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Zelicha H, Yang J, Henning SM, Huang J, Lee RP, Thames G, Livingston EH, Heber D, Li Z. Effect of cinnamon spice on continuously monitored glycemic response in adults with prediabetes: a 4-week randomized controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:649-657. [PMID: 38290699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous clinical studies showing that cinnamon spice lowers blood glucose concentrations had inconsistent results. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of daily cinnamon spice supplementation in an amount commonly used for seasoning on glucose concentrations in adults with obesity and prediabetes. METHODS Following a 2-wk run-in period of maintaining a low polyphenol/fiber diet, 18 participants with obesity and prediabetes underwent a 10-wk randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial (mean age 51.1 y; mean fasting plasma glucose 102.9 mg/dL). The participants were randomly assigned to take cinnamon (4 g/d) or placebo for 4-wk, followed by a 2-wk washout period, and then crossed over to the other intervention for an additional 4-wk. Glucose changes were measured with continuous glucose monitoring. Oral glucose tolerance testing immediately following ingestion of cinnamon or placebo was performed at 4-time points to assess their acute effects both at the baseline and end of each intervention phase. Digestive symptom logs were obtained daily. RESULTS There were 694 follow-up days with 66,624 glucose observations. When compared with placebo, 24-h glucose concentrations were significantly lower when cinnamon was administered [mixed-models; effect size (ES) = 0.96; 95 % confidence interval (CI): -2.9, -1.5; P < 0.001]. Similarly, the mean net-area-under-the-curve (netAUC) for glucose was significantly lower than for placebo when cinnamon was given (over 24 h; ES = -0.66; 95 % CI: 2501.7, 5412.1, P = 0.01). Cinnamon supplementation resulted in lower glucose peaks compared with placebo (Δpeak 9.56 ± 9.1 mg/dL compared with 11.73 ± 8.0 mg/dL; ES = -0.57; 95 % CI: 0.8, 3.7, P = 0.027). Glucose-dependent-insulinotropic-polypeptide concentrations increased during oral glucose tolerance testing + cinnamon testing (mixed-models; ES = 0.51; 95 % CI: 1.56, 100.1, P = 0.04), whereas triglyceride concentrations decreased (mixed-models; ES = 0.55; 95 % CI: -16.0, -1.6, P = 0.02). Treatment adherence was excellent in both groups (cinnamon: 97.6 ± 3.4 % compared with placebo: 97.9 ± 3.7 %; ES = -0.15; 95 % CI: -1.8, 0.2, P = 0.5). No differences were found in digestive symptoms (abdominal pain, borborygmi, bloating, excess flatus, and stools/day) between cinnamon and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamon, a widely available and low-cost supplement, may contribute to better glucose control when added to the diet in people who have obesity-related prediabetes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04342624.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Zelicha
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jieping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Susanne M Henning
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jianjun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ru-Po Lee
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Gail Thames
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Edward H Livingston
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Heber
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States.
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Rodden J, Ortega DG, Costa PB. Sitting Less, Recovering Faster: Investigating the Relationship between Daily Sitting Time and Muscle Recovery following Intense Exercise: A Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:24. [PMID: 38390924 PMCID: PMC10885058 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) There is growing concern surrounding the adverse effects of prolonged sitting on health, yet its impact on post-exercise recovery remains relatively unexplored. This study aimed to better understand the potential influence of habitual prolonged sitting on recovery time and the unfavorable impact prolonged sitting may have on time to recovery, as assessed by muscle damage and inflammatory markers and an isokinetic dynamometer. (2) Nine college-age men (mean age ± SD = 22.1 ± 3.1 years, body mass = 80.9 ± 15.7 kg, height = 171 ± 9.0 cm, Body Mass Index (BMI) = 27.6 ± 4.9 kg·m2) participated in an exhaustive exercise protocol. Creatine Kinase (CK), Myoglobin (Mb), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), White Blood Cell Count (WBC), Peak Torque (PT), and muscle soreness were measured at baseline and 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. Dietary and exercise logs were maintained during the 5-day testing procedure. (3) No significant differences were observed in muscle damage markers (CK [p = 0.068] and Mb [p = 0.128]), inflammatory markers (CRP [p = 0.814] and WBC [p = 0.140]), or PT [p = 0.255]) at any time point. However, a significant positive correlation was found between daily sitting time and the percent increase in CK concentration from 0 h to 72 h (r = 0.738, p = 0.023). Strong correlations were also noted between prolonged sitting and percent change in Mb concentration at 48 h (r = 0.71, p = 0.033) and 72 h (r = 0.889, p = 0.001). There was a significant two-way interaction for time × velocity (p = 0.043) for PT with a simple main effect for time at 60°·s-1 (p = 0.038). No significant associations were detected between daily carbohydrate or protein intake and recovery markers (p > 0.05). (4) The findings suggest minimizing daily sitting time may expedite and potentially aid muscle recovery after an intense exercise bout, although further research is warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rodden
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Dolores G Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Pablo B Costa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
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Nagayama C, Burns SF, Thackray AE, Stensel DJ, Miyashita M. Postprandial Metabolism and Physical Activity in Asians: A Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:953-966. [PMID: 34374040 PMCID: PMC8486483 DOI: 10.1055/a-1493-2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The widespread benefits of physical activity in enhancing health and lowering the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases are well established across populations globally. Nevertheless, the prevalence of several lifestyle-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, varies markedly across countries and ethnicities. Direct ethnic comparative studies on the health benefits of physical activity are sparse and evidence-based physical activity guidelines are not ethnicity-specific. Indeed, physical activity guidelines in some Asian countries were developed primarily based on data from Western populations even though the magnitude of potential benefit may not be the same among different ethnic groups. Unfavorable diurnal perturbations in postprandial triglycerides and glucose are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This narrative review summarizes differences in these risk factors primarily between individuals of Asian and white European descent but also within different Asian groups. Moreover, the variable effects of physical activity on mitigating risk factors among these ethnic groups are highlighted along with the underlying metabolic and hormonal factors that potentially account for these differences. Future ethnic comparative studies should include investigations in understudied ethnic groups, such as those of East Asian origin, given that the effectiveness of physical activity for ameliorating cardiovascular disease varies even among Asian groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Stephen F. Burns
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alice E. Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David J. Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Wilson SM, Maes AP, Yeoman CJ, Walk ST, Miles MP. Determinants of the postprandial triglyceride response to a high-fat meal in healthy overweight and obese adults. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:107. [PMID: 34544430 PMCID: PMC8451105 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is a feature of impaired metabolic health in conjunction with impaired glucose metabolism and central obesity. However, the contribution of factors to postprandial lipemia in healthy but metabolically at-risk adults is not well understood. We investigated the collective contribution of several physiologic and lifestyle factors to postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to a high-fat meal in healthy, overweight and obese adults. Methods Overweight and obese adults (n = 35) underwent a high-fat meal challenge with blood sampled at fasting and hourly in the 4-hour postprandial period after a breakfast containing 50 g fat. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and postprandial magnitude for TG were calculated and data analyzed using a linear model with physiologic and lifestyle characteristics as explanatory variables. Model reduction was used to assess which explanatory variables contributed most to the postprandial TG response. Results TG responses to a high-fat meal were variable between individuals, with approximately 57 % of participants exceeded the nonfasting threshold for hypertriglyceridemia. Visceral adiposity was the strongest predictor of TG iAUC (β = 0.53, p = 0.01), followed by aerobic exercise frequency (β = 0.31, p = 0.05), insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR (β = 0.30, p = 0.04), and relative exercise intensity at which substrate utilization crossover occurred (β = 0.05, p = 0.04). For postprandial TG magnitude, visceral adiposity was a strong predictor (β = 0.43, p < 0.001) followed by aerobic exercise frequency (β = 0.23, p = 0.01), and exercise intensity for substrate utilization crossover (β = 0.53, p = 0.01). Conclusions Postprandial TG responses to a high-fat meal was partially explained by several physiologic and lifestyle characteristics, including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, aerobic exercise frequency, and relative substrate utilization crossover during exercise. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04128839, Registered 16 October 2019 – Retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01543-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Wilson
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Box 173540, 20 Herrick Hall, MT, 59717, Bozeman, USA
| | - Adam P Maes
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Seth T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Mary P Miles
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Box 173540, 20 Herrick Hall, MT, 59717, Bozeman, USA.
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Burns AM, Nixon A, Mallinson J, Cordon SM, Stephens FB, Greenhaff PL. Immobilisation induces sizeable and sustained reductions in forearm glucose uptake in just 24 h but does not change lipid uptake in healthy men. J Physiol 2021; 599:2197-2210. [PMID: 33595094 DOI: 10.1113/jp281021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The trajectory, magnitude and localisation of metabolic perturbations caused by immobilisation (IMM) are unresolved. Forearm glucose uptake (FGU) in response to glucose feeding was determined in healthy men before and during 72 h of forearm IMM, and the same measurements were made in the non-IMM contralateral limb at baseline and 72 h. In a similar study design, FGU and forearm lipid uptake were determined after a high fat mixed-meal (HFMM) in IMM and non-IMM limbs. FGU was reduced by 38%, 57% and 46% following 24, 48 and 72 h IMM, respectively, but was unchanged in the non-IMM limb. A similar FGU response to IMM was observed after a HFMM, and forearm lipid uptake was unchanged. A sizeable reduction in FGU occurs in just 24 h of IMM, which is sustained thereafter and specific to the IMM limb, making unloading per se the likely rapid driver of dysregulation. ABSTRACT The trajectory and magnitude of metabolic perturbations caused by muscle disuse are unknown yet central to understanding the mechanistic basis of immobilisation-associated metabolic dysregulation. To address this gap, forearm glucose uptake (FGU) was determined in 10 healthy men (age 24.9 ± 0.6 years, weight 71.9 ± 2.6 kg, BMI 22.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2 ) during a 180 min oral glucose challenge before (0) and after 24, 48 and 72 h of arm immobilisation, and before and after 72 h in the contralateral non-immobilised arm (Study A). FGU was decreased from baseline at 24 h (38%, P = 0.04), 48 h (57%, P = 0.01) and 72 h (46%, P = 0.06) of immobilisation, and was also 63% less than the non-immobilised limb at 72 h (P = 0.002). In a second study, FGU and forearm lipid uptake were determined in nine healthy men (age 22.4 ± 1.3 years, weight 71.4 ± 2.8 kg, BMI 22.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ) during a 420 min mixed-meal challenge before (0) and after 24 and 48 h of arm immobilisation and before and after 72 h in the contralateral non-immobilised arm (Study B). FGU responses were similar to Study A, and forearm lipid uptake was unchanged from pre-immobilisation in both arms over the study. A sizeable decrement in FGU in response to glucose feeding occurred within 24 h of immobilisation that was sustained and specific to the immobilised limb. Increasing lipid availability had no additional impact on the rate or magnitude of these responses or on lipid uptake. These findings highlight a lack of muscle contraction per se as a fast-acting physiological insult to FGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling M Burns
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aline Nixon
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanne Mallinson
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally M Cordon
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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6
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Murphy R, Gamble GD, House M, Pool B, Horne A, Merriman TR, Dalbeth N. Greater insulin response to acute fructose ingestion among Māori and Pacific people compared to European people living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Intern Med J 2019; 49:196-202. [PMID: 30298971 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption has been linked with insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes, which are more prevalent in those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity compared to New Zealand European. AIM To determine whether the acute effects of fructose consumption on serum glucose, insulin, lipids and C-reactive protein differs according to body mass index (BMI) and/or ethnicity. METHODS Participants of Māori (n = 25), Pacific (n = 26) or New Zealand European (n = 25) ethnicity consumed a 64 g fructose/16 g glucose solution. Changes in lipids, glucose, insulin and C-reactive protein were analysed using mixed models for repeated measures. RESULTS After adjustment for age and gender, those with higher BMI had a higher glucose (P = 0.0064) and insulin (P = 0.0007) response than those with lower BMI. Those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity had similar glucose levels (P = 0.077) to those of New Zealand European ethnicity but higher insulin responses (P = 0.0005), which remained after additional adjustment for BMI (P = 0.001). Reported sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) intake was higher among Māori and Pacific than New Zealand European (median 1.0 vs 0.0 SSB/day P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Even after adjustment for BMI, those of Māori and Pacific ethnicity have a significantly higher insulin response to fructose than New Zealand Europeans. Higher habitual SSB intake may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre of Biodiscovery, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Greg D Gamble
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Meaghan House
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bregina Pool
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Biodiscovery, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Di Pino A, DeFronzo RA. Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1447-1467. [PMID: 31050706 PMCID: PMC7445419 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk for macrovascular complications, which represent the major cause of mortality. Despite effective treatment of established cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, procoagulant state), there remains a significant amount of unexplained CV risk. Insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors known collectively as the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome (IRS). Considerable evidence, reviewed herein, suggests that insulin resistance and the IRS contribute to this unexplained CV risk in patients with T2DM. Accordingly, CV outcome trials with pioglitazone have demonstrated that this insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione reduces CV events in high-risk patients with T2DM. In this review the roles of insulin resistance and the IRS in the development of atherosclerotic CV disease and the impact of the insulin-sensitizing agents and of other antihyperglycemic medications on CV outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Di Pino
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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8
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Chung ST, Cravalho CKL, Meyers AG, Courville AB, Yang S, Matthan NR, Mabundo L, Sampson M, Ouwerkerk R, Gharib AM, Lichtenstein AH, Remaley AT, Sumner AE. Triglyceride Paradox Is Related to Lipoprotein Size, Visceral Adiposity and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Activity in Black Versus White Women. Circ Res 2019; 126:94-108. [PMID: 31623522 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In black women, triglycerides are paradoxically normal in the presence of insulin resistance. This relationship may be explained by race-related differences in central adiposity and SCD (stearoyl-CoA desaturase)-1 enzyme activity index. OBJECTIVE In a cross-sectional study, to compare fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle (TRLP) concentrations and size in black compared with white pre- and postmenopausal women and determine the relationship between TRLP subfractions and whole-body insulin sensitivity, hepatic and visceral fat, and SCD-1 levels. METHODS AND RESULTS In 122 federally employed women without diabetes mellitus, 73 black (58 African American and 15 African immigrant) and 49 white; age, 44±10 (mean±SD) years; body mass index, 30.0±5.6 kg/m2, we measured lipoprotein subfractions using nuclear magnetic resonance. Hepatic fat was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, insulin sensitivity index calculated by minimal modeling from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose test, and red blood cell fatty acid profiles were measured by gas chromatography and were used to estimate SCD-1 indices. Hepatic fat, insulin sensitivity index, and SCD-1 were similar in black women and lower than in whites, regardless of menopausal status. Fasting and postprandial large, medium, and small TRLPs, but not very small TRLPs, were lower in black women. Fasting large, medium, and very small TRLPs negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity index and positively correlated with visceral and hepatic fat and SCD-1 activity in both groups. In multivariate models, visceral fat and SCD-1 were associated with total fasting TRLP concentrations (adjR2, 0.39; P=0.001). Black women had smaller postprandial changes in large (P=0.005) and medium TRLPs (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Lower visceral fat and SCD-1 activity may contribute to the paradoxical association of lower fasting and postprandial TRLP subfractions despite insulin resistance in black compared with white pre- and postmenopausal women. Similar concentrations of very small TRLPs are related to insulin resistance and could be important mediators of cardiometabolic disease risk in women. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01809288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Chung
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Celeste K L Cravalho
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Abby G Meyers
- Intramural Program of National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, MD (A.G.M.)
| | | | - Shanna Yang
- NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD (A.B.C., S.Y.)
| | - Nirupa Rachel Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.R.M., A.H.L.)
| | - Lilian Mabundo
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Maureen Sampson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.S., A.T.R.)
| | - Ronald Ouwerkerk
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.R.M., A.H.L.)
| | - Alan T Remaley
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.S., A.T.R.)
| | - Anne E Sumner
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.).,National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.E.S.)
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. Sex differences in postprandial lipaemia after acute high-intensity interval running in young people. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1673-1681. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1409610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Laura A. Barrett
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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10
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Kantartzis K, Rettig I, Staiger H, Machann J, Schick F, Scheja L, Gastaldelli A, Bugianesi E, Peter A, Schulze M, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Stefan N. An extended fatty liver index to predict non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2017; 43:229-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Fuller KNZ, Summers CM, Valentine RJ. Effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on high-fat meal-induced inflammation. Metabolism 2017; 71:144-152. [PMID: 28521867 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic low-grade inflammation is involved in the development of metabolic disorders including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. Aerobic exercise has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and attenuate postprandial blood lipids, however, the effect of exercise on postprandial inflammation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise against postprandial lipemia and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) inflammation and to evaluate associations with changes in the energy-sensing enzyme, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy male subjects (n=12, age=23±2, %Fat=19±2) reported to the laboratory following an overnight fast (12-14h) on two separate occasions for consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM). Participants completed an acute bout of aerobic exercise the afternoon prior to one of the HFM visits. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Results indicate that the single bout of moderate aerobic exercise increased AMPK signaling in PBMCs, as shown by increased phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC). This may be due to decreases in the AMPK inhibitory kinases PKD and GSK3β. Additionally, prior moderate intensity exercise decreased postprandial lipemia (PPL) and some mediators of the inflammatory pathway, such as p-NF-κB. These findings that acute aerobic exercise improves AMPK and NF-κB signaling in human PBMCs contribute support to the anti-inflammatory roles of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Z Fuller
- The Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Corey M Summers
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; The Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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12
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Paniagua JA. Nutrition, insulin resistance and dysfunctional adipose tissue determine the different components of metabolic syndrome. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:483-514. [PMID: 27895819 PMCID: PMC5107710 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i19.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an excessive accumulation of body fat that may be harmful to health. Today, obesity is a major public health problem, affecting in greater or lesser proportion all demographic groups. Obesity is estimated by body mass index (BMI) in a clinical setting, but BMI reports neither body composition nor the location of excess body fat. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes accounted for approximately 65% of all deaths, and adiposity and mainly abdominal adiposity are associated with all these disorders. Adipose tissue could expand to inflexibility levels. Then, adiposity is associated with a state of low-grade chronic inflammation, with increased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 release, which interfere with adipose cell differentiation, and the action pattern of adiponectin and leptin until the adipose tissue begins to be dysfunctional. In this state the subject presents insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, probably the first step of a dysfunctional metabolic system. Subsequent to central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia, hypertension and fatty liver are grouped in the so-called metabolic syndrome (MetS). In subjects with MetS an energy balance is critical to maintain a healthy body weight, mainly limiting the intake of high energy density foods (fat). However, high-carbohydrate rich (CHO) diets increase postprandial peaks of insulin and glucose. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are also increased, which interferes with reverse cholesterol transport lowering high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, CHO-rich diets could move fat from peripheral to central deposits and reduce adiponectin activity in peripheral adipose tissue. All these are improved with monounsaturated fatty acid-rich diets. Lastly, increased portions of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids also decrease triglyceride levels, and complement the healthy diet that is recommended in patients with MetS.
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Vishram JKK, Hansen TW, Torp-Pedersen C, Madsbad S, Jørgensen T, Fenger M, Lyngbæk S, Jeppesen J. Relationship Between Two Common Lipoprotein Lipase Variants and the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:442-448. [PMID: 27676127 DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common lipoprotein lipase (LPL) variants are important determinants of triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (C) concentrations. High TG/low HDL-C tend to cluster with hypertension, glucose intolerance, and abdominal obesity and comprise the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The role of LPL variants as a cause of MetS is unclear. This study investigated the relationship between two common LPL variants and the presence of MetS and its individual components. METHODS Cross-sectional study, including 2348 Danish women (50.7%) and men, age 41-72 years, without known cardiovascular disease. Carrier status for the two common LPL variants: 447Ter (low TG/high HDL-C) and 291Ser (high TG/low HDL-C) was determined. The prevalence of MetS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria was 16.6%. RESULTS Of the 2348 participants, 19.8% had the 447Ter variant and 4.9% had the 291Ser variant. Compared with the reference variant, the prevalence of MetS was lower in carriers of the 447Ter variant (11.2% vs. 17.9%, P < 0.001) but with no difference in carriers of the 291Ser variant (18.4% vs. 16.5%, P = 0.59). Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and highest sex-specific insulin quartile, the relative risk of MetS was 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45-0.89, P < 0.01) for carriers of the 447Ter variant and 1.20 (95% CI 0.70-2.03, P > 0.05) for carriers of the 291Ser variant. Both LPL variants were associated with high TG/low HDL-C (P < 0.01), but not with the MetS components waist circumference, hypertension, and glucose intolerance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The two common LPL variants were associated with MetS through their effect on high TG/low HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K K Vishram
- 1 Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Glostrup, Denmark .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Næstved Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Næstved, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sten Madsbad
- 5 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .,6 Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- 1 Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Glostrup, Denmark .,5 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Fenger
- 5 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .,7 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Stig Lyngbæk
- 8 Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jeppesen
- 5 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .,8 Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Glostrup, Denmark
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Kyaw Tun T, McGowan A, Phelan N, Correia N, Boran G, O'Connor AL, Roche HM, Gibney J. Obesity and Insulin Resistance Are the Main Determinants of Postprandial Lipoprotein Dysmetabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:9545239. [PMID: 26989412 PMCID: PMC4775795 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9545239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial dyslipidaemia may be a plausible mechanism by which polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases cardiovascular risk. We sought to investigate whether the postprandial glucose and insulin and lipid and lipoprotein responses, including that of apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48) containing chylomicrons, to a mixed meal are different in obese PCOS women when compared to obese control subjects and whether differences, if any, are related to obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenaemia, or PCOS status. 26 women with PCOS (age 30.4 ± 1.2 years (mean ± SEM), body mass index (BMI) 36.8 ± 1.5 kg/m(2)) and 26 non-PCOS subjects (age 34.1 ± 0.9 years, BMI 31.5 ± 1.0 kg/m(2)) were studied before and up to 8 hours following a standard mixed meal. AUC-triglyceride (AUC-TG) was higher and AUC-high-density lipoprotein (AUC-HDL) lower in PCOS women. These differences were not apparent when BMI was accounted for. Insulin sensitivity (S I), AUC-apoB-48, and AUC-apolipoprotein B (AUC-apoB) were found to be independent predictors of AUC-TG, accounting for 55% of the variance. Only AUC-insulin remained significantly elevated following adjustment for BMI. Obesity related IR explains postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperinsulinaemic responses. Management of obesity in premenopausal women with PCOS is likely to reduce their cardiovascular risk burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Kyaw Tun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
- *Tommy Kyaw Tun:
| | - Anne McGowan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Niamh Phelan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Neuman Correia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Gerard Boran
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Anna-Louise O'Connor
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Public Health and Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Public Health and Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James Gibney
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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Bonomini F, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Metabolic syndrome, aging and involvement of oxidative stress. Aging Dis 2015; 6:109-20. [PMID: 25821639 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity and insulin resistance, is dramatically increasing in Western and developing countries. This disorder consists of a cluster of metabolic conditions, such as hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-low-density lipoproteins, hypo-high-density lipoproteins, insulin resistance, abnormal glucose tolerance and hypertension, that-in combination with genetic susceptibility and abdominal obesity-are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, and renal, liver and heart diseases. One of the defects in metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases is excess of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species generated by mitochondria, or from other sites within or outside the cell, cause damage to mitochondrial components and initiate degradative processes. Such toxic reactions contribute significantly to the aging process. In this article we review current understandings of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome related disease and its possible contribution to accelerated senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonomini
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Choi MS, Ryu R, Seo YR, Jeong TS, Shin DH, Park YB, Kim SR, Jung UJ. The beneficial effect of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaf extracts in adults with prediabetes: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Food Funct 2014; 5:1621-30. [PMID: 24873894 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of soybean leaf extracts (SLEs) on blood glucose, insulin resistance, body fat and dyslipidemia in prediabetes subjects, and compared them with the effects of banaba extracts (BE) which is known to ameliorate diabetes in several animals and clinical studies. Overweight subjects with mild hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose level of 100-125 mg dL(-1)) were randomly assigned to three groups and administered four capsules containing starch (2 g per day, Placebo), BE (300 mg per day, 0.3% corosolic acid) or SLE (2 g per day) during regular meals for 12 weeks. The SLE as well as BE significantly decreased the baseline-adjusted final blood glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and transaminase levels compared to the placebo group. The body weight, BMI and WHR were not different between the groups, but the baseline-adjusted final body fat content and waist circumference were lower in the BE and SLE groups than in the placebo group. Furthermore, the baseline-adjusted final plasma triglyceride concentration was lower in the BE and SLE groups compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences in plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations between the groups. However, the SLE, but not the BE, significantly increased the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol after 12 weeks of supplementation compared to the placebo group, while the atherogenic index was decreased. Taken together, these data suggest that SLE may play an important role in improving blood glucose, insulin resistance, adiposity, and dyslipidemia in prediabetes subjects consuming their habitual diet, similar to or better than BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Limberg JK, Curry TB, Prabhakar NR, Joyner MJ. Is insulin the new intermittent hypoxia? Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:730-5. [PMID: 24690299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The sympathoexcitatory effects of insulin are well-established, although the exact mechanisms by which insulin stimulates the sympathetic nervous system are not completely understood. The majority of research supports a primary role for the central nervous system in the gradual and sustained rise in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in response to hyperinsulinemia; in addition, recent studies in animals suggests carotid body chemoreceptors respond to increases in systemic insulin levels. Intermittent activation of the carotid chemoreceptors, similar to that seen in patients with sleep apnea, can result in sensory long term facilitation and may contribute to the observed rise in baseline MSNA in this population. Consistent with this idea, insulin exposure results in sustained increases in MSNA that persist even when plasma insulin levels return to baseline. We propose the carotid chemoreceptors contribute to insulin-mediated sympathoexcitation and the persistent rise in MSNA in patients with sustained hyperinsulinemia. If the carotid chemoreceptors sense and respond to changes in systemic insulin levels, these organs may provide a viable target for the treatment of disorders known to exhibit sustained hyperinsulinemia and sympathoexcitation including, but not limited to, obesity, hypertension, sleep apnea, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy B Curry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and The Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing, Biological Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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Abstract
Excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, often termed visceral obesity, is part of a phenotype including dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and ectopic triglyceride storage closely related to clustering cardiometabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia; increased free fatty acid availability; adipose tissue release of proinflammatory cytokines; liver insulin resistance and inflammation; increased liver VLDL synthesis and secretion; reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; presence of small, dense LDL particles; and reduced HDL cholesterol levels are among the many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition. Age, gender, genetics, and ethnicity are broad etiological factors contributing to variation in visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Specific mechanisms responsible for proportionally increased visceral fat storage when facing positive energy balance and weight gain may involve sex hormones, local cortisol production in abdominal adipose tissues, endocannabinoids, growth hormone, and dietary fructose. Physiological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissues such as adipocyte size and number, lipolytic responsiveness, lipid storage capacity, and inflammatory cytokine production are significant correlates and even possible determinants of the increased cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones, estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, and testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient men have been shown to favorably modulate body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk to various degrees. However, some of these therapies must now be considered in the context of their serious side effects. Lifestyle interventions leading to weight loss generally induce preferential mobilization of visceral fat. In clinical practice, measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tchernof
- Endocrinology and Genomics Axis, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Large nutritional epidemiology studies, with long-term follow-up to assess major clinical end points, coupled with advances in basic science and clinical trials, have led to important improvements in our understanding of nutrition in primary prevention of chronic disease. Although much work remains, sufficient evidence has accrued to provide solid advice on healthy eating. Good data now support the benefits of diets that are rich in plant sources of fats and protein, fish, nuts, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables; that avoid partially hydrogenated fats; and that limit red meat and refined carbohydrates. The simplistic advice to reduce all fat, or all carbohydrates, has not stood the test of science; strong evidence supports the need to consider fat and carbohydrate quality and different protein sources. This article briefly summarizes major findings from recent years bearing on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Sotornik R, Brassard P, Martin E, Yale P, Carpentier AC, Ardilouze JL. Update on adipose tissue blood flow regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1157-70. [PMID: 22318953 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00351.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
According to Fick's principle, any metabolic or hormonal exchange through a given tissue depends on the product of the blood flow to that tissue and the arteriovenous difference. The proper function of adipose tissue relies on adequate adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF), which determines the influx and efflux of metabolites as well as regulatory endocrine signals. Adequate functioning of adipose tissue in intermediary metabolism requires finely tuned perfusion. Because metabolic and vascular processes are so tightly interconnected, any disruption in one will necessarily impact the other. Although altered ATBF is one consequence of expanding fat tissue, it may also aggravate the negative impacts of obesity on the body's metabolic milieu. This review attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge on adipose tissue vascular bed behavior under physiological conditions and the various factors that contribute to its regulation as well as the possible participation of altered ATBF in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sotornik
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Group, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Branchi A, Torri A, Berra C, Colombo E, Sommariva D. Changes in serum lipids and blood glucose in non diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome after mixed meals of different composition. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:215052. [PMID: 22474578 PMCID: PMC3306966 DOI: 10.1155/2012/215052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. To investigate the postprandial changes in serum lipoproteins and blood glucose and to verify whether different nutrient composition of the meal elicits different response in patients with (MetS+) and without (MetS-) metabolic syndrome. Research Design and Methods. 50 MetS+ patients and 50 age- and sex-matched MetS- consumed a regular lunch chosen among those more similar to their usual diet. Blood was drawn in the morning after 12-hour fasting and 2 and 4:30 hours after the meal. Results. Serum triglycerides increased more in MetS+ (35%, 4:30 hours after the meal) than in MetS- (29%), HDL-cholesterol decreased 2 hours after the meal in both groups (-4% and -5%, resp.). Blood sugar similarly increased in both groups (19%, 2 hours after the meal in MetS+ and 17% in MetS-) and plasma insulin increased more and remained high longer in MetS+ (73.5 and 52.3 μU/mL, 2 and 4:30 hours after the meal) than in MetS- (46.7 and 21.6 μU/mL). Difference in nutrient composition of the meal (carbohydrate 57%, fat 28% versus carbohydrate 45%, fat 35%) was not associated with differences in postprandial levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, and insulin within each group. Conclusions. As compared with MetS-, MetS+ patients show a greater hypertriglyceridemic and hyperinsulinemic response to a regular lunch whatever the carbohydrate or fat content of the meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Branchi
- Centro per lo Studio e la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Torri
- Centro per lo Studio e la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Berra
- Centro per lo Studio e la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Colombo
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, G. Salvini Hospital, Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Sommariva
- Centro per lo Studio e la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Shimotoyodome A, Suzuki J, Kumamoto Y, Hase T, Isogai A. Regulation of postprandial blood metabolic variables by TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3812-8. [PMID: 21902221 DOI: 10.1021/bm2010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wood cellulose was converted to individual nanofibers of approximately 4 nm width and 380-570 nm average length by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. The TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) were orally administered with glucose and glyceryl trioleate to mice and postprandial responses of blood glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and triglycerides were studied. Both blood insulin and GIP concentrations were decreased by TOCN with a carboxyl content and aspect ratio of 1.2 mmol g(-1) and 120, respectively, in dose-dependent manners (0-0.3 mg g(-1) body weight). Of the TOCNs examined, that with a carboxyl content and aspect ratio of 1.2 mmol g(-1) and 120, respectively, was the most effective in reducing postprandial blood glucose, plasma insulin, GIP, and triglyceride concentrations. Thus, TOCNs were found to exhibit characteristic biological activities when administered to mice and may have potential applications in biomedical fields for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimotoyodome
- Global R&D-Biological Science, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M. Assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes: impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:3B-24B. [PMID: 21802577 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are at high risk, not only to develop diabetes mellitus, but also to experience an adverse cardiovascular (CV) event (myocardial infarction, stroke, CV death) later in life. The underlying pathophysiologic disturbances (insulin resistance and impaired β-cell function) responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes are maximally/near maximally expressed in subjects with IGT/IFG. These individuals with so-called prediabetes manifest all of the same CV risk factors (dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, insulin resistance, procoagulant state, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation) that place patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for macrovascular complications. The treatment of these CV risk factors should follow the same guidelines established for patients with type 2 diabetes, and should be aggressively followed to reduce future CV events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Vossen M, Tödter K, Altenburg C, Beisiegel U, Scheja L. Plasma triglycerides after oral glucose load specifically associate with metabolic risk markers in healthy type 2 diabetes offspring. Atherosclerosis 2011; 217:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Donahoo WT, Stob NR, Ammon S, Levin N, Eckel RH. Leptin increases skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase and postprandial lipid metabolism in mice. Metabolism 2011; 60:438-43. [PMID: 20494377 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of leptin to preserve lean tissue during weight loss may be in part due to differences in nutrient partitioning. Because lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a key role in partitioning lipid nutrients, this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that leptin would modify the tissue-specific regulation of LPL and result in increased lipid oxidation and decreased storage. The effects of daily intraperitoneal leptin injections (2 mg/kg body weight) over 2 weeks on LPL activity and postprandial lipid metabolism were tested in both wild-type (WT), leptin-deficient ob/ob obese mice and mice pair fed to the leptin-treated mice. On the experimental day, mice were given food by gavage, blood was drawn periodically, and adipose tissue and skeletal muscle were harvested for measurements of LPL activity at 240 minutes. After 2 weeks of leptin administration, skeletal muscle LPL (SMLPL) activity was increased in leptin-treated compared with pair-fed (P = .012) and WT (P = .002) mice. There was no effect of leptin or pair feeding on postprandial adipose tissue LPL activity. In ob/ob mice, leptin treatment normalized the decrease in postprandial free fatty acid concentration (P = .066). Leptin had no effect on either the area under the triglyceride (TG) excursion or the integrated area under the TG excursion in WT mice. In ob/ob mice, however, the TG excursion was lower in the leptin-treated than the pair-fed mice by area under the TG excursion (P = .012) and was lower than in the WT mice by integrated area under the TG excursion (P = .027). As expected, 2 weeks of leptin treatment decreased body weight in both the WT and ob/ob mice (-2.6% and -10.4%, respectively). Leptin treatment increased SMLPL, an effect that may have contributed to the leptin-induced weight loss. The leptin-induced decreased postprandial TG excursion in ob/ob mice suggests that leptin acts to augment clearance of postprandial TG-rich lipoprotein lipid and that this increase may in part be secondary to the increased activity of SMLPL. The trend for decreased postprandial free fatty acid may indicate that leptin decreases adipose tissue lipid stores without increasing lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Donahoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Reaven GM. Insulin Resistance, Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, and Coronary Heart Disease: Syndrome X Revisited. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Response to "Free Leptin Predicts Incident (Clinic) Hypertension in a Danish Cohort". Am J Hypertens 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Johns BR, Reaven GM. PPAR-γ agonists, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia: not a simple relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jeppesen J, Hansen TW, Torp-Pedersen C, Madsbad S, Ibsen H, Jørgensen T, Fenger M. Relationship between common lipoprotein lipase gene sequence variants, hyperinsulinemia, and risk of ischemic heart disease: A population-based study. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kluger EK, Caslake M, Baral RM, Malik R, Govendir M. Preliminary post-prandial studies of Burmese cats with elevated triglyceride concentrations and/or presumed lipid aqueous. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:621-30. [PMID: 20594884 PMCID: PMC10911481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of Burmese cats in Australia have an exaggerated post-prandial triglyceride (TG) response after an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The aim of this study was to determine (a) whether Burmese cats with presumed lipid aqueous (PLA) had exaggerated post-prandial triglyceridaemia, (b) if Burmese cats with exaggerated post-prandial triglyceridaemia ('affected' cats) had decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and (c) whether affected cats were more insulin resistant than normal Burmese cats. Of cats with a history of PLA, 4/5 were shown to be lipid intolerant (4h TG>4.5mmol/l). Four affected Burmese cats were age, gender and body condition matched to four normal Burmese cats. Serum TG, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations were determined 2 weeks after commencing a standardised high-protein diet, with an OFTT performed 4 weeks later. Affected Burmese cats did not have significantly different fasting insulin, fructosamine, NEFA, apolipoprotein or lipoprotein concentrations compared to control cats. During the OFTT, affected cats had significantly higher 4h and 6h serum TG and NEFA concentrations than normal cats. There was a trend for lower LPL activity, higher insulin concentrations (at 4 and 6h) and higher insulin area under the curve (AUC) during the OFTT in affected Burmese cats compared to controls, although these results failed to reach significance, probably due to the small number of cats studied. Further investigations using larger numbers of cats should focus on reduced LPL activity and insulin resistance as potential causes of delayed TG clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Kluger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Nabeno-Kaeriyama Y, Fukuchi Y, Hayashi S, Kimura T, Tanaka A, Naito M. Delayed postprandial metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in obese young men compared to lean young men. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1694-9. [PMID: 20621072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, especially visceral obesity, has been known to affect lipoprotein metabolism, but it is not clear whether obesity in young, apparently healthy men is associated with postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism. METHODS Ten young normolipidemic, normoglycemic obese men (20.6 ± 0.5 y, BMI 27.5 ± 1.0 kg/m(2)) and 11 lean healthy men (22.1 ± 0.4 y, 21.2 ± 0.4 kg/m(2)) ingested OFTT cream (1g/kg body weight). Fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for up to 6h, and serum lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed. RESULTS The obese men with a fasting triglyceride (TG) in the normal range and not different from the fasting value of lean controls had a prolonged postprandial response, indicated by a significantly greater incremental areas under the curve in serum TG, TRL-TG, and remnant-like particle-cholesterol (RLP-C) compared with controls. Plasma glucose levels did not change during the test. Differences in serum insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were not statistically significant between the two groups; however, trends toward higher levels were shown in obese young men. CONCLUSIONS The obese young men showed significantly delayed TRL metabolism compared to the lean young men after fat loading, even though the obese men were normolipidemic. These results suggest the possibility that early insulin resistance in the obese young men may have caused the decrease of lipoprotein lipase activity and induced delayed TRL metabolism. A fat loading test without carbohydrate may provide a useful tool for the detection of delayed postprandial TRL metabolism and early insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nabeno-Kaeriyama
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School & Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya 464-8662, Japan
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DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: the missing links. The Claude Bernard Lecture 2009. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1270-87. [PMID: 20361178 PMCID: PMC2877338 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with a metabolic and cardiovascular cluster of disorders (dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity [especially visceral], glucose intolerance, endothelial dysfunction), each of which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple prospective studies have documented an association between insulin resistance and accelerated CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in non-diabetic individuals. The molecular causes of insulin resistance, i.e. impaired insulin signalling through the phosphoinositol-3 kinase pathway with intact signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, are responsible for the impairment in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and contribute to the accelerated rate of CVD in type 2 diabetes patients. The current epidemic of diabetes is being driven by the obesity epidemic, which represents a state of tissue fat overload. Accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites (fatty acyl CoA, diacylglycerol, ceramide) in muscle, liver, adipocytes, beta cells and arterial tissues contributes to insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis, respectively, in type 2 diabetes. Treatment with thiazolidinediones mobilises fat out of tissues, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity, improved beta cell function and decreased atherogenesis. Insulin resistance and lipotoxicity represent the missing links (beyond the classical cardiovascular risk factors) that help explain the accelerated rate of CVD in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive-MSC 7886, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Singh B, Saxena A. Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: A review. World J Diabetes 2010; 1:36-47. [PMID: 21537426 PMCID: PMC3083884 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v1.i2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a hallmark of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, and leads to many of the abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome. Our understanding of insulin resistance has improved tremendously over the years, but certain aspects of its estimation still remain elusive to researchers and clinicians. The quantitative assessment of insulin sensitivity is not routinely used during biochemical investigations for diagnostic purposes, but the emerging importance of insulin resistance has led to its wider application research studies. Evaluation of a number of clinical states where insulin sensitivity is compromised calls for assessment of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is increasingly being assessed in various disease conditions where it aids in examining their pathogenesis, etiology and consequences. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp is the gold standard method for the determination of insulin sensitivity, but is impractical as it is labor- and time-intensive. A number of surrogate indices have therefore been employed to simplify and improve the determination of insulin resistance. The object of this review is to highlight various aspects and methodologies for current and upcoming measures of insulin sensitivity/resistance. In-depth knowledge of these markers will help in better understanding and exploitation of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Singh
- Bhawna Singh, Department of Biochemistry, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
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Megdal PA, Siemsen D, Sands D, Dratz EA, Handelman GJ. Facile fingerstick insulin analysis: Application to monitoring postprandial insulin responses to snack foods. J Diabetes 2010; 2:28-35. [PMID: 20923472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy intake from snacks has been increasing in the American diet, but insulin and glucose responses to foods are generally reported for meal-sized portions (800-1200 kJ). Established methods for insulin determination routinely use indwelling catheters and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The aim of the present study was to develop a more facile method, collecting fingerstick blood samples and measuring insulin with precise ELISA, and then applying this method to determine responses to snack-sized food portions. METHODS Six healthy, fasting adult volunteers consumed seven different snack foods on separate days, containing approximately 400 kJ/portion. Insulin was measured by ELISA and glucose was measured with the hexokinase procedure in samples collected by fingerstick at 0, 30, and 60 min after consumption of the snack food. RESULTS A portion of doughnut (half a glazed doughnut) led to marked changes in insulin and glucose; skim milk, an apple, and oatmeal changed insulin significantly; wrinkled peas resulted in a lower glucose response than smooth peas; and walnuts led to non-significant changes in both insulin and glucose over a 60-min period. CONCLUSIONS The fingerstick sampling and insulin measurement procedure is simple, economical, and more precise than established RIA. The method can be applied to children and adults to monitor insulin responses following food consumption, as well as during therapeutic assessments or intervention trials. Public health advisories regarding snacks that minimize increases in insulin are desirable for individuals trying to reduce or maintain their weight, because elevated insulin stimulates carbohydrate conversion to fat and suppresses the mobilization of stored triglycerides for energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Megdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA.
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Metabolic syndrome: A review of emerging markers and management. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Relation of blood pressure and body mass index during childhood to cardiovascular risk factor levels in young adults. J Hypertens 2009; 27:1766-74. [PMID: 19633567 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832e8cfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adult obesity and hypertension are leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity/mortality. Although childhood BMI and blood pressure (BP) track into adulthood, how they influence adult cardiovascular risk independent of each other is not well defined. METHODS Participants were from two longitudinal studies with a baseline evaluation at mean age of 13 years and a follow-up at mean age of 24 years. Regression models using childhood BP and BMI to predict young adult cardiovascular risk factors were performed. RESULTS In univariate analysis, childhood BMI predicted young adult BP, lipids, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, whereas childhood BP predicted young adult BP, lipids and glucose. In a multivariable regression model (adjusted for age, sex and race), which included change in BMI and BP from age 13 to 24 years, BMI predicted all young adult risk factors except BP and glucose. Baseline SBP predicted young adult BP, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose whereas baseline DBP predicted young adult BP, BMI and glucose. CONCLUSION The results from this study show that BP and BMI act independently in children to influence future cardiovascular risk factors and the combination of high BP and BMI in childhood has an additive effect in predicting the highest levels of young adult cardiovascular risk. Thus, there should be a focus on treating hypertension in overweight and obese children, in addition to attempting to reduce weight.
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Payette C, Blackburn P, Lamarche B, Tremblay A, Bergeron J, Lemieux I, Després JP, Couillard C. Sex differences in postprandial plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein concentrations. Metabolism 2009; 58:1593-601. [PMID: 19604525 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal obesity and insulin resistance are characterized by low-level chronic inflammation most likely implicated in the increased cardiovascular disease risk associated with these conditions. However, not much is known of the acute regulation of circulating inflammatory markers in response to food intake. The aim of this study is to examine changes in inflammatory marker concentrations after the consumption of a high-fat meal in men and women. We measured tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein concentrations in plasma samples collected at 0, 4, and 8 hours after consumption of the meal in 39 men and 41 women. Associations between these variations and physical as well as metabolic variables were then examined. We noted significant increases in plasma IL-6 concentrations at 4 and 8 hours after the meal in men (+34% and +107%, respectively; P < .005 vs 0 hour) and women (+78% and +153%, respectively; P < .0001 vs 0 hour). Postprandial plasma TNF-alpha concentrations significantly dropped at 4 hours after the high-fat meal in men (-9.5%, P < .0005 vs 0 hour) and women (-5.5%, P < .05 vs 0 hour). Plasma CRP concentrations were not affected by food intake in either men or women. We also found that postprandial plasma concentrations of IL-6 were lower in subjects with a normal glucose tolerance (n = 69) compared with individuals with an impaired glucose tolerance (n = 11). Results of the present study show that consumption of a high-fat meal is associated with a transient reduction in circulating concentrations of TNF-alpha in both men and women as well as an elevation of plasma IL-6 concentrations that was found to be greater in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Payette
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Leary ET, Reaven GM. Pioglitazone decreases postprandial accumulation of remnant lipoproteins in insulin-resistant smokers. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11:779-85. [PMID: 19476476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasting hypertriglyceridaemia has been reported to occur commonly in cigarette smokers and is thought to increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in these individuals. More recently, it has been suggested that an increase in non-fasting triglycerides, rather than fasting hypertriglyceridaemia, is an independent CVD risk factor. METHODS In this study, we divided 24 smokers into insulin-resistant (IR) and insulin-sensitive (IS) groups by determining their steady-state plasma glucose concentrations during the insulin suppression test and compared fasting and daylong postprandial accumulation of total triglycerides and remnant lipoprotein (RLP) concentrations, before and after 3 months of pioglitazone (PIO) administration. RESULTS The two groups were similar in age, body mass index, race and gender distribution, but differed dramatically in insulin sensitivity. Baseline fasting and postprandial triglyceride, RLP cholesterol and RLP triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in the IR smokers (p=0.01 to <0.01). Insulin resistance [corrected] and both fasting and postprandial triglyceride and RLP triglyceride levels decreased significantly (p=0.05 to 0.01) [corrected] in PIO-treated IR smokers, without any significant increase in weight instead of insulin sensitivity and both fasting and postprandial triglyceride and RLP triglyceride levels decreased significantly (p = 0.05 to, 0.01) in PIO-treated IR smokers, without any significant increase in weight. [corrected] CONCLUSIONS The postprandial accumulation of RLP particles is increased in the IR subset of smokers and is likely to contribute to the increased CVD risk in these individuals. Furthermore, PIO administration provides a possible therapeutic approach to decreasing postprandial lipaemia and CVD risk in IR smokers who are unwilling or unable to stop smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abbasi
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA.
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40
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Pafili ZK, Bogdanis GC, Tsetsonis NV, Maridaki M. Postprandial lipemia 16 and 40 hours after low-volume eccentric resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:375-82. [PMID: 19127187 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818703ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence to suggest that muscle damage caused by resistance exercise (RE) may increase postprandial lipemia (PPL). This study examined PPL for two consecutive days after a protocol of low-volume eccentric RE that caused muscle damage. METHODS Nine healthy, untrained male volunteers aged 27.2 +/- 1.1 yr performed a session of eccentric RE consisting of eight sets of inclined leg presses at six repetition maximum with 3-min rest intervals. A high-fat meal (1.2 g fat, 1.2 g carbohydrate, 0.22 g protein, and 68.6 kJ kg(-1) body mass) was administered 16 h (day 1) and 40 h (day 2) after exercise as well as after an overnight fast with no prior exercise (control condition [C]). Venous blood samples were obtained before and hourly for 6 h after each meal. RESULTS The duration of the exercise session (including rest intervals) was 25.6 +/- 0.2 min, whereas net exercise time was 4.6 +/- 0.2 min. Total energy expenditure was 0.64 +/- 0.04 MJ. Serum creatine kinase and ratings of perceived muscle soreness were significantly elevated on day 1 and peaked on day 2. Triacylglycerol total area under the curve was 12.1% lower on day 1 compared with C (7.51 +/- 0.99 vs. 8.54 +/- 1.07 mmol L(-1) 6h(-1), P < 0.02), whereas no difference existed between C and day 2. Serum insulin incremental area under the curve was significantly elevated on day 2 compared with C, indicating transient insulin resistance. CONCLUSION These results show that low-volume eccentric RE is effective in reducing postprandial triacylglycerol concentration despite the low energy expenditure. Muscle damage does not have a detrimental effect on PPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe K Pafili
- Department of Sports Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Xu T, Li X, Ma X, Zhang Z, Zhang T, Li D. Effect of Diacylglycerol on Postprandial Serum Triacylglycerol Concentration: A Meta-analysis. Lipids 2008; 44:161-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Weiss EP, Fields DA, Mittendorfer B, Haverkort MAD, Klein S. Reproducibility of postprandial lipemia tests and validity of an abbreviated 4-hour test. Metabolism 2008; 57:1479-85. [PMID: 18803956 PMCID: PMC2585379 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia test (PPLT) results are predictive of cardiovascular disease risk. However, their reproducibility must be established before they can be clinically useful. Therefore, we investigated PPLT reproducibility by testing 9 men and women (body mass index, 20-41 kg/m(2); age, 21-40 years) on 4 separate occasions (n = 36 PPLTs total) separated by 1 week. Furthermore, because PPLTs are time consuming, we assessed the validity of an abbreviated PPLT. During the PPLT, venous blood was obtained before and every hour for 8 hours after a high-fat meal, which consisted of ice cream and heavy cream (approximately 800 kcal, 71% fat calories). Total and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) triglyceride concentrations were measured in plasma. Total area under the curve (AUC) for total triglycerides was highly reproducible (within-subject coefficient of variation, 8%; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.82); however, reproducibility was low for total triglyceride incremental AUC and both total and incremental TRL triglyceride AUCs (within-subject coefficients of variation, 20%-31%; intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.28-0.54). Four-hour lipemic responses were highly predictive of 8-hour responses (R(2) = 0.89-0.96, P
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Weiss
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Telford DE, Huff MW. Postprandial hyperlipidemia: Cardiovascular implications and treatment options. Can J Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(08)71036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Chou YC, Tsai YC, Chen CM, Chen SM, Lee JA. Determination of lipoprotein lipase activity in post heparin plasma of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:502-10. [PMID: 18205134 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme responsible for lipoprotein metabolism, would vary in diseases and metabolic disorders. For determination of LPL activity, a highly sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using a fluorescent reagent, 4-nitro-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-PZ) was applied to determinate the oleic acid (OA) generated from triolein by LPL activity without multiple solvents extraction step. We studied the optimal conditions of the reaction including the effect of emulsifiers, deproteinizing solvents, and the concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Ten millimolar concentrations of triolein, 5% of BSA, 1% of Gum arabic (GA), and acetonitrile showed the optimum conditions for measuring the LPL activity. The accuracy values for the determination of LPL activity in 10 microL of rat post heparin plasma were 108.73 approximately 114.36%, and the intra- and inter-day precision values were within 1.28% and 2.91%, respectively. The limit of detection was about 4.53 nM (signal-to-noise ratio 3). The proposed method was applied to determination of LPL activity in post heparin plasma of normal and streptozotocininduced diabetic rats associated with 52.3% reduction. The established assay system could be used for determining LPL activity in different physiological and pathological conditions to clarify the relationship between LPL activity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Chou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Madhu SV, Kant S, Srivastava S, Kant R, Sharma SB, Bhadoria DP. Postprandial lipaemia in patients with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 80:380-5. [PMID: 18321605 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the postprandial lipid responses in subjects with prediabetes (IFG and IGT), newly detected diabetes mellitus (NDDM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). METHODS Postprandial lipid responses to a standard oral fat challenge was studied in forty-four subjects who were divided after an OGTT into NGT, pure impaired fasting glucose (PIFG), pure impaired glucose tolerance (PIGT) and NDDM. RESULTS There was a significantly higher postprandial triglyceride (PPTg) response with a higher PPTg area under curve (p=0.004) and peak PPTg levels (p=0.003) in patients with NDDM but not with either PIFG (p>0.05) or PIGT (p>0.05) when compared with NGT. Overall, PPTg responses correlated significantly with fasting plasma glucose (p=0.001) and 2h plasma glucose (p=0.001) but not with age, sex, body mass index, waist, or insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Subjects with newly detected diabetes mellitus displayed postprandial hypertriglyceridemia after a standard oral fat meal challenge while no such abnormality could be demonstrated in subjects with IFG or IGT. This defect is probably related to glycemic status and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Madhu
- Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Shahdara, Delhi, India.
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Ai M, Tanaka A, Shoji K, Ogita K, Hase T, Tokimitsu I, Shimokado K. Suppressive effects of diacylglycerol oil on postprandial hyperlipidemia in insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:398-403. [PMID: 17125771 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The diacylglycerol (DAG), a commonly used as a cooking oil in Japan, results in a lower elevation of serum triglyceride (TG) after ingestion compared to triacylglycerol (TAG). Postprandial hyperlipidemia (PPHL) and an increase in remnant lipoproteins (RLP) levels are risk factors for CAD, and a close relationship between PPHL and type 2 diabetes and/or insulin resistance has been reported. To evaluate the effect of DAG on PPHL in insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, 11 subjects with a normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 14 subjects with IGT received oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) twice. They ingested emulsified test oils prepared with either DAG or TAG. In the IGT subjects, after the DAG and TAG load, the serum concentrations of TG, RLP-TG, and RLP-cholesterol increased throughout the 4-h study. The responses of these variables above baseline after the DAG load were significantly smaller than those after the TAG load (p<0.05). In contrast, in the NGT subjects, changes in these parameters were much smaller than those observed for IGT subjects. The difference in the integrated responses for serum RLP-cholesterol concentration during OFTT between DAG and TAG in all subjects can be easily explained by the integrated response of insulin rather than glucose during oral glucose tolerance test (r=0.7, p<0.01). DAG was more effective in insulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic participants regardless of glucose intolerance, and may be beneficial in reducing the extent of CAD risk in such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Ai
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Geriatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Lopez-Miranda J, Williams C, Lairon D. Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:458-73. [PMID: 17705891 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450774268x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most of diurnal time is spent in a postprandial state due to successive meal intakes during the day. As long as the meals contain enough fat, a transient increase in triacylglycerolaemia and a change in lipoprotein pattern occurs. The extent and kinetics of such postprandial changes are highly variable and are modulated by numerous factors. This review focuses on factors affecting postprandial lipoprotein metabolism and genes, their variability and their relationship with intermediate phenotypes and risk of CHD. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism is modulated by background dietary pattern as well as meal composition (fat amount and type, carbohydrate, protein, fibre, alcohol) and several lifestyle conditions (physical activity, tobacco use), physiological factors (age, gender, menopausal status) and pathological conditions (obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus). The roles of many genes have been explored in order to establish the possible implications of their variability in lipid metabolism and CHD risk. The postprandial lipid response has been shown to be modified by polymorphisms within the genes for apo A-I, A-IV, A-V, E, B, C-I and C-III, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, fatty acid binding and transport proteins, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and scavenger receptor class B type I. Overall, the variability in postprandial response is important and complex, and the interactions between nutrients or dietary or meal compositions and gene variants need further investigation. The extent of present knowledge and needs for future studies are discussed in light of ongoing developments in nutrigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Zhang JQ, Ji LL, Fogt DL, Fretwell VS. Effect of exercise duration on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in men with metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1339-45. [PMID: 17641215 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00181.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemic men with insulin resistance [age = 35.0 ± 1.8 yr, body weight = 90.7 ± 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 2.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) = 36.0 ± 1.3 ml−1·kg−1·min−1, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)= 3.1 ± 0.3]. Each participant performed a control trial (Ctr; no exercise) and three exercise trials at 60% of their V̇o2peakfor 30 min (30 min-Ex), 45 min (45 min-Ex) and 60 min (60 min-Ex). All subjects had a fat meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, the subject jogged on a treadmill for a designated duration of 12 h before ingestion of a fat meal. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal) and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8-h period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC scores in both the 45 min-Ex and 60 min-Ex were 31 and 33% lower, respectively, than Ctr ( P < 0.02). There were no significant differences in TG AUC scores between the 30 min-Ex and the Ctr ( P > 0.05). There were no trial differences in the fasting plasma glucose concentration ( P > 0.05). HOMA-IR values in the 30 min-Ex, 45 min-Ex, and 60 min-Ex trials were lower than the Ctr ( P < 0.03), but no significant differences were found in HOMA-IR among the exercise trials. The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at moderate intensity for 45 min effectively attenuates PHTG while exercise for 30 min is sufficient to improve insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Q Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, University of Texas--San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Kuroe A, Taniuguchi A, Fukushima M, Nakai Y, Ohgushi M, Ohya M, Seino Y. Early and late onset side effects of short-acting insulin analogue in seven Japanese diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77:412-3. [PMID: 17306902 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Short-acting insulin analogue has previously shown to be equal to short-acting human regular insulin regarding in vitro characteristics, immunogenicity, and safety. But in the present study, we experienced seven patients who had mild to moderate side effects due to short-acting insulin analogue. These side effects could be divided into two types based on the appearance time; one with early onset and the other with late onset. Early onset side effects include rash, disturbances in walking and general fatigue that can not be explained by the swing in glucose levels. These symptoms appeared 2-3 days after the use of short-acting insulin analogue and disappeared several hours after switching short-acting human regular insulin. The late onset side effect is bilateral leg edema, which appeared 1-2 months after the induction of short-acting insulin analogue and disappeared after several hours by changing to short-acting human regular insulin. We should monitor the early and late onset side effects as diligently as possible when we use short-acting insulin analogue on diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kuroe
- Division of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Kansai-Denryoku Hospital, 2-1-7 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
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Nabeno Y, Fukuchi Y, Matsutani Y, Naito M. Influence of aging and menopause on postprandial lipoprotein responses in healthy adult women. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 14:142-50. [PMID: 17587766 DOI: 10.5551/jat.14.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the influence of menopause and age on postprandial lipoprotein responses in healthy adult women. METHOD Twenty-seven healthy young and middle-aged pre- and postmenopausal female volunteers aged 21-53 y were enrolled. They ingested OFTT cream(Jomo, Takasaki, Japan). Fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for up to 6 h, and serum concentrations of lipoproteins were analyzed. RESULTS In the postprandial phase, serum triglycerides(TG), remnant-like particle(RLP)-TG(RLP-TG), RLP-cholesterol(RLP-C), and TG-rich lipoprotein-TG(TRL-TG)concentrations in all groups peaked after 2 h. After 4 h, the TG, RLP-C, RLP-TG and TRL-TG concentrations in the young women returned to the fasting concentrations. However, at 6 h, these parameters in the pre- and postmenopausal women had barely returned to the fasting concentrations. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that:(1)the magnitude of postprandial TG concentrations is dependent on age, but not on menopause;(2)clearance of remnant lipoproteins is delayed with age in pre- and postmenopausal women compared to young women, and(3)menopause is associated with an increase of RLP-C, but may not influence LDL particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nabeno
- Division of Nutrition and Health, School and Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan
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