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Briand-Mésange F, Gennero I, Salles J, Trudel S, Dahan L, Ausseil J, Payrastre B, Salles JP, Chap H. From Classical to Alternative Pathways of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: AlterAGs at the Crossroad of Endocannabinoid and Lysophospholipid Signaling. Molecules 2024; 29:3694. [PMID: 39125098 PMCID: PMC11314389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid (EC), acting as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is synthesized on demand in postsynaptic membranes through the sequential action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), contributing to retrograde signaling upon interaction with presynaptic CB1. However, 2-AG production might also involve various combinations of PLC and DAGL isoforms, as well as additional intracellular pathways implying other enzymes and substrates. Three other alternative pathways of 2-AG synthesis rest on the extracellular cleavage of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by three different hydrolases: glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3), lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and two members of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPP6-7). We propose the names of AlterAG-1, -2, and -3 for three pathways sharing an ectocellular localization, allowing them to convert extracellular lysophospholipid mediators into 2-AG, thus inducing typical signaling switches between various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This implies the critical importance of the regioisomerism of both lysophospholipid (LPLs) and 2-AG, which is the object of deep analysis within this review. The precise functional roles of AlterAGs are still poorly understood and will require gene invalidation approaches, knowing that both 2-AG and its related lysophospholipids are involved in numerous aspects of physiology and pathology, including cancer, inflammation, immune defenses, obesity, bone development, neurodegeneration, or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Briand-Mésange
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
| | - Isabelle Gennero
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Psychiatrie D’urgences, de Crise et de Liaison, Institut des Handicaps Neurologiques, Psychiatriques et Sensoriels, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- I2MC-Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR1297 and University of Toulouse III, 31400 Toulouse, France;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Unité d’Endocrinologie et Maladies Osseuses, Hôpital des Enfants, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles Lettres de Toulouse, Hôtel d’Assézat, 31000 Toulouse, France
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2
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Li MS, Wang XH, Wang H. Immunomodulation of Proton-activated G Protein-coupled Receptors in Inflammation. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:475-484. [PMID: 38748372 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Proton-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), initially discovered by Ludwig in 2003, are widely distributed in various tissues. These receptors have been found to modulate the immune system in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. Proton-activated GPCRs belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family and can detect alternations in extracellular pH. This detection triggers downstream signaling pathways within the cells, ultimately influencing the function of immune cells. In this review, we specifically focused on investigating the immune response of proton-activated GPCRs under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Shan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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3
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Xu B, Liu Y, Li N, Geng Q. Lactate and lactylation in macrophage metabolic reprogramming: current progress and outstanding issues. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395786. [PMID: 38835758 PMCID: PMC11148263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
It is commonly known that different macrophage phenotypes play specific roles in different pathophysiological processes. In recent years, many studies have linked the phenotypes of macrophages to their characteristics in different metabolic pathways, suggesting that macrophages can perform different functions through metabolic reprogramming. It is now gradually recognized that lactate, previously overlooked as a byproduct of glycolytic metabolism, acts as a signaling molecule in regulating multiple biological processes, including immunological responses and metabolism. Recently, lactate has been found to mediate epigenetic changes in macrophages through a newfound lactylation modification, thereby regulating their phenotypic transformation. This novel finding highlights the significant role of lactate metabolism in macrophage function. In this review, we summarize the features of relevant metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and the role of lactate metabolism therein. We also review the progress of research on the regulation of macrophage metabolic reprogramming by lactylation through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangjun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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4
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Tao H, Zhong X, Zeng A, Song L. Unveiling the veil of lactate in tumor-associated macrophages: a successful strategy for immunometabolic therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208870. [PMID: 37564659 PMCID: PMC10411982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate, traditionally regarded as a metabolic waste product at the terminal of the glycolysis process, has recently been found to have multifaceted functional roles in metabolism and beyond. A metabolic reprogramming phenomenon commonly seen in tumor cells, known as the "Warburg effect," sees high levels of aerobic glycolysis result in an excessive production of lactate. This lactate serves as a substrate that sustains not only the survival of cancer cells but also immune cells. However, it also inhibits the function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a group of innate immune cells ubiquitously present in solid tumors, thereby facilitating the immune evasion of malignant tumor cells. Characterized by their high plasticity, TAMs are generally divided into the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and the pro-tumour M2 phenotype. Through a process of 'education' by lactate, TAMs tend to adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype and collaborate with tumor cells to promote angiogenesis. Additionally, there is growing evidence linking metabolic reprogramming with epigenetic modifications, suggesting the participation of histone modification in diverse cellular events within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we delve into recent discoveries concerning lactate metabolism in tumors, with a particular focus on the impact of lactate on the function of TAMs. We aim to consolidate the molecular mechanisms underlying lactate-induced TAM polarization and angiogenesis and explore the lactate-mediated crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells. Finally, we also touch upon the latest progress in immunometabolic therapies and drug delivery strategies targeting glycolysis and lactate production, offering new perspectives for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Tao
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuansheng Zhong
- Clinical Medicine Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Anqi Zeng
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Clinical Application, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Understanding the Contribution of Lactate Metabolism in Cancer Progress: A Perspective from Isomers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010087. [PMID: 36612084 PMCID: PMC9817756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate mediates multiple cell-intrinsic effects in cancer metabolism in terms of development, maintenance, and metastasis and is often correlated with poor prognosis. Its functions are undertaken as an energy source for neighboring carcinoma cells and serve as a lactormone for oncogenic signaling pathways. Indeed, two isomers of lactate are produced in the Warburg effect: L-lactate and D-lactate. L-lactate is the main end-production of glycolytic fermentation which catalyzes glucose, and tiny D-lactate is fabricated through the glyoxalase system. Their production inevitably affects cancer development and therapy. Here, we systematically review the mechanisms of lactate isomers production, and highlight emerging evidence of the carcinogenic biological effects of lactate and its isomers in cancer. Accordingly, therapy that targets lactate and its metabolism is a promising approach for anticancer treatment.
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Yi C, He J, Huang D, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Ye X, Huang Y, Nussinov R, Zheng J, Liu M, Lu W. Activation of orphan receptor GPR132 induces cell differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1004. [PMID: 36437247 PMCID: PMC9701798 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blocked cellular differentiation is a critical pathologic hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we showed that genetic activation of the orphan GPCR GPR132 significantly induced cell differentiation of AML both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that GPR132 is a potential trigger of myeloid differentiation. To explore the therapeutic potential of GPR132 signaling, we screened and validated a natural product 8-gingerol (8GL) as a GPR132 agonist. Notably, GPR132 activation by 8GL promoted differentiation and reduced colony formation in human AML cell lines with diverse genetic profiles. Mechanistic studies revealed that 8GL treatment inhibits the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a regulator of AML cell differentiation blockade, via activating GPR132-Gs-PKA pathway. We further showed that the combination of 8GL and an mTOR inhibitor synergistically elicited AML cell differentiation in vitro. Importantly, 8GL alone or in combination with an mTOR inhibitor remarkably impaired tumor growth and extended mouse survival in an AML xenograft model accompanied by enhanced cell differentiation. Notably, genetic or pharmacological activation of GPR132 triggered the differentiation of human primary AML cells. In summary, this study demonstrated that activation of orphan GPR132 represents a potential strategy for inducing myeloid differentiation in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Yi
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Jiacheng He
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Dan Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumiao Zhao
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Chan Zhang
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Xiyun Ye
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Ying Huang
- grid.506955.aNMPA Key Laboratory of Rapid Drug Inspection Technology, Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, 766 Shenzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510663 China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- grid.418021.e0000 0004 0535 8394Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Junke Zheng
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- grid.22069.3f0000 0004 0369 6365Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
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7
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The Impaired Mechanism and Facilitated Therapies of Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:407-416. [PMID: 35853202 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease is responsible for the largest number of deaths worldwide, and atherosclerosis is the primary cause. Apoptotic cell accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques leads to necrotic core formation and plaque rupture. Emerging findings show that the progression of atherosclerosis appears to suppress the elimination of apoptotic cells. Mechanistically, the reduced edibility of apoptotic cells, insufficient phagocytic capacity of phagocytes, downregulation of bridging molecules, and dysfunction in the polarization of macrophages lead to impaired efferocytosis in atherosclerotic plaques. This review focuses on the characteristics of efferocytosis in plaques and the therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting efferocytosis in atherosclerosis, which would provide novel insights for the development of antiatherosclerotic drugs based on efferocytosis.
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8
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Jarr KU, Kojima Y, Weissman IL, Leeper NJ. 2021 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture: Defining the Role of Efferocytosis in Cardiovascular Disease: A Focus on the CD47 (Cluster of Differentiation 47) Axis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:e145-e154. [PMID: 35387480 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of atherogenesis is the accumulation of diseased and dying cells within the lesional necrotic core. While the burden of intraplaque apoptotic cells may be driven in part by an increase in programmed cell death, mounting evidence suggests that their presence may primarily be dictated by a defect in programmed cell removal, or efferocytosis. In this brief review, we will summarize the evidence suggesting that inflammation-dependent changes within the plaque render target cells inedible and reduce the appetite of lesional phagocytes. We will present the genetic causation studies, which indicate these phenomena promote lesion expansion and plaque vulnerability, and the interventional data which suggest that these processes can be reversed. Particular emphasis is provided related to the antiphagocytic CD47 (cluster of differentiation 47) do not eat me axis, which has emerged as a novel antiatherosclerotic translational target that is predicted to provide benefit independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Uwe Jarr
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (K.-U.J., Y.K., N.J.L.)
| | - Yoko Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (K.-U.J., Y.K., N.J.L.)
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (K.-U.J., Y.K., N.J.L.).,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (N.J.L.), Stanford University, CA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (N.J.L.)
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9
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Cai H, Wang X, Zhang Z, Chen J, Wang F, Wang L, Liu J. Moderate l-lactate administration suppresses adipose tissue macrophage M1 polarization to alleviate obesity-associated insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101768. [PMID: 35218776 PMCID: PMC8941214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a crucial metabolic intermediate, l-lactate is involved in redox balance, energy balance, and acid-base balance in organisms. Moderate exercise training transiently elevates plasma l-lactate levels and ameliorates obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. However, whether moderate l-lactate administration improves obesity-associated insulin resistance remains unclear. In this study, we defined 800 mg/kg/day as the dose of moderate l-lactate administration. In mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD), moderate l-lactate administration for 12 weeks was shown to alleviate weight gain, fat accumulation, and insulin resistance. Along with the phenotype alterations, white adipose tissue thermogenesis was also found to be elevated in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, moderate l-lactate administration suppressed the infiltration and proinflammatory M1 polarization of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, l-lactate treatment suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). l-lactate can bind to the surface receptor GPR132, which typically drives the downstream cAMP-PKA signaling. As a nutrient sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) critically controls macrophage inflammatory signaling and phenotype. Thus, utilizing inhibitors of the kinases PKA and AMPK as well as siRNA against GPR132, we demonstrated that GPR132-PKA-AMPKα1 signaling mediated the suppression caused by l-lactate treatment on BMDM M1 polarization. Finally, l-lactate addition remarkably resisted the impairment of lipopolysaccharide-treated BMDM conditional media on adipocyte insulin sensitivity. In summary, moderate l-lactate administration suppresses ATM proinflammatory M1 polarization through activation of the GPR132-PKA-AMPKα1 signaling pathway to improve insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice, suggesting a new therapeutic and interventional approach to obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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10
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Edsfeldt A, Stenström KE, Sun J, Dias N, Skog G, Singh P, Mattsson S, Nilsson J, Gonçalves I. Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression Is Dependent on Apoptosis According to Bomb-Pulse 14C Dating. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:734-745. [PMID: 34754987 PMCID: PMC8559321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with rapidly progressing atherosclerotic plaques are at higher risk to experience acute complications. Using a 14C bomb-pulse dating method, we explored the importance of different biological components for the timeframe of plaque progression in human atherosclerosis. According to the 14C bomb-pulse dating method, increased apoptosis was the main component associated with a young physical plaque age, reflecting a rapid progression. Physically young atherosclerotic plaques also had more apoptotic cells and larger cores than physically old plaques. Our findings in combination with recent advances in imaging techniques could guide future diagnostic imaging strategies to identify rapidly progressing plaques or therapeutic targets, halting plaque progression.
Individuals with rapidly progressing atherosclerotic plaques are at higher risk of experiencing acute complications. Currently, we lack knowledge regarding factors in human plaque that cause rapid progression. Using the 14C bomb-pulse dating method, we assessed the physical age of atherosclerotic plaques and which biological processes were associated with rapidly progressing plaques. Interestingly, increased apoptosis was the main component associated with a young physical plaque age, reflecting rapid plaque progression. Our findings in combination with recent advances in imaging techniques could guide future diagnostic imaging strategies to identify rapidly progressing plaques or therapeutic targets, halting plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Edsfeldt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Jiangming Sun
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nuno Dias
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Vascular Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Göran Skog
- Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sören Mattsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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11
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Llibre A, Grudzinska FS, O'Shea MK, Duffy D, Thickett DR, Mauro C, Scott A. Lactate cross-talk in host-pathogen interactions. Biochem J 2021; 478:3157-3178. [PMID: 34492096 PMCID: PMC8454702 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactate is the main product generated at the end of anaerobic glycolysis or during the Warburg effect and its role as an active signalling molecule is increasingly recognised. Lactate can be released and used by host cells, by pathogens and commensal organisms, thus being essential for the homeostasis of host-microbe interactions. Infection can alter this intricate balance, and the presence of lactate transporters in most human cells including immune cells, as well as in a variety of pathogens (including bacteria, fungi and complex parasites) demonstrates the importance of this metabolite in regulating host-pathogen interactions. This review will cover lactate secretion and sensing in humans and microbes, and will discuss the existing evidence supporting a role for lactate in pathogen growth and persistence, together with lactate's ability to impact the orchestration of effective immune responses. The ubiquitous presence of lactate in the context of infection and the ability of both host cells and pathogens to sense and respond to it, makes manipulation of lactate a potential novel therapeutic strategy. Here, we will discuss the preliminary research that has been carried out in the context of cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Llibre
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frances S. Grudzinska
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Matthew K. O'Shea
- Department of Infection, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, U.K
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David R. Thickett
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Aaron Scott
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
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12
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Manoharan I, Prasad PD, Thangaraju M, Manicassamy S. Lactate-Dependent Regulation of Immune Responses by Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691134. [PMID: 34394085 PMCID: PMC8358770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, lactate has been considered an innocuous bystander metabolite of cellular metabolism. However, emerging studies show that lactate acts as a complex immunomodulatory molecule that controls innate and adaptive immune cells’ effector functions. Thus, recent advances point to lactate as an essential and novel signaling molecule that shapes innate and adaptive immune responses in the intestine and systemic sites. Here, we review these recent advances in the context of the pleiotropic effects of lactate in regulating diverse functions of immune cells in the tissue microenvironment and under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Manoharan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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13
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Cui X, Xing R, Tian Y, Wang M, Sun Y, Xu Y, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Xie L, Xiao Y, Li D, Zheng B, Liu M, Chen H. The G2A Receptor Deficiency Aggravates Atherosclerosis in Rats by Regulating Macrophages and Lipid Metabolism. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659211. [PMID: 34381373 PMCID: PMC8351205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor G2A has been linked to atherosclerosis development. However, available data from mouse models are controversial. Rat G2A receptor bears more similarities with its human homolog. We proposed that the atherosclerosis model established from Ldlr–/– rat, which has been reported to share more similar phenotypes with the human disease, may help to further understand this lipid receptor. G2A deletion was found markedly aggravated in the lipid disorder in the rat model, which has not been reported in mouse studies. Examination of aortas revealed exacerbated atherosclerotic plaques in G2A deficient rats, together with increased oxidative stress and macrophage accumulation. In addition, consistently promoted migration and apoptosis were noticed in G2A deficient macrophages, even in macrophages from G2A single knockout rats. Further analysis found significantly declined phosphorylation of PI3 kinase (PI3K) and AKT, together with reduced downstream genes Bcl2 and Bcl-xl, suggesting possible involvement of PI3K/AKT pathway in G2A regulation to macrophage apoptosis. These data indicate that G2A modulates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism and macrophage migration and apoptosis. Our study provides a new understanding of the role of G2A in atherosclerosis, supporting it as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roumei Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Marques ARA, Ramos C, Machado-Oliveira G, Vieira OV. Lysosome (Dys)function in Atherosclerosis-A Big Weight on the Shoulders of a Small Organelle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658995. [PMID: 33855029 PMCID: PMC8039146 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive insidious chronic disease that underlies most of the cardiovascular pathologies, including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The malfunctioning of the lysosomal compartment has a central role in the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lysosomes are the degradative organelles of mammalian cells and process endogenous and exogenous substrates in a very efficient manner. Dysfunction of these organelles and consequent inefficient degradation of modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions have, therefore, numerous deleterious consequences for cellular homeostasis and disease progression. Lysosome dysfunction has been mostly studied in the context of the inherited lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). However, over the last years it has become increasingly evident that the consequences of this phenomenon are more far-reaching, also influencing the progression of multiple acquired human pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). During the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, the lysosomal compartment of the various cells constituting the arterial wall is under severe stress, due to the tremendous amounts of lipoproteins being processed by these cells. The uncontrolled uptake of modified lipoproteins by arterial phagocytic cells, namely macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), is the initial step that triggers the pathogenic cascade culminating in the formation of atheroma. These cells become pathogenic "foam cells," which are characterized by dysfunctional lipid-laden lysosomes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the origin and impact of the malfunctioning of the lysosomal compartment in plaque cells. We further analyze how the field of LSD research may contribute with some insights to the study of CVDs, particularly how therapeutic approaches that target the lysosomes in LSDs could be applied to hamper atherosclerosis progression and associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Marques
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Ramos
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gisela Machado-Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Kjærner‐Semb E, Edvardsen RB, Ayllon F, Vogelsang P, Furmanek T, Rubin CJ, Veselov AE, Nilsen TO, McCormick SD, Primmer CR, Wargelius A. Comparison of anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon genomes reveals signatures of parallel and relaxed selection across the Northern Hemisphere. Evol Appl 2021; 14:446-461. [PMID: 33664787 PMCID: PMC7896726 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations follow an anadromous life cycle, spending early life in freshwater, migrating to the sea for feeding, and returning to rivers to spawn. At the end of the last ice age ~10,000 years ago, several populations of Atlantic salmon became landlocked. Comparing their genomes to their anadromous counterparts can help identify genetic variation related to either freshwater residency or anadromy. The objective of this study was to identify consistently divergent loci between anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon strains throughout their geographical distribution, with the long-term aim of identifying traits relevant for salmon aquaculture, including fresh and seawater growth, omega-3 metabolism, smoltification, and disease resistance. We used a Pool-seq approach (n = 10-40 individuals per population) to sequence the genomes of twelve anadromous and six landlocked Atlantic salmon populations covering a large part of the Northern Hemisphere and conducted a genomewide association study to identify genomic regions having been under different selection pressure in landlocked and anadromous strains. A total of 28 genomic regions were identified and included cadm1 on Chr 13 and ppargc1a on Chr 18. Seven of the regions additionally displayed consistently reduced heterozygosity in fish obtained from landlocked populations, including the genes gpr132, cdca4, and sertad2 on Chr 15. We also found 16 regions, including igf1 on Chr 17, which consistently display reduced heterozygosity in the anadromous populations compared to the freshwater populations, indicating relaxed selection on traits associated with anadromy in landlocked salmon. In conclusion, we have identified 37 regions which may harbor genetic variation relevant for improving fish welfare and quality in the salmon farming industry and for understanding life-history traits in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexey E. Veselov
- Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research CentrePetrozavodskRussia
| | - Tom Ole Nilsen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Conte Anadromous Fish Research LaboratoryU.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science CenterTurners FallsMAUSA
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgramFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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16
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Foxx CL, Heinze JD, González A, Vargas F, Baratta MV, Elsayed AI, Stewart JR, Loupy KM, Arnold MR, Flux MC, Sago SA, Siebler PH, Milton LN, Lieb MW, Hassell JE, Smith DG, Lee KAK, Appiah SA, Schaefer EJ, Panitchpakdi M, Sikora NC, Weldon KC, Stamper CE, Schmidt D, Duggan DA, Mengesha YM, Ogbaselassie M, Nguyen KT, Gates CA, Schnabel K, Tran L, Jones JD, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW, Fleshner M, Dorrestein PC, Knight R, Wright KP, Lowry CA. Effects of Immunization With the Soil-Derived Bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae on Stress Coping Behaviors and Cognitive Performance in a "Two Hit" Stressor Model. Front Physiol 2021; 11:524833. [PMID: 33469429 PMCID: PMC7813891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.524833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 (M. vaccae), a soil-derived bacterium with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, is a potentially useful countermeasure against negative outcomes to stressors. Here we used male C57BL/6NCrl mice to determine if repeated immunization with M. vaccae is an effective countermeasure in a "two hit" stress exposure model of chronic disruption of rhythms (CDR) followed by acute social defeat (SD). On day -28, mice received implants of biotelemetric recording devices to monitor 24-h rhythms of locomotor activity. Mice were subsequently treated with a heat-killed preparation of M. vaccae (0.1 mg, administered subcutaneously on days -21, -14, -7, and 27) or borate-buffered saline vehicle. Mice were then exposed to 8 consecutive weeks of either stable normal 12:12 h light:dark (LD) conditions or CDR, consisting of 12-h reversals of the LD cycle every 7 days (days 0-56). Finally, mice were exposed to either a 10-min SD or a home cage control condition on day 54. All mice were exposed to object location memory testing 24 h following SD. The gut microbiome and metabolome were assessed in fecal samples collected on days -1, 48, and 62 using 16S rRNA gene sequence and LC-MS/MS spectral data, respectively; the plasma metabolome was additionally measured on day 64. Among mice exposed to normal LD conditions, immunization with M. vaccae induced a shift toward a more proactive behavioral coping response to SD as measured by increases in scouting and avoiding an approaching male CD-1 aggressor, and decreases in submissive upright defensive postures. In the object location memory test, exposure to SD increased cognitive function in CDR mice previously immunized with M. vaccae. Immunization with M. vaccae stabilized the gut microbiome, attenuating CDR-induced reductions in alpha diversity and decreasing within-group measures of beta diversity. Immunization with M. vaccae also increased the relative abundance of 1-heptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a lysophospholipid, in plasma. Together, these data support the hypothesis that immunization with M. vaccae stabilizes the gut microbiome, induces a shift toward a more proactive response to stress exposure, and promotes stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. Foxx
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jared D. Heinze
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Antonio González
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael V. Baratta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Ahmed I. Elsayed
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jessica R. Stewart
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey M. Loupy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Mathew R. Arnold
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - M. C. Flux
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Saydie A. Sago
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Philip H. Siebler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Lauren N. Milton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Margaret W. Lieb
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - James E. Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - David G. Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kyo A. K. Lee
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Sandra A. Appiah
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Evan J. Schaefer
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Morgan Panitchpakdi
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicole C. Sikora
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kelly C. Weldon
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christopher E. Stamper
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - David A. Duggan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Yosan M. Mengesha
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Mikale Ogbaselassie
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kadi T. Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Chloe A. Gates
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - K’loni Schnabel
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Linh Tran
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Joslynn D. Jones
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Martha H. Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- inVIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ, United States
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17
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Prabhu VV, Morrow S, Rahman Kawakibi A, Zhou L, Ralff M, Ray J, Jhaveri A, Ferrarini I, Lee Y, Parker C, Zhang Y, Borsuk R, Chang WI, Honeyman JN, Tavora F, Carneiro B, Raufi A, Huntington K, Carlsen L, Louie A, Safran H, Seyhan AA, Tarapore RS, Schalop L, Stogniew M, Allen JE, Oster W, El-Deiry WS. ONC201 and imipridones: Anti-cancer compounds with clinical efficacy. Neoplasia 2020; 22:725-744. [PMID: 33142238 PMCID: PMC7588802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ONC201 was originally discovered as TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-inducing compound TIC10. ONC201 appears to act as a selective antagonist of the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), and as an allosteric agonist of mitochondrial protease caseinolytic protease P (ClpP). Downstream of target engagement, ONC201 activates the ATF4/CHOP-mediated integrated stress response leading to TRAIL/Death Receptor 5 (DR5) activation, inhibits oxidative phosphorylation via c-myc, and inactivates Akt/ERK signaling in tumor cells. This typically results in DR5/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells; however, DR5/TRAIL-independent apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or antiproliferative effects also occur. The effects of ONC201 extend beyond bulk tumor cells to include cancer stem cells, cancer associated fibroblasts and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment that can contribute to its efficacy. ONC201 is orally administered, crosses the intact blood brain barrier, and is under evaluation in clinical trials in patients with advanced solid tumors and hematological malignancies. ONC201 has single agent clinical activity in tumor types that are enriched for DRD2 and/or ClpP expression including specific subtypes of high-grade glioma, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer, mantle cell lymphoma, and adrenal tumors. Synergy with radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immune-checkpoint agents has been identified in preclinical models and is being evaluated in clinical trials. Structure-activity relationships based on the core pharmacophore of ONC201, termed the imipridone scaffold, revealed novel potent compounds that are being developed. Imipridones represent a novel approach to therapeutically target previously undruggable GPCRs, ClpP, and innate immune pathways in oncology.
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Key Words
- 5-fu, 5-fluorouracil
- a2a, adenosine 2a receptor
- alcl, anaplastic large cell lymphoma
- all, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- aml, acute myeloid leukemia
- ampk, amp kinase
- atrt, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
- auc, area under the curve
- brd, bromodomain
- camp, cyclic amp
- cck18, caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18
- ck18, cytokeratin 18
- cll, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- clpp, caseinolytic protease p
- clpx, caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase chaperone subunit x
- cml, chronic myelogenous leukemia
- crc, colorectal cancer
- csc, cancer stem cell
- ctcl, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
- dipg, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
- dlbcl, diffuse large b-cell lymphoma
- dna-pkcs, dna-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit
- dr5, death receptor 5
- drd1, dopamine receptor d1
- drd2, dopamine receptor d2
- drd3, dopamine receptor d3
- drd4, dopamine receptor d4
- drd5, dopamine receptor d5
- dsrct, desmoplastic small round cell tumor
- ec, endometrial cancer
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- flair, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
- gbm, glioblastoma multiforme
- gdsc, genomics of drug sensitivity in cancer
- girk, g protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
- gnrh, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
- gpcr, g protein coupled receptor
- hcc, hepatocellular carcinoma
- ihc, immunohistochemistry
- hgg, high-grade glioma
- isr, integrated stress response
- mcl, mantle cell lymphoma
- mm, multiple myeloma
- mtd, maximum tolerated dose
- nhl, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
- nk, natural killer
- noael, no-observed-adverse-event-level
- nsclc, non-small cell lung cancer
- os, overall survival
- oxphos, oxidative phosphorylation
- pc-pg, pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma
- pd, pharmacodynamic
- pdx, patient-derived xenograft
- pfs, progression-free survival
- pk, pharmacokinetic
- plc, phospholipase c
- rano, response assessment in neuro-oncology
- recist, response evaluation criteria in solid tumors
- rhtrail, recombinant human trail
- rp2d, recommended phase ii dose
- sar, structure–activity relationship
- sclc, small-cell lung cancer
- tic10, trail-inducing compound 10
- tmz, temozolomide
- tnbc, triple-negative breast cancer
- trail, tnf-associated apoptosis-inducing ligand
- tunel, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dutp nick end labeling
- who, world health organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vijay Prabhu
- Oncoceutics, Inc., 3675 Market St, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Morrow
- Oncoceutics, Inc., 3675 Market St, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Lanlan Zhou
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marie Ralff
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jocelyn Ray
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Aakash Jhaveri
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Isacco Ferrarini
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Young Lee
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Cassandra Parker
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Robyn Borsuk
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Wen-I Chang
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Joshua N Honeyman
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Fabio Tavora
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Benedito Carneiro
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Alexander Raufi
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kelsey Huntington
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Lindsey Carlsen
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Anna Louie
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Howard Safran
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Attila A Seyhan
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Lee Schalop
- Oncoceutics, Inc., 3675 Market St, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin Stogniew
- Oncoceutics, Inc., 3675 Market St, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua E Allen
- Oncoceutics, Inc., 3675 Market St, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Oster
- Oncoceutics, Inc., 3675 Market St, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Room 537, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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18
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Galle-Treger L, Moreau M, Ballaire R, Poupel L, Huby T, Sasso E, Troise F, Poti F, Lesnik P, Le Goff W, Gautier EL, Huby T. Targeted invalidation of SR-B1 in macrophages reduces macrophage apoptosis and accelerates atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:554-565. [PMID: 31119270 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS SR-B1 is a cholesterol transporter that exerts anti-atherogenic properties in liver and peripheral tissues in mice. Bone marrow (BM) transfer studies suggested an atheroprotective role in cells of haematopoietic origin. Here, we addressed the specific contribution of SR-B1 in the monocyte/macrophage. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mice deficient for SR-B1 in monocytes/macrophages (Lysm-Cre × SR-B1f/f) and transplanted their BM into Ldlr-/- mice. Fed a cholesterol-rich diet, these mice displayed accelerated aortic atherosclerosis characterized by larger macrophage-rich areas and decreased macrophage apoptosis compared with SR-B1f/f transplanted controls. These findings were reproduced in BM transfer studies using another atherogenic mouse recipient (SR-B1 KOliver × Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein). Haematopoietic reconstitution with SR-B1-/- BM conducted in parallel generated similar results to those obtained with Lysm-Cre × SR-B1f/f BM; thus suggesting that among haematopoietic-derived cells, SR-B1 exerts its atheroprotective role primarily in monocytes/macrophages. Consistent with our in vivo data, free cholesterol (FC)-induced apoptosis of macrophages was diminished in the absence of SR-B1. This effect could not be attributed to differential cellular cholesterol loading. However, we observed that expression of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) was induced in SR-B1-deficient macrophages, and notably upon FC-loading. Furthermore, we demonstrated that macrophages were protected from FC-induced apoptosis by AIM. Finally, AIM protein was found more present within the macrophage-rich area of the atherosclerotic lesions of SR-B1-deficient macrophages than controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that macrophage SR-B1 plays a role in plaque growth by controlling macrophage apoptosis in an AIM-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Moreau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Lucie Poupel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Huby
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Emanuele Sasso
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvia Troise
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Poti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Thierry Huby
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
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19
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Belyaeva VS, Stepenko YV, Lyubimov II, Kulikov AL, Tietze AA, Kochkarova IS, Martynova OV, Pokopeyko ON, Krupen’kina LA, Nagikh AS, Pokrovskiy VM, Patrakhanov EA, Belashova AV, Lebedev PR, Gureeva AV. Non-hematopoietic erythropoietin-derived peptides for atheroprotection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.58891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevance: Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of premature adult death.Lipid profile and atherogenesis: Dislipidaemia leads to subsequent lipid accumulation and migration of immunocompetent cells into the vessel intima. Macrophages accumulate cholesterol forming foam cells – the morphological substrate of atherosclerosis in its initial stage.Inflammation and atherogenesis: Pro-inflammatory factors provoke oxidative stress, vascular wall damage and foam cells formation.Endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of atherosclerosis: Endothelial mitochondria are some of the organelles most sensitive to oxidative stress. Damaged mitochondria produce excess superoxide and H2O2, which are the main factors of intracellular damage, further increasing endothelial dysfunction.Short non-hematopoietic erythropoietin-based peptides as innovative atheroprotectors: Research in recent decades has shown that erythropoietin has a high cytoprotective activity, which is mainly associated with exposure to the mitochondrial link and has been confirmed in various experimental models. There is also a short-chain derivative, the 11-amino acid pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide (PHBSP), which selectively binds to the erythropoietin heterodymic receptor and reproduces its cytoprotective properties. This indicates the promising use of short-chain derivatives of erythropoietin for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic vascular injury. In the future, it is planned to study the PHBSP derivatives, the modification of which consists in adding RGD and PGP tripeptides with antiaggregant properties to the original 11-member peptide.
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20
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Oncometabolites lactate and succinate drive pro-angiogenic macrophage response in tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188427. [PMID: 32961257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate phagocytic leukocytes that are highly present in solid tumors, where they are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In solid tumors, the microenvironment is often immunosuppressive and hypoxic regions are prevalent. These hypoxic conditions impose tumor cells to reprogram their metabolism, shifting from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. This so-called glycolytic switch enables hypoxic tumor cells to survive, proliferate, and eventually to outcompete untransformed cells. The hypoxia-induced change in tumor cell metabolism leads to the production of oncometabolites, among which are the glycolytic end-metabolite lactate and the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate succinate. TAMs can react to these oncometabolites, resulting in an altered maturation and the adoption of pro-angiogenic features. These angiogenesis-promoting TAMs have been reported to cooperate with tumor cells in the formation of new vessels, and even have been considered an important cause of resistance against anti-angiogenic therapies. For a long time, the mechanisms by which lactate and succinate activated pro-angiogenic TAMs were not understood. Researchers now start to unravel and understand some of the underlying mechanisms. Here, the importance of microenvironmental cues in inducing different macrophage activation states is discussed, as well as the role of hypoxia in the recruitment and activation of pro-angiogenic macrophages. In addition, the latest findings on the oncometabolites lactate and succinate in the activation of angiogenesis supporting macrophages are reviewed. Finally, various oncometabolite-targeting therapeutic strategies are proposed that could improve the response to anti-angiogenic therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known promotors of tumor neovascularization, and significantly contribute to the emergence of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. Recent evidence suggests that the angiogenesis promoting phenotype of TAMs can be activated by hypoxic tumor cell-derived oncometabolites, including lactate and succinate. Here, the latest findings into the lactate- and succinate-mediated mechanistic activation of pro-angiogenic TAMs are reviewed, and therapeutic strategies that interfere with this mechanism and may delay or even prevent acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic agents are discussed.
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21
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The Lipid Receptor G2A (GPR132) Mediates Macrophage Migration in Nerve Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071740. [PMID: 32708184 PMCID: PMC7409160 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain is difficult to treat and mechanistically characterized by strong neuroimmune interactions, involving signaling lipids that act via specific G-protein coupled receptors. Here, we investigated the role of the signaling lipid receptor G2A (GPR132) in nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain using the robust spared nerve injury (SNI) mouse model. We found that the concentrations of the G2A agonist 9-HODE (9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) are strongly increased at the site of nerve injury during neuropathic pain. Moreover, G2A-deficient mice show a strong reduction of mechanical hypersensitivity after nerve injury. This phenotype is accompanied by a massive reduction of invading macrophages and neutrophils in G2A-deficient mice and a strongly reduced release of the proalgesic mediators TNFα, IL-6 and VEGF at the site of injury. Using a global proteome analysis to identify the underlying signaling pathways, we found that G2A activation in macrophages initiates MyD88-PI3K-AKT signaling and transient MMP9 release to trigger cytoskeleton remodeling and migration. We conclude that G2A-deficiency reduces inflammatory responses by decreasing the number of immune cells and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors at the site of nerve injury. Inhibiting the G2A receptor after nerve injury may reduce immune cell-mediated peripheral sensitization and may thus ameliorate neuropathic pain.
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22
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Piscitelli F, Silvestri C. Role of the Endocannabinoidome in Human and Mouse Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3147-3164. [PMID: 31448709 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190826162735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid (eCB) system and its role in many physiological and pathological conditions is well described and accepted, and includes cardiovascular disorders. However, the eCB system has been expanded to an "-ome"; the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) that includes endocannabinoid-related mediators, their protein targets and metabolic enzymes, many of which significantly impact upon cardiometabolic health. These recent discoveries are here summarized with a special focus on their potential involvement in atherosclerosis. We described the role of classical components of the eCB system (eCBs, CB1 and CB2 receptors) and eCB-related lipids, their regulatory enzymes and molecular targets in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, since increasing evidence points to significant cross-talk between the eCBome and the gut microbiome and the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis, we explore the possibility that a gut microbiome - eCBome axis has potential implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council of Research, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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23
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Li HM, Jang JH, Jung JS, Shin J, Park CO, Kim YJ, Ahn WG, Nam JS, Hong CW, Lee J, Jung YJ, Chen JF, Ravid K, Lee HT, Huh WK, Kabarowski JH, Song DK. G2A Protects Mice against Sepsis by Modulating Kupffer Cell Activation: Cooperativity with Adenosine Receptor 2b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:527-538. [PMID: 30530591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G2A is a GPCR abundantly expressed in immune cells. G2A-/- mice showed higher lethality, higher plasma cytokines, and an impaired bacterial clearance in response to a murine model of sepsis (cecal ligation and puncture), which were blocked by GdCl3, an inhibitor of Kupffer cells. Anti-IL-10 Ab reversed the impaired bacterial clearance in G2A-/- mice. Indomethacin effectively blocked both the increased i.p. IL-10 levels and the impaired bacterial clearance, indicating that disturbed PG system is the proximal cause of these phenomena. Stimulation with LPS/C5a induced an increase in Escherichia coli phagocytosis and intracellular cAMP levels in G2A+/+ peritoneal macrophages but not G2A-/- cells, which showed more PGE2/nitrite release and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Heterologous coexpression of G2A and adenosine receptor type 2b (A2bAR) induced a synergistic increase in cAMP signaling in a ligand-independent manner, with the evidence of physical interaction of G2A with A2bAR. BAY 60-6583, a specific agonist for A2bAR, increased intracellular cAMP levels in Kupffer cells from G2A+/+ but not from G2A-/- mice. Both G2A and A2bAR were required for antiseptic action of lysophosphatidylcholine. These results show inappropriate activation of G2A-/- Kupffer cells to septic insults due to an impaired cAMP signaling possibly by lack of interaction with A2bAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sub Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul O Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ja Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Suk Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Katya Ravid
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Janusz H Kabarowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea;
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24
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Specific oxylipins enhance vertebrate hematopoiesis via the receptor GPR132. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9252-9257. [PMID: 30139917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806077115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are lipid-derived signaling molecules with cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions. We recently showed that 11,12-EET enhances hematopoietic induction and engraftment in mice and zebrafish. EETs are known to signal via G protein-coupled receptors, with evidence supporting the existence of a specific high-affinity receptor. Identification of a hematopoietic-specific EET receptor would enable genetic interrogation of EET signaling pathways, and perhaps clinical use of this molecule. We developed a bioinformatic approach to identify an EET receptor based on the expression of G protein-coupled receptors in cell lines with differential responses to EETs. We found 10 candidate EET receptors that are expressed in three EET-responsive cell lines, but not expressed in an EET-unresponsive line. Of these, only recombinant GPR132 showed EET-responsiveness in vitro, using a luminescence-based β-arrestin recruitment assay. Knockdown of zebrafish gpr132b prevented EET-induced hematopoiesis, and marrow from GPR132 knockout mice showed decreased long-term engraftment capability. In contrast to high-affinity EET receptors, GPR132 is reported to respond to additional hydroxy-fatty acids in vitro, and we found that these same hydroxy-fatty acids enhance hematopoiesis in the zebrafish. We conducted structure-activity relationship analyses using both cell culture and zebrafish assays on diverse medium-chain fatty acids. Certain oxygenated, unsaturated free fatty acids showed high activation of GPR132, whereas unoxygenated or saturated fatty acids had lower activity. Absence of the carbon-1 position carboxylic acid prevented activity, suggesting that this moiety is required for receptor activation. GPR132 responds to a select panel of oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids to enhance both embryonic and adult hematopoiesis.
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25
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Tajbakhsh A, Rezaee M, Kovanen PT, Sahebkar A. Efferocytosis in atherosclerotic lesions: Malfunctioning regulatory pathways and control mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Song J, Lee K, Park SW, Chung H, Jung D, Na YR, Quan H, Cho CS, Che JH, Kim JH, Park JH, Seok SH. Lactic Acid Upregulates VEGF Expression in Macrophages and Facilitates Choroidal Neovascularization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3747-3754. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Sung Wook Park
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daun Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yi Rang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hailian Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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27
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Disrupting LXRα phosphorylation promotes FoxM1 expression and modulates atherosclerosis by inducing macrophage proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6556-E6565. [PMID: 29950315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721245115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key immune cells for the initiation and development of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the macrophage regulatory nodes that determine how lesions progress in response to dietary challenges are not fully understood. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are sterol-regulated transcription factors that play a central role in atherosclerosis by integrating cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. LXR pharmacological activation elicits a robust antiatherosclerotic transcriptional program in macrophages that can be affected by LXRα S196 phosphorylation in vitro. To investigate the impact of these transcriptional changes in atherosclerosis development, we have generated mice carrying a Ser-to-Ala mutation in myeloid cells in the LDL receptor (LDLR)-deficient atherosclerotic background (M-S196ALdlr-KO). M-S196ALdlr-KO mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit increased atherosclerotic plaque burden and lesions with smaller necrotic cores and thinner fibrous caps. These diet-induced phenotypic changes are consistent with a reprogramed macrophage transcriptome promoted by LXRα-S196A during atherosclerosis development. Remarkably, expression of several proliferation-promoting factors, including the protooncogene FoxM1 and its targets, is induced by LXRα-S196A. This is consistent with increased proliferation of plaque-resident cells in M-S196ALdlr-KO mice. Moreover, disrupted LXRα phosphorylation increases expression of phagocytic molecules, resulting in increased apoptotic cell removal by macrophages, explaining the reduced necrotic cores. Finally, the macrophage transcriptome promoted by LXRα-S196A under dietary perturbation is markedly distinct from that revealed by LXR ligand activation, highlighting the singularity of this posttranslational modification. Overall, our findings demonstrate that LXRα phosphorylation at S196 is an important determinant of atherosclerotic plaque development through selective changes in gene transcription that affect multiple pathways.
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28
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Mouton AJ, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Rivera Gonzalez OJ, Flynn ER, Freeman TC, Saucerman JJ, Garrett MR, Ma Y, Harmancey R, Lindsey ML. Mapping macrophage polarization over the myocardial infarction time continuum. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:26. [PMID: 29868933 PMCID: PMC5986831 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In response to myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac macrophages regulate inflammation and scar formation. We hypothesized that macrophages undergo polarization state changes over the MI time course and assessed macrophage polarization transcriptomic signatures over the first week of MI. C57BL/6 J male mice (3–6 months old) were subjected to permanent coronary artery ligation to induce MI, and macrophages were isolated from the infarct region at days 1, 3, and 7 post-MI. Day 0, no MI resident cardiac macrophages served as the negative MI control. Whole transcriptome analysis was performed using RNA-sequencing on n = 4 pooled sets for each time. Day 1 macrophages displayed a unique pro-inflammatory, extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading signature. By flow cytometry, day 0 macrophages were largely F4/80highLy6Clow resident macrophages, whereas day 1 macrophages were largely F4/80lowLy6Chigh infiltrating monocytes. Day 3 macrophages exhibited increased proliferation and phagocytosis, and expression of genes related to mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation, indicative of metabolic reprogramming. Day 7 macrophages displayed a pro-reparative signature enriched for genes involved in ECM remodeling and scar formation. By triple in situ hybridization, day 7 infarct macrophages in vivo expressed collagen I and periostin mRNA. Our results indicate macrophages show distinct gene expression profiles over the first week of MI, with metabolic reprogramming important for polarization. In addition to serving as indirect mediators of ECM remodeling, macrophages are a direct source of ECM components. Our study is the first to report the detailed changes in the macrophage transcriptome over the first week of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Osvaldo J Rivera Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Flynn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Romain Harmancey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA. .,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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29
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Vangaveti V, Shashidhar V, Collier F, Hodge J, Rush C, Malabu U, Baune B, Kennedy RL. 9- and 13-HODE regulate fatty acid binding protein-4 in human macrophages, but does not involve HODE/GPR132 axis in PPAR-γ regulation of FABP4. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2018; 9:137-150. [PMID: 29796244 PMCID: PMC5958425 DOI: 10.1177/2042018818759894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both activation of monocytes and increased serum fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) occur in diabetes and are associated with increased atherosclerosis. The oxidized lipid, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) increases FABP4 in macrophages, and is a ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 132 (GPR132). We investigated the involvement of GPR132 in mediating the 9-, 13-HODE stimulation of FABP4 secretion, and whether GPR132 expression is increased in monocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The effects of siRNA silencing of GPR132 gene and of the PPAR-γ antagonist T0070907 were studied in THP-1 cells. Serum levels of FABP4 and other adipokines were measured in patients with diabetes, and monocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. GPR132 mRNA was quantified in isolated CD14+ cells. RESULTS 9-HODE and 13-HODE increased FABP4 expression in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages, and also increased GPR132 expression. Silencing of GPR132 did not influence the increase in FABP4 with 9-HODE, 13-HODE, or rosiglitazone (ROSI). By contrast, T0070907 inhibited the effect of all three ligands on FABP4 expression. Diabetic subjects had increased serum FABP4, and activated monocytes. They also expressed higher levels of GPR132 mRNA in CD14+ cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that GPR132 is an independent monocyte activation marker in diabetes, but does not contribute to PPAR-γ-mediated induction of FABP4 by HODEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Collier
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Hodge
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Rush
- College of Public Health, Medical & Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Usman Malabu
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bernhard Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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30
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Mattisson IY, Björkbacka H, Wigren M, Edsfeldt A, Melander O, Fredrikson GN, Bengtsson E, Gonçalves I, Orho-Melander M, Engström G, Almgren P, Nilsson J. Elevated Markers of Death Receptor-Activated Apoptosis are Associated with Increased Risk for Development of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. EBioMedicine 2017; 26:187-197. [PMID: 29208468 PMCID: PMC5836474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increased rate of cell death by apoptosis has been implicated in both diabetes and atherosclerosis. Apoptosis can be induced through activation of the death receptors TNF receptor 1 (TNFR-1), TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAILR-2) and Fas. Soluble forms of these receptors are found in plasma. The objective of this study was to determine if soluble death receptors are markers of receptor-activated apoptosis and predict risk for development of diabetes and cardiovascular events. Methods Fas ligand was used to induce apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and INS-1 pancreatic β-cells and release of TNFR-1, TRAILR-2 and Fas measured by ELISA. Proximity Extension Assay was used to analyze plasma levels of TNFR-1, TRAILR-2 and Fas in baseline samples of 4742 subjects in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study and related to development of diabetes and cardiovascular events during 19.2 years of follow-up. Results Activation of apoptosis by Fas ligand was associated with release of soluble Fas, TNFR-1 and TRAILR-2 in both cell types. Circulating levels of all three receptors were higher in subjects with diabetes and correlated with markers of impaired glucose metabolism in non-diabetic subjects. Among the latter, those in the highest tertile of soluble Fas, TNFR-1 and TRAILR-2 had increased risk for development of diabetes and cardiovascular events. These associations became weaker when adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors in Cox regression models, but remained significant for TRAILR-2 with incident diabetes, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, and for TNFR-1 with myocardial infarction. Conclusion The present study demonstrates an association between several cardiovascular risk factors and elevated levels of circulating markers of apoptotic cell death. It also shows that subjects with high levels of these biomarkers have increased risk of diabetes and CVD. This implies that soluble death receptors are markers of β-cell and vascular injury and potentially could be used as surrogate markers of therapeutic efficiency in risk factor interventions. •Receptor-activated apoptosis is associated with release of soluble death receptors that act as biomarkers of apoptosis •Several cardiovascular risk factors including markers of impaired glucose metabolism associate with elevated plasma levels of death receptors •Subjects with high plasma levels of death receptors have an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis has been proposed to develop in response to chronic arterial injury caused by cardiovascular risk factors. The present study provides clinical evidence for this hypothesis by demonstrating an association between several cardiovascular risk factors and elevated levels of circulating markers of apoptotic cell death and that subjects with high levels of these biomarkers have increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, MI and stroke. These observations point to the possibility that the plasma level of soluble death receptors can be used as surrogate markers of arterial injury and atherosclerotic disease activity in cardiovascular interventions. Finally, our findings imply that soluble death receptors also may serve as biomarkers of the damage caused by metabolic stress to β-cells and risk for development of type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis
- Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus/etiology
- Fas Ligand Protein/pharmacology
- Female
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Genotype
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Receptors, Death Domain/blood
- Receptors, Death Domain/genetics
- Receptors, Death Domain/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/blood
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/blood
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Risk Factors
- fas Receptor/blood
- fas Receptor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Cardiology - Coronary diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Cardiology - Coronary diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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31
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Abstract
The necrotic core has long been a hallmark of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Although apoptotic cells are cleared quickly in almost all other tissue beds, their removal appears to be significantly impaired in the diseased blood vessel. Emerging evidence indicates that this phenomenon is caused by a defect in efferocytosis, the process by which apoptotic tissue is recognized for engulfment by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Genetic and experimental data suggest that efferocytosis is impaired during atherogenesis caused by dysregulation of so-called eat me ligands, which govern the edibility of cells undergoing programmed cell death. The following is a summary of recent data indicating that efferocytosis is a major unappreciated driver of lesion expansion but also a reversible defect that can potentially be targeted as a means to prevent plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kojima
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery (Y.K., N.J.L.), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (I.L.W.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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32
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Gpr132 sensing of lactate mediates tumor-macrophage interplay to promote breast cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:580-585. [PMID: 28049847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614035114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are prominent immune cells in the tumor microenvironment that exert potent effects on cancer metastasis. However, the signals and receivers for the tumor-macrophage communication remain enigmatic. Here, we show that G protein-coupled receptor 132 (Gpr132) functions as a key macrophage sensor of the rising lactate in the acidic tumor milieu to mediate the reciprocal interaction between cancer cells and macrophages during breast cancer metastasis. Lactate activates macrophage Gpr132 to promote the alternatively activated macrophage (M2)-like phenotype, which, in turn, facilitates cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Consequently, Gpr132 deletion reduces M2 macrophages and impedes breast cancer lung metastasis in mice. Clinically, Gpr132 expression positively correlates with M2 macrophages, metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. These findings uncover the lactate-Gpr132 axis as a driver of breast cancer metastasis by stimulating tumor-macrophage interplay, and reveal potential new therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.
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33
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Macrophages and Their Role in Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology and Transcriptome Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9582430. [PMID: 27493969 PMCID: PMC4967433 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9582430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis can be regarded as a chronic inflammatory state, in which macrophages play different and important roles. Phagocytic proinflammatory cells populate growing atherosclerotic lesions, where they actively participate in cholesterol accumulation. Moreover, macrophages promote formation of complicated and unstable plaques by maintaining proinflammatory microenvironment. At the same time, anti-inflammatory macrophages contribute to tissue repair and remodelling and plaque stabilization. Macrophages therefore represent attractive targets for development of antiatherosclerotic therapy, which can aim to reduce monocyte recruitment to the lesion site, inhibit proinflammatory macrophages, or stimulate anti-inflammatory responses and cholesterol efflux. More studies are needed, however, to create a comprehensive classification of different macrophage phenotypes and to define their roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on macrophage diversity, activation, and plasticity in atherosclerosis and describe macrophage-based cellular tests for evaluation of potential antiatherosclerotic substances.
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Huang YH, Su YS, Chang CJ, Sun WH. Heteromerization of G2A and OGR1 enhances proton sensitivity and proton-induced calcium signals. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:633-644. [PMID: 27049592 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2016.1155064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; OGR1, GPR4, G2A, TDAG8), with full activation at pH 6.4 ∼ 6.8, are important to pH homeostasis, immune responses and acid-induced pain. Although G2A mediates the G13-Rho pathway in response to acid, whether G2A activates Gs, Gi or Gq proteins remains debated. In this study, we examined the response of this fluorescence protein-tagged OGR1 family to acid stimulation in HEK293T cells. G2A did not generate detectable intracellular calcium or cAMP signals or show apparent receptor redistribution with moderate acid (pH ≥ 6.0) stimulation but reduced cAMP accumulation under strong acid stimulation (pH ≤ 5.5). Surprisingly, coexpression of OGR1- and G2A-enhanced proton sensitivity and proton-induced calcium signals. This alteration is attributed to oligomerization of OGR1 and G2A. The oligomeric potential locates receptors at a specific site, which leads to enhanced proton-induced calcium signals through channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Han Huang
- a Department of Life Sciences , National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan and
| | - Yeu-Shiuan Su
- a Department of Life Sciences , National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan and
| | - Chung-Jen Chang
- a Department of Life Sciences , National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan and
| | - Wei-Hsin Sun
- a Department of Life Sciences , National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan and.,b Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan
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35
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The clearance of dying cells: table for two. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:915-26. [PMID: 26990661 PMCID: PMC4987729 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells of the immune system must constantly survey for, recognize, and efficiently clear the billions of cellular corpses that arise as a result of development, stress, infection, or normal homeostasis. This process, termed efferocytosis, is critical for the prevention of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and persistence of dead cells in tissue is characteristic of many human autoimmune diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus. The most notable characteristic of the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells is its ‘immunologically silent' response. Although the mechanisms by which phagocytes facilitate engulfment of dead cells has been a well-studied area, the pathways that coordinate to process the ingested corpse and direct the subsequent immune response is an area of growing interest. The recently described pathway of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has shed some light on this issue. LAP is triggered when an extracellular particle, such as a dead cell, engages an extracellular receptor during phagocytosis, induces the translocation of autophagy machinery, and ultimately LC3 to the cargo-containing phagosome, termed the LAPosome. In this review, we will examine efferocytosis and the impact of LAP on efferocytosis, allowing us to reimagine the impact of the autophagy machinery on innate host defense mechanisms.
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36
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Ichijo Y, Mochimaru Y, Azuma M, Satou K, Negishi J, Nakakura T, Oshima N, Mogi C, Sato K, Matsuda K, Okajima F, Tomura H. Two zebrafish G2A homologs activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways in acidic environment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:81-86. [PMID: 26614909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human G2A is activated by various stimuli such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), and protons. The receptor is coupled to multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including the Gs-protein/cAMP/CRE, G12/13-protein/Rho/SRE, and Gq-protein/phospholipase C/NFAT pathways. In the present study, we examined whether zebrafish G2A homologs (zG2A-a and zG2A-b) could respond to these stimuli and activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways. We also examined whether histidine residue and basic amino acid residue in the N-terminus of the homologs also play roles similar to those played by human G2A residues if the homologs sense protons. We found that the zG2A-a showed the high CRE, SRE, and NFAT activities, however, zG2A-b showed only the high SRE activity under a pH of 8.0. Extracellular acidification from pH 7.4 to 6.3 ameliorated these activities in zG2A-a-expressing cells. On the other hand, acidification ameliorated the SRE activity but not the CRE and NFAT activities in zG2A-b-expressing cells. LPC or 9-HODE did not modify any activity of either homolog. The substitution of histidine residue at the 174(th) position from the N-terminus of zG2A-a to asparagine residue attenuated proton-induced CRE and NFAT activities but not SRE activity. The substitution of arginine residue at the 32nd position from the N-terminus of zG2A-a to the alanine residue also attenuated its high and the proton-induced CRE and NFAT activities. On the contrary, the substitution did not attenuate SRE activity. The substitution of the arginine residue at the 10th position from the N-terminus of zG2A-b to the alanine residue also did not attenuate its high or the proton-induced SRE activity. These results indicate that zebrafish G2A homologs were activated by protons but not by LPC and 9-HODE, and the activation mechanisms of the homologs were similar to those of human G2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuta Mochimaru
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Morio Azuma
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Satou
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Jun Negishi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Natsuki Oshima
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mogi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.
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37
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Functional metagenomic discovery of bacterial effectors in the human microbiome and isolation of commendamide, a GPCR G2A/132 agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4825-34. [PMID: 26283367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508737112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of bacteria that make up the human microbiome are believed to encode functions that are important to human health; however, little is known about the specific effectors that commensal bacteria use to interact with the human host. Functional metagenomics provides a systematic means of surveying commensal DNA for genes that encode effector functions. Here, we examine 3,000 Mb of metagenomic DNA cloned from three phenotypically distinct patients for effectors that activate NF-κB, a transcription factor known to play a central role in mediating responses to environmental stimuli. This screen led to the identification of 26 unique commensal bacteria effector genes (Cbegs) that are predicted to encode proteins with diverse catabolic, anabolic, and ligand-binding functions and most frequently interact with either glycans or lipids. Detailed analysis of one effector gene family (Cbeg12) recovered from all three patient libraries found that it encodes for the production of N-acyl-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-glycine (commendamide). This metabolite was also found in culture broth from the commensal bacterium Bacteroides vulgatus, which harbors a gene highly similar to Cbeg12. Commendamide resembles long-chain N-acyl-amides that function as mammalian signaling molecules through activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which led us to the observation that commendamide activates the GPCR G2A/GPR132. G2A has been implicated in disease models of autoimmunity and atherosclerosis. This study shows the utility of functional metagenomics for identifying potential mechanisms used by commensal bacteria for host interactions and outlines a functional metagenomics-based pipeline for the systematic identification of diverse commensal bacteria effectors that impact host cellular functions.
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38
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RETRACTED: Macrophage phenotypic plasticity in atherosclerosis: The associated features and the peculiarities of the expression of inflammatory genes. Int J Cardiol 2015; 184:436-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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39
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Döring Y. Not growth but death: GM-CSF/IL-23 axis drives atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by enhancing macrophage and DC apoptosis. Circ Res 2015; 116:222-4. [PMID: 25593270 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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40
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Shehata MA, Belcik Christensen H, Isberg V, Sejer Pedersen D, Bender A, Bräuner-Osborne H, Gloriam DE. Identification of the first surrogate agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR132. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first pharmacological tool agonist for in vitro characterization of the orphan receptor GPR132, preliminary structure–activity relationships based on 32 analogs and a suggested binding mode from docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Shehata
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Hanna Belcik Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Vignir Isberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - David E. Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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41
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Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acids Regulate Apoptosis in Human THP-1 Cells in a PPARγ-Dependent Manner. Lipids 2014; 49:1181-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Taghavie-Moghadam PL, Butcher MJ, Galkina EV. The dynamic lives of macrophage and dendritic cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1319:19-37. [PMID: 24628328 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major pathological process through which arterial plaques are formed, is a dynamic chronic inflammatory disease of large- and medium-sized arteries in which the vasculature, lipid metabolism, and the immune system all play integral roles. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis but myeloid cells represent the major component of the burgeoning atherosclerotic plaque. Various myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages (MΦs), and dendritic cells (DCs) can be found within the healthy and atherosclerotic arterial wall, where they can contribute to or regulate inflammation. However, the precise behaviors and functions of these cells in situ are still active areas of investigation that continue to yield exciting and surprising new data. Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the complex biology of MΦs and DCs, focusing particularly on the dynamic regulation of these subsets in the arterial wall and novel, emerging functions of these cells during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parésa L Taghavie-Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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43
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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44
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Tsuchiya K, Westerterp M, Murphy AJ, Subramanian V, Ferrante AW, Tall AR, Accili D. Expanded granulocyte/monocyte compartment in myeloid-specific triple FoxO knockout increases oxidative stress and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. Circ Res 2013; 112:992-1003. [PMID: 23420833 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increased neutrophil and monocyte counts are often associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, but their relationship to insulin sensitivity is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of forkhead transcription factors (FoxO) in myeloid cells to neutrophil and monocyte counts, atherosclerosis, and systemic insulin sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetic ablation of the 3 genes encoding FoxO isoforms 1, 3a, and 4, in myeloid cells resulted in an expansion of the granulocyte/monocyte progenitor compartment and was associated with increased atherosclerotic lesion formation in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. In vivo and ex vivo studies indicate that FoxO ablation in myeloid cells increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine reversed the phenotype, normalizing atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that myeloid cell proliferation and oxidative stress can be modulated via the FoxO branch of insulin receptor signaling, highlighting a heretofore-unknown link between insulin sensitivity and leukocytosis that can affect the predisposition to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, Russ Berrie Pavilion Room 238, NY 10032, USA
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Parks BW, Black LL, Zimmerman KA, Metz AE, Steele C, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Kabarowski JH. CD36, but not G2A, modulates efferocytosis, inflammation, and fibrosis following bleomycin-induced lung injury. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1114-23. [PMID: 23393303 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage G2A and CD36 lipid receptors are thought to mediate efferocytosis following tissue injury and thereby prevent excessive inflammation that could compromise tissue repair. To test this, we subjected mice lacking G2A or CD36 receptor to bleomycin-induced lung injury and measured efferocytosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Loss of CD36 (but not G2A) delayed clearance of apoptotic alveolar cells (mean 78% increase in apoptotic cells 7 days postinjury), potentiated inflammation (mean 56% increase in lung neutrophils and 75% increase in lung KC levels 7 days postinjury, 51% increase in lung macrophages 14 days postinjury), and reduced lung fibrosis (mean 41% and 29% reduction 14 and 21 days postinjury, respectively). Reduced fibrosis in CD36(-/-) mice was associated with lower levels of profibrotic TH2 cytokines (IL-9, IL-13, IL-4), decreased expression of the M2 macrophage marker Arginase-1, and reduced interstitial myofibroblasts. G2A, on the other hand, was required for optimal clearance of apoptotic neutrophils during zymosan-induced peritoneal inflammation (50.3% increase in apoptotic neutrophils and 30.6% increase in total neutrophils 24 h following zymosan administration in G2A(-/-) mice). Thus, CD36 is required for timely removal of apoptotic cells in the context of lung injury and modulates subsequent inflammatory and fibrotic processes relevant to fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Parks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Salagianni M, Galani IE, Lundberg AM, Davos CH, Varela A, Gavriil A, Lyytikäinen LP, Lehtimäki T, Sigala F, Folkersen L, Gorgoulis V, Lenglet S, Montecucco F, Mach F, Hedin U, Hansson GK, Monaco C, Andreakos E. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Protects From Atherosclerosis by Constraining “Inflammatory” Macrophage Activation. Circulation 2012; 126:952-62. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.067678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been considered to be major culprits in the development of atherosclerosis, contributing both to its progression and clinical complications. However, evidence for most TLRs beyond TLR2 and TLR4 is lacking.
Methods and Results
We used experimental mouse models, human atheroma cultures, and well-established human biobanks to investigate the role of TLR7 in atherosclerosis. We report the unexpected finding that TLR7, a receptor recognizing self–nucleic acid complexes, is protective in atherosclerosis. In
Apoe
−/−
mice, functional inactivation of TLR7 resulted in accelerated lesion development, increased stenosis, and enhanced plaque vulnerability as revealed by Doppler ultrasound and/or histopathology. Mechanistically, TLR7 interfered with macrophage proinflammatory responses to TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production, and prevented expansion of Ly6C
hi
inflammatory monocytes and accumulation of inflammatory M1 macrophages into developing atherosclerotic lesions. In human carotid endarterectomy specimens TLR7 levels were consistently associated with an M2 anti-inflammatory macrophage signature (interleukin [IL]-10, IL-1RA, CD163, scavenger and C-type lectin receptors) and collagen genes, whereas they were inversely related or unrelated to proinflammatory mediators (IL-12/IL-23, interferon beta, interferon gamma, CD40L) and platelet markers. Moreover, in human atheroma cultures, TLR7 activation selectively suppressed the production of key proatherogenic factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor without affecting IL-10.
Conclusions
These findings provide evidence for a beneficial role of TLR7 in atherosclerosis by constraining inflammatory macrophage activation and cytokine production. This challenges the prevailing concept that all TLRs are pathogenic and supports the exploitation of the TLR7 pathway for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Salagianni
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Ioanna E. Galani
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Anna M. Lundberg
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Constantinos H. Davos
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Aimilia Varela
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Ariana Gavriil
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Fragiska Sigala
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Sébastien Lenglet
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - François Mach
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Ulf Hedin
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Göran K. Hansson
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Claudia Monaco
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- From the Center for Immunology and Transplantation (M.S., I.E.G., A.G., E.A.), Center for Clinical Research (C.H.D., A.V.), and Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (V.G.); Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.L., L.F., U.H., G.K.H.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital & University of Tampere Medical School,
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Van Vré EA, Ait-Oufella H, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. Apoptotic Cell Death and Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:887-93. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.224873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is an important feature of atherosclerotic plaques, and it seems to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects depending on the cell type and plaque stage. Because late apoptotic cells can launch proatherogenic inflammatory responses, adequate engulfment of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) by macrophages is important to withstand atherosclerosis progression. Several efferocytosis systems, composed of different phagocytic receptors, apoptotic ligands, and bridging molecules, can be distinguished. Because phagocytes in atherosclerotic plaques are very much solicited, a fully operative efferocytosis system seems to be an absolute requisite. Indeed, recent studies demonstrate that deletion of just 1 of the efferocytosis pathways aggravates atherosclerosis. This review discusses the role of apoptosis in atherosclerosis and general mechanisms of efferocytosis, to end with indirect and direct indications of the significance of effective efferocytosis in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Van Vré
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (E.A.V.V., H.A.-O., A.T., Z.M.); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France (H.A.-O.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Z.M.)
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (E.A.V.V., H.A.-O., A.T., Z.M.); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France (H.A.-O.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Z.M.)
| | - Alain Tedgui
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (E.A.V.V., H.A.-O., A.T., Z.M.); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France (H.A.-O.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Z.M.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (E.A.V.V., H.A.-O., A.T., Z.M.); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France (H.A.-O.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Z.M.)
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Chen WJ, Yin K, Zhao GJ, Fu YC, Tang CK. The magic and mystery of microRNA-27 in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:314-23. [PMID: 22307089 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (As) is now widely appreciated to represent a chronic inflammatory reaction of the vascular wall in response to dyslipidemia and endothelial distress involving the inflammatory recruitment of leukocytes and the activation of resident vascular cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous, small (~22 nucleotides in length) non-coding RNA molecules, which function specifically by base pairing with mRNA of genes, thereby induce translation repressions of the genes within metazoan cells. Recently, the function of miR-27, one of the miRNAs, in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has been identified. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest that miR-27 may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for atherosclerosis. More recently, studies have identified important roles for miR-27 in angiogenesis, adipogenesis, inflammation, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, etc. In this review, we focus on the role of miR-27 in the development of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, potential as a disease biomarker and novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jun Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Yamamoto S, Yancey PG, Zuo Y, Ma LJ, Kaseda R, Fogo AB, Ichikawa I, Linton MF, Fazio S, Kon V. Macrophage polarization by angiotensin II-type 1 receptor aggravates renal injury-acceleration of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2856-64. [PMID: 21979434 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.237198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II is a major determinant of atherosclerosis. Although macrophages are the most abundant cells in atherosclerotic plaques and express angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), the pathophysiologic role of macrophage AT1 in atherogenesis remains uncertain. We examined the contribution of macrophage AT1 to accelerated atherosclerosis in an angiotensin II-responsive setting induced by uninephrectomy (UNx). METHODS AND RESULTS AT1(-/-) or AT1(+/+) marrow from apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice was transplanted into recipient apoE(-/-) mice with subsequent UNx or sham operation: apoE(-/-)/AT1(+/+)→apoE(-/-)+sham; apoE(-/-)/AT1(+/+) →apoE(-/-)+UNx; apoE(-/-)/AT1(-/-)→apoE(-/-)+sham; apoE(-/-)/AT1(-/-)→apoE(-/-)+UNx. No differences in body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, and serum creatinine were observed between the 2 UNx groups. ApoE(-/-)/AT1(+/+) →apoE(-/-)+UNx had significantly more atherosclerosis (16907±21473 versus 116071±8180 μm(2), P<0.05). By contrast, loss of macrophage AT1 which reduced local AT1 expression, prevented any effect of UNx on atherosclerosis (77174±9947 versus 75714±11333 μm(2), P=NS). Although UNx did not affect total macrophage content in the atheroma, lesions in apoE(-/-)/AT1(-/-)→apoE(-/-)+UNx had fewer classically activated macrophage phenotype (M1) and more alternatively activated phenotype (M2). Further, UNx did not affect plaque necrosis or apoptosis in apoE(-/-)/AT1(-/-)→apoE(-/-) whereas it significantly increased both (by 2- and 6-fold, respectively) in apoE(-/-)/AT1(+/+) →apoE(-/-) mice. Instead, apoE(-/-)/AT1(-/-)→apoE(-/-) had 5-fold-increase in macrophage-associated apoptotic bodies, indicating enhanced efferocytosis. In vitro studies confirmed blunted susceptibility to apoptosis, especially in M2 macrophages, and a more efficient phagocytic function of AT1(-/-) macrophages versus AT1(+/+). CONCLUSIONS AT1 receptor of bone marrow-derived macrophages worsens the extent and complexity of renal injury-induced atherosclerosis by shifting the macrophage phenotype to more M1 and less M2 through mechanisms that include increased apoptosis and impaired efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, C-4204 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2584, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The accumulation of macrophages in the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. The biological properties of atherosclerotic plaque macrophages determine lesion size, composition, and stability. In atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages encounter a microenvironment that comprises a variety of lipid oxidation products, each of which has diverse biological effects. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the effects of plaque lipids on macrophage phenotypic polarization. RECENT FINDINGS Atherosclerotic lesions in mice and in humans contain various macrophage phenotypes, which play different roles in mediating inflammation, the clearance of dead cells, and possibly resolution. Macrophages alter their phenotype and biological function in response to plaque lipids through the upregulation of specific sets of genes. Interaction of oxidized lipids with pattern recognition receptors and activation of the inflammasome by cholesterol crystals drive macrophages toward an inflammatory M1 phenotype. A new phenotype, Mox, develops when oxidized phospholipids activate stress response genes via Nrf2. Other lipid mediators such as nitrosylated-fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acid-derived products polarize plaque macrophages toward anti-inflammatory and proresolving phenotypes. SUMMARY A deeper understanding of how lipids that accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques affect macrophage phenotype and function and thus atherosclerotic lesion development and stability will help to devise novel strategies for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Corresponding author: University of Virginia, Department of Pharmacology; 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Jordan Hall, 5th Floor, Rm 5036/5039, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Tel: 434-243-6363, Fax: 434-924-0149;
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