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Li CX, Yue L. The Multifaceted Nature of Macrophages in Cardiovascular Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1317. [PMID: 38927523 PMCID: PMC11201197 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As the leading cause of mortality worldwide, cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a variety of heart diseases and vascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, aneurysm, ischemic injury in the heart and brain, arrythmias, and heart failure. Macrophages, a diverse population of immune cells that can promote or suppress inflammation, have been increasingly recognized as a key regulator in various processes in both healthy and disease states. In healthy conditions, these cells promote the proper clearance of cellular debris, dead and dying cells, and provide a strong innate immune barrier to foreign pathogens. However, macrophages can play a detrimental role in the progression of disease as well, particularly those inflammatory in nature. This review will focus on the current knowledge regarding the role of macrophages in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X. Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiovascular Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
- Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiovascular Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
- Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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2
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Kubota A, Frangogiannis NG. Macrophages in myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1304-C1324. [PMID: 36094436 PMCID: PMC9576166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00230.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The heart contains a population of resident macrophages that markedly expands following injury through recruitment of monocytes and through proliferation of macrophages. In myocardial infarction, macrophages have been implicated in both injurious and reparative responses. In coronary atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages have been implicated in disease progression and in the pathogenesis of plaque rupture. Following myocardial infarction, resident macrophages contribute to initiation and regulation of the inflammatory response. Phagocytosis and efferocytosis are major functions of macrophages during the inflammatory phase of infarct healing, and mediate phenotypic changes, leading to acquisition of an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. Infarct macrophages respond to changes in the cytokine content and extracellular matrix composition of their environment and secrete fibrogenic and angiogenic mediators, playing a central role in repair of the infarcted heart. Macrophages may also play a role in scar maturation and may contribute to chronic adverse remodeling of noninfarcted segments. Single cell studies have revealed a remarkable heterogeneity of macrophage populations in infarcted hearts; however, the relations between transcriptomic profiles and functional properties remain poorly defined. This review manuscript discusses the fate, mechanisms of expansion and activation, and role of macrophages in the infarcted heart. Considering their critical role in injury, repair, and remodeling, macrophages are important, but challenging, targets for therapeutic interventions in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kubota
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York
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3
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are multifactorial diseases characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, matrix degradation, and thrombosis in the arterial wall. Although there are some differences between atherosclerosis and AAA, inflammation is a prominent common feature of these disorders. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytosolic multiprotein complex that activates caspase-1 and regulates the release of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, as well as the induction of lytic cell death, termed pyroptosis, thereby leading to inflammation. Previous experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that inflammation in atherosclerosis and AAA is mediated primarily through the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, recent results of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis and Outcome Study (CANTOS) showed that IL-1β inhibition reduces systemic inflammation and prevents atherothrombotic events; this supports the concept that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and AAA. This review summarizes current knowledge with a focus on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis and AAA, and discusses the prospects of NLRP3 inflammasome-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University
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Kaźmierski J, Miler P, Pawlak A, Jerczyńska H, Woźniak J, Frankowska E, Brzezińska A, Woźniak K, Krejca M, Wilczyński M. Elevated Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 as the Independent Risk Factor of Delirium after Cardiac Surgery. A Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081587. [PMID: 33918634 PMCID: PMC8070441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of postoperative delirium is largely unknown. The primary objective of this study is to assess whether increased levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) are associated with postoperative delirium in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. The secondary objective is to investigate whether any association between raised inflammatory biomarkers levels and delirium is related to surgical and anesthetic procedures or mediated by pre-existing psychiatric conditions associated with raised pro-inflammatory markers levels. METHODS The patients were screened for cognitive impairment one day preoperatively with the use of the Mini-Mental State Examination Test and the Clock Drawing Test. A diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders was established on the basis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria. Blood samples were collected pre- and postoperatively for hsCRP and chemokine levels. RESULTS Postoperative delirium developed in 34% (61 of 177) of patients. Both pre- and postoperative hsCRP, and preoperative MCP-1 levels were associated with postoperative delirium in univariate comparisons; p = 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively. However, according to a multivariable logistic regression analysis, only a raised MCP-1 concentration before surgery was independently associated with postoperative delirium, and related to advancing age, preoperative anxiety disorders and prolonged intubation. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that an elevated preoperative MCP-1 concentration is associated with delirium after cardiac surgery. Monitoring of this inflammatory marker may reveal the cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients who are at risk of neuropsychiatric syndromes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kaźmierski
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (J.W.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-675-7372
| | - Piotr Miler
- Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (P.M.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Pawlak
- Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (P.M.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Hanna Jerczyńska
- CoreLab Central Scientific Laboratory of Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Woźniak
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (J.W.); (E.F.)
| | - Emilia Frankowska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (J.W.); (E.F.)
| | - Agnieszka Brzezińska
- Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (P.M.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Woźniak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Michał Krejca
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Mirosław Wilczyński
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.W.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
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Funamoto M, Shimizu K, Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Miyazaki Y, Komiyama M, Yamakage H, Satoh-Asahara N, Takahashi Y, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Serum Cystatin C, a Sensitive Marker of Renal Function and Cardiovascular Disease, Decreases After Smoking Cessation. Circ Rep 2019; 1:623-627. [PMID: 33693109 PMCID: PMC7897701 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-19-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Smoking exerts detrimental effects during the progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Serum cystatin C is useful in the evaluation of early renal dysfunction and serves as a cardiovascular prognostic marker. This study measured changes in serum cystatin C after smoking cessation (SC). Methods and Results: In this study, patients who visited the SC clinic for the first time and succeeded in SC for 1 year were enrolled. In the entire cohort of 86 patients, body mass index (BMI, P<0.001) and waist circumference (WC, P<0.001) increased significantly at 3 months after SC compared with baseline. These values were further increased significantly (BMI, P<0.001; WC, P<0.001) from 3 months to 1 year after SC. Serum cystatin C decreased significantly at 3 months (P=0.045) after SC, and remained unchanged (P=0.482) from 3 months to 1 year after SC. Percent change from baseline to 3 months after SC in serum cystatin C was correlated with the percent change in serum monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (P=0.047). Conclusions: Serum cystatin C, a marker of chronic kidney disease, was significantly reduced at 3 months after SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Kana Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Maki Komiyama
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuko Takahashi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center Kyoto Japan
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7
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Khalaji S, Zondler L, KleinJan F, Nolte U, Mulaw MA, Danzer KM, Weishaupt JH, Gottschalk KE. Age Increases Monocyte Adhesion on Collagen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46532. [PMID: 28513618 PMCID: PMC5434452 DOI: 10.1038/srep46532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of monocytes to micro-injuries on arterial walls is an important early step in the occurrence and development of degenerative atherosclerotic lesions. At these injuries, collagen is exposed to the blood stream. We are interested whether age influences monocyte adhesion to collagen under flow, and hence influences the susceptibility to arteriosclerotic lesions. Therefore, we studied adhesion and rolling of human peripheral blood monocytes from old and young individuals on collagen type I coated surface under shear flow. We find that firm adhesion of monocytes to collagen type I is elevated in old individuals. Pre-stimulation by lipopolysaccharide increases the firm adhesion of monocytes homogeneously in older individuals, but heterogeneously in young individuals. Blocking integrin αx showed that adhesion of monocytes to collagen type I is specific to the main collagen binding integrin αxβ2. Surprisingly, we find no significant age-dependent difference in gene expression of integrin αx or integrin β2. However, if all integrins are activated from the outside, no differences exist between the age groups. Altered integrin activation therefore causes the increased adhesion. Our results show that the basal increase in integrin activation in monocytes from old individuals increases monocyte adhesion to collagen and therefore the risk for arteriosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Khalaji
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Zondler
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fenneke KleinJan
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulla Nolte
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie A Mulaw
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Kay-E Gottschalk
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Kimura H, Karasawa T, Usui F, Kawashima A, Endo Y, Kobayashi M, Sadatomo A, Nakamura J, Iwasaki Y, Yada T, Tsutsui H, Kasahara T, Takahashi M. Caspase-1 deficiency promotes high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and the development of obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E881-E890. [PMID: 27702746 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is a cysteine protease responsible for the processing of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and activated by the formation of inflammasome complexes. Although several investigations have found a link between diet-induced obesity and caspase-1, the relationship remains controversial. Here, we found that mice deficient in caspase-1 were susceptible to high-fat diet-induced obesity with increased adiposity as well as normal lipid and glucose metabolism. Caspase-1 deficiency clearly promoted the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and increased the production of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the adipose tissue. The dominant cellular source of CCL2 was stromal vascular fraction rather than adipocytes in the adipose tissue. These findings demonstrate a critical role of caspase-1 in macrophage-driven inflammation in the adipose tissue and the development of obesity. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying inflammation in the pathophysiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kimura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fumitake Usui
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuka Endo
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Motoi Kobayashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ai Sadatomo
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Hiroko Tsutsui
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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9
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IL-6 and MCP-1 genetic polymorphisms are predictive of decreased platelet counts caused by chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Esophagus 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10388-016-0522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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10
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Kim EK, Tang Y, Cha KS, Choi H, Lee CB, Yoon JH, Kim SB, Kim JS, Kim JM, Han WC, Choi SJ, Lee S, Choi EJ, Kim SH. Artemisia asiatica Nakai Attenuates the Expression of Proinflammatory Mediators in Stimulated Macrophages Through Modulation of Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways. J Med Food 2015; 18:921-8. [PMID: 26061361 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects and potential mechanism of action of Artemisia asiatica Nakai (A. asiatica Nakai) extract in activated murine macrophages. A. asiatica Nakai extract showed dose-dependent suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 activity. It also showed dose-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus and as an inhibitor of NF-κB-alpha phosphorylation. The extract's inhibitory effects were found to be mediated through NF-κB inhibition and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 murine macrophages, suggesting a potential mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activity of A. asiatica Nakai. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anti-inflammatory effects of A. asiatica Nakai on J774A.1 murine macrophages; these results may help develop functional foods possessing an anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- 1 Division of Food Bio Science, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University , Chungju, Korea.,2 Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University , Chungju, Korea
| | - Yujiao Tang
- 1 Division of Food Bio Science, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University , Chungju, Korea.,2 Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University , Chungju, Korea
| | - Kwang-Suk Cha
- 3 Division of Sport Science, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Chungju, Korea
| | - Heeri Choi
- 3 Division of Sport Science, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Chungju, Korea
| | - Chun Bok Lee
- 4 Department of Korean Food and Culinary Arts, Youngsan University , Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Yoon
- 5 Institute for Natural Science Research, Hannam University , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Bae Kim
- 6 Division of Sports Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jong-Shik Kim
- 7 Department of Sports Industry & Welfare, Wonkwang University , Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Jong Moon Kim
- 8 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital , Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Weon Cheol Han
- 9 Department Pathology, Sanbon Medical Center, Wonkwang University , Sanbon, Korea
| | - Suck-Jun Choi
- 10 Department of Medical Non-Commissioned Officer, Wonkwang Health Science University , Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- 11 Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Choi
- 3 Division of Sport Science, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Chungju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- 12 Laboratory of Immunotoxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea
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11
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Kasahara T. [Study of cytokine signaling: the quest for immunomodulatory drugs interacting with cytokine production and activity]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:431-47. [PMID: 25759052 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
I have been engaged in research and education in the fields of immunology and biochemistry at a medical college and college of pharmacy for 40 years. The original reasons why I began studying cytokines and some of the interests that have motivated me to continue working in the field of cytokine research are described: 1) the roles of cytokines in various immunological and inflammatory diseases (e.g., chemokines in bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases, particularly the role of interleukin-5 and eotaxins in eosinophilia); 2) the role of focal adhesion kinase in antiapoptosis and metastasis of melanoma; 3) recent findings on the role of JAK2/STAT pathways, particularly how JAK2V617F mutation induces dysregulated proliferation and tumorigenesis; and 4) the interactions of various chemical compounds and natural products in cytokine gene activation and signaling. Previous discoveries and published findings by my research group are described, along with comments and discussion pertaining to recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kasahara
- Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare; 1-3-3 Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0062, Japan; Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy; 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Division of Inflammation Research, Jichi Medical University; 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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12
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Rogoveanu OC, Mogoşanu GD, Bejenaru C, Bejenaru LE, Croitoru O, Neamţu J, Pietrzkowski Z, Reyes-Izquierdo T, Biţă A, Scorei ID, Scorei RI. Effects of Calcium Fructoborate on Levels of C-Reactive Protein, Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Triglycerides, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 163:124-31. [PMID: 25433580 PMCID: PMC4297309 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium fructoborate (CFB) has been reported as supporting healthy inflammatory response. In this study, we assess the effects of CFB on blood parameters and proinflammatory cytokines in healthy subjects. This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received placebo or CFB at a dose of 112 mg/day (CFB-1) or 56 mg/day (CFB-2) for 30 days. Glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined before and after supplementation. CFB-1 showed a reduction in blood levels of CRP by 31.3 % compared to baseline. CFB-1 and CFB-2 reduced LDL levels by 9.8 and 9.4 %, respectively. CFB-1 decreased blood homocysteine by 5.5 % compared with baseline, whereas CFB-2 did not have a significant effect. Blood levels of TG were reduced by 9.1 and 8.8 % for CFB-1 and CFB-2, respectively. Use of both CFB-1 and CFB-2 resulted in significantly reduced IL-6 levels, when compared within and between groups. IL-1β was reduced by 29.2 % in the CFB-1 group. Finally, CFB-1 and CFB-2 reduced MCP-1 by 31 and 26 %, respectively. Our data indicate that 30-day supplementation with 112 mg/day CFB (CFB-1) resulted in a significant reduction of LDL, TG, TC, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and CRP. HDL levels were increased, when compared to baseline and placebo. These results suggest that CFB might provide beneficial support to healthy cardiovascular systems by positively affecting these blood markers (ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN90543844; May 24, 2012 ( http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN90543844 )).
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia-Constantina Rogoveanu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - George Dan Mogoşanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Cornelia Bejenaru
- Department of Vegetal and Animal Biology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ludovic Everard Bejenaru
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Octavian Croitoru
- Department of Drug Control, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Johny Neamţu
- Department of Physics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Zbigniew Pietrzkowski
- Applied BioClinical Laboratory, Futureceuticals, Inc., 16259 Laguna Canyon Rd, Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - Tania Reyes-Izquierdo
- Applied BioClinical Laboratory, Futureceuticals, Inc., 16259 Laguna Canyon Rd, Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - Andrei Biţă
- BioBoron Research Institute, Craiova, Romania
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Park SJ, Lee Y, Choi YJ, Cho S, Jung HE, Zheng S, Park BJ, Ko SY, Park JO, Park S. Monocyte-based microrobot with chemotactic motility for tumor theragnosis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2132-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonkyung Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Earl Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Ju Park
- College of Information Technology (IT); Gachon University; Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Young Ko
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukho Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Republic of Korea
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Jha HC, Srivastava P, Prasad J, Mittal A. Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein 60 enhances expression of ERK, TLR-4 and IL-8 in atheromatous plaques of coronary artery disease patients. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:206-22. [PMID: 21192737 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.534217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein (cHSP) 60 is produced during chronic chlamydial infection and activate innate immune and inflammatory responses thereby contributing to atherogenesis. However, to date there is no apparent signaling cascade delineated in human atherosclerotic plaques in C. pneumoniae positive coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Atherosclerotic plaques were obtained from 40 CAD patients (28 men, 12 women) attending Department of Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Atherosclerotic plaques were used for gene expression studies at RNA level by real-time PCR and to study expression of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, NF-kB, IkkB and MCP-1 at protein level by immunoblotting. Significantly higher (p < 0.001) RNA expression was found for IL-8, TLR-2/4, TGF-β, ICAM1, VCAM1 and MAPKinase genes, whereas significantly lower (p < 0.001) RNA expression for SMAD4, IkkB, BRCA1 and IL-10 was detected in cHSP60-positive atheromatous plaque of CAD patients. Moreover, at proteins level pERK1/2 (p = 0.05), NF-kB (p = 0.017), MCP-1 (p = 0.011) was higher and IkkB expression was lower (p = 0.038) in cHSP60-positive atheromatous plaque of CAD patients. This study by using human atheromatous plaques at RNA and protein levels demonstrated higher expression of TLR-2/4, IL-8, ICAM1, VCAM1, ERK1/2 and NF-kB in cHSP60-positive CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem C Jha
- Institute of Pathology, ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110 029, India
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15
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Vosper H. Extended release niacin-laropiprant in patients with hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemias improves clinical parameters. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2011; 5:85-101. [PMID: 22084607 PMCID: PMC3201109 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s7601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The progression of atherosclerosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Plaque formation is an immunological response driven by a number of risk factors, and reduction of risk is the primary goal of treatment. The role of LDL-C is well established and statins have proved effective drugs, although the relative risk reduction is only around 30%. The importance of other factors-notably low HDL-C and high TGs-has become increasingly clear and the search for alternative strategies continues. Niacin is particularly effective in achieving normalization of HDL-C but is clinically underutilized due to the side effect of cutaneous flushing. The discovery that flushing is mediated by mechanisms distinct from the lipid-lowering effects has led to the development of combination drugs with reduced side effects. This review considers the evidence regarding the clinical efficacy of extended-release niacin and the DP1 antagonist laropiprant in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vosper
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, AB10 1FR, Scotland, UK
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16
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Daissormont ITMN, Kraaijeveld AO, Biessen EAL. Chemokines as therapeutic targets for atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and rupture. Future Cardiol 2010; 5:273-84. [PMID: 19450053 DOI: 10.2217/fca.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are instrumental in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent advances in genomic technologies and the recognition of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease have given great impetus to studies addressing the relevance of chemokines for the clinically manifest stages of atherosclerosis and acute cardiovascular syndromes. In this paper, we will review the current status of these studies, highlighting those chemokines that have already been associated with plaque destabilization and rupture. We will recapitulate recent epidemiologic, genomic, histopathological and experimental support for the prominent role of particular chemokines in acute cardiovascular syndromes. Collectively, these data underpin the potential of chemokines as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets, but also expose the lacunae in our understanding of the precise function of chemokines in the atherosclerosis-related disorders and in the efficacy of chemokine-targeted clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle T M N Daissormont
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P Debyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229 HX, The Netherlands.
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17
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is accompanied by an inflammatory response, leading to the recruitment of leukocytes and subsequent myocardial injury and healing. Chemokines are potent chemoattractant cytokines that regulate leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory processes. Recent evidence indicates that chemokines play a role not only in leukocyte trafficking but also in angiogenesis and cardioprotection. In particular, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) has generated considerable interest for its role in the pathophysiology of MI. This review will focus on the role of SDF-1 and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4; ie, the SDF-1/CXCR4 system) in the pathophysiology of MI and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Bioimaging Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
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18
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Venet F, Huang X, Chung CS, Chen Y, Ayala A. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells control lung inflammation and monocyte recruitment in indirect acute lung injury in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:764-73. [PMID: 20042672 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Indirect acute lung injury (ALI, not caused by a direct insult to the lung) represents the first organ dysfunction in trauma patients, with nonpulmonary sepsis being the most common cause of indirect ALI. Dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to participate in a number of inflammatory lung diseases; however, their role in indirect ALI is currently not established. Using a clinically relevant model of indirect ALI induced in mice by hemorrhagic shock followed 24 hours later by polymicrobial septic challenge, we report that mature DC numbers were markedly increased in the lung during indirect ALI. DC depletion induced a significant increase in indirect ALI severity, which was associated with enhanced lung and plasma proinflammatory cytokine concentration and recruitment of proinflammatory CD115(+) monocytes in response to increased lung monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production. Among the different DC subpopulations, plasmacytoid DCs, which were induced and activated in the lung during indirect ALI, were responsible for this effect because their specific depletion reproduced the observations made in DC-depleted mice. As the recruitment of monocytes to the lung plays a central deleterious role in the pathophysiology of indirect ALI, our data therefore position plasmacytoid DCs as important regulators of acute lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Venet
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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19
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Williams MR, Sakurai Y, Zughaier SM, Eskin SG, McIntire LV. Transmigration across activated endothelium induces transcriptional changes, inhibits apoptosis, and decreases antimicrobial protein expression in human monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1331-43. [PMID: 19706840 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that transmigration drives monocyte transcriptional changes. Using Agilent whole human genome microarrays, we identified over 692 differentially expressed genes (2x, P<0.05) in freshly isolated human monocytes following 1.5 h of transmigration across IL-1beta-stimulated ECs compared with untreated monocytes. Genes up-regulated by monocyte transmigration belong to a number of over-represented functional groups including immune response and inhibition of apoptosis. qRT-PCR confirmed increased expression of MCP-1 and -3 and of NAIP following monocyte transmigration. Additionally, quantification of Annexin V binding revealed a reduction in apoptosis following monocyte transmigration. Comparison of gene expression in transmigrated monocytes with additional controls (monocytes that failed to transmigrate and monocytes incubated beneath stimulated ECs) revealed 89 differentially expressed genes, which were controlled by the process of diapedesis. Functional annotation of these genes showed down-regulation of antimicrobial genes (e.g., alpha-defensin down 50x, cathelicidin down 9x, and CTSG down 3x). qRT-PCR confirmed down-regulation of these genes. Immunoblots confirmed that monocyte diapedesis down-regulates alpha-defensin protein expression. However, transmigrated monocytes were functional and retained intact cytokine and chemokine release upon TLR ligand exposure. Overall, these data indicate that the process of monocyte transmigration across stimulated ECs promotes further monocyte recruitment and inhibits monocyte apoptosis. Unexpectedly, following transmigration, monocytes displayed reduced antimicrobial protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie R Williams
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
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20
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Abstract
Cellular interactions between leukocytes and the endothelium are critical events in vascular biology, such as atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome. When monocytes and endothelial cells are activated via direct cell-cell interaction, both types of cells express several biologically active molecules such as adhesion molecules, cytokines, coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, metalloproteinases, and vasoactive substances. All of these molecules could contribute to atherogenesis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ikeda
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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21
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Martin-Ventura JL, Madrigal-Matute J, Munoz-Garcia B, Blanco-Colio LM, Van Oostrom M, Zalba G, Fortuno A, Gomez-Guerrero C, Ortega L, Ortiz A, Diez J, Egido J. Increased CD74 expression in human atherosclerotic plaques: contribution to inflammatory responses in vascular cells. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:586-94. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Loppnow H, Werdan K, Buerke M. Vascular cells contribute to atherosclerosis by cytokine- and innate-immunity-related inflammatory mechanisms. Innate Immun 2008; 14:63-87. [PMID: 18713724 DOI: 10.1177/1753425908091246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the human diseases with the highest death rate and atherosclerosis is one of the major underlying causes of cardiovascular diseases. Inflammatory and innate immune mechanisms, employing monocytes, innate receptors, innate cytokines, or chemokines are suggested to be involved in atherogenesis. Among the inflammatory pathways the cytokines are central players. Plasma levels of cytokines and related proteins, such as CRP, have been investigated in cardiovascular patients, tissue mRNA expression was analyzed and correlations to vascular diseases established. Consistent with these findings the generation of cytokine-deficient animals has provided direct evidence for a role of cytokines in atherosclerosis. In vitro cell culture experiments further support the suggestion that cytokines and other innate mechanisms contribute to atherogenesis. Among the initiation pathways of atherogenesis are innate mechanisms, such as toll-like-receptors (TLRs), including the endotoxin receptor TLR4. On the other hand, innate cytokines, such as IL-1 or TNF, or even autoimmune triggers may activate the cells. Cytokines potently activate multiple functions relevant to maintain or spoil homeostasis within the vessel wall. Vascular cells, not least smooth muscle cells, can actively contribute to the inflammatory cytokine-dependent network in the blood vessel wall by: (i) production of cytokines; (ii) response to these potent cell activators; and (iii) cytokine-mediated interaction with invading cells, such as monocytes, T-cells, or mast cells. Activation of these pathways results in accumulation of cells and increased LDL- and ECM-deposition which may serve as an 'immunovascular memory' resulting in an ever-growing response to subsequent invasions. Thus, vascular cells may potently contribute to the inflammatory pathways involved in development and acceleration of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Loppnow
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin , Halle (Saale), Germany.
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23
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Morimoto H, Hirose M, Takahashi M, Kawaguchi M, Ise H, Kolattukudy PE, Yamada M, Ikeda U. MCP-1 induces cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury: role of reactive oxygen species. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 78:554-62. [PMID: 18267955 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1: CCL2) has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathophysiology of ischaemic heart disease; however, the precise role of MCP-1 in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is controversial. Here, we investigated the role of cardiac MCP-1 expression on left ventricular (LV) dysfunction after global I/R in Langendorff-perfused hearts isolated from transgenic mice expressing the mouse JE-MCP-1 gene under the control of the alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain promoter (MHC/MCP-1 mice). METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro experiments showed that MCP-1 prevented the apoptosis of murine neonatal cardiomyocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation. I/R significantly increased the mRNA expression of MCP-1 in the Langendorff-perfused hearts of wild-type mice. Cardiac MCP-1 overexpression in the MHC/MCP-1 mice improved LV dysfunction after I/R without affecting coronary flow; in particular, it ameliorated LV diastolic pressure after reperfusion. This improvement was independent of both sarcolemmal and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. Cardiac MCP-1 overexpression prevented superoxide generation in the I/R hearts, and these hearts showed decreased expression of the NADPH oxidase family proteins Nox1, gp91phox, and Nox3 compared with the hearts of wild-type mice. Further, superoxide dismutase activity in the hearts of MHC/MCP-1 mice was significantly increased compared with that in the hearts of wild-type mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that cardiac MCP-1 prevented LV dysfunction after global I/R through a reactive oxygen species-dependent but K(ATP) channel-independent pathway; this provides new insight into the beneficial role of MCP-1 in the pathophysiology of ischaemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Morimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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24
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Tanimoto A, Murata Y, Wang KY, Tsutsui M, Kohno K, Sasaguri Y. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression Is Enhanced by Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor via Jak2-Stat5 Signaling and Inhibited by Atorvastatin in Human Monocytic U937 Cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:4643-51. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708853200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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25
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Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Bátkai S, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Huffman JW, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Mackie K, Chatterjee S, Pacher P. CB2-receptor stimulation attenuates TNF-alpha-induced human endothelial cell activation, transendothelial migration of monocytes, and monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2210-8. [PMID: 17660390 PMCID: PMC2229632 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00688.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Targeting cannabinoid-2 (CB(2)) receptors with selective agonists may represent a novel therapeutic avenue in various inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms by which CB(2) activation exerts its anti-inflammatory effects and the cellular targets are elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of CB(2)-receptor activation on TNF-alpha-induced signal transduction in human coronary artery endothelial cells in vitro and on endotoxin-induced vascular inflammatory response in vivo. TNF-alpha induced NF-kappaB and RhoA activation and upregulation of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein, enhanced transendothelial migration of monocytes, and augmented monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Remarkably, all of the above-mentioned effects of TNF-alpha were attenuated by CB(2) agonists. CB(2) agonists also decreased the TNF-alpha- and/or endotoxin-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in isolated aortas and the adhesion of monocytes to aortic vascular endothelium. CB(1) and CB(2) receptors were detectable in human coronary artery endothelial cells by Western blotting, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence staining. Because the above-mentioned TNF-alpha-induced phenotypic changes are critical in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis, our findings suggest that targeting CB(2) receptors on endothelial cells may offer a novel approach in the treatment of these pathologies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Cannabinoids/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Leukocyte Rolling/drug effects
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Rajesh
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9413, USA
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26
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Thomas-Ecker S, Lindecke A, Hatzmann W, Kaltschmidt C, Zänker KS, Dittmar T. Alteration in the gene expression pattern of primary monocytes after adhesion to endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5539-44. [PMID: 17372200 PMCID: PMC1838499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700732104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes originate from precursors made in the bone and remain in the circulation for nearly 24 h. Much effort has been done to identify the molecules regulating transendothelial migration of monocytes during inflammatory conditions. In contrast, considerably less is known about the process of constitutive monocyte emigration although nearly 340 million monocytes leave the circulation each day in healthy individuals. Previous studies indicated that chemokines were up-regulated in monocytes cocultured with endothelial cells that induce the retraction of the latter cell type, thereby increasing vascular permeability. Thus, we hypothesized that the utilities required for efficient constitutive monocyte extravasation are generated by monocytes themselves because of adhesion to naïve endothelial cells. To test this hypothesis, cDNA microarray analysis was performed to determine the changes in the gene expression pattern of primary monocytes that have been attached to endothelial cells compared with monocytes that were held in suspension, and we were able to identify three major groups of genes. The first group includes genes such as matrix metalloproteinase 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and tissue transglutaminase 2, which are likely required for monocyte extravasation. The second group consists of genes that are expressed in phagocytes such as caveolin-1 and CD74. Finally, the third group comprises genes that are expressed in cells of endothelial tissue and cartilage including E-selectin, fibronectin-1, matrix Gla protein, and aggrecanase-2. In summary, we conclude that adhesion of peripheral blood monocytes to naïve endothelial cells has two effects: mandatory extravasation-specific genes are regulated, and the differentiation program of monocytes is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antje Lindecke
- Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang Hatzmann
- Department of Gynecology, Marienhospital, University of Witten/Herdecke, Marienplatz 2, 58452 Witten, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Neurobiochemistry, University of Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Strasse 10, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Dittmar
- Institutes of *Immunology and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
The designation of atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory process represents an exciting and logical paradigm shift for cardiologists. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in the recruitment and activation of monocytes and thus in the development of atherosclerosis. Enhanced MCP-1 expression has been detected in macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in the atheromatous plaque. Activation of macrophages by MCP-1 also appears to be involved in the vulnerability of the plaque. Indeed, circulating MCP-1 levels are elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in those with unstable angina, but not in patients with stable angina. Production of MCP-1 and macrophage accumulation are also observed after coronary angioplasty or grafting, indicating that MCP-1 expression may be related not only to instability of atheromatous plaques, but also to the formation of restenotic lesions. The development of therapeutic drugs for atherosclerosis targeted specially against MCP-1 may be useful in the prevention of plaque formation and future myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uichi Ikeda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
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28
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Sudhakaran PR, Radhika A, Jacob SS. Monocyte macrophage differentiation in vitro: Fibronectin-dependent upregulation of certain macrophage-specific activities. Glycoconj J 2006; 24:49-55. [PMID: 17115276 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration of monocytes followed by their differentiation into macrophages involves interaction of monocytes with subendothelial matrix. The influence of extracellular matrix on monocyte-macrophage differentiation was studied using an in vitro model system with human PBMC maintained on different matrix protein substrata. Upregulation of macrophage specific marker activities such as endocytosis of modified proteins, changes in expression of cell surface antigen, and production of matrix metalloproteinases was studied. Cells maintained on Fibronectin (Fn) showed significantly higher rate of endocytosis and production of MMP2 and MMP9 when compared to other matrix protein substrata. Immunoblot analysis, ELISA, and zymography showed that Fn-dependent upregulation of MMPs was blocked by antibodies to alpha(5)beta(1) integrin indicating that the Fn effect was mediated by integrins. The Fn effect on mo-mPhi was blocked by genistein and herbimycin. As monocytes differentiate to macrophages there was an increase in the rate of production of Fn. These results indicate the influence of the microenvironment of the cell, particularly Fn, on mo-mPhi differentiation and integrin-mediated downstream signaling through focal adhesion kinase and Src type tyrosine kinase is involved in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Sudhakaran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 581 Kerala, India.
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29
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Takahashi M, Takahashi S, Suzuki C, Jia L, Morimoto H, Ise H, Iwasaki T, Hattori H, Suzuki J, Miyamori I, Kobayashi E, Ikeda U. Interleukin-1beta attenuates beta-very low-density lipoprotein uptake and its receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005; 38:637-46. [PMID: 15808840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor is a member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family with distinct tissue distribution and function. VLDL receptors are also expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and have been shown to be upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions. In the present study, we examined the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on the uptake of betaVLDL and its receptor expression in rat VSMCs. IL-1beta downregulated expression of the VLDL receptor in a time and dose-dependent manner as shown by Western blotting, Northern blotting, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Treatment with IL-1beta significantly reduced the uptake of beta-VLDL but not LDL in VSMCs. Use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors indicated that the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, herbimycin A and geldanamycin, completely reversed IL-1beta-induced downregulation of the VLDL receptor expression. Another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, the protein kinase C inhibitors, GF109203X and H7, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors (MEK inhibitor PD098059 for [MEK] and SB203580 for p38-MAP kinase), and the protein kinase A inhibitor, KT5270 all had no effect on receptor expression. In addition, the c-Src specific inhibitor PP2 or adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of kinase inactive (KI)-c-Src failed to reverse IL-1beta-induced downregulation of VLDL receptor expression. These results indicate that IL-1beta attenuates uptake of VLDL through downregulation of its receptor in VSMCs, and that this downregulation is mediated through a benzoquinone ansamycin-dependent but c-Src-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Takahashi
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
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30
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Kipar A, May H, Menger S, Weber M, Leukert W, Reinacher M. Morphologic features and development of granulomatous vasculitis in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Pathol 2005; 42:321-30. [PMID: 15872378 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-3-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, coronavirus (CoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterized by granulomas in organs and granulomatous vasculitis. This study describes the morphologic features of granulomatous vasculitis in FIP as well as its development in the course of monocyte-associated feline CoV (FCoV) viremia in five naturally infected Domestic Shorthair cats with FIP. Monocyte-associated FCoV viremia was demonstrated by immunohistology, RNA in situ hybridization, and electron micropscopy. Granulomatous phlebitis at different stages of development was observed. Vasculitic processes ranged from attachment and emigration of FCoV-infected monocytes to vascular/perivascular granulomatous infiltrates with destruction of the vascular basal lamina. Monocytes as well as perivascular macrophages were activated because they were strongly positive for CD18 and expressed cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) and matrix metalloproteinase-9. In addition, general activation of endothelial cells, represented by major histocompatibility complex II upregulation, was observed in all cases. These results confirm FIP as a monocyte-triggered systemic disease and demonstrate the central role of activated monocytes in FIP vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kipar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
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31
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Nourshargh S, Marelli-Berg FM. Transmigration through venular walls: a key regulator of leukocyte phenotype and function. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:157-65. [PMID: 15745858 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte transmigration is a key event in host defense. As well as delivering leukocytes to sites of inflammation, this response also has an important role in immunity by regulating the responsiveness and behavior of leukocytes in the extravascular tissue. Recent evidence suggests that these events are associated with phenotypic and functional changes in migrating leukocytes mediated by signaling and transcriptional events triggered by the molecular interactions involved in leukocyte transendothelial cell migration. Transfer of membrane proteins from endothelial cells to migrating leukocytes and interaction of leukocytes with components of the perivascular basement membrane might also contribute to this effect. This Review will discuss the characteristics, potential mechanisms and the relevance of transmigration-induced change in leukocyte phenotype and responsiveness both within physiological and pathological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussan Nourshargh
- The Eric Bywaters Centre for Vascular Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 ONN.
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Blankenberg FG. Molecular imaging with single photon emission computed tomography. How new tracers can be employed in the nuclear medicine clinic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 23:51-7. [PMID: 15508385 DOI: 10.1109/memb.2004.1337949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Blankenberg
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University Hospital, Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
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Kimura S, Wang KY, Tanimoto A, Murata Y, Nakashima Y, Sasaguri Y. Acute inflammatory reactions caused by histamine via monocytes/macrophages chronically participate in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Pathol Int 2004; 54:465-74. [PMID: 15189499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2004.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that histidine decarboxylase (HDC), which produces histamine from l-histidine, was detected in monocytes/macrophages located in human atherosclerotic lesions. As monocytic migration is a key event of atherogenesis, we investigated whether histamine induces monocytic expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and its receptors CCR2-A and -B, and also endothelial expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Furthermore, we studied the effect of interleukin (IL)-4, which inhibits the HDC expression, on the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2. Histamine stimulated monocytes, but not macrophages, to express MCP-1 and CCR2-A and -B. The expression of MCP-1 was inhibited by histamine H2 blocker. In contrast, IL-4 enhanced CCR2 expression but not MCP-1. Histamine stimulated endothelial cells to express ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. These results indicate that histamine and IL-4, which are both synthesized in the arterial intima, chronically participates in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via the enhanced expression of monocytic MCP-1, CCR2 and endothelial adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Stone PCW, Lally F, Rahman M, Smith E, Buckley CD, Nash GB, Rainger GE. Transmigrated neutrophils down‐regulate the expression of VCAM‐1 on endothelial cells and inhibit the adhesion of flowing lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:44-51. [PMID: 15459233 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0504304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first leukocytes recruited during inflammation, neutrophils are ideally situated to regulate the subsequent recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes. Here, we found that human neutrophils recruited by endothelial cells (EC), which had been stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha for 4 h, inhibited the adhesion of flowing, mixed mononuclear cells or purified lymphocytes over the subsequent 20 h but did not affect the adhesion of a secondary bolus of neutrophils. The degree of inhibition of lymphocyte adhesion increased with the duration of neutrophil-EC contact and with the number of recruited neutrophils. Antibody-blocking studies showed that lymphocyte adhesion was mediated predominantly by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Recruited neutrophils reduced the EC expression of VCAM-1 but not intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or E-selectin in a manner that mirrored the time- and number-dependent reduction in lymphocyte adhesion. VCAM-1 was not shed into the culture supernatant, and a panel of protease inhibitors was unable to reverse its down-regulation, indicating that it was not proteolytically degraded by neutrophils. In EC that had been in contact with neutrophils, the mRNA message for VCAM-1 but not ICAM-1 was down-regulated, indicating that alterations in transcriptional activity were responsible for the reduction in VCAM-1. Thus, under some inflammatory milieu, neutrophils may delay the recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes by regulating the expression of EC adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C W Stone
- Department of Physiology, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT
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Kohno Y, Tanimoto A, Cirathaworn C, Shimajiri S, Tawara A, Sasaguri Y. GM-CSF activates RhoA, integrin and MMP expression in human monocytic cells. Pathol Int 2004; 54:693-702. [PMID: 15363038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2004.01682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte migration is one of the key events occurring in the early stage of atherosclerosis. This process includes monocytic adhesion to and penetration through the arterial intima. In such an environment, many factors stimulate the monocytes to enhance integrin activation and extracellular matrix degradation. To investigate the coordinative operation of these two events in relation to monocyte migration, we paid particular attention to the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on monocytes in terms of RhoA activation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. RhoA and integrin clustering were activated by GM-CSF, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in human monocytic cell lines. Furthermore, enhancement of migration was observed with stimulation by MCP-1 and PDGF-BB. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not enhance the migration, even though it activated RhoA and integrin. However, GM-CSF is known to stimulate monocytes to express MCP-1, suggesting the presence of an indirect mechanism for GM-CSF-mediated migratory activity. In contrast, only GM-CSF enhanced the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9. These results provide evidence that GM-CSF has multiple functions enhancing monocytic migration via RhoA and integrin activation, and via MMP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Kohno
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Matsui K, Ikeda U, Murakami Y, Yoshioka T, Shimada K. Intravenous prostaglandin E1 reduces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in peripheral arterial obstructive disease. Am Heart J 2003; 145:330-3. [PMID: 12595852 DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2003.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood monocytes are the precursors of the lipid-laden foam cells that are the hallmark of early atherosclerotic lesions, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays important roles in their recruitment to the vessel wall. In this study, we measured serum levels of MCP-1 in patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease (PAOD) and investigated whether intravenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) treatment, which produces clinical benefits in PAOD, might decrease such levels. METHODS Eight patients with PAOD at Fontaine stage II to IV were treated with a daily intravenous infusion of 10 microg of PGE1 for 7 consecutive days. Blood samples before and after 7-day PGE1 treatment were used for assays of MCP-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and endothelin-1 (ET-1). RESULTS Serum MCP-1 levels in patients with PAOD were significantly higher than those in healthy control subjects (263.8 +/- 52.8 vs 136.5 +/- 15.0 pg/mL, P =.002). PGE1 administration for 7 days resulted in a significant decrease in the MCP-1 level, from 263.8 +/- 52.8 to 196.1 +/- 25.5 pg/mL (P =.02), whereas levels of IL-6, hs-CRP, and ET-1 and the activity of vWF were not affected. CONCLUSIONS Serum MCP-1 levels were elevated in patients with PAOD, indicating the involvement of activation of monocytes in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Parenteral administration of PGE1 appeared to decrease circulating MCP-1 levels, which might lead to the suppression of the development of atherosclerotic lesions in patients with PAOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Matsui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Bhalla KS, Folz RJ. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after syngeneic bone marrow transplant in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1579-89. [PMID: 12471073 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200201-044oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome is characterized by noninfectious diffuse lung injury after myeloablative chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant. Because little is known about its pathogenesis after autologous-based regimens, we have developed a murine model that closely mimics the human lung disease process. Using an autologous regimen similar to that used for patients with metastatic breast cancer, mice developed pulmonary injury as early as 1 day posttransplant. This lung injury was most dramatically characterized by decreased lung compliance that was associated with an intense monocytic cellular infiltrate of activated macrophages. This influx was preceded by an acute elevation in monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha. The conditioning regimen caused substantial oxidative stress as manifest by elevations in lung lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione. To test the hypothesis that oxidation is directly responsible for the lung toxicity, we administered the antioxidant, n-acetylcysteine. These mice showed substantially less lung injury, thus providing direct evidence that oxidative stress plays a distinct role in the development of lung injury in the early periautologous bone marrow transplant period. Attenuation of lung oxidative stress and/or inflammation in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplant may reduce the subsequent development of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan S Bhalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
With the emergence of the new field of molecular imaging, there is an increasing demand for development of sensitive and safe novel imaging agents that can be rapidly translated from small animal models into patients. Nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography (PET) techniques have the ability to detect and serially monitor a variety of biologic and pathophysiologic processes, usually with tracer quantities of radiolabeled peptides, drugs, and other molecules at doses free of pharmacologic side effects, unlike the current generation of intravenous agents required for magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) scanning. In this article, we will review a representative sampling of the wide array of radiopharmaceuticals developed specifically for nuclear medicine radionuclide imaging that have been approved for clinical use, and those in pre-clinical trials. We will also review the existing strategies used to select the appropriate biologic markers and targets for radionuclide labeling that have been employed in the development of novel radiotracers and the imaging of small animals with new microSPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Blankenberg
- Department of Radiology/Division of Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, California, USA.
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Kasama T, Muramatsu M, Kobayashi K, Yajima N, Shiozawa F, Hanaoka R, Miwa Y, Negishi M, Ide H, Adachi M. Interaction of monocytes with vascular endothelial cells synergistically induces interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 expression through activation of specific cell surface molecules and cytokines. Cell Immunol 2002; 219:131-9. [PMID: 12576031 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the regulatory mechanisms involved in the process of angiogenesis, the present study was designed to determine the expression and regulation of interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) in peripheral blood monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that the interaction of monocytes with HUVECs resulted in synergistic increases in IP-10 expression and secretion, which consequently inhibited endothelial tube formation in vitro. Induction of IP-10 was mediated via specific cell surface molecules, as indicated by the finding that IP-10 secretion was significantly inhibited by anti-CD40 ligand antibody, and to a lesser extent by anti-CD40 antibody. Furthermore, we examined the effects of soluble mediators, such as inflammatory and immune cytokines on IP-10 secretion. Addition of interleukin (IL)-1, as well as interferon gamma, induced a marked augmentation of IP-10 secretion by unstimulated monocytes, unstimulated HUVECs, and co-cultures of the two cell types. In contrast, IL-10, recognized as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, significantly inhibited IP-10 secretion by co-cultures. Our results suggest that the interaction of monocytes with endothelial cells results in synergistic increases in IP-10 expression and secretion, which contribute to the regulation of angiogenesis and initiation of inflammatory vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan.
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Abstract
(1) Chemokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, contributing to leukocyte recruitment, angiogenesis and also proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells into atherosclerotic plaques. (2) Leukocytes and endothelial cells are an important source of chemokines, and many of the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis increase chemokine expression. There is now a body of evidence to suggest that interactions between cells such as leukocytes and endothelial cells amplify chemokine release, and this may contribute to sustained chemokine generation in inflammatory conditions. (3) This article summarises, briefly, what is currently known about chemokines release. A number of important pharmacological strategies used in the treatment of atherosclerosis inhibit chemokine release and the extent to which this may contribute to their therapeutic effect will be discussed. Understanding the mechanisms controlling chemokine expression is essential for the design of specific therapeutic interventions in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burke-Gaffney
- Unit of Critical Care, National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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Takahashi M, Okazaki H, Ogata Y, Takeuchi K, Ikeda U, Shimada K. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces apoptosis in human endothelial cells through a p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. Atherosclerosis 2002; 161:387-94. [PMID: 11888522 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) is a component of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) and is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammation. Previous studies demonstrated that lysoPC can induce various protein kinases including tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in vascular endothelial cells. However, the role of lysoPC-activated kinases remains undefined. In this study, we examined the effect of lysoPC on apoptosis and investigated the role of lysoPC-activated protein kinases in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The presence of apoptosis was evaluated by morphological criteria, MTT assay, and electrophoresis of DNA fragments showing the characteristic apoptotic ladder, TUNEL analysis, and quantified as the proportion of hypodiploid cells by flow cytometry. The lysoPC induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. It stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38-MAPK in HUVEC. The use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors indicated that the p38-MAPK-signaling pathway (SB203580) is required for lysoPC-induced apoptotic signals. Furthermore, lysoPC-induced apoptosis was inhibited by DEVD-FMK (a caspas-3/CPP32 inhibitor), suggesting involvement of an important segment in the apoptosis. These results demonstrate that lysoPC induces apoptosis in human endothelial cells through a p38-MAPK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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42
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Reinares L, Figueredo A, Rueda A, Pontes J, Rodr??guez A, Ruiz-Yag??e M, Hern??ndez-Presa M, Pueyo C, Hern??ndez G, Fern??ndez-Cruz A, Pati??o R. Atorvastatin Reduces Expression of the CCR2 and MAC-1 Receptors on Monocytes, and Plasma Levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and C-Reactive Protein, in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Clin Drug Investig 2002. [DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200222010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Carlos TM. Leukocyte recruitment at sites of tumor: dissonant orchestration. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Carlos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hojo Y, Ikeda U, Ohya K, Ichida M, Kario K, Takahashi M, Ikeda M, Minota S, Isumi Y, Minamino N, Ishimitsu T, Shimada K. Interaction between monocytes and vascular endothelial cells induces adrenomedullin production. Atherosclerosis 2001; 155:381-7. [PMID: 11254908 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilator peptide, has natriuretic effects, and its plasma concentration is elevated in cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we investigated the induction of AM expression due to interactions between THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) and human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). AM levels in the culture medium were measured by radioimmunoassay. The luciferase vector containing the 5'-flanking region of the human AM gene was transfected into either HUVECs or THP-1 cells. Addition of THP-1 cells to HUVECs for 48 h induced marked increases in AM levels, which were 16-fold higher than those of HUVECs alone. Luciferase vectors containing the 5'-flanking region of human AM gene (pLCF-1534) were transferred into THP-1 cells or HUVECs. Addition of THP-1 cells to pLCF-1534-transfected HUVECs induced an increase in luciferase activity in cell lysates, which was 5-fold higher than that of the transfected HUVECs alone. In contrast, the luciferase activity of lysates from pLCF-1534-transfected THP-1 cells was not affected by coculture with HUVECs. A separate coculture experiment revealed that direct contact of THP-1 cells and HUVECs contributed to enhanced AM production in the cocoulture. Co-incubation of the cell membrane fraction from THP-1 cells augmented AM production by HUVECs. Both anti-interleukin (IL)-1alpha antibody and IL-1 receptor antagonist significantly inhibited AM production in the cocultures. The cell-to-cell interaction between monocytes and HUVECs induces AM production by HUVECs, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hojo
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
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Grisar J, Hahn P, Brosch S, Peterlik M, Smolen JS, Pietschmann P. Phenotypic characteristics of human monocytes undergoing transendothelial migration. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2001; 3:127-32. [PMID: 11178120 PMCID: PMC17829 DOI: 10.1186/ar150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2000] [Revised: 11/23/2000] [Accepted: 12/14/2000] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In our study we characterised the immunophenotype of monocytes that migrated through an endothelial cell (EC) monolayer in vitro. We found that monocyte migration led to an enhanced expression of CD11a, CD33, CD45RO, CD54 [intercellular cell-adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1] and human leucocyte antigen-DR. The most striking increase was observed for ICAM-1 when ECs were activated with tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1alpha. The results of our study indicate the following: (1) there is a characteristic immunophenotype on the surface of monocytes after transendothelial migration; (2) this phenotype seems to be induced by interactions between monocytes and ECs; and (3) this change is enhanced by the pretreatment of ECs with cytokines. Taken together, the results suggest that local cytokine production activating ECs is sufficient to enhance monocyte migration and that this, in turn, can induce changes consistent with an activated phenotype known to be interactive between antigen-presenting cells and T cells. These results have implications for our pathogenetic insights into rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grisar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
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Okada M, Hojo Y, Ikeda U, Takahashi M, Takizawa T, Morishita R, Shimada K. Interaction between monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells induces expression of hepatocyte growth factor. J Hypertens 2000; 18:1825-31. [PMID: 11132607 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200018120-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)--a multifunctional factor implicated in tissue regeneration, wound healing and angiogenesis--that is induced by cell-to-cell interactions between monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), using coculture of human VSMCs and cells of the human monocytoid cell line, THP-1. METHODS We collected supernatant from the coculture medium and measured HGF concentrations with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Northern blot analysis of HGF mRNA was performed using a specific cDNA. To explore which types of cells produce HGF, we performed immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Coculture of VSMCs with THP-1 cells for 24 h caused a fivefold increase in HGF concentrations over that in control VSMC culture. Northern blot analysis showed an induction of HGF mRNA in the coculture with a peak at 3 h. Separated cocultures demonstrated that both direct contact and soluble factors contribute to the production of HGF. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that both types of cells in the coculture produce HGF. Neutralizing antibodies against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 inhibited the HGF production in THP-1 cells and VSMCs that was induced by the coculture conditioned medium. The protein kinase C inhibitors H-7, calphostin C and K252b, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, significantly inhibited the production of HGF in the coculture. CONCLUSIONS Cell-to-cell interactions between monocytes and VSMCs induced HGF synthesis in both types of cells, suggesting that local HGF production induced by this cell-to-cell interaction has an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, atherosclerosis or vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okada
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Andjelkovic AV, Pachter JS. Characterization of binding sites for chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha on human brain microvessels. J Neurochem 2000; 75:1898-906. [PMID: 11032879 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0751898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of binding sites for the beta chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) has recently been identified on human brain microvessels. We extend these findings in this report to reveal that such sites exemplify characteristics of the recognized major receptors for MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha: CCR2, and CCR1 and CCR5, respectively. Specifically, labeled MCP-1 binding to isolated brain microvessels was inhibited by unlabeled MCP-1 and MCP-3, the latter another CCR2 ligand, but not by MIP-1alpha. Inhibition of labeled MIP-1alpha binding was achieved with unlabeled MIP-1alpha and RANTES, the latter a beta chemokine that binds to both CCR1 and CCR5, but not by MCP-1. Labeled MIP-1alpha binding was also antagonized by unlabeled MCP-3, which is also recognized by CCR1, and MIP-1beta, which is a ligand for CCR5. Labeled MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha were further observed to be internalized within the endothelial cells of brain microvessels, following their binding to the microvascular surface at 37 degrees C. Additionally, exposure of microvessels to unlabeled MCP-1 or MIP-1alpha was accompanied by the initial loss and subsequent recovery of surface binding sites for these chemokines, which occurred on a time scale consistent with ligand-induced endocytosis and recycling. These collective features bear striking similarity to those that characterize interactions of MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha with their receptors on leukocytes and underscore the concept of cognate chemokine receptors on brain microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Andjelkovic
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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48
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Andjelkovic AV, Kerkovich D, Pachter JS. Monocyte:astrocyte interactions regulate MCP‐1 expression in both cell types. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.4.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anuska V. Andjelkovic
- Blood‐Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Danielle Kerkovich
- Blood‐Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joel S. Pachter
- Blood‐Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Zhu Y, Hojo Y, Ikeda U, Takahashi M, Shimada K. Interaction between monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells enhances matrix metalloproteinase-1 production. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36:152-61. [PMID: 10942155 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200008000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of MMP-1 by cell-to-cell interactions between monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Human VSMCs and THP-1 cells (human monocytoid cells) were cocultured. MMP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Collagenolytic activity was determined by fluorescent labeled-collagen digestion. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine which types of cells produce MMP-1. Adding THP-1 cells to VSMCs markedly increased the MMP-1 levels and activity of the culture media. MMP-1 levels were maximal when the cellular ratio of THP-1 cells/VSMCs was 1.0. Immunohistochemistry revealed that both types of cells in the coculture produced MMP-1. Separated coculture experiments showed that both direct contact and a soluble factor(s) contributed to MMP-1 production. Neutralizing anti-interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies inhibited coculture conditioned medium-induced MMP-1 production by VSMCs and THP-1 cells. Protein kinase C inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor significantly inhibited MMP-1 production by cocultures. Direct cell-to-cell interaction between THP-1 cells and VSMCs enhanced MMP-1 synthesis in both types of cells. Increased local MMP-1 production and activity induced by monocyte-VSMC interaction play an important pathogenic role in atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Hojo Y, Ikeda U, Takahashi M, Sakata Y, Takizawa T, Okada K, Saito T, Shimada K. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression by interaction between monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32:1459-68. [PMID: 10900172 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2000.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence of complicated interactions among vascular cells, i.e. endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and monocytes/macrophages, in the regulation of vascular function and remodeling. We have investigated the mechanisms responsible for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression by interactions between monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cocultured. MMP-1 levels in the culture medium were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Collagenolytic activity in the culture medium was measured by fluorescence labeled-collagen digestion. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-MMP antibody was carried out to determine which types of cell produce MMP-1. The addition of THP-1 cells to HUVECs for 48 h induced increases in MMP-1 levels and collagenolytic activity, which were 5- and 2-fold relative to those of HUVECs alone, respectively. A separate coculture experiment revealed that direct contact of THP-1 cells and HUVECs contributed to enhanced MMP-1 production in the cocolture. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both types of cell produce MMP-1 in the coculture. Neutralizing anti-interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor- alpha antibodies inhibited MMP-1 production by the coculture. The Src kinase and MEK inhibitors significantly inhibited MMP-1 production by the coculture. Coculture of THP-1 cells and HUVECs induced significant increases in Src and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase activities. Enhanced MMP-1 expression induced by monocyte-endothelial cell interactions may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hojo
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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