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Kaplinsky N, Williams K, Watkins D, Adams M, Stanbery L, Nemunaitis J. Regulatory role of CD39 and CD73 in tumor immunity. Future Oncol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38652041 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2023-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CD39 is the rate-limiting enzyme for the molecular signal cascade leading to the generation of ADP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). In conjunction with CD73, CD39 converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ADP and AMP, which leads to the accumulation of immunosuppressive adenosine in the tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on the role of CD39 and CD73 in immune response and malignant progression, including the expression of CD39 within the tumor microenvironment and its relationship to immune effector cells, and its role in antigen presentation. The role of CD39- and CD73-targeting therapeutics and cancer-directed clinical trials investigating CD39 modulation are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kada Williams
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Dean Watkins
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Molly Adams
- University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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2
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Favre J, Roy C, Guihot AL, Drouin A, Laprise M, Gillis MA, Robson SC, Thorin E, Sévigny J, Henrion D, Kauffenstein G. NTPDase1/CD39 Ectonucleotidase Is Necessary for Normal Arterial Diameter Adaptation to Flow. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15038. [PMID: 37894719 PMCID: PMC10606763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
NTPDase1/CD39, the major vascular ectonucleotidase, exerts thrombo-immunoregulatory function by controlling endothelial P2 receptor activation. Despite the well-described release of ATP from endothelial cells, few data are available regarding the potential role of CD39 as a regulator of arterial diameter. We thus investigated the contribution of CD39 in short-term diameter adaptation and long-term arterial remodeling in response to flow using Entpd1-/- male mice. Compared to wild-type littermates, endothelial-dependent relaxation was modified in Entpd1-/- mice. Specifically, the vasorelaxation in response to ATP was potentiated in both conductance (aorta) and small resistance (mesenteric and coronary) arteries. By contrast, the relaxing responses to acetylcholine were supra-normalized in thoracic aortas while decreased in resistance arteries from Entpd1-/- mice. Acute flow-mediated dilation, measured via pressure myography, was dramatically diminished and outward remodeling induced by in vivo chronic increased shear stress was altered in the mesenteric resistance arteries isolated from Entpd1-/- mice compared to wild-types. Finally, changes in vascular reactivity in Entpd1-/- mice were also evidenced by a decrease in the coronary output measured in isolated perfused hearts compared to the wild-type mice. Our results highlight a key regulatory role for purinergic signaling and CD39 in endothelium-dependent short- and long-term arterial diameter adaptation to increased flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Favre
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Charlotte Roy
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Annick Drouin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Manon Laprise
- Animal Physiology Service, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada;
| | - Marc-Antoine Gillis
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eric Thorin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, 49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (D.H.)
- INSERM UMR 1260—Regenerative Nanomedicine, CRBS, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Zhang H, Feng L, de Andrade Mello P, Mao C, Near R, Csizmadia E, Chan LLY, Enjyoji K, Gao W, Zhao H, Robson SC. Glycoengineered anti-CD39 promotes anticancer responses by depleting suppressive cells and inhibiting angiogenesis in tumor models. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e157431. [PMID: 35775486 PMCID: PMC9246388 DOI: 10.1172/jci157431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive cells accumulating in the tumor microenvironment constitute a formidable barrier that interferes with current immunotherapeutic approaches. A unifying feature of these tumor-associated immune and vascular endothelial cells appears to be the elevated expression of ectonucleotidase CD39, which in tandem with ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73, catalyzes the conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine. We glycoengineered an afucosylated anti-CD39 IgG2c and tested this reagent in mouse melanoma and colorectal tumor models. We identified major biological effects of this approach on cancer growth, associated with depletion of immunosuppressive cells, mediated through enhanced Fcγ receptor-directed (FcγR-directed), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Furthermore, regulatory/exhausted T cells lost CD39 expression, as a consequence of antibody-mediated trogocytosis. Most strikingly, tumor-associated macrophages and endothelial cells with high CD39 expression were effectively depleted following antibody treatment, thereby blocking angiogenesis. Tumor site-specific cellular modulation and lack of angiogenesis synergized with chemotherapy and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in experimental tumor models. We conclude that depleting suppressive cells and targeting tumor vasculature, through administration of afucosylated anti-CD39 antibody and the activation of ADCC, comprises an improved, purinergic system-modulating strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Zhang
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lili Feng
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Changchuin Mao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Near
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom from PerkinElmer, Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Baghbani E, Noorolyai S, Shanehbandi D, Mokhtarzadeh A, Aghebati-Maleki L, Shahgoli VK, Brunetti O, Rahmani S, Shadbad MA, Baghbanzadeh A, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Regulation of immune responses through CD39 and CD73 in cancer: Novel checkpoints. Life Sci 2021; 282:119826. [PMID: 34265363 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has been implicated in attenuating anti-tumoral immune responses and tumor growth in various cancers. Inhibitory immune checkpoints have been introduced as the primary culprits for developing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, a better understanding of the cross-talk between inhibitory immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment can pave the way for introducing novel approaches for treating affected patients. Growing evidence indicates that CD39 and CD73, as novel checkpoints, can transform adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-mediated pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment into an adenosine-mediated immunosuppressive one via the purinergic signaling pathway. Indeed, enzymatic processes of CD39 and CD73 have crucial roles in adjusting the extent, intensity, and chemical properties of purinergic signals. This study aims to review the biological function of CD39 and CD73 and shed light on their significance in regulating anti-tumoral immune responses in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Khaze Shahgoli
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Shima Rahmani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- IRCCS Bari, Italy, Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology DIMO, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Targeting the purinergic pathway in breast cancer and its therapeutic applications. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:179-200. [PMID: 33576905 PMCID: PMC7879595 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cause of death among women, representing a global public health problem. Here, we aimed to discuss the correlation between the purinergic system and BC, recognizing therapeutic targets. For this, we analyzed the interaction of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides with the purinergic receptors P1 and P2, as well as the influence of ectonucleotidase enzymes (CD39 and CD73) on tumor progression. A comprehensive bibliographic search was carried out. The relevant articles for this review were found in the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect databases. It was observed that among the P1 receptors, the A1, A2A, and A2B receptors are involved in the proliferation and invasion of BC, while the A3 receptor is related to the inhibition of tumor growth. Among the P2 receptors, the P2X7 has a dual function. When activated for a short time, it promotes metastasis, but when activated for long periods, it is related to BC cell death. P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors are related to BC proliferation and invasiveness. Also, the high expression of CD39 and CD73 in BC is strongly related to a worse prognosis. The receptors and ectonucleotidases involved with BC become possible therapeutic targets. Several purinergic pathways have been found to be involved in BC cell survival and progression. In this review, in addition to analyzing the pathways involved, we reviewed the therapeutic interventions already studied for BC related to the purinergic system, as well as to other possible therapeutic targets.
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Babou Kammoe RB, Kauffenstein G, Pelletier J, Robaye B, Sévigny J. NTPDase1 Modulates Smooth Muscle Contraction in Mice Bladder by Regulating Nucleotide Receptor Activation Distinctly in Male and Female. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020147. [PMID: 33498759 PMCID: PMC7911947 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides released by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and by innervating nerve terminals activate specific P2 receptors and modulate bladder contraction. We hypothesized that cell surface enzymes regulate SMC contraction in mice bladder by controlling the concentration of nucleotides. We showed by immunohistochemistry, enzymatic histochemistry, and biochemical activities that nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1) and ecto-5′-nucleotidase were the major ectonucleotidases expressed by SMCs in the bladder. RT-qPCR revealed that, among the nucleotide receptors, there was higher expression of P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y6 receptors. Ex vivo, nucleotides induced a more potent contraction of bladder strips isolated from NTPDase1 deficient (Entpd1−/−) mice compared to wild type controls. The strongest responses were obtained with uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP) and uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP), suggesting the involvement of P2Y6 receptors, which was confirmed with P2ry6−/− bladder strips. Interestingly, this response was reduced in female bladders. Our results also suggest the participation of P2X1, P2Y2 and/or P2Y4, and P2Y12 in these contractions. A reduced response to the thromboxane analogue U46619 was also observed in wild type, Entpd1−/−, and P2ry6−/− female bladders showing another difference due to sex. In summary, NTPDase1 modulates the activation of nucleotide receptors in mouse bladder SMCs, and contractions induced by P2Y6 receptor activation were weaker in female bladders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Brice Babou Kammoe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (R.B.B.K.); (G.K.); (J.P.)
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (R.B.B.K.); (G.K.); (J.P.)
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- UMR INSERM 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (R.B.B.K.); (G.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Bernard Robaye
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 10 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (R.B.B.K.); (G.K.); (J.P.)
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-525-4444 (ext. 46319); Fax: +1-418-654-2765
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Ziegler M, Hohmann JD, Searle AK, Abraham MK, Nandurkar HH, Wang X, Peter K. A single-chain antibody-CD39 fusion protein targeting activated platelets protects from cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Eur Heart J 2019; 39:111-116. [PMID: 28472483 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims CD39 is a cell membrane NTPase with anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects. However, its clinical use is limited by its bleeding side effect. With the goal of harnessing its therapeutic potential while avoiding haemostatic problems, we designed a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of CD39 and a single-chain antibody (Targ-CD39) that specifically binds to activated glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa and thus to activated platelets. Through this enrichment at activated platelets, the required systemic dose is below the dose impairing haemostasis. Methods and results Using an ischaemia/reperfusion mouse model (left anterior descending artery ligated for 1 h) we achieved remarkable protection of the reperfused tissue with Targ-CD39 compared with Non-targ-CD39 (mutated, non-binding version of Targ-CD39) and PBS control. Targ-CD39 restored ejection fraction and fractional shortening to a level indistinguishable from pre-injury status, while controls showed functional deterioration. Employing advanced clinically relevant methods of ultrasound analysis, we observed that both radial and longitudinal strain and strain rate showed infarct-typical changes of myocardial deformation in controls, but not in Targ-CD39 treated mice. Histological assessment confirmed strong reduction of infarct size and increase in neovascularization. Furthermore, attenuation of post-ischaemic inflammation was seen in cytokine profiling. Conclusion Overall, we demonstrate that Targ-CD39 holds promise for treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ziegler
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jan David Hohmann
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Amy Kate Searle
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Meike-Kristin Abraham
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstr. 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harshal H Nandurkar
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.,Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Arab S, Hadjati J. Adenosine Blockage in Tumor Microenvironment and Improvement of Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e23. [PMID: 31501711 PMCID: PMC6722273 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been introduced into cancer treatment methods, but different problems have restricted the efficacy of these protocols in clinical trials such as the presence of various immunomodulatory factors in the tumor microenvironment. Adenosine is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced by the tumor to promote growth, invasion, metastasis, and immune evasion. Many studies about adenosine and its metabolism in cancer have heightened interest in pursuing this treatment approach. It seems that targeting the adenosine pathway in combination with immunotherapy may lead to efficient antitumor response. In this review, we provide information on the roles of both adenosine and CD73 in the immune system and tumor development. We also describe recent studies about combination therapy with both purinergic inhibitors and other immunotherapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Arab
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Characterization of soluble CD39 (SolCD39/NTPDase1) from PiggyBac nonviral system as a tool to control the nucleotides level. Biochem J 2019; 476:1637-1651. [PMID: 31085558 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) and its metabolites have emerged as key modulators of different diseases and comprise a complex pathway called purinergic signaling. An increased number of tools have been developed to study the role of nucleotides and nucleosides in cell proliferation and migration, influence on the immune system and tumor progression. These tools include receptor agonists/antagonists, engineered ectonucleotidases, interference RNAs and ectonucleotidase inhibitors that allow the control and quantification of nucleotide levels. NTPDase1 (also called apyrase, ecto-ATPase and CD39) is one of the main enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of eATP, and purified enzymes, such as apyrase purified from potato, or engineered as soluble CD39 (SolCD39), have been widely used in in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, the commercial apyrase had its effects recently questioned and SolCD39 exhibits limitations, such as short half-life and need of high doses to reach the expected enzymatic activity. Therefore, this study investigated a non-viral method to improve the overexpression of SolCD39 and evaluated its impact on other enzymes of the purinergic system. Our data demonstrated that PiggyBac transposon system proved to be a fast and efficient method to generate cells stably expressing SolCD39, producing high amounts of the enzyme from a limited number of cells and with high hydrolytic activity. In addition, the soluble form of NTPDase1/CD39 did not alter the expression or catalytic activity of other enzymes from the purinergic system. Altogether, these findings set the groundwork for prospective studies on the function and therapeutic role of eATP and its metabolites in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Osipova ED, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya OV, Morgun AV, Pisareva NV, Malinovskaya NA, Boitsova EB, Pozhilenkova EA, Belova OA, Salmin VV, Taranushenko TE, Noda M, Salmina AB. Gliotransmitters and cytokines in the control of blood-brain barrier permeability. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:567-591. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe contribution of astrocytes and microglia to the regulation of neuroplasticity or neurovascular unit (NVU) is based on the coordinated secretion of gliotransmitters and cytokines and the release and uptake of metabolites. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and angiogenesis are influenced by perivascular cells contacting with the abluminal side of brain microvessel endothelial cells (pericytes, astrocytes) or by immune cells existing (microglia) or invading the NVU (macrophages) under pathologic conditions. The release of gliotransmitters or cytokines by activated astroglial and microglial cells is provided by distinct mechanisms, affects intercellular communication, and results in the establishment of microenvironment controlling BBB permeability and neuroinflammation. Glial glutamate transporters and connexin and pannexin hemichannels working in the tight functional coupling with the purinergic system serve as promising molecular targets for manipulating the intercellular communications that control BBB permeability in brain pathologies associated with excessive angiogenesis, cerebrovascular remodeling, and BBB-mediated neuroinflammation. Substantial progress in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the (patho)physiology of perivascular glia provides promising approaches to novel clinically relevant therapies for brain disorders. The present review summarizes the current understandings on the secretory machinery expressed in glial cells (glutamate transporters, connexin and pannexin hemichannels, exocytosis mechanisms, membrane-derived microvesicles, and inflammasomes) and the role of secreted gliotransmitters and cytokines in the regulation of NVU and BBB permeability in (patho)physiologic conditions.
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Ferrero E, Faini AC, Malavasi F. A phylogenetic view of the leukocyte ectonucleotidases. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:51-58. [PMID: 29958894 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte ectonucleotidases are a recently defined family included in the last Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens Workshop, giving prominence to these membrane proteins whose catalytic activity is expressed outside the cell. Among the most important substrates of the leukocyte ectonucleotidases are extracellular ATP and NAD+ whose transient increases are not immunologically silent but rather perceived as danger signals by the host. Among the host responses to the release of ATP, NAD+ and related small molecules is their breakdown on behalf of a panel of leukocyte ectonucleotidases - CD38, CD39, CD73, CD157, CD203a and CD203c -, whose activities are concatenated to form two nucleotide-catabolizing channels defined as the canonical and non-canonical adenosinergic pathways. Here, after briefly reviewing the structure and function of the proteins involved in these pathwys, we focus on the genes encoding the ectoenzymes of these adenosinergic pathways. The chromosomal localizations of the enzyme-encoding genes yield a first level of information concerning their origins by duplication and modes of regulation. Further information was obtained from phylogenetic analyses that show ectoenzyme orthologs are conserved in major tetrapod species whereas examination of synteny conservation revealed that the chromosomal regions harboring the ADP-ribosyl cyclases on human chromosome 4 and the ENTPDase CD39 on chromosome 10 show striking similarities in gene content consistent with their being paralogous chromosomal regions derived from a vertebrate whole genome duplication. Thus the connections between some of the leukocyte ectoenzymes run deeper than previously imagined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Ferrero
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Angelo C Faini
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Grazioli S, Pugin J. Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: From Inflammatory Signaling to Human Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:832. [PMID: 29780380 PMCID: PMC5946030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the recent years, much has been unraveled about the pro-inflammatory properties of various mitochondrial molecules once they are leaving the mitochondrial compartment. On entering the cytoplasm or the extracellular space, mitochondrial DAMPs (also known as mitochondrial alarmins) can become pro-inflammatory and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses by activating cell surface and intracellular receptors. Current evidence indicates that uncontrolled and excessive release of mitochondrial DAMPs is associated with severity, has prognosis value in human diseases, and contributes to the dysregulated process observed in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as in ischemic heart disease and cancer. Herein, we review that the expanding research field of mitochondrial DAMPs in innate immune responses and the current knowledge on the association between mitochondrial DAMPs and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Grazioli
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Pugin
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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14
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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15
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:121-144. [PMID: 28258700 PMCID: PMC5338647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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16
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Agca Y, Qian S, Agca C, Seye CI. Direct Evidence for P2Y2 Receptor Involvement in Vascular Response to Injury. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:163-171. [PMID: 27723650 DOI: 10.1159/000449059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracellular nucleotide release at the site of arterial injury mediates the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Our aim was to investigate the role of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) in neointimal hyperplasia. Approach and Results: Vascular injury was induced by the implantation of a polyethylene cuff around the femoral artery in wild-type and P2Y2R-deficient mice (P2Y2R-/-). Electron microscopy was used to analyze monocyte and lymphocyte influx to the intima 36 h after injury. Compared to wild-type littermates, P2Y2R-/- mice exhibited a 3-fold decreased number of mononuclear leukocytes invading the intima (p < 0.05). Concomitantly, the migration of smooth muscle cells was decreased by more than 60% (p < 0.05), resulting in a sharp inhibition of intimal thickening formation in P2Y2R-/- mice (n = 15) 14 days after cuff placement. In vitro, loss of P2Y2R significantly impaired monocyte migration in response to nucleotide agonists. Furthermore, transgenic rats overexpressing the P2Y2R developed accelerated intimal lesions resulting in more than 95% luminal stenosis (p < 0.05, n = 10). CONCLUSIONS Loss- and gain-of-function approaches established direct evidence for P2Y2R involvement in neointimal hyperplasia. Specific anti-P2Y2R therapies may be used against restenosis and bypass graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuksel Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mont., USA
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17
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Santini MP, Forte E, Harvey RP, Kovacic JC. Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Development 2016; 143:1242-58. [PMID: 27095490 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several populations of cardiac stem cells have been described in the adult mammalian heart. For the most part, however, their lineage origins and in vivo functions remain largely unexplored. This Review summarizes what is known about different populations of embryonic and adult cardiac stem cells, including KIT(+), PDGFRα(+), ISL1(+)and SCA1(+)cells, side population cells, cardiospheres and epicardial cells. We discuss their developmental origins and defining characteristics, and consider their possible contribution to heart organogenesis and regeneration. We also summarize the origin and plasticity of cardiac fibroblasts and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, and consider what role these cells have in contributing to cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Santini
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elvira Forte
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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18
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Montalbán Del Barrio I, Penski C, Schlahsa L, Stein RG, Diessner J, Wöckel A, Dietl J, Lutz MB, Mittelbronn M, Wischhusen J, Häusler SFM. Adenosine-generating ovarian cancer cells attract myeloid cells which differentiate into adenosine-generating tumor associated macrophages - a self-amplifying, CD39- and CD73-dependent mechanism for tumor immune escape. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:49. [PMID: 27532024 PMCID: PMC4986205 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OvCA) tissues show abundant expression of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 which generate immunomodulatory adenosine, thereby inhibiting cytotoxic lymphocytes. Little, however, is known about the effect of adenosine on myeloid cells. Considering that tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) constitute up to 20 % of OvCA tissue, we investigated the effect of adenosine on myeloid cells and explored a possible contribution of myeloid cells to adenosine generation in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS Monocytes were used as human blood-derived myeloid cells. After co-incubation with SK-OV-3 or OAW-42 OvCA cells, monocyte migration was determined in transwell assays. For conversion into M2-polarized "TAM-like" macrophages, monocytes were co-incubated with OAW-42 cells. Ex vivo TAMs were obtained from OvCA ascites. Macrophage phenotypes were investigated by intracellular staining for IL-10 and IL-12. CD39 and CD73 expression were assessed by FACS analysis both on in vitro-induced TAM-like macrophages and on ascites-derived ex situ-TAMs. Myeloid cells in solid tumor tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Generation of biologically active adenosine by TAM-like macrophages was measured in luciferase-based reporter assays. Functional effects of adenosine were investigated in proliferation-experiments with CD4(+) T cells and specific inhibitors. RESULTS When CD39 or CD73 activity on OvCA cells were blocked, the migration of monocytes towards OvCA cells was significantly decreased. In vivo, myeloid cells in solid ovarian cancer tissue were found to express CD39 whereas CD73 was mainly detected on stromal fibroblasts. Ex situ-TAMs and in vitro differentiated TAM-like cells, however, upregulated the expression of CD39 and CD73 compared to monocytes or M1 macrophages. Expression of ectonucleotidases also translated into increased levels of biologically active adenosine. Accordingly, co-incubation with these TAMs suppressed CD4(+) T cell proliferation which could be rescued via blockade of CD39 or CD73. CONCLUSION Adenosine generated by OvCA cells likely contributes to the recruitment of TAMs which further amplify adenosine-dependent immunosuppression via additional ectonucleotidase activity. In solid ovarian cancer tissue, TAMs express CD39 while CD73 is found on stromal fibroblasts. Accordingly, small molecule inhibitors of CD39 or CD73 could improve immune responses in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Montalbán Del Barrio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Penski
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Edinger Institute (Neurological Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Schlahsa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland G Stein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Diessner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Achim Wöckel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Dietl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacherstrasse 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Edinger Institute (Neurological Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian F M Häusler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, School of Medicine, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Wright A, Mahaut-Smith M, Symon F, Sylvius N, Ran S, Bafadhel M, Muessel M, Bradding P, Wardlaw A, Vial C. Impaired P2X1 Receptor-Mediated Adhesion in Eosinophils from Asthmatic Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4877-84. [PMID: 27183585 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and can be activated by extracellular nucleotides released following cell damage or inflammation. For example, increased ATP concentrations were reported in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of asthmatic patients. Although eosinophils are known to express several subtypes of P2 receptors for extracellular nucleotides, their function and contribution to asthma remain unclear. In this article, we show that transcripts for P2X1, P2X4, and P2X5 receptors were expressed in healthy and asthmatic eosinophils. The P2X receptor agonist α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP; 10 μM) evoked rapidly activating and desensitizing inward currents (peak 18 ± 3 pA/pF at -60 mV) in healthy eosinophils, typical of P2X1 homomeric receptors, which were abolished by the selective P2X1 antagonist NF449 (1 μM) (3 ± 2 pA/pF). α,β-meATP-evoked currents were smaller in eosinophils from asthmatic patients (8 ± 2 versus 27 ± 5 pA/pF for healthy) but were enhanced following treatment with a high concentration of the nucleotidase apyrase (17 ± 5 pA/pF for 10 IU/ml and 11 ± 3 pA/pF for 0.32 IU/ml), indicating that the channels are partially desensitized by extracellular nucleotides. α,β-meATP (10 μM) increased the expression of CD11b activated form in eosinophils from healthy, but not asthmatic, donors (143 ± 21% and 108 ± 11% of control response, respectively). Furthermore, α,β-meATP increased healthy (18 ± 2% compared with control 10 ± 1%) but not asthmatic (13 ± 1% versus 10 ± 0% for control) eosinophil adhesion. Healthy human eosinophils express functional P2X1 receptors whose activation leads to eosinophil αMβ2 integrin-dependent adhesion. P2X1 responses are constitutively reduced in asthmatic compared with healthy eosinophils, probably as the result of an increase in extracellular nucleotide concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wright
- Institute for Lung Health, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Mahaut-Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Symon
- Institute for Lung Health, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Sylvius
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Shaun Ran
- Institute for Lung Health, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Bafadhel
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Muessel
- Institute for Lung Health, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Institute for Lung Health, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wardlaw
- Institute for Lung Health, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Vial
- Institute for Lung Health, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom;
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20
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Novitskaya T, Chepurko E, Covarrubias R, Novitskiy S, Ryzhov SV, Feoktistov I, Gumina RJ. Extracellular nucleotide regulation and signaling in cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:47-56. [PMID: 26891859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction, purinergic nucleotides and nucleosides are released via non-specific and specific mechanisms in response to cellular activation, stress, or injury. These extracellular nucleotides are potent mediators of physiologic and pathologic responses, contributing to the inflammatory and fibrotic milieu within the injured myocardium. Via autocrine or paracrine signaling, cell-specific effects occur through differentially expressed purinergic receptors of the P2X, P2Y, and P1 families. Nucleotide activation of the ionotropic (ligand-gated) purine receptors (P2X) and several of the metabotropic (G-protein-coupled) purine receptors (P2Y) or adenosine activation of the P1 receptors can have profound effects on inflammatory cell function, fibroblast function, and cardiomyocyte function. Extracellular nucleotidases that hydrolyze released nucleotides regulate the magnitude and duration of purinergic signaling. While there are numerous studies on the role of the purinergic signaling pathway in cardiovascular disease, the extent to which the purinergic signaling pathway modulates cardiac fibrosis is incompletely understood. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of how the purinergic signaling pathway modulates cardiac fibroblast function and myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Novitskaya
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elena Chepurko
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roman Covarrubias
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sergey Novitskiy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Igor Feoktistov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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21
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Nakahira K, Hisata S, Choi AMK. The Roles of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1329-50. [PMID: 26067258 PMCID: PMC4685486 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria, vital cellular power plants to generate energy, are involved in immune responses. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules that are released from mitochondria to extracellular space during cell death and include not only proteins but also DNA or lipids. Mitochondrial DAMPs induce inflammatory responses and are critically involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs are released and initiate immune responses by use of genetically modulated cells or animals. Importantly, the levels of mitochondrial DAMPs in patients are often associated with severity and prognosis of human diseases, such as infection, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. CRITICAL ISSUES Although mitochondrial DAMPs can represent proinflammatory molecules in various experimental models, their roles in human diseases may be multifunctional and complex. It remains unclear where and how mitochondrial DAMPs are liberated into extracellular spaces and exert their biological functions particularly in vivo. In addition, while mitochondria can secrete several types of DAMPs during cell death, the interaction of each mitochondrial DAMP (e.g., synergistic effects) remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Regulation of mitochondrial DAMP-mediated immune responses may be important to alter the progression of human diseases. In addition, measuring mitochondrial DAMPs in patients may be clinically useful as biomarkers to predict prognosis or response to therapies. Further studies of the mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs impact the initiation and progression of diseases may lead to the development of therapeutics specifically targeting this pathway. Antioxid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Nakahira
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Shu Hisata
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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22
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Miyashita T, Nakanuma S, Ahmed AK, Makino I, Hayashi H, Oyama K, Nakagawara H, Tajima H, Takamura H, Ninomiya I, Fushida S, Harmon JW, Ohta T. Ischemia reperfusion-facilitated sinusoidal endothelial cell injury in liver transplantation and the resulting impact of extravasated platelet aggregation. Eur Surg 2015; 48:92-98. [PMID: 27110233 PMCID: PMC4830883 DOI: 10.1007/s10353-015-0363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The exact sequence of events leading to ultimate hepatocellular damage following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is incompletely understood. In this article, we review a mechanism of organ dysfunction after hepatic I/R or immunosuppressive treatment, in addition to the potential of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) protection and antiplatelet treatment for the suppression of hepatocellular damage. Methods A review of the literature, utilizing PubMed-NCBI, was used to provide information on the components necessary for the development of hepatocellular damage following I/R. Results It is well-established that LSECs damage following hepatic I/R or immunosuppressive treatment followed by extravasated platelet aggregation (EPA) is the root cause of organ dysfunction in liver transplantation. We have classified three phases, from LSECs damage to organ dysfunction, utilizing the predicted pathogenic mechanism of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. The first phase is detachment of LSECs and sinusoidal wall destruction after LSECs injury by hepatic I/R or immunosuppressive treatment. The second phase is EPA, accomplished by sinusoidal wall destruction. The various growth factors, including thromboxane A2, serotonin, transforming growth factor-beta and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, released by EPA in the Disse’s space of zone three, induce portal hypertension and the progression of hepatic fibrosis. The third phase is organ dysfunction following portal hypertension, hepatic fibrosis, and suppressed liver regeneration through various growth factors secreted by EPA. Conclusion We suggest that EPA in the space of Disse, initiated by LSECs damage due to hepatic I/R or immunosuppressive treatment, and activated platelets may primarily contribute to liver damage in liver transplantation. Endothelial protective therapy or antiplatelet treatment may be useful in the treatment of hepatic I/R following EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - S Nakanuma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - A K Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4940 Eastern Avenue, 21224 Baltimore, MD USA
| | - I Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - H Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - K Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - H Nakagawara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - H Tajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - H Takamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - I Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - S Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
| | - J W Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4940 Eastern Avenue, 21224 Baltimore, MD USA
| | - T Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8641 Kanazawa, Ishikawa Japan
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Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 49:473-97. [PMID: 25418535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides mediate diverse signaling effects in virtually all organs and tissues. Most models of purinergic signaling depend on functional interactions between distinct processes, including (i) the release of endogenous ATP and other nucleotides, (ii) triggering of signaling events via a series of nucleotide-selective ligand-gated P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors as well as adenosine receptors and (iii) ectoenzymatic interconversion of purinergic agonists. The duration and magnitude of purinergic signaling is governed by a network of ectoenzymes, including the enzymes of the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and other alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Along with "classical" inactivating ectoenzymes, recent data provide evidence for the co-existence of a counteracting ATP-regenerating pathway comprising the enzymes of the adenylate kinase (AK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/NME/NM23) families and ATP synthase. This review describes recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on purine-converting ectoenzymes as a complex and integrated network regulating purinergic signaling in such (patho)physiological states as immunomodulation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, arterial calcification and other diseases. The second part of this review provides a comprehensive overview and basic principles of major approaches employed for studying purinergic activities, including spectrophotometric Pi-liberating assays, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses of purine substrates and metabolites, capillary electrophoresis, bioluminescent, fluorometric and electrochemical enzyme-coupled assays, histochemical staining, and further emphasizes their advantages, drawbacks and suitability for assaying a particular catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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Kanthi Y, Hyman MC, Liao H, Baek AE, Visovatti SH, Sutton NR, Goonewardena SN, Neral MK, Jo H, Pinsky DJ. Flow-dependent expression of ectonucleotide tri(di)phosphohydrolase-1 and suppression of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3027-36. [PMID: 26121751 DOI: 10.1172/jci79514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to detect and respond to nucleotide signals in the local microenvironment is essential for vascular homeostasis. The enzyme ectonucleotide tri(di)phosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1, also known as CD39) on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells metabolizes locally released, intravascular ATP and ADP, thereby eliminating these prothrombotic and proinflammatory stimuli. Here, we evaluated the contribution of CD39 to atherogenesis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-deficient) mouse model of atherosclerosis. Compared with control ApoE-deficient animals, plaque burden was markedly increased along with circulating markers of platelet activation in Cd39+/-Apoe-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. Plaque analysis revealed stark regionalization of endothelial CD39 expression and function in Apoe-/- mice, with CD39 prominently expressed in atheroprotective, stable flow regions and diminished in atheroprone areas subject to disturbed flow. In mice, disturbed flow as the result of partial carotid artery ligation rapidly suppressed endothelial CD39 expression. Moreover, unidirectional laminar shear stress induced atheroprotective CD39 expression in human endothelial cells. CD39 induction was dependent upon the vascular transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) binding near the transcriptional start site of CD39. Together, these data establish CD39 as a regionalized regulator of atherogenesis that is driven by shear stress.
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Weinhage T, Däbritz J, Brockhausen A, Wirth T, Brückner M, Belz M, Foell D, Varga G. Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Activated CD39 +/CD73 + Murine Monocytes Modulate Intestinal Inflammation via Induction of Regulatory T Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:433-449.e1. [PMID: 28210690 PMCID: PMC5301274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment induces clinical response in patients with active Crohn's disease. To explore whether monocytes mediate GM-CSF effects in vivo, we used a mouse model of chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). METHODS Murine bone marrow-derived monocytes were activated with GM-CSF in vitro, and gene expression, phenotype, and function of GM-CSF-activated monocytes (GMaM) were analyzed. Therapeutic effects of GMaM were assessed in a model of chronic colitis induced by repeated cycles of DSS. Monocytes were administered intravenously and their immunomodulatory functions were evaluated in vivo by clinical monitoring, histology, endoscopy, immunohistochemistry, and expression of inflammatory markers in the colon. The distribution of injected monocytes in the intestine was measured by in vivo imaging. RESULTS GMaM expressed significantly higher levels of anti-inflammatory molecules. Production of reactive oxygen species was also increased while phagocytosis and adherence were decreased. GMaM up-regulated CD39 and CD73, which allows the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into adenosine and coincided with the induction of Foxp3+ (forkhead-box-protein P3 positive) regulatory T cells (Treg) in cocultures of GMaM and naive T cells. In chronic DSS-induced colitis, adoptive transfer of GMaM led to significant clinical improvement, as demonstrated by reduced weight loss, inflammatory infiltration, ulceration, and colon shrinkage. As GMaM migrated faster and persisted longer in the inflamed intestine compared with control monocytes, their presence induced Treg generation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS GM-CSF leads to specific monocyte activation that modulates experimental colitis via mechanisms that include the induction of Treg. We demonstrate a possible mechanism of Treg induction through CD39 and CD73 expression on monocytes.
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Key Words
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Adaptive Immunity
- Arg1, arginase 1
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- CD39, E-NTPDase
- CD73, ecto-5′-nucleotidase
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- DC, dendritic cells
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- Dextran Sulfate Sodium
- Experimental Colitis
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- Foxp3, forkhead-box-protein P3
- GM-CSF
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GMaM, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor–activated monocytes
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IL-1Ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist
- Immune Response
- Innate Immunity
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting
- MEICS, murine endoscopic index of colitis severity
- Monocyte
- NO, nitric oxide
- OD, optical density
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RA, retinoic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- T Cell
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- WT, wild type
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Weinhage
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Toni Weinhage, MSc, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany. fax: +49 (0)251 8358104.
| | - Jan Däbritz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology, Parkville, Australia
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anne Brockhausen
- Department of Translational Dermatoinfectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Wirth
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Brückner
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Belz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Varga
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Yokdang N, Nordmeier S, Speirs K, Burkin HR, Buxton ILO. Blockade of extracellular NM23 or its endothelial target slows breast cancer growth and metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:192-200. [PMID: 26413311 DOI: 10.15761/icst.1000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (NDPK), described as NM23 a metastasis suppressor, is found in the culture medium of cancer cells lines suggesting that the kinase may have an extracellular role. We propose that extracellular NM23 released from breast cancers in vivo stimulates tumor cell migration, proliferation and endothelial cell angiogenesis in support of metastasis development. METHODS NM23 in the bloodstream of immunocompromised mice carrying human triple-negative breast cancers or in breast cancer patients was measured by ELISA. Primary and metastatic tumor development, the impact of blockade of NM23 and/or its stimulation of nucleotide receptors were measured using in vivo imaging. NM23 expression data in the Curtis breast dataset was examined to test our hypothesis that NM23 may play a mechanistic role in breast cancer development. RESULTS SCID mice carrying metastatic MDA-MB-231Luc+ triple-negative human breast tumor cells elaborate NM23 into the circulation correlated with primary tumor growth. Treatment of mice with the NM23 inhibitor ellagic acid (EA) or the purinergic receptor antagonist MRS2179 slowed primary tumor growth. At 16 weeks following implantation, lung metastases were reduced in mice treated with EA, MRS2179 or the combination. Expression of NM23 in the Curtis breast dataset confirmed a likely role for NM23 in tumor metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular NM23 may constitute both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in the management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nucharee Yokdang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, USA
| | - Senny Nordmeier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, USA
| | - Katie Speirs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, USA
| | - Heather R Burkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, USA
| | - Iain L O Buxton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, USA
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Liu Y. The role of nucleotides and purinergic signaling in apoptotic cell clearance - implications for chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:656. [PMID: 25566266 PMCID: PMC4274988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Billions of cells undergo apoptosis every day in healthy individuals. A prompt removal of dying cells prevents the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular content and progress to secondary necrosis. Thus, inappropriate clearance of apoptotic cells provokes autoimmunity and has been associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have suggested that extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate and related nucleotides play an important role in the apoptotic clearance process. Here, we review the current understanding of nucleotides and purinergic receptors in apoptotic cell clearance and the potential therapeutic targets of purinergic receptor subtypes in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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28
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Extracellular generation of adenosine by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 promotes dermal fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1740-1746. [PMID: 24266925 PMCID: PMC5362691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine has an important role in inflammation and tissue remodeling and promotes dermal fibrosis by adenosine receptor (A2AR) activation. Adenosine may be formed intracellularly from adenine nucleotides or extracellularly through sequential phosphohydrolysis of released ATP by nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Because the role of these ecto-enzymes in fibrosis appears to be tissue specific, we determined whether these ectonucleotidases were directly involved in diffuse dermal fibrosis. Wild-type and mice globally deficient in CD39 knockout (CD39KO), CD73 (CD73KO), or both (CD39/CD73DKO) were challenged with bleomycin. Extracellular adenosine levels and dermal fibrosis were quantitated. Adenosine release from skin cultured ex vivo was increased in wild-type mice after bleomycin treatment but remained low in skin from CD39KO, CD73KO, or CD39/CD73DKO bleomycin-treated mice. Deletion of CD39 and/or CD73 decreased the collagen content, and prevented skin thickening and tensile strength increase after bleomycin challenge. Decreased dermal fibrotic features were associated with reduced expression of the profibrotic mediators, transforming growth factor-β1 and connective tissue growth factor, and diminished myofibroblast population in CD39- and/or CD73-deficient mice. Our work supports the hypothesis that extracellular adenosine, generated in tandem by ecto-enzymes CD39 and CD73, promotes dermal fibrogenesis. We suggest that biochemical or biological inhibitors of CD39 and/or CD73 may hold promise in the treatment of dermal fibrosis in diseases such as scleroderma.
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Wang Y, Begum-Haque S, Telesford KM, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Christy M, Kasper EJ, Kasper DL, Robson SC, Kasper LH. A commensal bacterial product elicits and modulates migratory capacity of CD39(+) CD4 T regulatory subsets in the suppression of neuroinflammation. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:552-61. [PMID: 25006655 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.29797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerance established by host-commensal interactions regulates host immunity at both local mucosal and systemic levels. The intestinal commensal strain Bacteroides fragilis elicits immune tolerance, at least in part, via the expression capsular polysaccharide A (PSA). How such niche-specific commensal microbial elements regulate extra-intestinal immune responses, as in the brain, remains largely unknown. We have recently shown that oral treatment with PSA suppresses neuro-inflammation elicited during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. This protection is dependent upon the expansion of immune-regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg) expressing CD39, an ectonucleotidase. Here, we further show that CD39 modulation of purinergic signals enhances migratory phenotypes of both total CD4 T cells and Foxp3(+) CD4 Tregs at central nervous system (CNS) lymphoid-draining sites in EAE in vivo and promotes their migration in vitro. These changes are noted during PSA treatment, which leads to heightened accumulation of CD39(+) CD4 Tregs in the CNS. Deficiency of CD39 abrogates accumulation of Treg during EAE, and is accompanied by elevated Th1/Th17 signals in the CNS and in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Our results demonstrate that immune-modulatory commensal bacterial products impact the migratory patterns of CD4 Treg during CNS autoimmunity via the regulation of CD39. These observations provide clues as to how intestinal commensal microbiome is able to modulate Treg functions and impact host immunity in the distal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Sakhina Begum-Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Kiel M Telesford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Marc Christy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Eli J Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Lloyd H Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
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30
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Vergani A, Tezza S, Fotino C, Visner G, Pileggi A, Chandraker A, Fiorina P. The purinergic system in allotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:507-14. [PMID: 24433446 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The purine nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a universal source of energy for any intracellular reaction. Under specific physiological or pathological conditions, ATP can be released into extracellular spaces, where it binds and activates the purinergic receptors system (i.e. P2X, P2Y and P1 receptors). Extracellular ATP (eATP) binds to P2X or P2Y receptors in immune cells, where it mediates proliferation, chemotaxis, cytokine release, antigen presentation and cytotoxicity. eATP is then hydrolyzed by ectonucleotidases into adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which activates P2Y receptors. Ectonucleotidases also hydrolyze ADP to adenosine monophosphate and adenosine, which binds P1 receptors. In contrast to P2X and P2Y receptors, P1 receptors exert mainly an inhibitory effect on the immune response. In transplantation, a prominent role has been demonstrated for the eATP/P2X7R axis; the targeting of this pathway in fact is associated with long-term graft function and reduced graft versus host disease severity in murine models. Novel P2X receptor inhibitors are available for clinical use and are under assessment as immunomodulatory agents. In this review, we will focus on the relevance of the purinergic system and on the potential benefits of targeting this system in allograft rejection and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vergani
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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31
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
The notion that breast cancers can survive in an individual patient in a dormant state only to grow as metastatic disease in the future, is in our view incontrovertibly established. Convincing too is the evidence that surgery to remove the primary tumor often terminates dormancy resulting in accelerated relapses. Accepting that many deaths due to breast cancer might be averted were we to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying escape from dormancy, we have examined the extracellular signals produced by breast cancers derived from women with metastatic breast disease. In this perspective, we explore the role of extracellular nucleotide signaling that we have proposed constitutes a pathological axis from the transformed tumor cell to the endothelium in the service of intravasation, dissemination, extravasation and angiogenesis. A role for the dinucleotide kinase NM23/NDPK (nucleoside diphosphate kinase) secreted by breast tumor cells in the generation of signals that stimulate vascular leakiness, anti-thrombosis, endothelial migration and growth, constitutes a mechanistic basis for escape from latency and offers putative therapeutic targets for breast cancer management not previously appreciated.
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Antonioli L, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G. CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:355-67. [PMID: 23601906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73 play strategic roles in calibrating the duration, magnitude, and chemical nature of purinergic signals delivered to immune cells through the conversion of ADP/ATP to AMP and AMP to adenosine, respectively. This drives a shift from an ATP-driven proinflammatory environment to an anti-inflammatory milieu induced by adenosine. The CD39/CD73 pathway changes dynamically with the pathophysiological context in which it is embedded. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that altering this catabolic machinery can change the course or dictate the outcome of several pathophysiological events, such as AIDS, autoimmune diseases, infections, atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer, suggesting these ectoenzymes are novel therapeutic targets for managing a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Bian S, Sun X, Bai A, Zhang C, Li L, Enjyoji K, Junger WG, Robson SC, Wu Y. P2X7 integrates PI3K/AKT and AMPK-PRAS40-mTOR signaling pathways to mediate tumor cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60184. [PMID: 23565201 PMCID: PMC3615040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a novel danger signal that boosts antitumor immunity and can also directly kill tumor cells. We have previously reported that chronic exposure of tumor cells to ATP provokes P2X7-mediated tumor cell death, by as yet incompletely defined molecular mechanisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we show that acute exposure of tumor cells to ATP results in rapid cytotoxic effects impacting several aspects of cell growth/survival, leading to inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Using agonist and antagonist studies together with generation of P2X7 deficient tumor cell lines by lentiviral shRNA delivery system, we confirm P2X7 to be the central control node transmitting extracellular ATP signals. We identify that downstream intracellular signaling regulatory networks implicate two signaling pathways: the known P2X7-PI3K/AKT axis and remarkably a novel P2X7-AMPK-PRAS40-mTOR axis. When exposed to high levels of extracellular ATP, these two signaling axes perturb the balance between growth and autophagy, thereby promoting tumor cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our study defines novel molecular mechanisms underpinning the antitumor actions of P2X7 and provides a further rationale for purine-based drugs in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aiping Bai
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linglin Li
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang G. Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Schmelzle M, Duhme C, Junger W, Salhanick SD, Chen Y, Wu Y, Toxavidis V, Csizmadia E, Han L, Bian S, Fürst G, Nowak M, Karp SJ, Knoefel WT, Esch JSA, Robson SC. CD39 modulates hematopoietic stem cell recruitment and promotes liver regeneration in mice and humans after partial hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2013; 257:693-701. [PMID: 23474584 PMCID: PMC4243517 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31826c3ec2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study molecular mechanisms involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization after liver resection and determine impacts on liver regeneration. BACKGROUND Extracellular nucleotide-mediated cell signaling has been shown to boost liver regeneration. Ectonucleotidases of the CD39 family are expressed by bone marrow-derived cells, and purinergic mechanisms might also impact mobilization and functions of HSC after liver injury. METHODS Partial hepatectomy was performed in C57BL/6 wild-type, Cd39 ectonucleotidase-null mice and in chimeric mice after transplantation of wild-type or Cd39-null bone marrow. Bone marrow-derived HSCs were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and administered after hepatectomy. Chemotactic studies were performed to examine effects of purinergic receptor agonists and antagonists in vitro. Mobilization of human HSCs and expression of CD39 were examined and linked to the extent of resection and liver tests. RESULTS Subsets of HSCs expressing Cd39 are preferentially mobilized after partial hepatectomy. Chemotactic responses of HSCs are increased by CD39-dependent adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis and adenosine signaling via A2A receptors in vitro. Mobilized Cd39 HSCs boost liver regeneration, potentially limiting interleukin 1β signaling. In clinical studies, mobilized human HSCs also express CD39 at high levels. Mobilization of HSCs correlates directly with the restoration of liver volume and function after partial hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate CD39 to be a novel HSC marker that defines a functionally distinct stem cell subset in mice and humans. HSCs are mobilized after liver resection, limit inflammation, and boost regeneration in a CD39-dependent manner. These observations have implications for monitoring and indicate future therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Constanze Duhme
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven D. Salhanick
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vasilis Toxavidis
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lihui Han
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shu Bian
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Günter Fürst
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peri-operative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seth J. Karp
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wolfram T. Knoefel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Idzko M, K. Ayata C, Müller T, Dürk T, Grimm M, Baudiß K, Vieira RP, Cicko S, Boehlke C, Zech A, Sorichter S, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Robson SC. Attenuated allergic airway inflammation in Cd39 null mice. Allergy 2013; 68:472-80. [PMID: 23452076 DOI: 10.1111/all.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular Adenosine-5'-Triphosphate (ATP) is known to accumulate in the lung, following allergen challenge, and contributes via activation of purinergic receptors on dendritic cells (DC), to the development of allergic airway inflammation (AAI). Extracellular ATP levels in the airways are normally tightly regulated by CD39. This ectonucleotidase is highly expressed by DC purified from skin (Langerhans cells) and bone marrow, and has been shown to modulate DC adaptive/haptenic immune responses. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of Cd39 deletion and associated perturbation of purinergic signaling in AAI. METHODS Standard ovalbumin (OVA)-alum and house dust mite (HDM) bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC)-dependent models of AAI were used to study effects of Cd39. Migration assays, time lapse microscopy, and T-cell priming assays were further used to determine functional relevance of Cd39 expression on BMDC in the setting of immune and Th2-mediated responses in these models. RESULTS Cd39(-/-) mice exhibited marked increases in BALF ATP levels but paradoxically exhibited limited AAI in both OVA-alum and HDM models. These pathophysiological abnormalities were associated with decreased myeloid DC activation and chemotaxis toward ATP, and were linked to purinergic receptor desensitization responses. Further, Cd39(-/-) DCs exhibited limited capacity to both prime Th2 responses and form stable immune synaptic interactions with OVA-transgenic naïve T cells. CONCLUSIONS Cd39-deficient DCs exhibit limited capacity to induce Th2 immunity in a DC-driven model of AAI in vivo. Our data demonstrate a role of CD39 and perturbed purinergic signaling in models of AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Idzko
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - C. K. Ayata
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - T. Müller
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - T. Dürk
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - M. Grimm
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - K. Baudiß
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - R. P. Vieira
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - S. Cicko
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - C. Boehlke
- Department of Nephrology; University Medical Center; Freiburg; Germany
| | - A. Zech
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - S. Sorichter
- Department of Pneumology; University Medical Center
| | - J. Pelletier
- Centre de recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec
| | | | - S. C. Robson
- Department of Medicine; Transplant Institute and Division of Gastroenterology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
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37
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Santini MP, Rosenthal N. Myocardial regenerative properties of macrophage populations and stem cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:700-12. [PMID: 22684511 PMCID: PMC3447141 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to regenerate damaged tissue and appendages is lost to some extent in higher vertebrates such as mammals, which form a scar tissue at the expenses of tissue reconstitution and functionality. Whereas this process can protect from further damage and elicit fast healing, it can lead to functional deterioration in organs such as the heart. Based on the analyses performed in the last years, stem cell therapies may not be sufficient to induce cardiac regeneration and additional approaches are required to overcome scar formation. Among these, the immune cells and their humoral response have become a key parameter in regenerative processes. In this review, we will describe the recent findings on the possible therapeutical use of progenitor and immune cells to rescue a damaged heart.
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Zimmermann H, Zebisch M, Sträter N. Cellular function and molecular structure of ecto-nucleotidases. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:437-502. [PMID: 22555564 PMCID: PMC3360096 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 768] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidases play a pivotal role in purinergic signal transmission. They hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and thus can control their availability at purinergic P2 receptors. They generate extracellular nucleosides for cellular reuptake and salvage via nucleoside transporters of the plasma membrane. The extracellular adenosine formed acts as an agonist of purinergic P1 receptors. They also can produce and hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate that is of major relevance in the control of bone mineralization. This review discusses and compares four major groups of ecto-nucleotidases: the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Only recently and based on crystal structures, detailed information regarding the spatial structures and catalytic mechanisms has become available for members of these four ecto-nucleotidase families. This permits detailed predictions of their catalytic mechanisms and a comparison between the individual enzyme groups. The review focuses on the principal biochemical, cell biological, catalytic, and structural properties of the enzymes and provides brief reference to tissue distribution, and physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Biologicum, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-lin Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Mu-ming Poo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA;
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40
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Dulmovits BM, Herman IM. Microvascular remodeling and wound healing: a role for pericytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1800-12. [PMID: 22750474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic wound healing is highly dependent on the coordinated functions of vascular and non-vascular cells. Resolution of tissue injury involves coagulation, inflammation, formation of granulation tissue, remodeling and scarring. Angiogenesis, the growth of microvessels the size of capillaries, is crucial for these processes, delivering blood-borne cells, nutrients and oxygen to actively remodeling areas. Central to angiogenic induction and regulation is microvascular remodeling, which is dependent upon capillary endothelial cell and pericyte interactions. Despite our growing knowledge of pericyte-endothelial cell crosstalk, it is unclear how the interplay among pericytes, inflammatory cells, glia and connective tissue elements shape microvascular injury response. Here, we consider the relationships that pericytes form with the cellular effectors of healing in normal and diabetic environments, including repair following injury and vascular complications of diabetes, such as diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In addition, pericytes and stem cells possessing "pericyte-like" characteristics are gaining considerable attention in experimental and clinical efforts aimed at promoting healing or eradicating ocular vascular proliferative disorders. As the origin, identification and characterization of microvascular pericyte progenitor populations remains somewhat ambiguous, the molecular markers, structural and functional characteristics of pericytes will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Dulmovits
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology and the Center for Innovation in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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41
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Horckmans M, Robaye B, Léon-Gόmez E, Lantz N, Unger P, Dol-Gleizes F, Clouet S, Cammarata D, Schaeffer P, Savi P, Gachet C, Balligand JL, Dessy C, Boeynaems JM, Communi D. P2Y(4) nucleotide receptor: a novel actor in post-natal cardiac development. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:349-60. [PMID: 22437266 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Communication between endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes is critical for cardiac development and regeneration. However the mechanisms involved in these endothelial-cardiomyocyte interactions remain poorly understood. Nucleotides are released within the heart, especially under ischemia or pressure overload. The function of P2Y nucleotide receptors in cardiac development has never been investigated. Here we show that adult P2Y(4)-null mice display microcardia. P2Y(4) nucleotide receptor is expressed in cardiac endothelial cells but not in cardiomyocytes. Loss of P2Y(4) in cardiac endothelial cells strongly inhibits their growth, migration and PDGF-B secretion in response to UTP. Proliferation of microvessels and cardiomyocytes is reduced in P2Y(4)-null hearts early after birth, resulting in reduced heart growth. Our study uncovers mouse P2Y(4) receptor as an essential regulator of cardiac endothelial cell function, and illustrates the involvement of endothelial-cardiomyocyte interactions in post-natal heart development. We also detected P2Y(4) expression in human cardiac microvessels. P2Y(4) receptor could constitute a therapeutic target to regulate cardiac remodelling and post-ischemic revascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Horckmans
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Building C (5th floor), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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42
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43
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Serra S, Horenstein AL, Vaisitti T, Brusa D, Rossi D, Laurenti L, D'Arena G, Coscia M, Tripodo C, Inghirami G, Robson SC, Gaidano G, Malavasi F, Deaglio S. CD73-generated extracellular adenosine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia creates local conditions counteracting drug-induced cell death. Blood 2011; 118:6141-52. [PMID: 21998208 PMCID: PMC3342854 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine (ADO), generated from ATP or ADP through the concerted action of the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73, elicits autocrine and paracrine effects mediated by type 1 purinergic receptors. We have tested whether the expression of CD39 and CD73 by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells activates an adenosinergic axis affecting growth and survival. By immunohistochemistry, CD39 is widely expressed in CLL lymph nodes, whereas CD73 is restricted to proliferation centers. CD73 expression is highest on Ki-67(+) CLL cells, adjacent to T lymphocytes, and is further localized to perivascular areas. CD39(+)/CD73(+) CLL cells generate ADO from ADP in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In peripheral blood, CD73 expression occurs in 97/299 (32%) CLL patients and pairs with CD38 and ZAP-70 expression. CD73-generated extracellular ADO activates type 1 purinergic A2A receptors that are constitutively expressed by CLL cells and that are further elevated in proliferating neoplastic cells. Activation of the ADO receptors increases cytoplasmic cAMP levels, inhibiting chemotaxis and limiting spontaneous drug-induced apoptosis of CLL cells. These data are consistent with the existence of an autocrine adenosinergic loop, and support engraftment of leukemic cells in growth-favorable niches, while simultaneously protecting from the action of chemotherapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apyrase/metabolism
- Autocrine Communication/drug effects
- Autocrine Communication/physiology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Extracellular Space/metabolism
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Paracrine Communication/drug effects
- Paracrine Communication/physiology
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Serra
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
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44
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Crystallographic evidence for a domain motion in rat nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) 1. J Mol Biol 2011; 415:288-306. [PMID: 22100451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a physiologically important class of membrane-bound ectonucleotidases responsible for the regulation of extracellular levels of nucleotides. CD39 or NTPDase1 is the dominant NTPDase of the vasculature. By hydrolyzing proinflammatory ATP and platelet-activating ADP to AMP, it blocks platelet aggregation and supports blood flow. Thus, great interest exists in understanding the structure and dynamics of this prototype member of the eukaryotic NTPDase family. Here, we report the crystal structure of a variant of soluble NTPDase1 lacking a putative membrane interaction loop identified between the two lobes of the catalytic domain. ATPase and ADPase activities of this variant are determined via a newly established kinetic isothermal titration calorimetry assay and compared to that of the soluble NTPDase1 variant characterized previously. Complex structures with decavanadate and heptamolybdate show that both polyoxometallates bind electrostatically to a loop that is involved in binding of the nucleobase. In addition, a comparison of the domain orientations of the four independent proteins in the crystal asymmetric unit provides the first direct experimental evidence for a domain motion of NTPDases. An interdomain rotation angle of up to 7.4° affects the active site cleft between the two lobes of the protein. Comparison with a previously solved bacterial NTPDase structure indicates that the domains may undergo relative rotational movements of more than 20°. Our data support the idea that the influence of transmembrane helix dynamics on activity is achieved by coupling to a domain motion.
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45
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Yegutkin GG, Helenius M, Kaczmarek E, Burns N, Jalkanen S, Stenmark K, Gerasimovskaya EV. Chronic hypoxia impairs extracellular nucleotide metabolism and barrier function in pulmonary artery vasa vasorum endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 2011; 14:503-13. [PMID: 21922294 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling plays a pivotal role in a variety of pathophysiological conditions where hypoxia and inflammation are prominent features. Intravascular ATP, ADP and adenosine are known as important regulators of vascular tone, permeability and homeostasis, however contribution of purinergic signalling to endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis remains poorly understood. By using vasa vasorum endothelial cells (VVEC) isolated from pulmonary artery adventitia of control and chronically hypoxic neonatal calves, these studies were aimed to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on biochemical and functional properties of microvascular endothelial network at the sites of angiogenesis. In comparison with normoxic controls, VVEC from hypoxic animals are characterized by (1) drastically impaired nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase-1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activities with respective increases in basal extracellular ATP and ADP levels (2) higher proliferative responses to low micromolar concentrations of ATP and ADP; and (3) enhanced permeability and disordered adenosinergic control of vascular barrier function (measured as a paracellular flux of 70 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran). Together, these results suggest that unique pattern of purine-mediated angiogenic activation and enhanced leakiness of VVEC from chronically hypoxic vessels may be defined by disordered endothelial nucleotide homeostasis at sites of active neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku and National Institute of Health and Welfare, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Improved vascular organization enhances functional integration of engineered skeletal muscle grafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14789-94. [PMID: 21878567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017825108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe traumatic events such as burns, and cancer therapy, often involve a significant loss of tissue, requiring surgical reconstruction by means of autologous muscle flaps. The scant availability of quality vascularized flaps and donor site morbidity often limit their use. Engineered vascularized grafts provide an alternative for this need. This work describes a first-time analysis, of the degree of in vitro vascularization and tissue organization, required to enhance the pace and efficacy of vascularized muscle graft integration in vivo. While one-day in vitro was sufficient for graft integration, a three-week culturing period, yielding semiorganized vessel structures and muscle fibers, significantly improved grafting efficacy. Implanted vessel networks were gradually replaced by host vessels, coupled with enhanced perfusion and capillary density. Upregulation of key graft angiogenic factors suggest its active role in promoting the angiogenic response. Transition from satellite cells to mature fibers was indicated by increased gene expression, increased capillary to fiber ratio, and similar morphology to normal muscle. We suggest a "relay" approach in which extended in vitro incubation, enabling the formation of a more structured vascular bed, allows for graft-host angiogenic collaboration that promotes anastomosis and vascular integration. The enhanced angiogenic response supports enhanced muscle regeneration, maturation, and integration.
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47
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Detanico BC, Rozisky JR, Battastini AMO, Torres ILDS. Physiological level of norepinephrine increases adenine nucleotides hydrolysis in rat blood serum. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:373-9. [PMID: 21833697 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its breakdown products, adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine, have significant effects on a variety of biological processes. NTPDase enzymes, responsible for adenine nucleotides hydrolysis, are considered the major regulators of purinergic signaling in the blood. Previous work by our group demonstrated that ATP and ADP hydrolysis in rat blood serum are higher during the dark (activity) phase compared to the light (rest) phase. In nocturnal animals (e.g., rats), important physiological changes occur during the dark phase, such as increased circulating levels of melatonin, corticosterone, and norepinephrine (NE). This study investigated the physiological effects, in vivo and in vitro, of melatonin, dexamethasone, and NE upon nucleotides hydrolysis in rat blood serum. For in vivo experiments, the animals received a single injection of saline (control), melatonin (0.05 mg/kg), dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg), or NE (0.03 mg/kg). For in vitro experiments, melatonin (1.0 nM), dexamethasone (1.0 μM), or NE (1.0 nM) was added directly to the reaction medium with blood serum before starting the enzyme assay. The results demonstrated that ATP and ADP hydrolysis in both in vitro and in vivo experiments were significantly higher with NE treatment compared to control (in vitro: ATP = 36.63%, ADP = 22.43%, P < 0.05; in vivo: ATP = 44.1%, ADP = 37.28%, P < 0.001). No significant differences in adenine nucleotides hydrolysis were observed with melatonin and dexamethasone treatments. This study suggests a modulatory role of NE in the nucleotidases pathway, decreasing extracellular ATP and ADP, and suggests that NE might modulate its own release by increasing the activities of soluble nucleotidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Carraro Detanico
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
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48
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Vascular CD39/ENTPD1 directly promotes tumor cell growth by scavenging extracellular adenosine triphosphate. Neoplasia 2011; 13:206-16. [PMID: 21390184 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to boost immune responses in the tumor microenvironment but might also contribute directly to cancer cell death. CD39/ENTPD1 is the dominant ectonucleotidase expressed by endothelial cells and regulatory T cells and catalyzes the sequential hydrolysis of ATP to AMP that is further degraded to adenosine by CD73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase. We have previously shown that deletion of Cd39 results in decreased growth of transplanted tumors in mice, as a result of both defective angiogenesis and heightened innate immune responses (secondary to loss of adenosinergic immune suppression). Whether alterations in local extracellular ATP and adenosine levels as a result of CD39 bioactivity directly affect tumor growth and cytotoxicity has not been investigated to date. We show here that extracellular ATP exerts antitumor activity by directly inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cancer cell death. ATP-induced antiproliferative effects and cell death are, in large part, mediated through P2X(7) receptor signaling. Tumors in Cd39 null mice exhibit increased necrosis in association with P2X(7) expression. We further demonstrate that exogenous soluble NTPDase, or CD39 expression by cocultured liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stimulates tumor cell proliferation and limits cell death triggered by extracellular ATP. Collectively, our findings indicate that local expression of CD39 directly promotes tumor cell growth by scavenging extracellular ATP. Pharmacological or targeted inhibition of CD39 enzymatic activity may find utility as an adjunct therapy in cancer management.
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49
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Künzli BM, Bernlochner MI, Rath S, Käser S, Csizmadia E, Enjyoji K, Cowan P, d'Apice A, Dwyer K, Rosenberg R, Perren A, Friess H, Maurer CA, Robson SC. Impact of CD39 and purinergic signalling on the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:231-41. [PMID: 21484085 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in prevention and management of colorectal cancer (CRC), uncontrolled tumor growth with metastatic spread to distant organs remains an important clinical concern. Genetic deletion of CD39, the dominant vascular and immune cell ectonucleotidase, has been shown to delay tumor growth and blunt angiogenesis in mouse models of melanoma, lung and colonic malignancy. Here, we tested the influence of CD39 on CRC tumor progression and metastasis by investigating orthotopic transplanted and metastatic cancer models in wild-type BALB/c, human CD39 transgenic and CD39 deficient mice. We also investigated CD39 and P2 receptor expression patterns in human CRC biopsies. Murine CD39 was expressed by endothelium, stromal and mononuclear cells infiltrating the experimental MC-26 tumors. In the primary CRC model, volumes of tumors in the subserosa of the colon and/or rectum did not differ amongst the treatment groups at day 10, albeit these tumors rarely metastasized to the liver. In the dissemination model, MC-26 cell line-derived hepatic metastases grew significantly faster in CD39 over-expressing transgenics, when compared to CD39 deficient mice. Murine P2Y2 was significantly elevated at both mRNA and protein levels, within the larger liver metastases obtained from CD39 transgenic mice where changes in P2X7 levels were also noted. In clinical samples, lower levels of CD39 mRNA in malignant CRC tissues appeared associated with longer duration of survival and could be linked to less invasive tumors. The modulatory effects of CD39 on tumor dissemination and differential levels of CD39, P2Y2 and P2X7 expression in tumors suggest involvement of purinergic signalling in these processes. Our studies also suggest potential roles for purinergic-based therapies in clinical CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat M Künzli
- Liver and Transplantation Centers, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, USA,
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Abstract
Airway epithelia are continuously damaged by airborne pollutants, pathogens and allergens, and they rely on intrinsic mechanisms to restore barrier integrity. Epithelial repair is a multi-step process including cell migration into the wounded area, proliferation, differentiation and matrix deposition. Each step requires the secretion of various molecules, including growth factors, integrins and matrix metalloproteinases. Evidence is emerging that purinergic signaling promotes repair in human airway epithelia. An injury induces ATP release, which binds P2Y(2) receptors (P2Y(2)Rs) to initiate protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent oxidative activation of TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE), which then releases the membrane-bound ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The P2Y(2)R- and EGFR-dependent signaling cascades converge to induce mediator release, whereas the latter also induces cytoskeletal rearrangement for cell migration and proliferation. Similar roles for purinergic signaling are reported in pulmonary endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. In chronic airway diseases, the aberrant regulation of extracellular purines is implicated in the development of airway remodeling by mucus cell metaplasia and hypersecretion, excess collagen deposition, fibrosis and neovascularization. This chapter describes the crosstalk between these signaling cascades and discusses the impact of deregulated purinergic signaling in chronic lung diseases.
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