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Theusch E, Ting FY, Qin Y, Stevens K, Naidoo D, King SM, Yang NV, Orr J, Han BY, Cyster JG, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response. Genome Med 2024; 16:93. [PMID: 39061094 PMCID: PMC11282643 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Though highly efficacious in general, there is considerable inter-individual variation in statin efficacy that remains largely unexplained. METHODS To identify novel genes that may modulate statin-induced LDLC lowering, we used RNA-sequencing data from 426 control- and 2 µM simvastatin-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from European and African American ancestry participants of the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) 40 mg/day 6-week simvastatin clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00451828). We correlated statin-induced changes in LCL gene expression with plasma LDLC statin response in the corresponding CAP participants. For the most correlated gene identified (ZNF335), we followed up in vivo by comparing plasma cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and lipid statin response between wild-type mice and carriers of a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) missense mutation in Zfp335 (the mouse homolog of ZNF335). RESULTS The statin-induced expression changes of 147 human LCL genes were significantly correlated to the plasma LDLC statin responses of the corresponding CAP participants in vivo (FDR = 5%). The two genes with the strongest correlations were zinc finger protein 335 (ZNF335 aka NIF-1, rho = 0.237, FDR-adj p = 0.0085) and CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3 (CNOT3, rho = 0.233, FDR-adj p = 0.0085). Chow-fed mice carrying a hypomorphic missense (R1092W; aka bloto) mutation in Zfp335 had significantly lower non-HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type C57BL/6J mice in a sex combined model (p = 0.04). Furthermore, male (but not female) mice carrying the Zfp335R1092W allele had significantly lower total and HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type mice. In a separate experiment, wild-type mice fed a control diet for 4 weeks and a matched simvastatin diet for an additional 4 weeks had significant statin-induced reductions in non-HDLC (-43 ± 18% and -23 ± 19% for males and females, respectively). Wild-type male (but not female) mice experienced significant reductions in plasma LDL particle concentrations, while male mice carrying Zfp335R1092W allele(s) exhibited a significantly blunted LDL statin response. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo studies identified ZNF335 as a novel modulator of plasma cholesterol levels and statin response, suggesting that variation in ZNF335 activity could contribute to inter-individual differences in statin clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Theusch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Flora Y Ting
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Devesh Naidoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Neil V Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Orr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Y Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Marisa W Medina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA.
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Krauss RM, Fisher LM, King SM, Gardner CD. Changes in soluble LDL receptor and lipoprotein fractions in response to diet in the DIETFITS weight loss study. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100503. [PMID: 38246235 PMCID: PMC10882123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the soluble ligand-binding ectodomain of the LDL receptor (sLDLR) that is proteolytically cleaved from the cell surface have been shown to correlate with plasma triglycerides, but the lipid and lipoprotein effects of longitudinal changes in sLDLR have not been examined. We sought to assess associations between changes in sLDLR and detailed lipoprotein measurements between baseline and 6 months in participants in the DIETFITS (Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success) weight loss trial who were randomly assigned to the low-fat (n = 225) or low-carbohydrate (n = 236) diet arms. sLDLR was assayed using a proteomic procedure, lipids and apoprotein (apo) B and apoAI were measured by standard assays, and lipoprotein particle subfractions were quantified by ion mobility methodology. Changes in sLDLR were significantly positively associated with changes in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, apoB, large-sized and medium-sized VLDL, and small and very small LDL, and inversely with changes in large LDL and HDL. The lipoprotein subfraction associations with sLDLR were independent of age, sex, diet, and BMI, but all except for large LDL were reduced to insignificance when adjusted for triglyceride change. Principal component analysis identified three independent clusters of changes in lipoprotein subfractions that accounted for 78% of their total variance. Change in sLDLR was most strongly correlated with change in the principal component that was loaded positively with large VLDL and small and very small LDL and negatively with large LDL and HDL. In conclusion, sLDLR is a component of a cluster of lipids and lipoproteins that are characteristic of atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Krauss
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lois M Fisher
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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Nájera N, Ortíz-Flores M, Pérez-Durán J, Reyes-Muñoz E, Romo-Yañez J, Ortiz-Luna G, Villarreal F, Meaney E, Ceballos G, Montoya-Estrada A. Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (-)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial. J Clin Med 2023; 13:195. [PMID: 38202201 PMCID: PMC10779966 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-adjusted rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are higher in men than in women. CVD risk-factor outcomes are underrecognized, underestimated, and undertreated in women because the clinical expressions in women differ from those of men. There are no universally accepted recommendations on what to do in women when the values of fasting glucose, blood pressure, and lipids are only slightly altered or at borderline values. We reported the positive effects on CVD risk markers using cacao by-products, showing that alternative approaches can be used to prevent cardiovascular disease in women. The objective was to evaluate the changes in lipoprotein subfractions induced by three months of treatment with an epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study was developed to evaluate the effects of 3 months of treatment with an (-)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement on lipoprotein subfractions. RESULTS The usual screening workshop for postmenopausal women could be insufficient and misleading. Assessing the effect of a (-)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement employing a lipoprotein subfractionation profile analysis suggests a decrease in cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS A simple, low-cost, safe (-)-epicatechin-enriched cacao supplement product can improve the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayelli Nájera
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Miguel Ortíz-Flores
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Javier Pérez-Durán
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
- Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research Department, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Enrique Reyes-Muñoz
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (E.R.-M.)
| | - José Romo-Yañez
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (E.R.-M.)
| | - Guillermo Ortiz-Luna
- Peri and Postmenopause Clinic, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.N.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Araceli Montoya-Estrada
- Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, National Institute of Perinatology, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (E.R.-M.)
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Price TR, Emfinger CH, Schueler KL, King S, Nicholson R, Beck T, Yandell BS, Summers SA, Holland WL, Krauss RM, Keller MP, Attie AD. Identification of genetic drivers of plasma lipoprotein size in the Diversity Outbred mouse population. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100471. [PMID: 37944753 PMCID: PMC10750189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite great progress in understanding lipoprotein physiology, there is still much to be learned about the genetic drivers of lipoprotein abundance, composition, and function. We used ion mobility spectrometry to survey 16 plasma lipoprotein subfractions in 500 Diversity Outbred mice maintained on a Western-style diet. We identified 21 quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting lipoprotein abundance. To refine the QTL and link them to disease risk in humans, we asked if the human homologs of genes located at each QTL were associated with lipid traits in human genome-wide association studies. Integration of mouse QTL with human genome-wide association studies yielded candidate gene drivers for 18 of the 21 QTL. This approach enabled us to nominate the gene encoding the neutral ceramidase, Asah2, as a novel candidate driver at a QTL on chromosome 19 for large HDL particles (HDL-2b). To experimentally validate Asah2, we surveyed lipoproteins in Asah2-/- mice. Compared to wild-type mice, female Asah2-/- mice showed an increase in several lipoproteins, including HDL. Our results provide insights into the genetic regulation of circulating lipoproteins, as well as mechanisms by which lipoprotein subfractions may affect cardiovascular disease risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Price
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L Schueler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sarah King
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebekah Nicholson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tim Beck
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Brian S Yandell
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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5
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Deets A, Joshi PH, Chandra A, Singh K, Khera A, Virani SS, Ballantyne CM, Otvos JD, Dullaart RPF, Gruppen EG, Connelly MA, Ayers C, Navar AM, Pandey A, Wilkins JT, Rohatgi A. Novel Size-Based High-Density Lipoprotein Subspecies and Incident Vascular Events. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e031160. [PMID: 37929707 PMCID: PMC10727395 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Background High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle concentration likely outperforms HDL cholesterol in predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Whether size-based HDL subspecies explain the atheroprotective associations of HDL particle concentration remains unknown. Our objective was to assess whether levels of specific size-based HDL subspecies associate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a multiethnic pooled cohort and improve risk prediction beyond traditional atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors. Methods and Results Seven HDL size-based subspecies were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance (LP4 algorithm; H1=smallest; H7=largest) among participants without prior atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease), and DHS (Dallas Heart Study) cohorts (n=15 371 people). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between HDL subspecies and incident myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemic stroke at follow-up (average 8-10 years) adjusting for HDL cholesterol and risk factors. Improvement in risk prediction was assessed via discrimination and reclassification analysis. Within the pooled cohort (median age 57 years; female 54%; Black 22%) higher H1 (small) and H4 (medium) concentrations were inversely associated with incident MI (hazard ratio [HR]/SD, H1 0.88 [95% CI, 0.81-0.94]; H4 0.89 [95% CI, 0.82-0.97]). H4 but not H1 improved risk prediction indices for incident MI. Increasing H2 and H4 were inversely associated with improved risk prediction indices for composite end point of stroke, MI, and cardiovascular death (HR/SD, H2 0.94 [95% CI, 0.88-0.99]; H4 0.91 [95% CI, 0.85-0.98]). Levels of the large subspecies (H6 and H7) were not associated with any vascular end point. Conclusions Two of 7 HDL size-based subspecies modestly improved risk prediction for MI and composite vascular end points in a large multiethnic pooled cohort. These findings support assessment of precise HDL subspecies for future studies regarding clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Deets
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | | | - Alvin Chandra
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | | | - Amit Khera
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Salim S. Virani
- Michael E. Debakey Veteran Affairs Medical CenterHoustonTX
- Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTX
| | | | | | - Robin P. F. Dullaart
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eke G. Gruppen
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Colby Ayers
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | | | | | | | - Anand Rohatgi
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
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6
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El Khoudary SR, Chen X, Wang Z, Brooks MM, Orchard T, Crawford S, Janssen I, Everson-Rose SA, McConnell D, Matthews K. Low-density lipoprotein subclasses over the menopausal transition and risk of coronary calcification and carotid atherosclerosis: the SWAN Heart and HDL ancillary studies. Menopause 2023; 30:1006-1013. [PMID: 37738035 PMCID: PMC10539013 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perimenopausal women experience a steep increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) that is related to a higher risk of carotid plaque later in life. Low-density lipoprotein subclasses have been linked to cardiovascular diseases beyond LDL-C, promising a better risk stratification. We aim to characterize changes in LDL subclasses and assess their associations with presence of coronary artery calcium (CAC score ≥10) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) over the menopausal transition (MT) and by menopause stage. METHODS Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy LDL subclasses were measured for a maximum of five time points. Coronary artery calcification and cIMT were measured for a maximum of two time points. LOESS (locally weighted regression with scatter smoothing) plots, linear mixed-effects models, and generalized estimating equations were used for analyses. RESULTS The study included 471 women (baseline: age, 50.2 ± 2.7 years; 79.0% premenopausal/early perimenopausal), of whom 221 had data on CAC or cIMT. Low-density lipoprotein subclasses increased over the MT, whereas intermediate density-lipoprotein particles declined. In adjusted models, higher total LDL particles (LDL-P) and apolipoprotein B were associated with greater CAC prevalence and greater cIMT. Although none of the associations were modified by menopause stage, higher LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, and total LDL-P were associated with greater cIMT during the perimenopause or postmenopause stages, whereas higher LDL-C and small LDL-P were associated with greater CAC prevalence, mainly during perimenopause. CONCLUSIONS During the MT, women experience significant increases in LDL subclasses found to be related to greater cIMT levels and CAC prevalence. Whether these changes could better predict future risk of hard cardiovascular disease events beyond LDL-C remains a research question to address.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xirun Chen
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Laupsa-Borge J, Grytten E, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1020678. [PMID: 37404855 PMCID: PMC10315503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs. Objective To explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity. Methods This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity. Results The between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: -11%*/-3.3%, p = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/-0.1%, p = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (-8.3%*/-12%*, p = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, p = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, p = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (-16%*/+0.1%, p = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: -2.1%/+3.9%*, p = 0.029), insulin (-31%*/+16%, p < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (-12%*/+13%*, p = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (-12%*/+14%*, p = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/-12%*, p = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/-3.4%*, p < 0.001). Conclusion We found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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8
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Theusch E, Ting FY, Qin Y, Stevens K, Naidoo D, King SM, Yang N, Orr J, Han BY, Cyster JG, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544860. [PMID: 37397985 PMCID: PMC10312755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Statins lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Though highly efficacious in general, there is considerable inter-individual variation in statin efficacy that remains largely unexplained. Methods To identify novel genes that may modulate statin-induced LDLC lowering, we used RNA-sequencing data from 426 control- and 2 μM simvastatin-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from European and African American ancestry participants of the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) 40 mg/day 6-week simvastatin clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00451828). We correlated statin-induced changes in LCL gene expression with plasma LDLC statin response in the corresponding CAP participants. For the most correlated gene identified (ZNF335), we followed up in vivo by comparing plasma cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and lipid statin response between wild-type mice and carriers of a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) missense mutation in Zfp335 (the mouse homolog of ZNF335). Results The statin-induced expression changes of 147 human LCL genes were significantly correlated to the plasma LDLC statin responses of the corresponding CAP participants in vivo (FDR=5%). The two genes with the strongest correlations were zinc finger protein 335 (ZNF335 aka NIF-1, rho=0.237, FDR-adj p=0.0085) and CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3 (CNOT3, rho=0.233, FDR-adj p=0.0085). Chow-fed mice carrying a hypomorphic missense (R1092W; aka bloto) mutation in Zfp335 had significantly lower non-HDL cholesterol levels than wild type C57BL/6J mice in a sex combined model (p=0.04). Furthermore, male (but not female) mice carrying the Zfp335R1092W allele had significantly lower total and HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type mice. In a separate experiment, wild-type mice fed a control diet for 4 weeks and a matched simvastatin diet for an additional 4 weeks had significant statin-induced reductions in non-HDLC (-43±18% and -23±19% for males and females, respectively). Wild-type male (but not female) mice experienced significant reductions in plasma LDL particle concentrations, while male mice carrying Zfp335R1092W allele(s) exhibited a significantly blunted LDL statin response. Conclusions Our in vitro and in vivo studies identified ZNF335 as a novel modulator of plasma cholesterol levels and statin response, suggesting that variation in ZNF335 activity could contribute to inter-individual differences in statin clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Theusch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Flora Y. Ting
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Kristen Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Devesh Naidoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Sarah M. King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Neil Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Joseph Orr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Brenda Y. Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Yii-Der I. Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
| | - Marisa W. Medina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA USA
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9
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Shao B, Afshinnia F, Mathew AV, Ronsein GE, Thornock C, Irwin AD, Kansal M, Rao PS, Dobre M, Al-Kindi S, Weir MR, Go A, He J, Chen J, Feldman H, Bornfeldt KE, Pennathur S. Low concentrations of medium-sized HDL particles predict incident CVD in chronic kidney disease patients. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100381. [PMID: 37100172 PMCID: PMC10323925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk for CVD. However, traditional CVD risk factors cannot completely explain the increased risk. Altered HDL proteome is linked with incident CVD in CKD patients, but it is unclear whether other HDL metrics are associated with incident CVD in this population. In the current study, we analyzed samples from two independent prospective case-control cohorts of CKD patients, the Clinical Phenotyping and Resource Biobank Core (CPROBE) and the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC). We measured HDL particle sizes and concentrations (HDL-P) by calibrated ion mobility analysis and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) by cAMP-stimulated J774 macrophages in 92 subjects from the CPROBE cohort (46 CVD and 46 controls) and in 91 subjects from the CRIC cohort (34 CVD and 57 controls). We tested associations of HDL metrics with incident CVD using logistic regression analysis. No significant associations were found for HDL-C or HDL-CEC in either cohort. Total HDL-P was only negatively associated with incident CVD in the CRIC cohort in unadjusted analysis. Among the six sized HDL subspecies, only medium-sized HDL-P was significantly and negatively associated with incident CVD in both cohorts after adjusting for clinical confounders and lipid risk factors with odds ratios (per 1-SD) of 0.45 (0.22-0.93, P = 0.032) and 0.42 (0.20-0.87, P = 0.019) for CPROBE and CRIC cohorts, respectively. Our observations indicate that medium-sized HDL-P-but not other-sized HDL-P or total HDL-P, HDL-C, or HDL-CEC-may be a prognostic cardiovascular risk marker in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Farsad Afshinnia
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna V Mathew
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Graziella E Ronsein
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carissa Thornock
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angela D Irwin
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mayank Kansal
- Department of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Panduranga S Rao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mirela Dobre
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sadeer Al-Kindi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Go
- Department of Health System Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Harold Feldman
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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10
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Berg AR, Petrole RF, Li H, Sorokin AV, Gonzalez-Cantero A, Playford MP, Mehta NN, Teague HL. Cholesterol efflux capacity is associated with lipoprotein size and vascular health in mild to moderate psoriasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1041457. [PMID: 36891247 PMCID: PMC9986595 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1041457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory condition with poor cholesterol transport measured by cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) that is associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In psoriasis patients, we sought to characterize the lipoprotein profile by size using a novel nuclear magnetic resonance algorithm in patients with low CEC compared to normal CEC. Methods Lipoprotein profile was assessed using the novel nuclear magnetic resonance LipoProfile-4 deconvolution algorithm. Aortic vascular inflammation (VI) and non-calcified burden (NCB) were characterized via positron emission tomography-computed tomography and coronary computed tomography angiography. To understand the relationship between lipoprotein size and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, linear regression models controlling for confounders were constructed. Results Psoriasis patients with low CEC had higher more severe psoriasis (p = 0.04), VI (p = 0.04) and NCB (p = 0.001), concomitant with smaller high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (p < 0.001). In adjusted models HDL size (β = -0.19; p = 0.02) and LDL size (β = -0.31; p < 0.001) associated with VI and NCB. Lastly, HDL size strongly associated with LDL size in fully adjusted models (β = -0.27; p < 0.001). Conclusion These findings demonstrate that in psoriasis, low CEC associates with a lipoprotein profile comprised of smaller HDL and LDL particles which correlates with vascular health and may be driving early onset atherogenesis. Further, these results demonstrate a relationship between HDL and LDL size and provide novel insights into the complexities of HDL and LDL as biomarkers of vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Berg
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rylee F Petrole
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Haiou Li
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Alvaro Gonzalez-Cantero
- Dermatology Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin P Playford
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heather L Teague
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Elliott PS, Kharaty SS, Phillips CM. Plant-Based Diets and Lipid, Lipoprotein, and Inflammatory Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Observational and Interventional Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245371. [PMID: 36558530 PMCID: PMC9787709 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets (PBDs) are becoming increasingly popular. Thus far, the literature has focused on their association with lipid profiles, with less investigation of lipoprotein and inflammatory profiles. Because pro-atherogenic lipid, lipoprotein, and inflammatory processes may facilitate the development of atherosclerosis, understanding the relation between PBDs and these processes is important to inform risk mitigation strategies. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to review the literature on PBDs and lipid, lipoprotein, and inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A structured literature search was performed, retrieving 752 records, of which 43 articles were included. Plant-based diets generally associated with favourable lipid and lipoprotein profiles, characterised by decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B concentrations, and less low-grade inflammation, characterised by decreased C-reactive protein concentrations. Effect sizes from PBD interventions were greatest compared to habitual dietary patterns, and for non-low-fat vegan and tightly controlled dietary interventions. Associations between PBD indices and the reviewed biomarkers were less consistent. Findings are discussed with reference to the literature on PBDs and PBD indices and CVD risk, the associations between specific plant food groups and CVD outcomes and the reviewed biomarker outcomes, and the potential mechanisms underpinning associations between PBDs and reduced CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Elliott
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Soraeya S. Kharaty
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M. Phillips
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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12
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The benefits of measuring the size and number of lipoprotein particles for cardiovascular risk prediction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CLÍNICA E INVESTIGACIÓN EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2022:S0214-9168(22)00134-6. [PMID: 36522243 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular risk (CVR) is conventionally calculated by measuring the total cholesterol content of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the CVR associated with LDL and HDL particle size and number as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search was performed using the electronic databases MEDLINE and Scopus. All cohort and case-control studies published before January 1, 2019 that met the following inclusion criteria were included: HDL-P, LDL-P, HDL-Z and/or LDL-Z measured by NMR spectroscopy; cardiovascular event as an outcome variable; risk of cardiovascular events expressed as odds ratios or hazard ratios; only adult patients. A meta-analysis was performed for each exposure variable (4 for LDL and 5 for HDL) and for each exposure measure (highest versus lowest quartile and 1-standard deviation increment). RESULTS This review included 24 studies. Number of LDL particles was directly associated with CVR: risk increased by 28% with each standard deviation increment. LDL particle size was inversely and significantly associated with CVR: each standard deviation increment corresponded to an 8% risk reduction. CVR increased by 12% with each standard deviation increase in number of small LDL particles. HD, particle number and size were inversely associated with CVR. CONCLUSION Larger particle size provided greater protection, although this relationship was inconsistent between studies. Larger number of LDL particles and smaller LDL particle size are associated with increased CVR. Risk decreases with increasing number and size of HDL particles.
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Bortnick AE, Buzkova P, Otvos J, Jensen M, Tsai MY, Budoff M, Mackey R, El Khoudary SR, Favari E, Kim RS, Rodriguez CJ, Thanassoulis G, Kizer JR. High-Density Lipoprotein and Long-Term Incidence and Progression of Aortic Valve Calcification: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1272-1282. [PMID: 35979837 PMCID: PMC9492641 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic valve calcification (AVC) shares pathological features with atherosclerosis. Lipoprotein components have been detected in aortic valve tissue, including HDL (high-density lipoprotein). HDL measures have inverse associations with cardiovascular disease, but relationships with long-term AVC progression are unclear. We investigated associations of HDL cholesterol, HDL-particle number and size, apoC3-defined HDL subtypes, and, secondarily, CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) mass and activity, with long-term incidence and progression of AVC. METHODS We used linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the associations of baseline HDL indices with AVC. AVC was quantified by Agatston scoring of up to 3 serial computed tomography scans over a median of 8.9 (maximum 11.2) years of follow-up in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n=6784). RESULTS After adjustment, higher concentrations of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), HDL-P (HDL particles), large HDL-P, and apoC3-lacking HDL-C were significantly associated with lower incidence/progression of AVC. Neither small or medium HDL-P nor apoC3-containing HDL-C was significantly associated with AVC incidence/progression. When included together, a significant association was observed only for HDL-C, but not for HDL-P. Secondary analyses showed an inverse relationship between CETP mass, but not activity, and AVC incidence/progression. In exploratory assessments, inverse associations for HDL-C, HDL-P, large HDL-P, and apoC3-lacking HDL with AVC incidence/progression were more pronounced for older, male, and White participants. ApoC3-containing HDL-C only showed a positive association with AVC in these subgroups. CONCLUSIONS In a multiethnic population, HDL-C, HDL-P, large HDL-P, and apoC3-lacking HDL-C were inversely associated with long-term incidence and progression of AVC. Further investigation of HDL composition and mechanisms could be useful in understanding pathways that slow AVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Bortnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
- Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
| | - Petra Buzkova
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - James Otvos
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC
| | - Majken Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health; and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Rachel Mackey
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Premier Applied Sciences, Inc., Charlotte, NC
| | - Samar R. El Khoudary
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Elda Favari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ryung S. Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
| | - Carlos J. Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Canada
| | - Jorge R. Kizer
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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14
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Kupczyk D, Bilski R, Kozakiewicz M, Studzińska R, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Kosmalski T, Pedrycz-Wieczorska A, Głowacka M. 11β-HSD as a New Target in Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168984. [PMID: 36012251 PMCID: PMC9409048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are secreted by the adrenal cortex, are important regulators in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. For the proper functioning of the body, strict control of their release is necessary, as increased GCs levels may contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and other pathological conditions contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) locally controls the availability of the active glucocorticoid, namely cortisol and corticosterone, for the glucocorticoid receptor. Therefore, the participation of 11β-HSD1 in the development of metabolic diseases makes both this enzyme and its inhibitors attractive targets in the pharmacotherapy of the above-mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Bilski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Mariola Głowacka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mazovian State University in Płock, Plac Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland
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15
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Lipoprotein subfractions and subclinical vascular health in middle aged women: does menopause status matter? Menopause 2022; 29:911-919. [PMID: 35819840 PMCID: PMC9339472 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During midlife, women experience changes in lipoprotein profiles and deterioration in vascular health measures. We analyzed the associations of groups of lipoprotein subfractions as determined by principal component analysis (PCA) with subclinical vascular health measures in midlife women and tested if these associations were modified by menopause status. METHODS PCA was used to generate principal components (PCs) from 12 lipoprotein subfractions quantified among 545 midlife women. The associations of the identified PCs and concurrent vascular health measures were assessed using linear or logistic regressions among participants with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT; n = 259), coronary artery calcium (n = 249), or aortic calcium (n = 248) scores. RESULTS PCA generated four PCs representing groups of (1) small, medium, and large very low-density lipoproteins subclasses-very low-density lipoprotein PC; (2) very small, small, and medium low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses-small-medium LDL-PC; (3) large and small high-density lipoproteins subclasses and midzone particles-high-density lipoprotein PC; and (4) large LDL and small intermediate-density lipoproteins-large LDL-PC. Small-medium LDL-PC was positively associated with cIMT, coronary artery calcium, and aortic calcium in unadjusted but not in adjusted models. Menopause status modified the positive association of the small-medium LDL-PC with cIMT (interaction P = 0.02) such that this association was stronger after versus before menopause (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Carotid intimal medial thickening is positively and independently associated with small- and medium-sized LDL particles after menopause. Monitoring levels of specific lipoprotein fractions may have value in identifying midlife women at risk for developing atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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16
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The profile of HDL-C subfractions and their association with cardiovascular risk in the Hungarian general and Roma populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10915. [PMID: 35764677 PMCID: PMC9240088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is not a homogenous lipid fraction, but it can be further divided into subfractions. It is well-known that the Roma population has a high prevalence of reduced HDL-C levels and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, it is unknown how this reduction affects different HDL subfractions, and whether changes in their quantity/representation are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk among them. In the present study, the HDL subfraction profile of the Hungarian general (HG) and the Roma populations were compared, and the subfractions showing a significant difference between the two populations were identified. The association of HDL subfractions with CVD risk estimated by the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithms were also defined. The present study is the first to find a significant association between HDL subfractions and cardiovascular risk estimated by FRS and SCORE. Ten HDL subfractions were investigated on small but carefully selected samples comprising 100 control subjects (with normal lipid profile) and 277 case subjects (with reduced HDL-C levels) from HG and Roma populations of a complex health survey. The level of HDL-1 to 3 subfractions and HDL-L showed a significant inverse association with cardiovascular risk estimated by both SCORE and FRS algorithms, whereas HDL-4 to 6 and HDL-I only for FRS. A higher representation (in %) of HDL-1 to 3 has a significant risk-reducing effect, while HDL-8 to 10 has a risk-increasing effect estimated by FRS. Our results confirmed that reduced levels of HDL-6 and -7 expressed in mmol/L were significantly associated with Roma ethnicity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Levels of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sdLDL) particles determined by several analytic procedures have been associated with risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This review focuses on the clinical significance of sdLDL measurement. RECENT FINDINGS Results of multiple prospective studies have supported earlier evidence that higher levels of sdLDL are significantly associated with greater ASCVD risk, in many cases independent of other lipid and ASCVD risk factors as well as levels of larger LDL particles. A number of properties of sdLDL vs. larger LDL, including reduced LDL receptor affinity and prolonged plasma residence time as well as greater oxidative susceptibility and affinity for arterial proteoglycans, are consistent with their heightened atherogenic potential. Nevertheless, determination of the extent to which sdLDL can preferentially impact ASCVD risk compared with other apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins has been confounded by their metabolic interrelationships and statistical collinearity, as well as differences in analytic procedures and definitions of sdLDL. SUMMARY A growing body of data points to sdLDL concentration as a significant determinant of ASCVD risk. Although future studies should be aimed at determining the clinical benefit of reducing sdLDL levels, there is sufficient evidence to warrant consideration of sdLDL measurement in assessing and managing risk of cardiovascular disease. VIDEO ABSTRACT https://www.dropbox.com/s/lioohr2ead7yx2p/zoom_0.mp4?dl=0.
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18
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Small Dense LDL: Scientific Background, Clinical Relevance, and Recent Evidence Still a Risk Even with ‘Normal’ LDL-C Levels. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040829. [PMID: 35453579 PMCID: PMC9025822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual cardiovascular disease event risk, following statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction, remains an important and common medical conundrum. Identifying patients with significant residual risk, despite statin drug use, is an unmet clinical need. One pathophysiologic disorder that contributes to residual risk is abnormal distribution in lipoprotein size and density, which is referred to as lipoprotein heterogeneity. Differences in low density lipoprotein (LDL) composition and size have been linked to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and arteriographic disease progression. The clinical relevance has been investigated in numerous trials since the 1950s. Despite this long history, controversy remains regarding the clinical utility of LDL heterogeneity measurement. Recent clinical trial evidence reinforces the relevance of LDL heterogeneity measurement and the impact on CHD risk prediction and outcomes. The determination of LDL subclass distribution improves CHD risk prediction and guides appropriate treatment.
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Packard CJ. Remnants, LDL, and the Quantification of Lipoprotein-Associated Risk in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:133-142. [PMID: 35175548 PMCID: PMC8983627 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-00994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Implementation of intensive LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering strategies and recognition of the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in atherosclerosis has prompted re-evaluation of the suitability of current lipid profile measurements for future clinical practice. Recent Findings At low concentrations of LDL-C (< 1.8 mmol/l/70 mg/dl), the Friedewald equation yields estimates with substantial negative bias. New equations provide a more accurate means of calculating LDL-C. Recent reports indicate that the increase in risk per unit increment in TRL/remnant cholesterol may be greater than that of LDL-C. Hence, specific measurement of TRL/remnant cholesterol may be of importance in determining risk. Non-HDL cholesterol and plasma apolipoprotein B have been shown in discordancy analyses to identify individuals at high risk even when LDL-C is low. Summary There is a need to adopt updated methods for determining LDL-C and to develop better biomarkers that more accurately reflect the abundance of TRL remnant particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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20
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Jin X, Yang S, Lu J, Wu M. Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis: Relationship and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:804214. [PMID: 35224026 PMCID: PMC8866335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.804214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays an important role in the formation, incidence, and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Low-density lipoproteins can be divided into two categories: large and light LDL-C and small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C). In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that sdLDL-C has a strong ability to cause AS because of its unique characteristics, such as having small-sized particles and low density. Therefore, this has become the focus of further research. However, the specific mechanisms regarding the involvement of sdLDL-C in AS have not been fully explained. This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of sdLDL-C in AS by reviewing relevant literature in recent years. It was found that sdLDL-C can increase the atherogenic effect by regulating the activity of gene networks, monocytes, and enzymes. This article also reviews the research progress on the effects of sdLDL-C on endothelial function, lipid metabolism, and inflammation; it also discusses its intervention effect. Diet, exercise, and other non-drug interventions can improve sdLDL-C levels. Further, drug interventions such as statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, and niacin have also been found to improve sdLDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jin
- General Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- General Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- General Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Dubland JA. Lipid analysis by ion mobility spectrometry combined with mass spectrometry: A brief update with a perspective on applications in the clinical laboratory. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 23:7-13. [PMID: 34988541 PMCID: PMC8703053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique where ions are separated in the gas phase based on their mobility through a buffer gas in the presence of an electric field. An ion passing through an IMS device has a characteristic collisional cross section (CCS) value that depends on the buffer gas used. IMS can be coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), which characterizes an ion based on a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), to increase analytical specificity and provide further physicochemical information. In particular, IMS-MS is of ever-increasing interest for the analysis of lipids, which can be problematic to accurately identify and quantify in bodily fluids by liquid chromatography (LC) with MS alone due to the presence of isomers, isobars, and structurally similar analogs. IMS provides an additional layer of separation when combined with front-end LC approaches, thereby, enhancing peak capacity and analytical specificity. CCS (and also ion mobility drift time) can be plotted against m/z ion intensity and/or LC retention time in order to generate in-depth molecular profiles of a sample. Utilization of IMS-MS for routine clinical laboratory testing remains relatively unexplored, but areas do exist for potential implementation. A brief update is provided here on lipid analysis using IMS-MS with a perspective on some applications in the clinical laboratory.
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Key Words
- CCS, collisional cross section
- CV, compensation voltage
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Clinical analysis
- DG, diacylglycerol
- DMS, differential mobility spectrometry
- DTIMS, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry
- EV, elution voltage
- FAIMS, field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
- FIA, flow injection analysis
- FTICR, fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance
- HDL, high-density-lipoprotein
- HRMS, high-resolution mass spectrometry
- IMS, ion mobility spectrometry
- IMS-MS, ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry
- Ion mobility spectrometry
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LDL, low-density-lipoprotein
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- Lipids
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- NBS, newborn screening
- PC, glycerophosphocholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- RF, radio frequency
- SLIM, structures for loss less ion manipulations
- SM, sphingomyelin
- SV, separation voltage
- TG, triglyceride
- TIMS, trapped ion mobility spectrometry
- TOF, time-of-flight
- TWIMS, traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- m/z, mass-to-charge ratio
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Dubland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Wilkens TL, Tranæs K, Eriksen JN, Dragsted LO. Moderate alcohol consumption and lipoprotein subfractions: a systematic review of intervention and observational studies. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1311-1339. [PMID: 34957513 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improvement in cardiovascular risk markers, including lipoproteins and lipoprotein subfractions. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the relationship between moderate alcohol intake, lipoprotein subfractions, and related mechanisms. DATA SOURCES Following PRISMA, all human and ex vivo studies with an alcohol intake up to 60 g/d were included from 8 databases. DATA EXTRACTION A total of 17 478 studies were screened, and data were extracted from 37 intervention and 77 observational studies. RESULTS Alcohol intake was positively associated with all HDL subfractions. A few studies found lower levels of small LDLs, increased average LDL particle size, and nonlinear relationships to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Cholesterol efflux capacity and paraoxonase activity were consistently increased. Several studies had unclear or high risk of bias, and heterogeneous laboratory methods restricted comparability between studies. CONCLUSIONS Up to 60 g/d alcohol can cause changes in lipoprotein subfractions and related mechanisms that could influence cardiovascular health. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. 98955.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine L Wilkens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Preventive and Clinical Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare Tranæs
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Preventive and Clinical Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane N Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Preventive and Clinical Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars O Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Preventive and Clinical Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Zeb I, Jorgensen NW, Blumenthal RS, Burke GL, Lloyd-Jones D, Blaha MJ, Wong ND, Nasir K, Budoff MJ. Association of inflammatory markers and lipoprotein particle subclasses with progression of coronary artery calcium: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 339:27-34. [PMID: 34826751 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis is a complex phenomenon manifesting several features typical of chronic inflammation and disorders of lipid metabolism. We assessed association of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) lipid variables and inflammatory markers with incident coronary artery calcium (CAC) and CAC progression among participants with baseline CAC ≥0. METHODS MESA is a longitudinal cohort study of 6,814 participants (aged 45-85). 3,115 had CAC = 0 and 2,896 had CAC>0 at baseline. Repeat CAC measurements were obtained (mean duration of follow up, 6.5 years). RESULTS IL-6 (log pg/mL) and fibrinogen (50 mg/dL) were associated with a higher relative risk (RR) of incident CAC (HU) (RR = 1.09, p=0.010 & RR 1.05, p=0.004, respectively). Small LDL (100 nmol/L) (RR = 1.03, p<0.001) and log large VLDL (log nmol/L) (RR = 1.06, p=0.001) were associated with higher risks, whereas large HDL (μmol/L) was associated with an inverse risk of incident CAC (RR = 0.97, p< 0.001) in a model adjusted for follow up time, age, gender and race. Among participants with baseline CAC>0, progression of CAC was positively associated with hsCRP (log mg/L) (β = 1.99), IL-6 (log pg/mL) (β = 2.9), fibrinogen (50 mg/dL) (β = 1.0), large VLDL (log nmol/L) (β = 2.2), and small LDL (100 nmol/L) (β = 0.36) (all p values < 0.05) in a model adjusted for scanner type, age, gender and race. Relationships with inflammatory markers and NMR lipoprotein particles lost significance after adjustment for traditional risk factors and statin use. Traditional risk factors were strongly associated with both CAC incidence and progression with the exception of cholesterol parameters not associated with CAC progression in adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory markers and lipoprotein particles were associated with CAC incidence and progression in minimally adjusted models, but not after adjustment for traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Zeb
- West Virginia University Heart & Vascular Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | | | - Roger S Blumenthal
- John Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Blaha
- John Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Khurram Nasir
- John Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease Baltimore, MD, USA; Baptist Health Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA; Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Institute, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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24
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Wilson PWF, Jacobson TA, Martin SS, Jackson EJ, Le NA, Davidson MH, Vesper HW, Frikke-Schmidt R, Ballantyne CM, Remaley AT. Lipid measurements in the management of cardiovascular diseases: Practical recommendations a scientific statement from the national lipid association writing group. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:629-648. [PMID: 34802986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein measurements are pivotal in the management of patients at risk for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease (CHD) with myocardial infarction and coronary death as the main outcomes, and for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which includes CHD and stroke. Recent developments and changes in guidelines affect optimization of using lipid measures as cardiovascular biomarkers. This scientific statement reviews the pre-analytical, analytical, post-analytical, and clinical aspects of lipoprotein measurements. Highlights include the following: i) It is acceptable to screen with nonfasting lipids. ii) non-high-density lipoprotein HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is measured reliably in either the fasting or the nonfasting state and can effectively guide ASCVD prevention. iii) low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) can be estimated from total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) measurements. For patients with LDL-C>100 mg/dL and TG ≤150 mg/dL it is reasonable to use the Friedewald formula. However, for those with TG 150-400 mg/dL the Friedewald formula for LDL-C estimation is less accurate. The Martin/Hopkins method is recommended for LDL-C estimation throughout the range of LDL-C levels and up to TG levels of 399 mg/dL. For TG levels ≥400 mg/dL LDL-C estimating equations are currently not recommended and newer methods are being evaluated. iv) When LDL-C or TG screening results are abnormal the clinician should consider obtaining fasting lipids. v) Advanced lipoprotein tests using apolipoprotein B (apoB), LDL Particle Number (LDL-P) or remnant cholesterol may help to guide therapeutic decisions in select patients, but data are limited for patients already on lipid lowering therapy with low LDL-C levels. Better harmonization of advanced lipid measurement methods is needed. Lipid measurements are recommended 4-12 weeks after a change in lipid treatment. Lipid laboratory reports should denote desirable values and specifically identify extremely elevated LDL-C levels (≥190 mg/dL at any age or ≥160 mg/dL in children) as severe hypercholesterolemia. Potentially actionable abnormal lipid test results, including fasting triglycerides (TG) ≥500 mg/dL, should be reported as hypertriglyceridemia. Appropriate use and reporting of lipid tests should improve their utility in the management of persons at high risk for ASCVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W F Wilson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | | | - Seth S Martin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - N-Anh Le
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Hubert W Vesper
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Alan T Remaley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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High-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions: Much Ado about Nothing or Clinically Important? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070836. [PMID: 34356900 PMCID: PMC8301429 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a heterogenous group of plasma molecules with a large variety in composition. There is a wide specter in lipid content and the number of different proteins that has been associated with HDL is approaching 100. Given this heterogeneity and the fact that the total amount of HDL is inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), there has been increasing interest in the function of specific HDL subgroups and in what way measuring and quantifying these subgroups could be of clinical importance in determining individual CHD risk. If certain subgroups appear to be more protective than others, it may also in the future be possible to pharmacologically increase beneficial and decrease harmful subgroups in order to reduce CHD risk. In this review we give a short historical perspective, summarize some of the recent clinical findings regarding HDL subclassifications and discuss why such classification may or may not be of clinical relevance.
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26
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Borén J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, Daemen MJ, Demer LL, Hegele RA, Nicholls SJ, Nordestgaard BG, Watts GF, Bruckert E, Fazio S, Ference BA, Graham I, Horton JD, Landmesser U, Laufs U, Masana L, Pasterkamp G, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Schunkert H, Taskinen MR, van de Sluis B, Wiklund O, Tokgozoglu L, Catapano AL, Ginsberg HN. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:2313-2330. [PMID: 32052833 PMCID: PMC7308544 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M John Chapman
- Endocrinology-Metabolism Division, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Atherosclerosis Research, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute and UCSF, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heart Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mat J Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Lipid Disorders Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric Bruckert
- INSERM UMRS1166, Department of Endocrinology-Metabolism, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, AP-HP, Hopital de la Pitie, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian A Ference
- Centre for Naturally Randomized Trials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jay D Horton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luis Masana
- Research Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, IISPV, CIBERDEM, University Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Llorenç 21, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick J Raal
- Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olov Wiklund
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lale Tokgozoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, and IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Grytten E, Laupsa-Borge J, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Changes in lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, and apolipoproteins after supplementation with n-3 or n-6 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: A randomized double-blind crossover study. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2556-2575. [PMID: 33933722 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower circulating levels of triacylglycerols (TAGs), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) may reduce cholesterol levels. Clinical studies on effects of these dietary or supplemental PUFAs on other blood fat fractions are few and have shown conflicting results. This study aimed to determine effects of high-dose supplemental n-3 (EPA + DHA) and n-6 (LA) PUFAs from high-quality oils on circulating lipoprotein subfractions and standard lipids (primary outcomes), as well as apolipoproteins, fatty acids, and glycemic control (secondary outcomes), in females and males with abdominal obesity. METHODS This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-wk intervention periods separated by a 9-wk washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (TAG fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we investigated lipoprotein particle subclasses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and glucose and insulin. Data were analyzed by linear mixed-effects modeling with 'subjects' as the random factor. RESULTS The difference between interventions in relative change scores was among the lipoprotein subfractions significant for total very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (n-3 vs. n-6: -38%∗ vs. +16%, p < 0.001; ∗: significant within-treatment change score), large VLDLs (-58%∗ vs. -0.91%, p < 0.001), small VLDLs (-57%∗ vs. +41%∗, p < 0.001), total low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) (+5.8%∗ vs. -4.3%∗, p = 0.002), large LDLs (+23%∗ vs. -2.1%, p = 0.004), total high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (-6.0%∗ vs. +3.7%, p < 0.001), large HDLs (+11%∗ vs. -5.3%, p = 0.001), medium HDLs (-24%∗ vs. +6.2%, p = 0.030), and small HDLs (-9.9%∗ vs. +9.6%∗, p = 0.002), and among standard lipids for TAGs (-16%∗ vs. -2.6%, p = 0.014), non-esterified fatty acids (-19%∗ vs. +5.5%, p = 0.033), and total cholesterol (-0.28% vs. -4.4%∗, p = 0.042). A differential response in relative change scores was also found for apolipoprotein (apo)B (+0.40% vs. -6.0%∗, p = 0.008), apoA-II (-6.0%∗ vs. +1.5%, p = 0.001), apoC-II (-11%∗ vs. -1.7%, p = 0.025), and apoE (+3.3% vs. -3.8%, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS High-dose supplementation of high-quality oils with n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFAs was followed by reductions in primarily TAG- or cholesterol-related markers, respectively. The responses after both interventions point to changes in the lipoprotein-lipid-apolipoprotein profile that have been associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk, also among people with TAG or LDL-C levels within the normal range. REGISTRATION Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02647333. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02647333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Simon N Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar K Nygård
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
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28
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Nuclear magnetic resonance reveals postprandial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol determined by enzymatic method could be a misleading indicator. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 514:59-65. [PMID: 33333042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is markedly reduced after a meal. Does postprandial cholesterol in LDL truly decline via clearance of LDL particles or is there simply a redistribution of cholesterol in LDL subclasses? Thus, we sought to evaluate whether postprandial decline of LDL-C reflects a reduction of LDL particle and to assess the correlation between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) concentration and postprandial atherogenic lipoproteins profile. METHODS Eighty-seven persons were enrolled in this study. We measured lipid profiles by enzymatic and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based methods and serum PCSK9 concentration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays before and after a meal. Plasma samples were collected after a 10-h fasting and 2 and 4 h post-meal. RESULTS Compared to the fasting status, there was significant postprandial decline of LDL-C measured enzymatically (LDL-Ce) at 2nd and 4th h [99.38 (80.43, 120.65) vs 95.51 (74.25, 117.17) vs 87.01 (69.99, 108.28) mg/dl, p < 0.000]. But there was no significant reduction in LDL particle and its cholesterol content (LDL-Cn) determined by NMR. Just the postprandial large LDL particle [186.45 (151.36, 229.42) vs 176.92 (147.43, 220.91) vs 181.77 (149.05, 224.17), p < 0.000] and its cholesterol content [19.10 (15.09, 22.37) vs 18.28 (14.59, 21.84) vs 17.79 (14.62, 22.14), p < 0.000] were greatly decreased at 2nd and 4th h compared to the fasting one. Interestingly, postprandial serum PCSK9 was decreased at 2nd and 4th h compared with fasting concentration [298.75 (233.25, 396.92) vs 257.34 (207.52, 342.36) vs 250.57 (215.02, 339.66) ng/ml, p < 0.000]. The postprandial percent decrease in serum PCSK9 at 4th h was positively correlated to the percent decline in postprandial LDL-Ce (r = 0.252, p = 0.019) but was independently associated with the percent increase in remnant cholesterol (r = 0.262, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Postprandial decline of LDL-C determined enzymatically was not confirmed by NMR-based methods. Indeed, there exists cholesterol redistribution in LDL subclasses following a meal. The decrease of postprandial PCSK9 may be secondary to the increase in intrahepatic lipids following food intake.
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29
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Athinarayanan SJ, Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Lechner K, King S, McCarter JP, Volek JS, Phinney SD, Krauss RM. Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:208. [PMID: 33292205 PMCID: PMC7724865 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) resulted in improved body weight, glycemic control, and multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with the exception of an increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In the present study, we report the impact of this intervention on markers of risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), with a focus on lipoprotein subfraction particle concentrations as well as carotid-artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). METHODS Analyses were performed in patients with T2D who completed 2 years of this study (CCI; n = 194; usual care (UC): n = 68). Lipoprotein subfraction particle concentrations were measured by ion mobility at baseline, 1, and 2 years and CIMT was measured at baseline and 2 years. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess changes in independent clusters of lipoprotein particles. RESULTS At 2 years, CCI resulted in a 23% decrease of small LDL IIIb and a 29% increase of large LDL I with no change in total LDL particle concentration or ApoB. The change in proportion of smaller and larger LDL was reflected by reversal of the small LDL subclass phenotype B in a high proportion of CCI participants (48.1%) and a shift in the principal component (PC) representing the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype characteristic of T2D from a major to a secondary component of the total variance. The increase in LDL-C in the CCI group was mainly attributed to larger cholesterol-enriched LDL particles. CIMT showed no change in either the CCI or UC group. CONCLUSION Consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet with nutritional ketosis for 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes lowered levels of small LDL particles that are commonly increased in diabetic dyslipidemia and are a marker for heightened CVD risk. A corresponding increase in concentrations of larger LDL particles was responsible for higher levels of plasma LDL-C. The lack of increase in total LDL particles, ApoB, and in progression of CIMT, provide supporting evidence that this dietary intervention did not adversely affect risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J Hallberg
- Virta Health, 501 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- Indiana University Health Arnett, Lafayette, IN, USA
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy L McKenzie
- Virta Health, 501 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
| | - Katharina Lechner
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah King
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - James P McCarter
- Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA, 94502, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Virta Health, 501 Folsom Street, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Ronald M Krauss
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Jiang Y, Su M, Yu T, Du S, Liao L, Wang H, Wu Y, Liu H. Quantitative determination of peroxide value of edible oil by algorithm-assisted liquid interfacial surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Food Chem 2020; 344:128709. [PMID: 33272763 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Edible oil is an indispensable food in daily life but early detection of its lipid oxidation is difficult. Developing new, rapid and accurate screening technique is urgently needed for oil quality control. Here we developed a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analyzer based on plasmonic metal liquid-like platform (PML-SERS), which could directly analyze the oil sample in ca. 3 min. This analyzer has the ability and sensitivity to identify fingerprint peak changes. Moreover, the relative Raman intensity, I1265/1436, has a good correlation with peroxide value (POV), which is used for quantitative detection. The fitting model combined with principal component analysis (PCA) realized rapid spectral recognition for determining POV in edible oil oxidation. The relative deviation between the POV measured by PML-SERS and the national standard method (NSM) was less than 10%. Our platform provided a practical solution for ultra-sensitive and fast analysis of POV in oil oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Mengke Su
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Shanshan Du
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Lingling Liao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; School of Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China.
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31
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Mietus-Snyder M, Narayanan N, Krauss RM, Laine-Graves K, McCann JC, Shigenaga MK, McHugh TH, Ames BN, Suh JH. Randomized nutrient bar supplementation improves exercise-associated changes in plasma metabolome in adolescents and adult family members at cardiometabolic risk. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240437. [PMID: 33079935 PMCID: PMC7575082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor diets contribute to metabolic complications of obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Metabolomic biomarkers may serve as early nutrition-sensitive health indicators. This family-based lifestyle change program compared metabolic outcomes in an intervention group (INT) that consumed 2 nutrient bars daily for 2-months and a control group (CONT). METHODS Overweight, predominantly minority and female adolescent (Teen)/parent adult caretaker (PAC) family units were recruited from a pediatric obesity clinic. CONT (8 Teen, 8 PAC) and INT (10 Teen, 10 PAC) groups randomized to nutrient bar supplementation attended weekly classes that included group nutrition counseling and supervised exercise. Pre-post physical and behavioral parameters, fasting traditional biomarkers, plasma sphingolipids and amino acid metabolites were measured. RESULTS In the full cohort, a baseline sphingolipid ceramide principal component composite score correlated with adiponectin, triglycerides, triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins, and atherogenic small low density lipoprotein (LDL) sublasses. Inverse associations were seen between a sphingomyelin composite score and C-reactive protein, a dihydroceramide composite score and diastolic blood pressure, and the final principal component that included glutathionone with fasting insulin and the homeostatic model of insulin resistance. In CONT, plasma ceramides, sphinganine, sphingosine and amino acid metabolites increased, presumably due to increased physical activity. Nutrient bar supplementation (INT) blunted this rise and significantly decreased ureagenic, aromatic and gluconeogenic amino acid metabolites. Metabolomic changes were positively correlated with improvements in clinical biomarkers of dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION Nutrient bar supplementation with increased physical activity in obese Teens and PAC elicits favorable metabolomic changes that correlate with improved dyslipidemia. The trial from which the analyses reported upon herein was part of a series of nutrient bar clinical trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02239198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mietus-Snyder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Nisha Narayanan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- University of California Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Laine-Graves
- University of California Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Joyce C. McCann
- University of California Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Shigenaga
- University of California Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Tara H. McHugh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce N. Ames
- University of California Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Jung H. Suh
- University of California Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
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32
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Krauss RM, Kris-Etherton PM. Public health guidelines should recommend reducing saturated fat consumption as much as possible: NO. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:19-24. [PMID: 32491166 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposition that dietary SFAs should be restricted to the maximal extent possible (e.g., to achieve approximately half of current consumption) is based primarily on observational and clinical trial data that are interpreted as indicating a benefit of such limitation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Further support is believed to derive from the capacity of SFAs to raise LDL cholesterol, and the evidence that LDL-cholesterol lowering reduces CVD incidence. Despite their apparent merit, these arguments are flawed. In fact, although it is possible that dietary intake of SFAs has a causal role in CVD, the evidence to support this contention is inconclusive. Moreover, other considerations argue against a guideline focused primarily on limiting SFA intake, including the heterogeneity of individual SFAs, the likelihood of clinically meaningful interindividual variation in response to SFA reduction, the potential for unintended health consequences of population-wide promotion of severe restriction, and the critical differences in health impacts among individual SFA-containing foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Krauss
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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33
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Lipoprotein Particle Predictors of Arterial Stiffness after 17 Years of Follow Up: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Int J Vasc Med 2020; 2020:4219180. [PMID: 32411471 PMCID: PMC7204174 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4219180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Central arterial stiffness is a surrogate of cardiovascular risk and predicts cardiovascular mortality. Apolipoprotein B lipoproteins are also established cardiovascular risk factors. It is not known whether specific lipoprotein subclasses measured in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study and previously shown to be associated with coronary heart disease also predict arterial stiffening after a mean period of 17 years. Methods Lipoprotein particle analysis was performed on 2,505 men and women from Malmö, Sweden, from 1991 to 1994, and arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-fPWV) on this same cohort from 2007 to 2012. Associations between c-fPWV and lipoprotein particles were determined with multiple linear regression, controlling for sex, presence of diabetes, waist-to-hip circumference, and smoking status at baseline, as well as heart rate (measured at the carotid artery), mean arterial pressure, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, C-reactive protein (CRP), and age at the time of c-fPWV measurement. Results The results confirm that triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) but not low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) predict c-fPWV. We identify a positive predictive association for very small, small, and medium (high risk), but not large LDL particles. There was a negative association for large HDL particles. The relationships between c-fPWV and high-risk LDL particles were unaffected by adjusting for LDL-c or CRP and were only mildly attenuated by adjusting for the homeostatic model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Due to the collinearity of very small, small, and medium LDL particles and dyslipidemia (elevated TG and decreased HDL-c), the observed relationship between c-fPWV and high-risk LDL particles became insignificant after controlling for the concentration of HDL-c, large cholesterol-rich HDL particles, and TG. Conclusions The development of central arterial stiffness previously associated with combined dyslipidemia may be mediated in part by LDL particles, particularly the very small-, small-, and medium-sized LDL particles.
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34
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Aziz M, Gannarapu S, Humayun C, Siddiqui U, Nasir K, Aneni EC. Association of particles of lipoprotein subclasses with arterial stiffness in a high-risk working population: the Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS). Egypt Heart J 2020; 72:12. [PMID: 32193785 PMCID: PMC7082444 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-020-00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. A risk factor-independent association of arterial stiffness with traditional lipids has been described extensively, but it is still unclear whether an independent relationship exists between arterial stiffness and particles of lipoprotein subclasses. Methods The Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS) is a lifestyle intervention study examining the effects of web-based programs on reducing CVD risk in high-risk persons. Participants had their brachial arterial augmentation index (AI, a measure arterial stiffness) assessed using the EndoPAT 2000 device. Cardio IQ™ ion mobility lipoprotein fractionation was utilized for measurement of particles of lipoprotein subclasses. Results The population consisted of 182 participants, (74% women, 49% Hispanic) with a mean age of 52 ± 9 years. There was a significant trend association between quartiles of AI and total cholesterol, HDL-c, large LDL-p, small IDL-p, large IDL-p, and all subclasses of HDL particles (total HDL-p, small HDL-p, and large HDL-p). In logistic regression analysis, only HDL-c, total LDL-p, large LDL-p, small IDL-p, large IDL-p, total HDL-p, small HDL-p, and large HDL-p demonstrated significant independent association with AI. Conclusion Several lipoprotein subclasses demonstrate independent significant associations with arterial stiffness. A safe and relatively inexpensive blood test may be useful in identifying subclinical atherosclerosis process in a relatively young high CVD risk population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01912209. Registered July 31, 2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aziz
- Family Medicine Center, West Kendall Baptist Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.,Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, 9555 SW 162nd Ave. MAB, Suite 103, Miami, FL, 33196, USA.,Florida International University, Department of Humanities, Health, and Society (HHS), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Swetha Gannarapu
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, 9555 SW 162nd Ave. MAB, Suite 103, Miami, FL, 33196, USA
| | - Choudhry Humayun
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, 9555 SW 162nd Ave. MAB, Suite 103, Miami, FL, 33196, USA
| | - Usman Siddiqui
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, 9555 SW 162nd Ave. MAB, Suite 103, Miami, FL, 33196, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, 9555 SW 162nd Ave. MAB, Suite 103, Miami, FL, 33196, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ehimen C Aneni
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, 9555 SW 162nd Ave. MAB, Suite 103, Miami, FL, 33196, USA. .,Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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35
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Qin Y, Ting F, Kim MJ, Strelnikov J, Harmon J, Gao F, Dose A, Teng BB, Alipour MA, Yao Z, Crooke R, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-Bisphosphate Regulates Plasma Cholesterol Through LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor Lysosomal Degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1311-1324. [PMID: 32188273 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TMEM55B (transmembrane protein 55B) is a phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P2) phosphatase that regulates cellular cholesterol, modulates LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) decay, and lysosome function. We tested the effects of Tmem55b knockdown on plasma lipids in mice and assessed the roles of LDLR lysosomal degradation and change in (PI[4,5]P2) in mediating these effects. Approach and Results: Western diet-fed C57BL/6J mice were treated with antisense oligonucleotides against Tmem55b or a nontargeting control for 3 to 4 weeks. Hepatic Tmem55b transcript and protein levels were reduced by ≈70%, and plasma non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol was increased ≈1.8-fold (P<0.0001). Immunoblot analysis of fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) fractions revealed enrichment of ApoE-containing particles in the LDL size range. In contrast, Tmem55b knockdown had no effect on plasma cholesterol in Ldlr-/- mice. In primary hepatocytes and liver tissues from Tmem55b knockdown mice, there was decreased LDLR protein. In the hepatocytes, there was increased lysosome staining and increased LDLR-lysosome colocalization. Impairment of lysosome function (incubation with NH4Cl or knockdown of the lysosomal proteins LAMP1 or RAB7) abolished the effect of TMEM55B knockdown on LDLR in HepG2 (human hepatoma) cells. Colocalization of the recycling endosome marker RAB11 (Ras-related protein 11) with LDLR in HepG2 cells was reduced by 50% upon TMEM55B knockdown. Finally, knockdown increased hepatic PI(4,5)P2 levels in vivo and in HepG2 cells, while TMEM55B overexpression in vitro decreased PI(4,5)P2. TMEM55B knockdown decreased, whereas overexpression increased, LDL uptake in HepG2 cells. Notably, the TMEM55B overexpression effect was reversed by incubation with PI(4,5)P2. Conclusions: These findings indicate a role for TMEM55B in regulating plasma cholesterol levels by affecting PI(4,5)P2-mediated LDLR lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Flora Ting
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Mee J Kim
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Jacob Strelnikov
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Joseph Harmon
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Feng Gao
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Andrea Dose
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Ba-Bie Teng
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (B.-B.T.)
| | - Mohsen Amir Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.A.A., Z.Y.)
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.A.A., Z.Y.)
| | | | - Ronald M Krauss
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Marisa W Medina
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
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36
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Chiu S, Siri-Tarino P, Bergeron N, Suh JH, Krauss RM. A Randomized Study of the Effect of Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Soda by Reduced Fat Milk on Cardiometabolic Health in Male Adolescent Soda Drinkers. Nutrients 2020; 12:E405. [PMID: 32033078 PMCID: PMC7071288 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Soda consumption in adolescents has been linked to poorer metabolic outcomes. We tested whether replacing soda with reduced fat milk would improve features of atherogenic dyslipidemia and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Thirty overweight and obese adolescent boys who were habitual consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages were randomly assigned to consume 24 oz/day of sugar-sweetened soda or an energy equivalent of reduced fat (2%) milk for 3 weeks with crossover to the alternate beverage after a ≥ 2 weeks washout. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and other laboratory measures were assessed after each beverage period. Lipid and lipoprotein measurements, C-reactive protein, and serum transaminases did not differ significantly between the soda and milk phases of the study. Systolic blood pressure z-score and uric acid concentration were significantly lower after consuming milk compared to soda. Milk consumption also significantly decreased plasma glucosyl ceramide (d18:1/C16:0) and lactosylceramides (d18:1/C16:0 and d18:1/C18:0). While no effects of replacing soda with milk on lipid and lipoprotein measurements were observed in these normolipidemic weight-stable adolescent boys, decreases in systolic blood pressure, uric acid, and glycosphingolipids suggest that an overall favorable effect on cardiometabolic risk can be achieved following a short-term dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Chiu
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patty Siri-Tarino
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Siri Tarino Consulting, Piedmont, CA 94611, USA
| | - Nathalie Bergeron
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Jung H. Suh
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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37
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German CA, Shapiro MD. Assessing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk with Advanced Lipid Testing: State of the Science. Eur Cardiol 2020; 15:e56. [PMID: 32742310 PMCID: PMC7387892 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2019.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death and disability worldwide. While substantial gains have been made in reducing cardiovascular mortality, future projections suggest that we have reached a nadir and may be at an inflection point, given the rising tide of obesity and diabetes. Evaluation and management of plasma lipids is central to the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although the standard lipid panel represents a well-established platform to assess risk, this test alone can be insufficient and/or misleading. Advances in our understanding of atherosclerosis have led to the development of lipid-based biomarkers that help to discriminate the risk of cardiovascular disease when it is unclear. While these biomarkers provide novel information, their implementation into clinical medicine remains difficult given discrepancies in the literature, lack of assay standardisation, poor accessibility and high cost. However, additional measures of atherogenic lipoproteins or their surrogates may offer insight beyond the standard lipid panel, providing a more precise assessment of risk and more accurate assessment of lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Amir German
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Winston-Salem, NC, US
| | - Michael David Shapiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Winston-Salem, NC, US
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Davidson M. The Battle of the HDL Subfractions. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2019; 20:943-944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Demidowich AP, Wolska A, Wilson SR, Levine JA, Sorokin AV, Brady SM, Remaley AT, Yanovski JA. Colchicine's effects on lipoprotein particle concentrations in adults with metabolic syndrome: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:1016-1022.e2. [PMID: 31740368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colchicine has received renewed interest for its potential beneficial effects in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. This was presumed to be primarily because of its anti-inflammatory effects; however, limited data exist regarding colchicine's impact on other cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine if colchicine's anti-inflammatory actions would lead to reduced circulating concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in metabolically unhealthy individuals. We also examined if colchicine would improve concentrations of other atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study in which 40 adults with metabolic syndrome were randomized to colchicine 0.6 mg or placebo twice daily for 3 months. Blood samples were collected in the fasted state. OxLDL was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure other lipoprotein particle subfraction concentrations. RESULTS Compared with placebo, colchicine reduced markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and GlycA (P < .01). Concentrations of oxLDL (P = .019) and small LDL (P = .022) appeared significantly increased in the colchicine arm. Colchicine had no significant effect on other lipoprotein subfractions or lipoprotein particle sizes (all P > .05). CONCLUSION Although colchicine may have benefit in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in at-risk individuals, we found no evidence that these effects are because of improvements in circulating atherogenic lipoprotein particle concentrations. Further studies are needed to confirm whether colchicine increases circulating oxLDL and small LDL levels in adults with metabolic syndrome. If true, additional research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Community Physicians at Howard County General Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Columbia, MD, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sierra R Wilson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jordan A Levine
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander V Sorokin
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhang Y, Guo S, Xie C, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Wu X. Short-Term Oral UMP/UR Administration Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Early-Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090610. [PMID: 31461833 PMCID: PMC6770922 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Uridine monophosphate (UMP) and uridine (UR) are rich in sow’s milk. The results from this study showed that UMP and UR affect the lipid profile and lipid metabolism in weanling piglets. It is suggested that UMP and UR improve the energy status in early-weaned piglets. Abstract As a main ingredient of milk, the nucleotides content is about 12–58 mg/g, which plays a critical role in maintaining cellular function and lipid metabolism. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of short-term uridine monophosphate (UMP) and uridine (UR) administration on lipid metabolism in early-weaned piglets. Twenty-one weaned piglets (7 d of age; 3.32 ± 0.20 kg average body weight) were randomly assigned into three groups: The control (CON), UMP, and UR group, and oral administered UMP or UR for 10 days, respectively. The results showed that supplementation with UMP significantly increased (p < 0.05) serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) and tended to increase (p = 0.062) serum total cholesterol (TC) content of piglets when compared with the other two groups. Oral administration with UMP and UR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the serum total bile acid (TBA) and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) of piglets, and significantly reduced the fatty acid content of C12:0 (p < 0.01) and C14:0 (p < 0.05) in liver. Experiments about key enzymes that are involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acid showed that the gene expression of liver X receptors (LXRα), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1c), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) were remarkably down-regulated (p < 0.05) with UMP and UR treatment, and key factors of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1α) involved in fatty acid catabolism were also decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, the protein expression of phosphorylated-mTOR was not affected while phosphorylation of AKT was repressed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, short-term oral UMP or UR administration could regulate fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism, thus providing energy for early-weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Songge Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chunyan Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Ruxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Meiya Hai'an pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hai'an 226600, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
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Bergeron N, Chiu S, Williams PT, M King S, Krauss RM. Effects of red meat, white meat, and nonmeat protein sources on atherogenic lipoprotein measures in the context of low compared with high saturated fat intake: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:24-33. [PMID: 31161217 PMCID: PMC6599736 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary recommendations to limit red meat are based on observational studies linking intake to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk together with the potential of its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content to raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, the relation of white meat to CVD risk, and the effects of dietary protein source on lipoprotein particle subfractions, have not been extensively evaluated. OBJECTIVE We tested whether levels of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins differed significantly following consumption of diets with high red meat content compared with diets with similar amounts of protein derived from white meat or nonmeat sources, and whether these effects were modified by concomitant intake of high compared with low SFAs. METHODS Generally healthy men and women, 21-65 y, body mass index 20-35 kg/m2, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 parallel arms (high or low SFA) and within each, allocated to red meat, white meat, and nonmeat protein diets consumed for 4 wk each in random order. The primary outcomes were LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apoB), small + medium LDL particles, and total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS Analysis included participants who completed all 3 dietary protein assignments (61 for high SFA; 52 for low SFA). LDL cholesterol and apoB were higher with red and white meat than with nonmeat, independent of SFA content (P < 0.0001 for all, except apoB: red meat compared with nonmeat [P = 0.0004]). This was due primarily to increases in large LDL particles, whereas small + medium LDL and total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were unaffected by protein source (P = 0.10 and P = 0.51, respectively). Primary outcomes did not differ significantly between red and white meat. Independent of protein source, high compared with low SFA increased LDL cholesterol (P = 0.0003), apoB (P = 0.0002), and large LDL (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS The findings are in keeping with recommendations promoting diets with a high proportion of plant-based food but, based on lipid and lipoprotein effects, do not provide evidence for choosing white over red meat for reducing CVD risk. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01427855.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bergeron
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Sally Chiu
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Paul T Williams
- Department of Genome Sciences, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sarah M King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
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Corey KE, Wilson LA, Altinbas A, Yates KP, Kleiner DE, Chung RT, Krauss RM, Chalasani N. Relationship between resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and changes in lipoprotein sub-fractions: a post-hoc analysis of the PIVENS trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:1205-1213. [PMID: 30854694 PMCID: PMC6461513 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidaemia is frequent in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); however, it is unclear if improvement in liver histology is associated with favourable changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. AIMS To evaluate the relationship of NASH resolution and lipoprotein subfraction levels, markers of endothelial dysfunction, and macrophage activation. METHODS One hundred and seventeen individuals with NASH who participated in the Pioglitazone vs Vitamin E vs Placebo for the Treatment of Nondiabetic Patients with NASH (PIVENS) trial with paired liver biopsies and serum samples available at baseline and after 96 weeks of treatment were included. Participants in the PIVENS trials received vitamin E, pioglitazone, or placebo for 96 weeks. Lipoprotein subfraction levels, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and sCD163 levels were assessed at baseline and week 96 and their relationship with NASH resolution was examined. RESULTS Fifty-seven individuals had NASH resolution and 60 individuals did not have resolution of NASH. NASH resolution was associated with favourable changes in lipoprotein subfraction levels compared to those without NASH resolution. Individuals with resolution of NASH had a significantly increased mean peak LDL diameter (ratio of geometric means [96 weeks vs baseline] 1.007 vs 0.996, P = 0.004), and higher frequency of LDL phenotype A (58% vs 33%, P = 0.003) at week 96, after adjustment for relevant co-variates including treatment group. No differences in VCAM, ICAM, E-selectin, or sCD163 levels by NASH resolution were found. CONCLUSIONS NASH resolution is associated with favourable changes in a subset of serum lipoprotein levels. More studies are warranted to understand if these favourable changes are associated with decreased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Corey
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, , ,Co-corresponding authors. They may be contacted at , or
| | - Laura A. Wilson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, ,
| | - Akif Altinbas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, ,
| | | | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, ,
| | | | - Naga Chalasani
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, ,Co-corresponding authors. They may be contacted at , or
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Samir A, Ohura K, Bodor N, Imai T. Identification of Major Esterase Involved in Hydrolysis of Soft Anticholinergic (2R3'R-SGM) Designed From Glycopyrrolate in Human and Rat Tissues. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2791-2797. [PMID: 30954525 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The glycopyrrolate soft analog, SGM, designed to be easily hydrolyzed into the significantly less active zwitterionic metabolite, SGa, typifies soft drug that reduces systemic side effects (a problem often seen with traditional anticholinergics) following local administration. In this study, hydrolysis of 2R3'R-SGM, the highest pharmacologically active stereoisomer of SGM, was investigated in human and rat tissues. In both species, 2R3'R-SGM was metabolized to 2R3'R-SGa in plasma but was stable in liver and intestine. The half-life of 2R3'R-SGM was found to be 16.9 min and 9.8 min in human and rat plasma, respectively. The enzyme inhibition and stimulation experiments showed that plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is responsible for the hydrolysis of 2R3'R-SGM in humans and rats. The PON1-mediated hydrolysis of 2R3'R-SGM was confirmed in the lipoprotein-rich fractions of human plasma. As PON1 is naturally attached to high-density lipoprotein, it might be absent in topical tissues where 2R3'R-SGM is applied, supporting its local stability and efficacy. The metabolic behavior of 2R3'R-SGM indicates that it is an ideal soft drug to be detoxified as soon as it moves into systemic circulation. Furthermore, the similarity of 2R3'R-SGM metabolism in humans and rats showed that the rat is a suitable animal for preclinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Samir
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories, Miami, Florida 33137; College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Williams PT, Bergeron N, Chiu S, Krauss RM. A randomized, controlled trial on the effects of almonds on lipoprotein response to a higher carbohydrate, lower fat diet in men and women with abdominal adiposity. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:83. [PMID: 30943980 PMCID: PMC6446393 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almonds have been shown to lower LDL cholesterol but there is limited information regarding their effects on the dyslipidemia characterized by increased levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles that is associated with abdominal adiposity and high carbohydrate intake. The objective of the present study was to test whether substitution of almonds for other foods attenuates carbohydrate-induced increases in small, dense LDL in individuals with increased abdominal adiposity. METHODS This was a randomized cross-over study of three 3wk diets, separated by 2wk washouts: a higher-carbohydrate (CHO) reference diet (CHOhigh), a higher-CHO diet with isocaloric substitution of 20% kcal (E) from almonds (CHOhigh + almonds), and a lower-CHO reference diet (CHOlow) in 9 men and 15 women who were overweight or obese. The two CHOhigh diets contained 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 35% fat (6% saturated, 21% monounsaturated, 8% polyunsaturated), while the CHOlow diet contained 25% carbohydrate, 28% protein, 47% fat (8% saturated, 28% monounsaturated, 8% polyunsaturated). Lipoprotein subfraction concentrations were measured by ion mobility. RESULTS Relative to the CHOlow diet: 1) the CHOhigh + almonds diet significantly increased small, dense LDLIIIa (mean difference ± SE: 28.6 ± 10.4 nmol/L, P = 0.008), and reduced LDL-peak diameter (- 1.7 ± 0.6 Å, P = 0.008); 2) the CHOhigh diet significantly increased medium-sized LDLIIb (24.8 ± 11.4 nmol/L, P = 0.04) and large VLDL (3.7 ± 1.8 nmol/L, P = 0.05). Relative to CHOlow, the effects of CHOhigh on LDLIIIa (17.7 ± 10.6 nmol/L) and LDL-peak diameter (- 1.1 ± 0.6 Å) were consistent with those of CHOhigh + almonds, and the effects of CHOhigh + almonds on LDLIIb (21.0 ± 11.2 nmol/L) and large VLDL (2.8 ± 1.8 nmol/L) were consistent with those of CHOhigh, but did not achieve statistical significance (P > 0.05). None of the variables examined showed a significant difference between the CHOhigh + almonds and CHOhigh diets (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our analyses provided no evidence that deriving 20% E from almonds significantly modifies increases in levels of small, dense LDL or other plasma lipoprotein changes induced by a higher carbohydrate low saturated fat diet in individuals with increased abdominal adiposity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01792648 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Williams
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California USA
| | - Nathalie Bergeron
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California USA
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California USA
| | - Sally Chiu
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California USA
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California USA
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Hosseinzadeh N, Mehrabi Y, Daneshpour MS, Zayeri F, Guity K, Azizi F. Identifying new associated pleiotropic SNPs with lipids by simultaneous test of multiple longitudinal traits: An Iranian family-based study. Gene 2019; 692:156-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Shih CW, Hauser ME, Aronica L, Rigdon J, Gardner CD. Changes in blood lipid concentrations associated with changes in intake of dietary saturated fat in the context of a healthy low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet: a secondary analysis of the Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:433-441. [PMID: 30649213 PMCID: PMC6367958 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For low-carbohydrate diets, a public health approach has focused on the replacement of carbohydrates with unsaturated fats. However, little research exists on the impacts of saturated fat intake on the lipid profile in the context of whole-food-based low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. Objectives The primary aim of this secondary analysis of the DIETFITS weight loss trial was to evaluate the associations between changes in percentage of dietary saturated fatty acid intake (%SFA) and changes in low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, and triglyceride concentrations for those following a healthy low-carbohydrate (HLC) diet. The secondary aim was to examine these associations specifically for HLC dieters who had the highest 12-month increases in %SFA. Methods In the DIETFITS trial, 609 generally healthy adults, aged 18-50 years, with body mass indices of 28-40 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to a healthy low-fat (HLF) or HLC diet for 12 months. In this analysis, linear regression, both without and with adjustment for potential confounders, was used to measure the association between 12-month change in %SFA and blood lipids in 208 HLC participants with complete diet and blood lipid data. Results Participants consumed an average of 12-18% of calories from SFA. An increase of %SFA, without significant changes in absolute saturated fat intake, over 12 months was associated with a statistically significant decrease in triglycerides in the context of a weight-loss study in which participants simultaneously decreased carbohydrate intake. The association between increase in %SFA and decrease in triglycerides was no longer significant when adjusting for 12-month change in carbohydrate intake, suggesting carbohydrate intake may be a mediator of this relationship. Conclusions Those on a low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet who increase their percentage intake of dietary saturated fat may improve their overall lipid profile provided they focus on a high-quality diet and lower their intakes of both calories and refined carbohydrates. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01826591.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph Rigdon
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Woudberg NJ, Lecour S, Goedecke JH. HDL Subclass Distribution Shifts with Increasing Central Adiposity. J Obes 2019; 2019:2107178. [PMID: 30863631 PMCID: PMC6378000 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2107178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cross-sectional studies have shown that obesity is associated with lower concentrations of large high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses, it is unknown if changes in HDL subclasses are related to changes in body fat and its distribution over time. We therefore assessed changes in HDL subclass distribution over a 5.5-year free-living follow-up period in 24 black South African women. At baseline and follow-up, body composition and body fat distribution were measured using anthropometry, dual X-ray absorptiometry, and computerized tomography. HDL subclass distribution was quantified using Lipoprint®. Over the 5.5-year follow-up period, body fat (+17.3 ± 4.5 kg, p < 0.05) and trunk fat mass (+7.4 ± 1.9%, % fat mass, FM, p < 0.05) increased, while leg fat mass (-2.53 ± 0.56%, % FM, p < 0.001) and the distribution of large (-6.43 ± 2.12%, p < 0.05) HDL subclasses decreased. A percentage decrease in large HDL subclasses was associated with a percentage increase in central fat mass (visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area, p < 0.05) and a percentage decrease in peripheral fat mass (leg fat mass). These preliminary findings suggest that a relative redistribution of body fat from the periphery to the abdominal region were associated with a decrease HDL subclass size in black South African women and provide a novel link between body fat distribution and lipidology in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Woudberg
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia H. Goedecke
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Aneni EC, Osondu CU, De La Cruz J, Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Younus A, Feldman T, Agatston AS, Veledar E, Nasir K. Lipoprotein Sub-Fractions by Ion-Mobility Analysis and Its Association with Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in High-Risk Individuals. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 26:50-63. [PMID: 30224606 PMCID: PMC6308270 DOI: 10.5551/jat.40741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is limited knowledge about the association of lipoprotein particles and markers of coronary atherosclerosis such as coronary artery calcification (CAC) in relatively young high-risk persons. This study examines the association of lipoprotein subfractions and CAC in high cardiometabolic risk individuals. METHODS The study presents analysis from baseline data of a randomized trial targeted at high-risk workers. Employees of Baptist Health South Florida with metabolic syndrome or diabetes were recruited. At baseline, all 182 participants had lipoprotein subfraction analysis using the ion mobility technique and participants above 35 years (N=170) had CAC test done. Principal components (PC) were computed for the combination of lipoprotein subclasses. Multiple bootstrapped regression analyses (BSA) were conducted to assess the relationship between lipoprotein subfractions and CAC. RESULTS The study population (N=170) was largely female (84%) with a mean age of 58 years. Three PCs accounted for 88% variation in the sample. PC2, with main contributions from VLDL particles in the positive direction and large LDL particles in the negative direction was associated with a 22% increase in CAC odds (P value <0.05 in 100% of BSA). PC3, with main contributions from HDL lipoprotein particles in the positive direction and small/medium LDL and large IDL particles in the negative direction, was associated with a 9% reduction in CAC odds (P<0.05 in 88% of BSA). PC1, which had approximately even contributions from HDL, LDL, IDL and VLDL lipoprotein subfractions in the positive direction, was not associated with CAC. CONCLUSION In a relatively young but high-risk population, a lipoprotein profile predominated by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was associated with increased risk of CAC, while one predominated by HDL lipoproteins offered modest protection. Lipoprotein sub-fraction analysis may help to further discriminate patients who require more intensive cardiovascular work-up and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehimen C Aneni
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Javier De La Cruz
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, USA
| | - Seth S Martin
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adnan Younus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Theodore Feldman
- Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arthur S Agatston
- Department of Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Emir Veledar
- Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale University & Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia. This review summarizes the complex interplay between IR and dyslipidemia in people with and without diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS IR impacts the metabolism of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) by several mechanisms. Trials with insulin sensitizing therapies, including biguanides and thiazolidinediones, have provided inconsistent results on lipid lowering in people with and without diabetes. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological interplay between IR and dyslipidemia and recapitulate lipid and lipoprotein data from insulin-sensitizing trials. Further research elucidating the reciprocal relationship between IR and dyslipidemia is needed to better target these important risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Ave, Box B26, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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El Khoudary SR, Ceponiene I, Samargandy S, Stein JH, Li D, Tattersall MC, Budoff MJ. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Metrics and Atherosclerotic Risk in Women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:2236-2244. [PMID: 30026268 PMCID: PMC6202150 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) may not always be cardioprotective in postmenopausal women. HDL particles (HDL-P) via ion-mobility may better reflect the antiatherogenicity of HDL. Objectives were (1) to evaluate associations of HDL-C and ion-mobility HDL-P with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaque separately and jointly in women; and (2) to assess interactions by age at and time since menopause. Approach and Results- Analysis included 1380 females from the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; age: 61.8±10.3; 61% natural-, 21% surgical-, and 18% peri-menopause). Women with unknown or early menopause (age at nonsurgical menopause ≤45 years) were excluded. Adjusting for each other, higher HDL-P but not HDL-C was associated with lower cIMT ( P=0.001), whereas higher HDL-C but not HDL-P was associated with greater risk of carotid plaque presence ( P=0.04). Time since menopause significantly modified the association of large but not small HDL-P with cIMT; higher large HDL-P was associated with higher cIMT close to menopause but with lower cIMT later in life. The proatherogenic association reported for HDL-C with carotid plaque was most evident in women with later age at menopause who were >10 years postmenopausal. Conclusions- Elevated HDL-C may not always be cardioprotective in postmenopausal women. The cardioprotective capacity of large HDL-P may adversely compromise close to menopause supporting the importance of assessing how the menopause transition might impact HDL quality and related cardiovascular disease risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indre Ceponiene
- Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Department of Cardiology
| | | | - James H. Stein
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine
| | - Dong Li
- Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center
| | - Matthew C. Tattersall
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center
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