddiqui MK, Vijayaraghavan P, Matthew SZ, Leese GP, Mohan V, Pearson ER, Doney ASF, Palmer CNA. Competing risks analysis for neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of diabetic retinopathy incidence in the Scottish population. BMC Med 2023; 21:304. [PMID: 37563596 PMCID: PMC10413718 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major sight-threatening microvascular complication in individuals with diabetes. Systemic inflammation combined with oxidative stress is thought to capture most of the complexities involved in the pathology of diabetic retinopathy. A high level of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an indicator of abnormal immune system activity. Current estimates of the association of NLR with diabetes and its complications are almost entirely derived from cross-sectional studies, suggesting that the nature of the reported association may be more diagnostic than prognostic. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the utility of NLR as a biomarker to predict the incidence of DR in the Scottish population. METHODS The incidence of DR was defined as the time to the first diagnosis of R1 or above grade in the Scottish retinopathy grading scheme from type 2 diabetes diagnosis. The effect of NLR and its interactions were explored using a competing risks survival model adjusting for other risk factors and accounting for deaths. The Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard model (FGR) was used to predict the effect of NLR on the incidence of DR. RESULTS We analysed data from 23,531 individuals with complete covariate information. At 10 years, 8416 (35.8%) had developed DR and 2989 (12.7%) were lost to competing events (death) without developing DR and 12,126 individuals did not have DR. The median (interquartile range) level of NLR was 2.04 (1.5 to 2.7). The optimal NLR cut-off value to predict retinopathy incidence was 3.04. After accounting for competing risks at 10 years, the cumulative incidence of DR and deaths without DR were 50.7% and 21.9%, respectively. NLR was associated with incident DR in both Cause-specific hazard (CSH = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.28-2.07) and FGR models the subdistribution hazard (sHR = 2.24; 95% CI: 1.70-2.94). Both age and HbA1c were found to modulate the association between NLR and the risk of DR. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that NLR has a promising potential to predict DR incidence in the Scottish population, especially in individuals less than 65 years and in those with well-controlled glycaemic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Lathika Rajendrakumar
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Simona M Hapca
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Division of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | | | - Yu Huang
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Mehul Kumar Chourasia
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- IQVIA, 3 Forbury Place, 23 Forbury Road, Reading, RG1 3JH, UK
| | - Ryan Shun-Yuen Kwan
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charvi Nangia
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Moneeza K Siddiqui
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | | | | | - Graham P Leese
- Department of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alexander S F Doney
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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13
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Chen C, Ding P, Yan W, Wang Z, Lan Y, Yan X, Li T, Han J. Pharmacological roles of lncRNAs in diabetic retinopathy with a focus on oxidative stress and inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115643. [PMID: 37315816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication caused by abnormal glucose metabolism, which affects the vision and quality of life of patients and severely impacts the society at large.DR has a complex pathogenic process. Evidence from multiple studies have shown that oxidative stress and inflammation play pivotal roles in DR.Additionally, with the rapid development of various genetic detection methods, the abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been confirmed to promote the development of DR.Research has demonstrated the potential of lncRNAs as ideal biomarkers and theranostic targets in DR. In this narrative review, we will focus on the research results on mechanisms underlying DR, list lncRNAs confirmed to be closely related to these mechanisms, and discuss their potential clinical application value and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA (Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA (Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yanyan Lan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
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14
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Scanzera AC, Nyenhuis SM, Rudd BN, Ramaswamy M, Mazzucca S, Castro M, Kennedy DJ, Mermelstein RJ, Chambers DA, Dudek SM, Krishnan JA. Building a new regional home for implementation science: Annual Midwest Clinical & Translational Research Meetings. J Investig Med 2023; 71:567-576. [PMID: 37002618 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231166102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The vision of the Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research (CSCTR) is to "promote a vibrant, supportive community of multidisciplinary, clinical, and translational medical research to benefit humanity." Together with the Midwestern Section of the American Federation for Medical Research, CSCTR hosts an Annual Midwest Clinical & Translational Research Meeting, a regional multispecialty meeting that provides the opportunity for trainees and early-stage investigators to present their research to leaders in their fields. There is an increasing national and global interest in implementation science (IS), the systematic study of activities (or strategies) to facilitate the successful uptake of evidence-based health interventions in clinical and community settings. Given the growing importance of this field and its relevance to the goals of the CSCTR, in 2022, the Midwest Clinical & Translational Research Meeting incorporated new initiatives and sessions in IS. In this report, we describe the role of IS in the translational research spectrum, provide a summary of sessions from the 2022 Midwest Clinical & Translational Research Meeting, and highlight initiatives to complement national efforts to build capacity for IS through the annual meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica C Scanzera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Brittany N Rudd
- Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- KU Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Mario Castro
- KU Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Chambers
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jerry A Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Population Health Sciences Program, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Sunilkumar S, VanCleave AM, McCurry CM, Toro AL, Stevens SA, Kimball SR, Dennis MD. REDD1-dependent GSK3β dephosphorylation promotes NF-κB activation and macrophage infiltration in the retina of diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104991. [PMID: 37392853 PMCID: PMC10407432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for inflammation in the early development and progression of retinal complications caused by diabetes. We recently demonstrated that the stress response protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) promotes diabetes-induced retinal inflammation by sustaining canonical activation of nuclear transcription factor, NF-κB. The studies here were designed to identify signaling events whereby REDD1 promotes NF-κB activation in the retina of diabetic mice. We observed increased REDD1 expression in the retina of mice after 16 weeks of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and found that REDD1 was essential for diabetes to suppress inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at S9. In human retinal MIO-M1 Müller cell cultures, REDD1 deletion prevented dephosphorylation of GSK3β and increased NF-κB activation in response to hyperglycemic conditions. Expression of a constitutively active GSK3β variant restored NF-κB activation in cells deficient for REDD1. In cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, GSK3β knockdown inhibited NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression by preventing inhibitor of κB kinase complex autophosphorylation and inhibitor of κB degradation. In both the retina of STZ-diabetic mice and in Müller cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, GSK3 inhibition reduced NF-κB activity and prevented an increase in proinflammatory cytokine expression. In contrast with STZ-diabetic mice receiving a vehicle control, macrophage infiltration was not observed in the retina of STZ-diabetic mice treated with GSK3 inhibitor. Collectively, the findings support a model wherein diabetes enhances REDD1-dependent activation of GSK3β to promote canonical NF-κB signaling and the development of retinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sunilkumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley M VanCleave
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher M McCurry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allyson L Toro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaunaci A Stevens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael D Dennis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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16
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PramodKumar TA, Sivaprasad S, Venkatesan U, Mohan V, Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Cherian J, Giridhar A, Gopalakrishnan M, Rajalakshmi R. Role of cystatin C in the detection of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108545. [PMID: 37348180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the association between cystatin C and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS In a cross-sectional study carried out at two tertiary centres in India in 2022, individuals with T2DM underwent clinical and ophthalmic assessments and estimation of serum cystatin C. Grading of DR was done by retina specialists. STDR was defined by the presence of severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR) and/or diabetic macular edema. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify cystatin C cut-off value for detecting STDR. RESULTS Among 420 individuals with T2DM (mean age 56 ± 9 years; mean duration of diabetes 14.5 ± 7.9 years), 121 (24.1 %) had No-DR, 119 (28.3 %) had No-STDR and 200 (49.6 %) had STDR. Mean cystatin C level was significantly higher in individuals with STDR compared to those with no-STDR and No-DR (1.34 vs 1.06 vs 0.93 mg/L, p < 0.001). Cystatin C cut-off value ≥1.11 mg/L had a C statistic of 0.944 (95 % CI: 0.909-0.968, p < 0.001), 96.8 % sensitivity and 78.2 % specificity for detection of STDR. CONCLUSION Elevated serum cystatin C was strongly associated with STDR and could possibly be used as a biomarker for screening for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Vision Sciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Ramachandran Rajalakshmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
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Amorim M, Martins B, Fernandes R. Immune Fingerprint in Diabetes: Ocular Surface and Retinal Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9821. [PMID: 37372968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prevalent global health issue associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a well-known inflammatory, neurovascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of preventable blindness in developed countries among working-age adults. However, the ocular surface components of diabetic eyes are also at risk of damage due to uncontrolled diabetes, which is often overlooked. Inflammatory changes in the corneas of diabetic patients indicate that inflammation plays a significant role in diabetic complications, much like in DR. The eye's immune privilege restricts immune and inflammatory responses, and the cornea and retina have a complex network of innate immune cells that maintain immune homeostasis. Nevertheless, low-grade inflammation in diabetes contributes to immune dysregulation. This article aims to provide an overview and discussion of how diabetes affects the ocular immune system's main components, immune-competent cells, and inflammatory mediators. By understanding these effects, potential interventions and treatments may be developed to improve the ocular health of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madania Amorim
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Weir NL, Guan W, Karger AB, Klein BEK, Meuer SM, Cotch MF, Guo X, Li X, Tan J, Genter P, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Ipp E, Tsai MY. OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED PRESENCE AND SEVERITY OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A Combined Analysis of MESA and GOLDR Cohorts. Retina 2023; 43:984-991. [PMID: 36735419 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation is associated with diabetic retinopathy development and progression, and previous studies have demonstrated that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are associated with decreased risk and severity of retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In a combined population of 1,356 individuals with type 2 diabetes from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Genetics of Latino Diabetic Retinopathy cohorts, odds ratios using logistic regression were determined to assess the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and retinopathy. RESULTS In 1,356 participants with type 2 diabetes, individuals in the fourth quartile of DHA were 17% less likely to have retinopathy compared with the first quartile ( P = 0.009, CI: 0.72-0.95). Secondary analysis revealed 38% lower severity of retinopathy in individuals in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile of DHA ( P = 0.006; CI: 0.44-0.87) and EPA + DHA ( P = 0.004; CI: 0.44-0.85). No significant associations were observed between EPA and retinopathy. CONCLUSION DHA is inversely associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy. Increased intake of dietary sources of DHA may provide some protection against retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes and warrants more research as a preventative option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Weir
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Weihua Guan
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minnesota
| | - Amy B Karger
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stacy M Meuer
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute (NEI), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; and
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; and
| | - Jingyi Tan
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; and
| | - Pauline Genter
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; and
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; and
| | - Eli Ipp
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Mota-Silva I, Castanho MARB, Silva-Herdade AS. Towards Non-Invasive Intravital Microscopy: Advantages of Using the Ear Lobe Instead of the Cremaster Muscle. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040887. [PMID: 37109417 PMCID: PMC10145854 DOI: 10.3390/life13040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is essential in the protection of the organism and wound repair, but in cases of chronic inflammation can also cause microvasculature deterioration. Thus, inflammation monitorization studies are important to test potential therapeutics. The intravital microscopy (IVM) technique monitors leukocyte trafficking in vivo, being a commonly used procedure to report systemic conditions. Although the cremaster muscle, an established protocol for IVM, may affect the hemodynamics because of its surgical preparation, only male animals are used, and longitudinal studies over time are not feasible. Thinking how this impacts future studies, our aim is to understand if the IVM technique can be successfully performed using the ear lobe instead of the cremaster muscle. Elevated IL-1β plasmatic concentrations confirmed the systemic inflammation developed in a diabetic animal model, while the elevated number of adherent and rolling leukocytes in the ear lobe allowed for the same conclusion. Thus, this study demonstrates that albeit its thickness, the ear lobe protocol for IVM is efficient, non-invasive, more reliable, cost-effective and timesaving.
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20
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Fickweiler W, Mitzner M, Jacoba CMP, Sun JK. Circulatory Biomarkers and Diabetic Retinopathy in Racial and Ethnic Populations. Semin Ophthalmol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36710371 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2168488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical staging systems for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) must closely relate to endpoints that are both relevant for patients and feasible for physicians to implement. Current DR staging systems for clinical eye care and research provide detailed phenotypic characterization to predict patient outcomes in diabetes but have limitations. Biochemical biomarkers provide a rich pool of potential candidates for new DR staging systems that can be readily measured in accessible fluids. Circulating biomarkers that are specific to the retina and relate to angiogenesis and inflammation have been suggested as relevant for DR. Although there is a lack of multi-ethnic studies evaluating circulatory biomarkers in DR, variability in circulatory biomarkers have been reported in people from different ethnic and racial backgrounds. Therefore, there is a need for future studies to evaluate individual or combinations of biomarkers in diverse populations with DR from different ethnic and racial backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Fickweiler
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margalit Mitzner
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cris Martin P Jacoba
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Sun
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Chuang YF, Lin FL. Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy in the Rat: An Animal Model to Study the Proliferative Retinal Vascular Pathology. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2678:27-36. [PMID: 37326703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3255-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. There are numerous animal models available for developing new ocular therapeutics and drug screening and to investigate the pathological processes involved in DR. Among those animal models, the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model, though originally developed as a model for retinopathy of prematurity, has also been used to investigate angiogenesis in proliferative DR with the phenomenon of ischemic avascular zones and pre-retinal neovascularization it demonstrated. Briefly, neonatal rodents are exposed to hyperoxia to induce vaso-obliteration. Upon removal from hyperoxia, hypoxia develops in the retina that eventually results in neovascularization. The OIR model is mostly used in small rodents such as mice and rats. Here, we describe a detailed experimental protocol of rat OIR model and the subsequent assessment of abnormal vasculature. By illustrating the vasculoprotective and anti-angiogenic activities of the treatment, OIR model might advance to a new platform for investigating novel ocular therapeutic strategies for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Li Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Dos Santos FM, Ciordia S, Mesquita J, de Sousa JPC, Paradela A, Tomaz CT, Passarinha LAP. Vitreous humor proteome: unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying proliferative and neovascular vitreoretinal diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:22. [PMID: 36585968 PMCID: PMC11072707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are among the leading causes of blindness. Due to the multifactorial nature of these vitreoretinal diseases, omics approaches are essential for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiologic processes underlying the evolution to a proliferative or neovascular etiology, in which patients suffer from an abrupt loss of vision. For many years, it was thought that the function of the vitreous was merely structural, supporting and protecting the surrounding ocular tissues. Proteomics studies proved that vitreous is more complex and biologically active than initially thought, and its changes reflect the physiological and pathological state of the eye. The vitreous is the scenario of a complex interplay between inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Vitreous proteome not only reflects the pathological events that occur in the retina, but the changes in the vitreous itself play a central role in the onset and progression of vitreoretinal diseases. Therefore, this review offers an overview of the studies on the vitreous proteome that could help to elucidate some of the pathological mechanisms underlying proliferative and/or neovascular vitreoretinal diseases and to find new potential pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Dos Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Mesquita
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Castro de Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís António Paulino Passarinha
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- Pharmaco-Toxicology Laboratory, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Wang M, Sheng KJ, Fang JC, Zhao H, Lu SM, Liu ZY, Chen BT. Redox signaling in diabetic retinopathy and opportunity for therapeutic intervention through natural products. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Portillo JAC, Yu JS, Vos S, Bapputty R, Lopez Corcino Y, Hubal A, Daw J, Arora S, Sun W, Lu ZR, Subauste CS. Disruption of retinal inflammation and the development of diabetic retinopathy in mice by a CD40-derived peptide or mutation of CD40 in Müller cells. Diabetologia 2022; 65:2157-2171. [PMID: 35920844 PMCID: PMC9630214 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS CD40 expressed in Müller cells is a central driver of diabetic retinopathy. CD40 causes phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1)-dependent ATP release in Müller cells followed by purinergic receptor (P2X7)-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines in myeloid cells. In the diabetic retina, CD40 and P2X7 upregulate a broad range of inflammatory molecules that promote development of diabetic retinopathy. The molecular event downstream of CD40 that activates the PLCγ1-ATP-P2X7-proinflammatory cytokine cascade and promotes development of diabetic retinopathy is unknown. We hypothesise that disruption of the CD40-driven molecular events that trigger this cascade prevents/treats diabetic retinopathy in mice. METHODS B6 and transgenic mice with Müller cell-restricted expression of wild-type (WT) CD40 or CD40 with mutations in TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) binding sites were made diabetic using streptozotocin. Leucostasis was assessed using FITC-conjugated concanavalin A. Histopathology was examined in the retinal vasculature. Expression of inflammatory molecules and phospho-Tyr783 PLCγ1 (p-PLCγ1) were assessed using real-time PCR, immunoblot and/or immunohistochemistry. Release of ATP and cytokines were measured by ATP bioluminescence and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Human Müller cells with CD40 ΔT2,3 (lacks TRAF2,3 binding sites) were unable to phosphorylate PLCγ1 and release ATP in response to CD40 ligation, and could not induce TNF-α/IL-1β secretion in bystander myeloid cells. CD40-TRAF signalling acted via Src to induce PLCγ1 phosphorylation. Diabetic mice in which WT CD40 in Müller cells was replaced by CD40 ΔT2,3 failed to exhibit phosphorylation of PLCγ1 in these cells and upregulate P2X7 and TNF-α in microglia/macrophages. P2x7 (also known as P2rx7), Tnf-α (also known as Tnf), Il-1β (also known as Il1b), Nos2, Icam-1 (also known as Icam1) and Ccl2 mRNA were not increased in these mice and the mice did not develop retinal leucostasis and capillary degeneration. Diabetic B6 mice treated intravitreally with a cell-permeable peptide that disrupts CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling did not exhibit either upregulation of P2X7 and inflammatory molecules in the retina or leucostasis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling activated the CD40-PLCγ1-ATP-P2X7-proinflammatory cytokine pathway. Src functioned as a link between CD40-TRAF2,3 and PLCγ1. Replacing WT CD40 with CD40 ΔT2,3 impaired activation of PLCγ1 in Müller cells, upregulation of P2X7 in microglia/macrophages, upregulation of a broad range of inflammatory molecules in the diabetic retina and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Administration of a peptide that disrupts CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling reduced retinal expression of inflammatory molecules and reduced leucostasis in diabetic mice, supporting the therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibition of CD40-TRAF2,3 in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres C Portillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jin-Sang Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Vos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Reena Bapputty
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yalitza Lopez Corcino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Hubal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jad Daw
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sahil Arora
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wenyu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Geraniin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats via modulating retinal inflammation and oxidative stress. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sanchez MC, Chiabrando GA. Multitarget Activities of Müller Glial Cells and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Proliferative Retinopathies. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221136365. [PMID: 36317314 PMCID: PMC9629547 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221136365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glial cells (MGCs), the main glial component of the retina, play an active role in retinal homeostasis during development and pathological processes. They strongly monitor retinal environment and, in response to retinal imbalance, activate neuroprotective mechanisms mainly characterized by the increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Under these circumstances, if homeostasis is not reestablished, the retina can be severely injured and GFAP contributes to neuronal degeneration, as they occur in several proliferative retinopathies such as diabetic retinopathy, sickle cell retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. In addition, MGCs have an active participation in inflammatory responses releasing proinflammatory mediators and metalloproteinases to the extracellular space and vitreous cavity. MGCs are also involved in the retinal neovascularization and matrix extracellular remodeling during the proliferative stage of retinopathies. Interestingly, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and its ligand α2-macroglobulin (α2M) are highly expressed in MGCs and they have been established to participate in multiple cellular and molecular activities with relevance in retinopathies. However, the exact mechanism of regulation of retinal LRP1 in MGCs is still unclear. Thus, the active participation of MGCs and LRP1 in these diseases, strongly supports the potential interest of them for the design of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we discuss the role of LRP1 in the multiple MGCs activities involved in the development and progression of proliferative retinopathies, identifying opportunities in the field that beg further research in this topic area.Summary StatementMGCs and LRP1 are active players in injured retinas, participating in key features such as gliosis and neurotoxicity, neovascularization, inflammation, and glucose control homeostasis during the progression of ischemic diseases, such as proliferative retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Sanchez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A. Chiabrando
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchástegui (CIMETSA), G.V. al Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina,María C. Sanchez Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Haya de la Torre s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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Gustavo A. Chiabrando Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchástegui (CIMETSA). Av. Naciones Unidas 420, Barrio Parque Vélez Sarsfield, X5016KEJ – Córdoba, Argentina.
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Diabetic Macular Edema: Current Understanding, Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213362. [PMID: 36359761 PMCID: PMC9655436 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), with increasing incidence, is the major cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide in working-age adults. Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains the main cause of vision impairment in diabetic patients, with its pathogenesis still not completely elucidated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of DR and DME. Currently, intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents remains as the first-line therapy in DME treatment due to the superior anatomic and functional outcomes. However, some patients do not respond satisfactorily to anti-VEGF injections. More than 30% patients still exist with persistent DME even after regular intravitreal injection for at least 4 injections within 24 weeks, suggesting other pathogenic factors, beyond VEGF, might contribute to the pathogenesis of DME. Recent advances showed nearly all the retinal cells are involved in DR and DME, including breakdown of blood-retinal barrier (BRB), drainage dysfunction of Müller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), involvement of inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration, all complicating the pathogenesis of DME. The profound understanding of the changes in proteomics and metabolomics helps improve the elucidation of the pathogenesis of DR and DME and leads to the identification of novel targets, biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies for DME treatment. The present review aimed to summarize the current understanding of DME, the involved molecular mechanisms, and the changes in proteomics and metabolomics, thus to propose the potential therapeutic recommendations for personalized treatment of DME.
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Uwimana A, Ma C, Chen S, Ma X. Metformin therapy as a strategy to compensate anti-VEGF resistance in patients with diabetic macular edema. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31266. [PMID: 36281139 PMCID: PMC9592524 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the complication of diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of vision loss among diabetic patients. Metformin is the main antidiabetic treatment. It is preferable for its great anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is the preferable treatment for DME despite its lack of convincing results in some patients. To assess whether the combination of metformin and anti-VEGF drugs may decrease the risk of anti-VEGF resistance among DME patients. We included DME patients with a central retinal thickness (CRT) ≥ 250 μm who consecutively underwent at least 3 anti-VEGF therapies from January 1, 2020, to December 30, 2021. Anti-VEGF resistance was defined as persistent macular edema with decreased CRT ≤ 25% after 3 anti-VEGF injections. 109 patients were considered for this research, of whom 65 (59.6%) were resistant to anti-VEGF therapy. The mean CRT of the non-metformin group decreased from 344.88 ± 129.48 to 318.29 ± 123.23 (20.85%) and from 415.64 ± 144.26 to 277.11 ± 99.25 (31.51%) (P = .031) in the metformin group. Moreover, the metformin group had fewer resistant patients than the non-metformin, 24 (45.3%) versus 41 (73.2%). Furthermore, a considerable gain in visual acuity was observed in both groups, with a BCVA gain of 40.41% in the metformin group and 39.9% in the non-metformin group. Metformin may be combined with an anti-VEGF drug to minimize the risk of anti-VEGF resistance among DME patients. Moreover, it can serve to design effective therapeutic deliveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Uwimana
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shengyao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Ma, Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian 116044, China (e-mail: )
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Balaratnasingam C, An D, Hein M, Yu P, Yu DY. Studies of the retinal microcirculation using human donor eyes and high-resolution clinical imaging: Insights gained to guide future research in diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 94:101134. [PMID: 37154065 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The microcirculation plays a key role in delivering oxygen to and removing metabolic wastes from energy-intensive retinal neurons. Microvascular changes are a hallmark feature of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of irreversible vision loss globally. Early investigators have performed landmark studies characterising the pathologic manifestations of DR. Previous works have collectively informed us of the clinical stages of DR and the retinal manifestations associated with devastating vision loss. Since these reports, major advancements in histologic techniques coupled with three-dimensional image processing has facilitated a deeper understanding of the structural characteristics in the healthy and diseased retinal circulation. Furthermore, breakthroughs in high-resolution retinal imaging have facilitated clinical translation of histologic knowledge to detect and monitor progression of microcirculatory disturbances with greater precision. Isolated perfusion techniques have been applied to human donor eyes to further our understanding of the cytoarchitectural characteristics of the normal human retinal circulation as well as provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of DR. Histology has been used to validate emerging in vivo retinal imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography angiography. This report provides an overview of our research on the human retinal microcirculation in the context of the current ophthalmic literature. We commence by proposing a standardised histologic lexicon for characterising the human retinal microcirculation and subsequently discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying key manifestations of DR, with a focus on microaneurysms and retinal ischaemia. The advantages and limitations of current retinal imaging modalities as determined using histologic validation are also presented. We conclude with an overview of the implications of our research and provide a perspective on future directions in DR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Dong An
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin Hein
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paula Yu
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dao-Yi Yu
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Lessieur EM, Liu H, Saadane A, Du Y, Kiser J, Kern TS. ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells is induced to a greater extent in mouse retina than in other tissues in diabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1734-1744. [PMID: 35852587 PMCID: PMC9481679 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been implicated in the development of macrovascular and microvascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Lesions of diabetic retinopathy are unique to the retina but the reason for this is unclear, as all tissues are exposed to the same hyperglycaemic insult. We tested whether diabetes induces ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells to a greater extent in the retina than in other tissues and the role of vision itself in that induction. METHODS Experimental diabetes was induced in C57Bl/6J, P23H opsin mutant and Gnat1-/- × Gnat2-/- double knockout mice using streptozotocin. The relative abundance of ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells in retina and other tissues was determined by conjugating anti-ICAM-1 antibodies to fluorescent microspheres (2 μm), injecting them intravenously and allowing them to circulate for 30 min. After transcardial perfusion, quantification of microspheres adherent to the endothelium in tissues throughout the body was carried out by fluorescent microscopy or flow cytometry. Mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as positive controls. The difference in leucostasis between retinal and non-retinal vasculature was evaluated. RESULTS Diabetes significantly increased ICAM-1-mediated adherence of microspheres to retinal microvessels by almost threefold, independent of sex. In contrast, diabetes had a much smaller effect on endothelial ICAM-1 in other tissues, and more tissues showed a significant induction of endothelial ICAM-1 with LPS than with diabetes. The diabetes-induced increase in endothelial ICAM-1 in retinal vasculature was inhibited by blocking phototransduction in photoreceptor cells. Diabetes significantly increased leucostasis in the retina by threefold compared with a non-ocular tissue (cremaster). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The diabetes-induced upregulation of ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium varies considerably among tissues and is highest in the retina. Induction of ICAM-1 on retinal vascular endothelial cells in diabetes is influenced by vision-related processes in photoreceptor cells. The unique presence of photoreceptors in the retina might contribute to the greater susceptibility of this tissue to vascular disease in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Lessieur
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jianying Kiser
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA
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Yuan Q, Gao Y, Liu Y, Xu H, Wang T, Zhang M. Efficacy of single-dose intravitreal dexamethasone implantation for retinal vein occlusion patients with refractory macular edema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:951666. [PMID: 36249811 PMCID: PMC9554209 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.951666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the functional and anatomical consequences of single-dose dexamethasone (DEX) implants for the treatment of refractory macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents.Methods: A literature search of studies on switching therapy to DEX implants from anti-VEGF agents in refractory RVO patients was performed with five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library) prior to January 2022. The main outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) changes at different follow-up endpoints from baseline. All analyses were performed using Stata version 15.0.Results: The final analysis included four eligible studies with a total of 99 patients. After single-dose DEX implant application, BCVA improved significantly at 2, 3, and 6 months with an average gain of −0.23 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (p = 0.004), −0.20 logMAR (p = 0.027), and -0.09 logMAR (p = 0.021), respectively. Mean CMT reduction was also significant from baseline to 2 months (-241.89 μm, p < 0.001), 3 months (−222.61 μm, p < 0.001), and 6 months (−90.49 μm, p < 0.001). No serious adverse events were observed in any of the included studies.Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that RVO patients with refractory ME could benefit significantly from switching therapy to DEX implantation, with efficacy lasting 6 months after a single-dose application. Intravitreal DEX implantation is a safe and effective option for refractory cases.
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He X, Qi S, Zhang X, Pan J. The relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and diabetic retinopathy in adults from the United States: results from the National Health and nutrition examination survey. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:346. [PMID: 35978314 PMCID: PMC9382734 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Systemic inflammation is intimately associated with DR. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) index is a relatively new indicator of inflammation. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out among adults with DM based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2016. NLR was presented as absolute neutrophil counts/ absolute lymphocyte counts. The relationship of NLR levels to DR was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results There were 2772 eligible subjects extracted from the NHANES. In the multivariate analysis, NLR was related to the risk of DR after adjustment for potential confounders. The association between NLR levels and DR was nonlinear, with an inflection point of 4.778. Compared with the baseline values, NLR was not statistically significant on the right side of the inflection point (1.000, 0.914 to 1.094, 0.9974) but was positively associated with DR on the left side (1.236, 1.132 to 1.349, < 0.0001). Conclusions NLR reflects systemic inflammation that may increase the risk of DR. NLR positively correlates with DR when its value is less than 4.778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiandong Pan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Giblin MJ, Ontko CD, Penn JS. Effect of cytokine-induced alterations in extracellular matrix composition on diabetic retinopathy-relevant endothelial cell behaviors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12955. [PMID: 35902594 PMCID: PMC9334268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular basement membrane (BM) thickening is an early structural abnormality of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Recent studies suggest that BM thickening contributes to the DR pathological cascade; however, much remains to be elucidated about the exact mechanisms by which BM thickening develops and subsequently drives other pathogenic events in DR. Therefore, we undertook a systematic analysis to understand how human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMEC) and human retinal pericytes (hRP) change their expression of key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents when treated with diabetes-relevant stimuli designed to model the three major insults of the diabetic environment: hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. TNFα and IL-1β caused the most potent and consistent changes in ECM expression in both hRMEC and hRP. We also demonstrate that conditioned media from IL-1β-treated human Müller cells caused dose-dependent, significant increases in collagen IV and agrin expression in hRMEC. After narrowing our focus to inflammation-induced changes, we sought to understand how ECM deposited by hRMEC and hRP under inflammatory conditions affects the behavior of naïve hRMEC. Our data demonstrated that diabetes-relevant alterations in ECM composition alone cause both increased adhesion molecule expression by and increased peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adhesion to naïve hRMEC. Taken together, these data demonstrate novel roles for inflammation and pericytes in driving BM pathology and suggest that inflammation-induced ECM alterations may advance other pathogenic behaviors in DR, including leukostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J. Giblin
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Cayla D. Ontko
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - John S. Penn
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
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Impact of Primary RPE Cells in a Porcine Organotypic Co-Cultivation Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070990. [PMID: 35883547 PMCID: PMC9313304 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological events of age-related macular degeneration are characterized by degenerative processes involving the photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the Bruch's membrane as well as choroidal alterations. To mimic in vivo interactions between photoreceptor cells and RPE cells ex vivo, complex models are required. Hence, the aim of this study was to establish a porcine organotypic co-cultivation model and enlighten the interactions of photoreceptor and RPE cells, with a special emphasis on potential neuroprotective effects. Porcine neuroretina explants were cultured with primary porcine RPE cells (ppRPE) or medium derived from these cells (=conditioned medium). Neuroretina explants cultured alone served as controls. After eight days, RT-qPCR and immunohistology were performed to analyze photoreceptors, synapses, macroglia, microglia, complement factors, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1B, IL6, TNF) in the neuroretina samples. The presence of ppRPE cells preserved photoreceptors, whereas synaptical density was unaltered. Interestingly, on an immunohistological as well as on an mRNA level, microglia and complement factors were comparable in all groups. Increased IL6 levels were noted in ppRPE and conditioned medium samples, while TNF was only upregulated in the ppRPE group. IL1B was elevated in conditioned medium samples. In conclusion, a co-cultivation of ppRPE cells and neuroretina seem to have beneficial effects on the neuroretina, preserving photoreceptors and maintaining synaptic vesicles in vitro. This organotypic co-cultivation model can be used to investigate the complex interactions between the retina and RPE cells, gain further insight into neurodegenerative pathomechanisms occurring in retinal diseases, and evaluate potential therapeutics.
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Aqueous Humor Cytokines in Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58070909. [PMID: 35888628 PMCID: PMC9324281 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cytokines are cell-signaling proteins whose identification may serve as inflammatory markers or early indicators for progressive disease. The aim of our study was to quantify several cytokines in aqueous humor (AH) and their correlations with biochemical parameters in diabetic eyes with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Materials and Methods: A total of 62 eyes from 62 patients were included in the study: 37 eyes from nondiabetic patients (group 1), 13 diabetic eyes with no retinopathy changes (group 2) and 12 diabetic eyes with early and moderate NPDR (group 3). AH samples were collected during uneventful cataract surgery. The cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α and VEGF were quantified using multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Due to unreliable results, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 were excluded. Concentrations were compared between groups. Biochemical parameters (fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein) and the duration of diabetes were recorded. Results: VEGF levels were significantly different between groups (p = 0.001), while levels of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1 were comparable across all groups (p > 0.05). IL-6 concentration correlated with VEGF in group 1 (rho = 0.651, p = 0.003) and group 3 (rho = 0.857, p = 0.007); no correlation could be proved between IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 or VEGF and biochemical parameters. Duration of diabetes was not correlated with the cytokine levels in groups 2 and 3. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that VEGF concentrations could discriminate early and moderate NPDR from diabetes, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.897 (p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.74−1.0). Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus induces significant intraocular changes in the VEGF expression in diabetic patients vs. normal subjects, even before proliferative complications appear. VEGF was increasingly expressed once the diabetes progressed from no retinopathy to early or moderate retinopathy.
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Takkar B, Sheemar A, Jayasudha R, Soni D, Narayanan R, Venkatesh P, Shivaji S, Das T. Unconventional avenues to decelerated diabetic retinopathy. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 67:1574-1592. [PMID: 35803389 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), causing significant visual impairment worldwide. Current gold standards for retarding the progress of DR include blood sugar control and regular fundus screening. Despite these measures, the incidence and prevalence of DR and vision-threatening DR remain high. Given its slowly progressive course and long latent period, opportunities to contain or slow DR before it threatens vision must be explored. This narrative review assesses the recently described unconventional strategies to retard DR progression. These include gut-ocular flow, gene therapy, mitochondrial dysfunction-oxidative stress, stem cell therapeutics, neurodegeneration, anti-inflammatory treatments, lifestyle modification, and usage of phytochemicals. These therapies impact DR directly, while some of them also influence DM control. Most of these strategies are currently in the preclinical stage, and clinical evidence remains low. Nevertheless, our review suggests that these approaches have the potential for human use to prevent the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Takkar
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research (IHOPE) Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Abhishek Sheemar
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Deepak Soni
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Raja Narayanan
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research (IHOPE) Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pradeep Venkatesh
- Dr. RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Taraprasad Das
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Amorim M, Martins B, Caramelo F, Gonçalves C, Trindade G, Simão J, Barreto P, Marques I, Leal EC, Carvalho E, Reis F, Ribeiro-Rodrigues T, Girão H, Rodrigues-Santos P, Farinha C, Ambrósio AF, Silva R, Fernandes R. Putative Biomarkers in Tears for Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:873483. [PMID: 35692536 PMCID: PMC9174990 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.873483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tear fluid biomarkers may offer a non-invasive strategy for detecting diabetic patients with increased risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR) or increased disease progression, thus helping both improving diagnostic accuracy and understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we assessed the tear fluid of nondiabetic individuals, diabetic patients with no DR, and diabetic patients with nonproliferative DR (NPDR) or with proliferative DR (PDR) to find putative biomarkers for the diagnosis and staging of DR. Methods Tear fluid samples were collected using Schirmer test strips from a cohort with 12 controls and 54 Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) patients, and then analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS)-based shotgun proteomics and bead-based multiplex assay. Tear fluid-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Western Blotting, and nano tracking. Results Proteomics analysis revealed that among the 682 reliably quantified proteins in tear fluid, 42 and 26 were differentially expressed in NPDR and PDR, respectively, comparing to the control group. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033101. By multicomparison analyses, we also found significant changes in 32 proteins. Gene ontology (GO) annotations showed that most of these proteins are associated with oxidative stress and small EVs. Indeed, we also found that tear fluid is particularly enriched in small EVs. T2D patients with NPDR have higher IL-2/-5/-18, TNF, MMP-2/-3/-9 concentrations than the controls. In the PDR group, IL-5/-18 and MMP-3/-9 concentrations were significantly higher, whereas IL-13 was lower, compared to the controls. Conclusions Overall, the results show alterations in tear fluid proteins profile in diabetic patients with retinopathy. Promising candidate biomarkers identified need to be validated in a large sample cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madania Amorim
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jorge Simão
- Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Barreto
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Marques
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ermelindo Carreira Leal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Carvalho
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Ribeiro-Rodrigues
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Farinha
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rufino Silva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Rosa Fernandes
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Cho CH, Roh KH, Lim NY, Park SJ, Park S, Kim HW. Role of the JAK/STAT pathway in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy mouse model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:3553-3563. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Inflammatory cytokines and retinal nonperfusion area in quiescent proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Cytokine 2022; 154:155774. [PMID: 35487091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to investigate the association between inflammatory cytokine levels and retinal capillary nonperfusion area in eyes with quiescent proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS Samples of aqueous humor were collected from 67 eyes (n = 42 patients) with treatment-naïve PDR. Levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were obtained using multiplex bead assay. Areas of capillary nonperfusion at the posterior pole and peripheral retina were measured via ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography and correlated with cytokine levels. RESULTS The levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α were positively correlated with the nonperfusion area of the peripheral retina (r = 0.298, 0.401, 0.265, 0.435, and 0.393; all P ≤ 0.030). There were positive correlations between IL and 10, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α (all R ≥ 0.247; all P ≤ 0.043). IL-1β did not show a significant correlation with the nonperfusion area (P = 0.972 for posterior pole and 0.392 for periphery) but was positively correlated with TNF-α (r = 0.334; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS An increased level of inflammation was observed in PDR eyes with larger nonperfusion areas, which suggests inflammation as a possible target for suppressing PDR progression associated with nonperfusion.
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Zhu M, Li N, Wang Y, Gao S, Wang J, Shen X. Regulation of inflammation by VEGF/BDNF signaling in mouse retinal Müller glial cells exposed to high glucose. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:521-533. [PMID: 35394215 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory changes seem to play an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Anti-VEGF therapy has been testified to inhibit inflammation in animal models of diabetes, but the detailed mechanisms during this process are not yet clear. Müller glial cells (MGCs) in the mammalian retina are deeply involved in DR, while the BDNF overexpression reduces inflammation in diabetic mice. In this research, we aimed to explore the relationship between VEGF and BDNF in mouse retinal MGCs during inflammation of diabetes. We examined the expression of glutamine-synthetase (GS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) at different time points after mouse retinal MGCs exposed to high glucose (25 mM). We also explored changes in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), IL-1β, and TNF-α in MGCs after treatments with anti-VEGF, VEGF siRNA, BDNF siRNA, BDNF recombination protein, and NF-κB inhibitor. In mouse retinal MGCs exposed to high glucose, BDNF was increased after treatments with anti-VEGF or VEGF siRNA. BDNF was decreased in MGCs from VEGF overexpressed mice. Moreover, the expressions of NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α changed with BDNF: NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α were increased after treatments with BDNF siRNA; NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α were decreased after treatments with BDNF recombination protein. VEGF may regulate cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) by BDNF/NF-κB signaling pathway. The regulation of the VEGF/BDNF/NF-κB signaling pathway may be a significant therapeutic strategy for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanuo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Astaxanthin ameliorates hyperglycemia induced inflammation via PI3K/Akt–NF–κB signaling in ARPE-19 cells and diabetic rat retina. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:174979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hirsch GE, Heck TG. Inflammation, oxidative stress and altered heat shock response in type 2 diabetes: the basis for new pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:411-425. [PMID: 31746233 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1687522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a chronic disease characterised by variable degrees of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Besides, several pieces of evidence have shown that chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) are strongly involved in DM2 and its complications, and various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment alternatives act in these processes/molecules to modulate them and ameliorate the disease. Besides, uncontrolled hyperglycaemia is related to several complications as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and hepatic, renal and cardiac complications. In this review, we address discuss the involvement of different inflammatory and pro-oxidant pathways related to DM2, and we described molecular targets modulated by therapeutics currently available to treat DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Elisa Hirsch
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUÍ), Rua do Comércio, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUÍ/UNICRUZ), Regional University of Northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUÍ), Rua do Comércio, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gomes Heck
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUÍ), Rua do Comércio, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUÍ/UNICRUZ), Regional University of Northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUÍ), Rua do Comércio, Brazil
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An D, Tan B, Yu DY, Balaratnasingam C. Differentiating Microaneurysm Pathophysiology in Diabetic Retinopathy Through Objective Analysis of Capillary Nonperfusion, Inflammation, and Pericytes. Diabetes 2022; 71:733-746. [PMID: 35043147 PMCID: PMC9375447 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microaneurysms are biomarkers of microvascular injury in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Impaired retinal capillary perfusion is a critical pathogenic mechanism in the development of microvascular abnormalities. Targeting fundamental molecular disturbances resulting from capillary nonperfusion, such as increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression, does not always reverse the anatomic complications of DR, suggesting that other pathogenic mechanisms independent of perfusion also play a role. We stratify the effects of capillary nonperfusion, inflammation, and pericyte loss on microaneurysm size and leakage in DR through three-dimensional analysis of 636 microaneurysms using high-resolution confocal scanning laser microscopy. Capillary nonperfusion, pericyte loss, and inflammatory cells were found to be independent predictors of microaneurysm size. Nonperfusion alone without pericyte loss or inflammation was not a significant predictor of microaneurysm leakage. Microaneurysms found in regions without nonperfusion were significantly smaller than those found in regions with nonperfusion, and their size was not associated with pericyte loss or inflammation. In addition, microaneurysm size was a significant predictor of leakage in regions with nonperfusion only. This report refines our understanding of the disparate pathophysiologic mechanisms in DR and provides a histologic rationale for understanding treatment failure for microvascular complications in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong An
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bryan Tan
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dao-Yi Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author: Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam,
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Gálvez BG, Martinez-Perez C, Villa-Collar C, Alvarez-Peregrina C, Sánchez-Tena MÁ. Influence of Cytokines on Inflammatory Eye Diseases: A Citation Network Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030661. [PMID: 35160111 PMCID: PMC8836545 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The main objective of this study was to use citation networks to analyze the relationship between different publications on the impact of cytokines at an ocular level and their authors. Furthermore, the different research areas will be identified, and the most cited publications determined. Methods: A search was performed in the Web of Science (WoS) database using the following keywords: “cytokine”, “inflammatory”, and “eye disease” for the period from 1990 to October 2021. The Citation Network Explorer and the CiteSpace software were then used to analyze the different publications. Results: 3127 publications with 8955 citations generated on the web were found. The largest number of publications on this topic emerged in 2018 and the authors with the largest number of publications addressing this area of research were Peizeng Yang (1.4%), Aize Kijlstra (1.3%), and Stephen C. Pflugfelder (1.2%). Conclusions: the citation network has provided a comprehensive and objective analysis of the main studies on the influence of cytokines in ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Clara Martinez-Perez
- ISEC LISBOA—Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.-P.); (M.Á.S.-T.)
| | - Cesar Villa-Collar
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena
- ISEC LISBOA—Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.-P.); (M.Á.S.-T.)
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Sequential and Dynamic Variations of IL-6, CD18, ICAM, TNF-α, and Microstructure in the Early Stage of Diabetic Retinopathy. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1946104. [PMID: 35126785 PMCID: PMC8813280 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1946104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this project is to make sequential and indepth observation of the variations of retinal microvascular, microstructure, and inflammatory mediators at the early stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. Methods DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin (STZ). The fluorescein fundus angiography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, fluorescence imaging techniques, quantitative real-time PCR, and vascular endothelial growth factor- (VEGF-) A ELISA were performed on the 8th day, at the 4th week, 6th week, 8th week, and 10th week after DM induction, respectively. Results In this study, we observed not only the decrease of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the increase of endotheliocytes to pericytes (E/P) ratio, acellular capillaries, and type IV collagen-positive strands began to occur on the 8th day after induction but the vascular permeability and new vessel buds began to appear in the diabetes group at the 8th week, while the expression of VEGF-A, VEGF mRNA, IL-6 mRNA, ICAM mRNA, and TNF-α mRNA were significantly higher in the diabetes group compared with the normal group(P < 0.01) on the 8th day after induction and maintained a high expression level throughout the 10-week observation period. However, the expression of CD18 mRNA began to increase significantly at the 4th week after induction and reached a peak at the 6th week. Conclusion Our study indicated the abnormal alterations of microvessels, microstructure, and inflammatory mediators at the early stage of DR, which confirms and supplements the previous research, and also promotes an indepth understanding and exploration of the pathophysiology and underlying pathogenesis of DR.
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46
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Prasad R, Asare-Bediko B, Harbour A, Floyd JL, Chakraborty D, Duan Y, Lamendella R, Wright J, Grant MB. Microbial Signatures in The Rodent Eyes With Retinal Dysfunction and Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 34985498 PMCID: PMC8742510 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The gut microbiome has been linked to disease pathogenesis through their interaction in metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions. The goal of this study was to determine whether the gut and plasma microbiota could transfer microbes to the retina in type 1 diabetic mice with retinopathy. Methods We analyzed the fecal, plasma, whole globe, and retina microbiome in Akita mice and compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice using 16S rRNA sequencing and metatranscriptomic analysis. To eliminate the contribution of the ocular surface and plasma microbiome, mice were perfused with sterile saline solution, the whole globes were extracted, and the neural retina was removed under sterile conditions for retinal microbiome. Results Our microbiome analysis revealed that Akita mice demonstrated a distinct pattern of microbes within each source: feces, plasma, whole globes, and retina. WT mice and Akita mice experienced transient bacteremia in the plasma and retina. Bacteria were identified in the retina of the Akita mice, specifically Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Bacillus. Significantly increased levels of peptidoglycan (0.036 ± 0.001 vs. 0.023 ± 0.002; P < 0.002) and TLR2 (3.47 ± 0.15 vs. 1.99 ± 0.07; P < 0.0001) were observed in the retina of Akita mice compared to WT. Increased IBA+ cells in the retina, reduced a- and b-waves on electroretinography, and increased acellular capillary formation demonstrated the presence of retinopathy in the Akita cohort compared to WT mice. Conclusions Together, our findings suggest that transient bacteremia exists in the plasma and retina of both cohorts. The bacteria found in Akita mice are distinct from WT mice and may contribute to development of retinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction in retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Bright Asare-Bediko
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Angela Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jason L Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Yaqian Duan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.,Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Justin Wright
- Wright Labs, LLC, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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47
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Sarker B, Cardona SM, Church KA, Vanegas D, Velazquez P, Rorex C, Rodriguez D, Mendiola AS, Kern TS, Domingo ND, Stephens R, Muzzio IA, Cardona AE. Defibrinogenation Ameliorates Retinal Microgliosis and Inflammation in A CX3CR1-Independent Manner. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221131446. [PMID: 36221892 PMCID: PMC9557863 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221131446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Diabetic human and murine retinas revealed pronounced microglial morphological activation and vascular abnormalities associated with inflammation. Pharmacological fibrinogen depletion using ancrod dampened microglial morphology alterations, resolved fibrinogen accumulation, rescued axonal integrity, and reduced inflammation in the diabetic murine retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Sarker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Kaira A. Church
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Priscila Velazquez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Colin Rorex
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Derek Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | | | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye
Institute, University of California-Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach,
CA, USA
| | - Nadia D. Domingo
- Rutgers Center of Immunity and Inflammation,
Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ,
USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Rutgers Center of Immunity and Inflammation,
Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ,
USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers
Center of Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical
School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Isabel A. Muzzio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
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48
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Nellaiappan K, Preeti K, Khatri DK, Singh SB. Diabetic Complications: An Update on Pathobiology and Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e030821192146. [PMID: 33745424 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210309104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advent of novel therapies which manage and control diabetes well, the increased risk of morbidity and mortality in diabetic subjects is associated with the devastating secondary complications it produces. Long-standing diabetes majorly drives cellular and molecular alterations, which eventually damage both small and large blood vessels. The complications are prevalent both in type I and type II diabetic subjects. The microvascular complications include diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, while the macrovascular complications include diabetic heart disease and stroke. The current therapeutic strategy alleviates the complications to some extent but does not cure or prevent them. Also, the recent clinical trial outcomes in this field are disappointing. Success in the drug discovery of diabetic complications may be achieved by a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and by recognising the crucial factors contributing to the development and progression of the disease. In this review, we discuss the well-studied cellular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of diabetic complications. In addition, we also highlight the various therapeutic paradigms currently in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Nellaiappan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
| | - Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
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49
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Kowluru RA. Long Noncoding RNAs and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:915031. [PMID: 35733767 PMCID: PMC9207305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy is one of the most devastating complications of diabetes, which a patient fears the most. Hyperglycemic environment results in many structural, functional, molecular and biochemical abnormalities in the retina, and overproduction of mitochondrial superoxide, induced by hyperglycemic milieu, is considered to play a central role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Expression of many genes associated with maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is also altered. Recent research has shown that several long noncoding RNAs, RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides but without any reading frames, are aberrantly expressed in diabetes, and altered expression of these long noncoding RNAs is now being implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications including retinopathy. This review focuses the role of long noncoding RNAs in the development of diabetic retinopathy, with a special emphasis on the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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50
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He S, Gu C, Su T, Qiu Q. Research Progress of circRNAs in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Diabetic Retinopathy: An Emerging Star with Potential Therapeutic Targets. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:165-178. [PMID: 34963381 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1995002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We summarized the existing studies to elaborate the biogenesis and function of circRNAs, the effect of aberrant circRNAs expression in the mechanism of inflammation and diabetic retinopathy (DR) respectively and further explored the vital roles of circRNAs in inflammation involved in DR. Methods: We conducted a systematical literature search of abundant electronic databases (PubMed, GeneMedical and MEDLINE) up to August 2021. Results: In this review, we exhibited the biogenesis and function of circRNAs and highlighted the components of inflammatory mediators implicated in DR. Numerous circRNAs, such as circHIPK3, circZNF609, circRNA_0084043, circ_0002570, circ_0041795, circEhmt1 and circ-ITCH were discovered to play vital roles in inflammation involved in DR, which provided new ideas for diagnosis and treatment of DR. Moreover, we proposed not only the epigenetic functions of circRNAs but also novel forms of the inflammatory response, including pyroptosis, to inspire further exploration and creative research in this field. Conclusion: CircRNAs were implicated in the progression and development of inflammation in DR via aberrant expression and modulation of gene expression, serving as an emerging star with potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chufeng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, Xizang, PR China
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