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Stevens NC, Shen T, Martinez J, Evans VJB, Domanico MC, Neumann EK, Van Winkle LS, Fiehn O. Resolving multi-image spatial lipidomic responses to inhaled toxicants by machine learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.05.602264. [PMID: 39026864 PMCID: PMC11257454 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.05.602264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Regional responses to inhaled toxicants are essential to understand the pathogenesis of lung disease under exposure to air pollution. We evaluated the effect of combined allergen sensitization and ozone exposure on eliciting spatial differences in lipid distribution in the mouse lung that may contribute to ozone-induced exacerbations in asthma. Lung lobes from male and female BALB/c mice were cryosectioned and acquired by high resolution mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Processed MSI peak annotations were validated by LC-MS/MS data from scraped tissue slides and microdissected lung tissue. Images were normalized and segmented into clusters. Interestingly, segmented clusters overlapped with stained serial tissue sections, enabling statistical analysis across biological replicates for morphologically relevant lung regions. Spatially distinct lipids had higher overall degree of unsaturated fatty acids in distal lung regions compared to proximal regions. Furthermore, the airway and alveolar epithelium exhibited significantly decreased sphingolipid and glycerophospholipid abundance in females, but not in males. We demonstrate the potential role of lipid saturation in healthy lung function and highlight sex differences in regional lung lipid distribution following ozone exposure. Our study provides a framework for future MSI experiments capable of relative quantification across biological replicates and expansion to multiple sample types, including human tissue.
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Liu J, Liu Y, Li Q, Lu Y. Heat shock protein 70 and Cathepsin B genes are involved in the thermal tolerance of Aphis gossypii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2075-2086. [PMID: 36700477 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated temperature can directly affect the insect pest population dynamics. Many experimental studies have indicated that high temperatures affect the biological and ecological characteristics of the widely distributed crop pest Aphis gossypii, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its response to heat stress remain unstudied. Here, we used transcriptomic analysis to explore the key genes and metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of thermotolerance in A. gossypii at 29 °C, 32 °C, and 35 °C. RESULTS The results of bioinformatics analysis show that few genes were consistently differentially expressed among the higher temperature treatments compared to 29 °C, and a moderate temperature increase of 3 °C can elicit gene expression changes that help A. gossypii adapt to warmer temperatures. Based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we found that genes encoding four heat shock protein 70 s (Hsp70s) and nine cathepsin B (CathB) proteins were significantly upregulated at 35 °C compared with 32 °C. Genes related to glutathione production were also highly enriched between 32 °C and 29 °C. Silencing of two Hsp70s (ApHsp70A1-1 and ApHsp68) and two CathBs (ApCathB01 and ApCathB02) with RNA interference using a nanocarrier-based transdermal dsRNA delivery system significantly increased sensitivity of A. gossypii to high temperatures. CONCLUSION A. gossypii is able to fine-tune its response across a range of temperatures, and Hsp70 and CathB genes are essential for adaption of A. gossypii to warmer temperatures. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bavel NV, Lai P, Loebenberg R, Prenner EJ. Cholesterol enhances the negative impact of vaping additives on lung surfactant model systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 17:2231-2243. [PMID: 36853835 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Vaping has given rise to e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury. Model lung surfactant films were used to assess the impact of vape additives (vitamin E, vitamin E acetate, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol). This work builds upon our previous findings, by incorporating cholesterol, to understand the interplay between the additives and the sterol in surfactant function. Materials & methods: Compression-expansion cycles of lipid monofilm at the air-water interface and Brewster angle microscopy allowed elucidating the effects of vape additives. Results & conclusion: Vape additives at 5 mol% inhibited proper lipid packing and reduced film stability. Cholesterol enhanced the additive effects, resulting in significantly destabilized films and altered domains. The observed impact could signify dysfunctional lung surfactant and impaired lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Van Bavel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Patrick Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Current address: Rane Pharmaceuticals, Edmonton, AB, T6E 5V2, Canada
| | - Raimar Loebenberg
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Elmar J Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Construction and application of star polycation nanocarrier-based microRNA delivery system in Arabidopsis and maize. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:219. [PMID: 35525952 PMCID: PMC9077854 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) plays vital roles in the regulation of both plant architecture and stress resistance through cleavage or translation inhibition of the target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, miRNA-induced gene silencing remains a major challenge in vivo due to the low delivery efficiency and instability of miRNA, thus an efficient and simple method is urgently needed for miRNA transformation. Previous researches have constructed a star polycation (SPc)-mediated transdermal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery system, achieving efficient dsRNA delivery and gene silencing in insect pests. Results Here, we tested SPc-based platform for direct delivery of double-stranded precursor miRNA (ds-MIRNA) into protoplasts and plants. The results showed that SPc could assemble with ds-MIRNA through electrostatic interaction to form nano-sized ds-MIRNA/SPc complex. The complex could penetrate the root cortex and be systematically transported through the vascular tissue in seedlings of Arabidopsis and maize. Meanwhile, the complex could up-regulate the expression of endocytosis-related genes in both protoplasts and plants to promote the cellular uptake. Furthermore, the SPc-delivered ds-MIRNA could efficiently increase mature miRNA amount to suppress the target gene expression, and the similar phenotypes of Arabidopsis and maize were observed compared to the transgenic plants overexpressing miRNA. Conclusion To our knowledge, we report the first construction and application of star polycation nanocarrier-based platform for miRNA delivery in plants, which explores a new enable approach of plant biotechnology with efficient transformation for agricultural application. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01443-4.
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van Bavel N, Lai P, Loebenberg R, Prenner EJ. Vaping additives negatively impact the stability and lateral film organization of lung surfactant model systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:827-843. [PMID: 35437998 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Inhalation of vaping additives has recently been shown to impair respiratory function, leading to e-cigarette or vaping product use associated with lung injuries. This work was designed to understand the impact of additives (vitamin E, vitamin E acetate, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) on model lung surfactants. Materials & methods: Lipid monofilms at the air-water interface and Brewster angle microscopy were used to assess the impact of vaping additives on model lung surfactant films. Results & conclusion: The addition of 5 mol % of vaping additives, and even more so mixtures of vitamins and cannabinoids, negatively impacts lipid packing and film stability, induces material loss upon cycling and significantly reduces functionally relevant lipid domains. This range of detrimental effects could affect proper lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas van Bavel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Patrick Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raimar Loebenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Elmar J Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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6
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Models using native tracheobronchial mucus in the context of pulmonary drug delivery research: Composition, structure and barrier properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114141. [PMID: 35149123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucus covers all wet epithelia and acts as a protective barrier. In the airways of the lungs, the viscoelastic mucus meshwork entraps and clears inhaled materials and efficiently removes them by mucociliary escalation. In addition to physical and chemical interaction mechanisms, the role of macromolecular glycoproteins (mucins) and antimicrobial constituents in innate immune defense are receiving increasing attention. Collectively, mucus displays a major barrier for inhaled aerosols, also including therapeutics. This review discusses the origin and composition of tracheobronchial mucus in relation to its (barrier) function, as well as some pathophysiological changes in the context of pulmonary diseases. Mucus models that contemplate key features such as elastic-dominant rheology, composition, filtering mechanisms and microbial interactions are critically reviewed in the context of health and disease considering different collection methods of native human pulmonary mucus. Finally, the prerequisites towards a standardization of mucus models in a regulatory context and their role in drug delivery research are addressed.
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Yan S, Shen J. Application of Nanoparticle-Mediated RNAi for Efficient Gene Silencing and Pest Control on Soybean Aphids. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2360:307-315. [PMID: 34495523 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1633-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism promotes the development of novel approaches toward sustainable crop protection. Compared with traditional double-stranded (ds)RNA delivery systems, nanoparticles offer great advantages in delivering dsRNA to improve RNAi efficiency, thus promoting the development and practice of RNAi-based pest management strategies. Here, we described a transdermal dsRNA delivery system with a nanosized star polycation, and presented a method to improve RNAi efficiency to increase the control effect against aphids. Insect gene functional analysis and pest management can be achieved by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Daear W, Sule K, Lai P, Prenner EJ. Biophysical analysis of gelatin and PLGA nanoparticle interactions with complex biomimetic lung surfactant models. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27918-27932. [PMID: 36320247 PMCID: PMC9523518 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02859j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible materials are increasingly used for pulmonary drug delivery, and it is essential to understand their potential impact on the respiratory system, notably their effect on lung surfactant, a monolayer of lipids and proteins, responsible for preventing alveolar collapse during breathing cycles. We have developed a complex mimic of lung surfactant composed of eight lipids mixed in ratios reported for native lung surfactant. A synthetic peptide based on surfactant protein B was added to better mimic the biological system. This model was used to evaluate the impact of biocompatible gelatin and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. Surface pressure–area isotherms were used to assess lipid packing, film compressibility and stability, whereas the lateral organization was visualized by Brewster angle microscopy. Nanoparticles increased film fluidity and altered the monolayer collapse pressure. Bright protruding clusters formed in their presence indicate a significant impact on the lateral organization of the surfactant film. Altogether, this work indicates that biocompatible materials considered to be safe for drug delivery still need to be assessed for their potential detrimental impact before use in therapeutic applications Biodegradable nanoparticles drastically alters lateral organization of lung surfactant lipid- peptide model system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Daear
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - K. Sule
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - P. Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - E. J. Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Huck B, Hidalgo A, Waldow F, Schwudke D, Gaede KI, Feldmann C, Carius P, Autilio C, Pérez-Gil J, Schwarzkopf K, Murgia X, Loretz B, Lehr CM. Systematic Analysis of Composition, Interfacial Performance and Effects of Pulmonary Surfactant Preparations on Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Aerosolized Nanomaterials. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Huck
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Alberto Hidalgo
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
| | - Franziska Waldow
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN) Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 Borstel 23845 Germany
| | - Karoline I. Gaede
- BioMaterialBank Nord, Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Parkallee 35 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN) Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 Borstel 23845 Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Patrick Carius
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Chiara Autilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute “Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)” Complutense University 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jesus Pérez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute “Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)” Complutense University 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Konrad Schwarzkopf
- Klinikum Saarbrücken Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 66119 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Biotechnology Area GAIKER Technology Centre 48170 Zamudio Spain
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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10
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Shanmugam T, Joshi N, Kaviratna A, Ahamad N, Bhatia E, Banerjee R. Aerosol Delivery of Paclitaxel-Containing Self-Assembled Nanocochleates for Treating Pulmonary Metastasis: An Approach Supporting Pulmonary Mechanics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:144-156. [PMID: 33346632 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a potent anticancer agent, which is clinically administered by infusion for treating pulmonary metastasis of different cancers. Systemic injection of PTX is promising in treating pulmonary metastasis of various cancers but simultaneously leads to many severe complications in the body. In this study, we have demonstrated a noninvasive approach for delivering PTX to deep pulmonary tissues via an inhalable phospholipid-based nanocochleate platform and showed its potential in treating pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cancer. Nanocochleates have been previously explored for oral delivery of anticancer drugs; their application for aerosol-based administration has not been accomplished in the literature thus far. Our results showed that the PTX-carrying aerosol nanocochleates (PTX-CPTs) possessed excellent pulmonary surfactant action characterized by high surface activity and encouraging in vitro terminal airway patency when compared to the marketed Taxol formulation, which is known to contain a high amount of Cremophore EL. We observed under in vitro twin-impinger analysis that the PTX-CPT had a high tendency to get deposited in stage II (alveolar region of lungs), indicating the capability of CPT to reach the deep alveolar region. Further, while exposed to the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549), the PTX-CPT showed excellent cytotoxicity mediated by enhanced cellular uptake via energy-dependent endocytosis. Aerosol-based administration of PTX-CPT in a pulmonary metastatic murine melanoma model (B16F10) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) tumor growth inhibition when compared to an intravenous dose of Taxol. Inhibition of tumor growth in aerosol-based PTX-CPT-treated animals was evident by the significant (p < 0.05) reduction in numbers of tumor nodules and percent metastasis area covered by melanoma cells in the lung when compared to other treatment groups. Overall, our finding suggests that PTX can be safely administered in the form of an aerosol using a newly developed CPT system, which serves a dual purpose as both a drug delivery carrier and a pulmonary surfactant in treating pulmonary metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivel Shanmugam
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anubhav Kaviratna
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nadim Ahamad
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Eshant Bhatia
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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11
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Hamed R, Schenck DM, Fiegel J. Surface rheological properties alter aerosol formation from mucus mimetic surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7823-7834. [PMID: 32756700 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of surface tension and surface viscoelastic properties on the formation of aerosol droplets generated from mucus-like viscoelastic gels (mucus mimetics) during shearing with a high velocity air stream were investigated. Mucus mimetic samples were formulated with similar composition (94% water and 6% dissolved solids, consisting of mucins, proteins, and ions), surface tension (via the addition of surfactant to the mimetic surface) and bulk viscoelastic properties (via crosslinking of mucin macromolecules in the mimetic) to that of native non-diseased tracheal mucus. The surface tension of the mucus mimetic was decreased by spreading one of two surfactants, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or calf lung surfactant (Infasurf®), on the mimetic surface. Aerosols were generated from the mimetic surfaces during simulated coughing using an enhanced simulated cough machine (ESCM) operating under controlled environmental conditions. The size distribution of aerosol droplets generated during simulated coughing from the surfactant-coated mimetic surfaces was multimodal, while no droplets were generated from the bare mimetic surface due to its high surface viscoelastic properties and high surface tension. The concentration of aerosols generated from the DPPC-coated mimetic was higher than that of the Infasurf®-coated mimetic, even though the surface tension of the two interfaces was the same. The experimental results suggest that a balance of surface elastic behavior and surface viscous behavior is required for the generation of aerosols from the viscoelastic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel M Schenck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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12
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Bernhard W. Choline in cystic fibrosis: relations to pancreas insufficiency, enterohepatic cycle, PEMT and intestinal microbiota. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1737-1759. [PMID: 32797252 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder with life-threatening organ manifestations. 87% of CF patients develop exocrine pancreas insufficiency, frequently starting in utero and requiring lifelong pancreatic enzyme substitution. 99% develop progressive lung disease, and 20-60% CF-related liver disease, from mild steatosis to cirrhosis. Characteristically, pancreas, liver and lung are linked by choline metabolism, a critical nutrient in CF. Choline is a tightly regulated tissue component in the form of phosphatidylcholine (Ptd'Cho) and sphingomyelin (SPH) in all membranes and many secretions, particularly of liver (bile, lipoproteins) and lung (surfactant, lipoproteins). Via its downstream metabolites, betaine, dimethylglycine and sarcosine, choline is the major one-carbon donor for methionine regeneration from homocysteine. Methionine is primarily used for essential methylation processes via S-adenosyl-methionine. CLINICAL IMPACT CF patients with exocrine pancreas insufficiency frequently develop choline deficiency, due to loss of bile Ptd'Cho via feces. ~ 50% (11-12 g) of hepatic Ptd'Cho is daily secreted into the duodenum. Its re-uptake requires cleavage to lyso-Ptd'Cho by pancreatic and small intestinal phospholipases requiring alkaline environment. Impaired CFTR-dependent bicarbonate secretion, however, results in low duodenal pH, impaired phospholipase activity, fecal Ptd'Cho loss and choline deficiency. Low plasma choline causes decreased availability for parenchymal Ptd'Cho metabolism, impacting on organ functions. Choline deficiency results in hepatic choline/Ptd'Cho accretion from lung tissue via high density lipoproteins, explaining the link between choline deficiency and lung function. Hepatic Ptd'Cho synthesis from phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) partly compensates for choline deficiency, but frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms enhance choline requirement. Additionally, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) frequently causes intraluminal choline degradation in CF patients prior to its absorption. As adequate choline supplementation was clinically effective and adult as well as pediatric CF patients suffer from choline deficiency, choline supplementation in CF patients of all ages should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bernhard
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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13
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Böckmann KA, von Stumpff A, Bernhard W, Shunova A, Minarski M, Frische B, Warmann S, Schleicher E, Poets CF, Franz AR. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue at term indicates deficiency of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid and excessive linoleic acid supply in preterm infants. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:861-872. [PMID: 32476053 PMCID: PMC7900037 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are constitutive to membrane phospholipids, and essential for brain and overall development. ARA/DHA pools in term infants (TI) are built during the third trimester, stored as adipose tissue triglycerides and predominantly distributed via plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC). In preterm infants (PTI), placental ARA/DHA supply is replaced by linoleic-acid (LA)-enriched nutrition. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PTI nutrition, compared to placental supply, on fatty acid composition in adipose tissue and blood. METHODS Prospective observational study (4/2017-3/2019) in 12 PTI and 3 PTI with enterostomy (PTI/E) (gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks) with surgical intervention at term (± 6 weeks) and 14 TI (GA ≥ 34 weeks, surgical intervention < 2 weeks postnatally). PTI/E were analyzed descriptively only. PC and triglyceride fatty acids were analyzed with tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. Results were compared between TI and PTI with Wilcoxon Test and shown as median [25th percentile-75th percentile] mol%. RESULTS PTI had less ARA in adipose tissue TG (0.77[0.67-0.87]% vs. 1.04[0.95-1.14]%, p = 0.0003) and plasma PC (20.7[18.7-22.8]% vs. 28.3[22.7-33.5]%, p = 0.011) than TI. PTI also had less DHA in adipose tissue TG (0.6[0.4-0.8]% vs. 1.1[0.8-1.4]%, p = 0.006) and plasma PC (6.4[5.6-7.1]% vs. 8.4[7.8-13.1]%, p = 0.002). LA was increased in PTI's adipose tissue TG (10.0[8.8-12.3]% vs. 3.0[2.5-3.6]%, p < 0.0001) and plasma PC (48.4[44.6-49.6]% vs. 30.6[24.9-35.6]%, p = 0.0002). Similar differences were observed in erythrocyte PC. CONCLUSION In PTI, LA is increased and ARA/DHA decreased in adipose tissue, plasma and erythrocyte lipids as proxies for other tissues, likely caused by PTI nutrition. This may contribute to impaired PTI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Böckmann
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - A von Stumpff
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Bernhard
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Shunova
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Minarski
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Frische
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Warmann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Child Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - E Schleicher
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A R Franz
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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Schenck D, Goettler S, Fiegel J. Surfactant-induced spreading of nanoparticles is inhibited on mucus mimetic surfaces that model native lung conditions. Phys Biol 2019; 16:065001. [PMID: 31292288 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of surfactant-induced spreading to promote nanoparticle distribution on model mucus hydrogels. The hydrogels were formulated with viscoelastic properties and surface tensions that match those of native lung mucus. Nanoparticle-containing droplets with or without surfactant were deposited on the mucus surface and spreading patterns were monitored by time-course fluorescence imaging. Overall, surfactant-induced spreading of nanoparticles required an appropriate balance between Marangoni forces and viscoelastic subphase resistance. Spreading was enhanced on bare gels by increasing the concentration of surfactant in the droplets or reducing the viscoelastic properties of the subphase. However, with a pre-existing film of pulmonary surfactant on the mucus surface, spreading was dramatically inhibited as the surface tension gradient between the droplets and the surrounding subphase decreased. A complete lack of spreading was observed at surface tensions that matched those in the tracheobronchial region of the lungs, even with full-concentration Infasurf. These studies demonstrate that the magnitude of spreading on lung mucus-like surfaces is limited by native mucosal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schenck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
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15
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Choline and choline-related nutrients in regular and preterm infant growth. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:931-945. [PMID: 30298207 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline is an essential nutrient, with increased requirements during development. It forms the headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all membranes and many secretions. Phosphatidylcholine is linked to cell signaling as a phosphocholine donor to synthesize sphingomyelin from ceramide, a trigger of apoptosis, and is the major carrier of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma. Acetylcholine is important for neurodevelopment and the placental storage form for fetal choline supply. Betaine, a choline metabolite, functions as osmolyte and methyl donor. Their concentrations are all tightly regulated in tissues. CLINCAL IMPACT During the fetal growth spurt at 24-34-week postmenstrual age, plasma choline is higher than beyond 34 weeks, and threefold higher than in pregnant women [45 (36-60) µmol/L vs. 14 (10-17) µmol/L]. The rapid decrease in plasma choline after premature birth suggests an untimely reduction in choline supply, as cellular uptake is proportional to plasma concentration. Supply via breast milk, with phosphocholine and α-glycerophosphocholine as its major choline components, does not prevent such postnatal decrease. Moreover, high amounts of liver PC are secreted via bile, causing rapid hepatic choline turnover via the enterohepatic cycle, and deficiency in case of pancreatic phospholipase A2 deficiency or intestinal resection. Choline deficiency causes hepatic damage and choline accretion at the expense of the lungs and other tissues. CONCLUSION Choline deficiency may contribute to the impaired lean body mass growth and pulmonary and neurocognitive development of preterm infants despite adequate macronutrient supply and weight gain. In this context, a reconsideration of current recommendations for choline supply to preterm infants is required.
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16
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Lin Z, Thorenoor N, Wu R, DiAngelo SL, Ye M, Thomas NJ, Liao X, Lin TR, Warren S, Floros J. Genetic Association of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein Genes, SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, and SFTPD With Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2256. [PMID: 30333828 PMCID: PMC6175982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP) are involved in surfactant function and innate immunity in the human lung. Both lung function and innate immunity are altered in CF, and altered SP levels and genetic association are observed in Cystic Fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the SP genes associate with CF or severity subgroups, either through single SNP or via SNP-SNP interactions between two SNPs of a given gene (intragenic) and/or between two genes (intergenic). We genotyped a total of 17 SP SNPs from 72 case-trio pedigree (SFTPA1 (5), SFTPA2 (4), SFTPB (4), SFTPC (2), and SFTPD (2)), and identified SP SNP associations by applying quantitative genetic principles. The results showed (a) Two SNPs, SFTPB rs7316 (p = 0.0083) and SFTPC rs1124 (p = 0.0154), each associated with CF. (b) Three intragenic SNP-SNP interactions, SFTPB (rs2077079, rs3024798), and SFTPA1 (rs1136451, rs1059057 and rs4253527), associated with CF. (c) A total of 34 intergenic SNP-SNP interactions among the 4 SP genes to be associated with CF. (d) No SNP-SNP interaction was observed between SFTPA1 or SFTPA2 and SFTPD. (e) Equal number of SNP-SNP interactions were observed between SFTPB and SFTPA1/SFTPA2 (n = 7) and SP-B and SFTPD (n = 7). (f) SFTPC exhibited significant SNP-SNP interactions with SFTPA1/SFTPA2 (n = 11), SFTPB (n = 4) and SFTPD (n = 3). (g) A single SFTPB SNP was associated with mild CF after Bonferroni correction, and several intergenic interactions that are associated (p < 0.01) with either mild or moderate/severe CF were observed. These collectively indicate that complex SNP-SNP interactions of the SP genes may contribute to the pulmonary disease in CF patients. We speculate that SPs may serve as modifiers for the varied progression of pulmonary disease in CF and/or its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rongling Wu
- Public Health Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Susan L DiAngelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Meixia Ye
- Public Health Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.,Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xiaojie Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Tony R Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Stuart Warren
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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17
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Brandsma J, Goss VM, Yang X, Bakke PS, Caruso M, Chanez P, Dahlén SE, Fowler SJ, Horvath I, Krug N, Montuschi P, Sanak M, Sandström T, Shaw DE, Chung KF, Singer F, Fleming LJ, Sousa AR, Pandis I, Bansal AT, Sterk PJ, Djukanović R, Postle AD. Lipid phenotyping of lung epithelial lining fluid in healthy human volunteers. Metabolomics 2018; 14:123. [PMID: 30830396 PMCID: PMC6153688 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF)-sampled through sputum induction-is a medium rich in cells, proteins and lipids. However, despite its key role in maintaining lung function, homeostasis and defences, the composition and biology of ELF, especially in respect of lipids, remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES To characterise the induced sputum lipidome of healthy adult individuals, and to examine associations between different ELF lipid phenotypes and the demographic characteristics within the study cohort. METHODS Induced sputum samples were obtained from 41 healthy non-smoking adults, and their lipid compositions analysed using a combination of untargeted shotgun and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods. Topological data analysis (TDA) was used to group subjects with comparable sputum lipidomes in order to identify distinct ELF phenotypes. RESULTS The induced sputum lipidome was diverse, comprising a range of different molecular classes, including at least 75 glycerophospholipids, 13 sphingolipids, 5 sterol lipids and 12 neutral glycerolipids. TDA identified two distinct phenotypes differentiated by a higher total lipid content and specific enrichments of diacyl-glycerophosphocholines, -inositols and -glycerols in one group, with enrichments of sterols, glycolipids and sphingolipids in the other. Subjects presenting the lipid-rich ELF phenotype also had significantly higher BMI, but did not differ in respect of other demographic characteristics such as age or gender. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence that the ELF lipidome varies significantly between healthy individuals and propose that such differences are related to weight status, highlighting the potential impact of (over)nutrition on lung lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Brandsma
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Victoria M Goss
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Xian Yang
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Per S Bakke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ildiko Horvath
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dominick E Shaw
- Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ana R Sousa
- Respiratory Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK
| | | | - Aruna T Bansal
- Acclarogen Ltd, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ratko Djukanović
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Anthony D Postle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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18
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Quantitative lipidomic analysis of mouse lung during postnatal development by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203464. [PMID: 30192799 PMCID: PMC6128551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play very important roles in lung biology, mainly reducing the alveolar surface tension at the air-liquid interface thereby preventing end-expiratory collapse of the alveoli. In the present study we performed an extensive quantitative lipidomic analysis of mouse lung to provide the i) total lipid quantity, ii) distribution pattern of the major lipid classes, iii) composition of individual lipid species and iv) glycerophospholipid distribution pattern according to carbon chain length (total number of carbon atoms) and degree of unsaturation (total number of double bonds). We analysed and quantified 160 glycerophospholipid species, 24 sphingolipid species, 18 cholesteryl esters and cholesterol from lungs of a) newborn (P1), b) 15-day-old (P15) and c) 12-week-old adult mice (P84) to understand the changes occurring during postnatal pulmonary development. Our results revealed an increase in total lipid quantity, correlation of lipid class distribution in lung tissue and significant changes in the individual lipid species composition during postnatal lung development. Interestingly, we observed significant stage-specific alterations during this process. Especially, P1 lungs showed high content of monounsaturated lipid species; P15 lungs exhibited myristic and palmitic acid containing lipid species, whereas adult lungs were enriched with polyunsaturated lipid species. Taken together, our study provides an extensive quantitative lipidome of the postnatal mouse lung development, which may serve as a reference for a better understanding of lipid alterations and their functions in lung development and respiratory diseases associated with lipids.
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19
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Martin R, Dowling K, Nankervis S, Pearce D, Florentine S, McKnight S. In vitro assessment of arsenic mobility in historical mine waste dust using simulated lung fluid. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1037-1049. [PMID: 28497229 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure studies have linked arsenic (As) ingestion with disease in mining-affected populations; however, inhalation of mine waste dust as a pathway for pulmonary toxicity and systemic absorption has received limited attention. A biologically relevant extractant was used to assess the 24-h lung bioaccessibility of As in dust isolated from four distinct types of historical gold mine wastes common to regional Victoria, Australia. Mine waste particles less than 20 µm in size (PM20) were incubated in a simulated lung fluid containing a major surface-active component found in mammalian lungs, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The supernatants were extracted, and their As contents measured after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. The resultant As solubility profiles show rapid dissolution followed by a more modest increasing trend, with between 75 and 82% of the total 24-h bioaccessible As released within the first 8 h. These profiles are consistent with the solubility profile of scorodite, a secondary As-bearing phase detected by X-ray diffraction in one of the investigated waste materials. Compared with similar studies, the cumulative As concentrations released at the 24-h time point were extremely low (range 297 ± 6-3983 ± 396 µg L-1), representing between 0.020 ± 0.002 and 0.036 ± 0.003% of the total As in the PM20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Martin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kim Dowling
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott Nankervis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Dora Pearce
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Stafford McKnight
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
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20
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Larsson P, Bake B, Wallin A, Hammar O, Almstrand AC, Lärstad M, Ljungström E, Mirgorodskaya E, Olin AC. The effect of exhalation flow on endogenous particle emission and phospholipid composition. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 243:39-46. [PMID: 28502893 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled particles constitute a micro-sample of respiratory tract lining fluid. Inhalations from low lung volumes generate particles in small airways by the airway re-opening mechanism. Forced exhalations are assumed to generate particles in central airways by mechanisms associated with high air velocities. To increase knowledge on how and where particles are formed, different breathing manoeuvres were compared in 11 healthy volunteers. Particles in the 0.41-4.55μm diameter range were characterised and sampled. The surfactant lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was quantified by mass spectrometry. The mass of exhaled particles increased by 150% (95% CI 10-470) for the forced exhalation and by 470% (95% CI 150-1190) for the airway re-opening manoeuvre, compared to slow exhalations. DPPC weight percent concentration (wt%) in particles was 2.8wt% (95%CI 1.4-4.2) and 9.4wt% (95%CI 8.0-10.8) for the forced and the airway re-opening manoeuvres, respectively. In conclusion, forced exhalation and airway re-opening manoeuvres generate particles from different airway regions having different DPPC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Larsson
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Björn Bake
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anita Wallin
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oscar Hammar
- AstraZeneca, R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Almstrand
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mona Lärstad
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Evert Ljungström
- Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Mirgorodskaya
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Bernhard W. Lung surfactant: Function and composition in the context of development and respiratory physiology. Ann Anat 2016; 208:146-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Kurabe N, Igarashi H, Ohnishi I, Tajima S, Inoue Y, Takahashi Y, Setou M, Sugimura H. Visualization of sphingolipids and phospholipids in the fundic gland mucosa of human stomach using imaging mass spectrometry. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2016; 7:235-241. [PMID: 27190696 PMCID: PMC4867403 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the lipid distribution in gastric mucosae.
METHODS: Imaging mass spectrometry (MS) is a useful tool to survey the distribution of biomolecules in surgical specimens. Here we used the imaging MS apparatus named iMScope to identify the dominant molecules present in the human gastric mucosa near the fundic glands. Five gastric specimens were subjected to iMScope analysis. These specimens were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry using MUC5AC, H(+)-K(+)-ATPaseβ Claudin18 antibodies.
RESULTS: Three major molecules with m/z 725.5, 780.5, and 782.5 detected in the gastric mucosa were identified as sphingomyelin (SM) (d18:1/16:0), phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:0/18:2), and PC (16:0/18:1), respectively, through MS/MS analyses. Using immunohistological staining, SM (d18:1/16:0) signals were mainly co-localized with the foveolar epithelium marker MUC5AC. In contrast, PC (16:0/18:2) signals were observed in the region testing positive for the fundic gland marker H(+)-K(+)-ATPaseβ. PC (16:0/18:1) signals were uniformly distributed throughout the mucosa.
CONCLUSION: Our basic data will contribute to the studies of lipid species in physical and pathological conditions of the human stomach.
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Bernhard W, Gesche J, Raith M, Poets CF. Phosphatidylcholine kinetics in neonatal rat lungs and the effects of rhuKGF and betamethasone. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L955-63. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00010.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant, synthesized by type II pneumocytes (PN-II), mainly comprises phosphatidylcholine (PC) and is essential to prevent neonatal respiratory distress. Furthermore, PC is essential to lung tissue growth and maintenance as a membrane component. Recent findings suggest that the lung contributes to systemic lipid homeostasis via PC export through ABC-A1 transporter expression. Hence it is important to consider pharmacological interventions in neonatal lung PC metabolism with respect to such export. Five-day-old rats were treated with carrier (control), intraperitoneal betamethasone, subcutaneous recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rhuKGF), or their combination for 48 h. Animals were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg [D9-methyl]choline chloride 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 h before death at day 7, and lung lavage fluid (LLF) and tissue were harvested. Endogenous PC, D9-labeled PC species, and their water-soluble precursors (D9-)choline and (D9-)phosphocholine were determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Treatment increased secreted and tissue PC pools but did not change equilibrium composition of PC species in LLF. However, all treatments increased specific surfactant components in tissue. In control rats, peak D9-PC in lavaged lung was reached after 3 h and was decreased at 6 h. Only 13% of this net loss in lavaged lung was found in LLF. Such decrease was not present in lungs treated with betamethasone and/or with rhuKGF. D9-PC loss at 3–6 h and PC synthesis calculated from D9 enrichment of phosphocholine indicated that daily synthesis rate is higher than total pool size. We conclude that lung tissue contributes to systemic PC homeostasis in neonatal rats, which is altered by glucocorticoid and rhuKGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bernhard
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Jens Gesche
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Raith
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Christian F. Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany; and
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Schenck DM, Fiegel J. Tensiometric and Phase Domain Behavior of Lung Surfactant on Mucus-like Viscoelastic Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5917-5928. [PMID: 26894883 PMCID: PMC5226205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lung surfactant has been observed at all surfaces of the airway lining fluids and is an important contributor to normal lung function. In the conducting airways, the surfactant film lies atop a viscoelastic mucus gel. In this work, we report on the characterization of the tensiometric and phase domain behavior of lung surfactant at the air-liquid interface of mucus-like viscoelastic gels. Poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels were formulated to serve as a model mucus with bulk rheological properties that matched those of tracheobronchial mucus secretions. Infasurf (Calfactant), a commercially available pulmonary surfactant derived from calf lung extract, was spread onto the hydrogel surface. The surface tension lowering ability and relaxation of Infasurf films on the hydrogels was quantified and compared to Infasurf behavior on an aqueous subphase. Infasurf phase domains during surface compression were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and phase shifting interferometry. We observed that increasing the bulk viscoelastic properties of the model mucus hydrogels reduced the ability of Infasurf films to lower surface tension and inhibited film relaxation. A shift in the formation of Infasurf condensed phase domains from smaller, more spherical domains to large, agglomerated, multilayer structures was observed with increasing viscoelastic properties of the subphase. These studies demonstrate that the surface behavior of lung surfactant on viscoelastic surfaces, such as those found in the conducting airways, differs significantly from aqueous, surfactant-laden systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Schenck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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25
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Raesch SS, Tenzer S, Storck W, Rurainski A, Selzer D, Ruge CA, Perez-Gil J, Schaefer UF, Lehr CM. Proteomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Nanoparticle Corona upon Contact with Lung Surfactant Reveals Differences in Protein, but Not Lipid Composition. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11872-85. [PMID: 26575243 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant (PS) constitutes the first line of host defense in the deep lung. Because of its high content of phospholipids and surfactant specific proteins, the interaction of inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) with the pulmonary surfactant layer is likely to form a corona that is different to the one formed in plasma. Here we present a detailed lipidomic and proteomic analysis of NP corona formation using native porcine surfactant as a model. We analyzed the adsorbed biomolecules in the corona of three NP with different surface properties (PEG-, PLGA-, and Lipid-NP) after incubation with native porcine surfactant. Using label-free shotgun analysis for protein and LC-MS for lipid analysis, we quantitatively determined the corona composition. Our results show a conserved lipid composition in the coronas of all investigated NPs regardless of their surface properties, with only hydrophilic PEG-NPs adsorbing fewer lipids in total. In contrast, the analyzed NP displayed a marked difference in the protein corona, consisting of up to 417 different proteins. Among the proteins showing significant differences between the NP coronas, there was a striking prevalence of molecules with a notoriously high lipid and surface binding, such as, e.g., SP-A, SP-D, DMBT1. Our data indicate that the selective adsorption of proteins mediates the relatively similar lipid pattern in the coronas of different NPs. On the basis of our lipidomic and proteomic analysis, we provide a detailed set of quantitative data on the composition of the surfactant corona formed upon NP inhalation, which is unique and markedly different to the plasma corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sebastian Raesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University , 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, Mainz University , 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wiebke Storck
- Institute of Immunology, Mainz University , 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Rurainski
- Scientific Consilience GmbH, Saarland University , 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Dominik Selzer
- Scientific Consilience GmbH, Saarland University , 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | - Jesus Perez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University , 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- HIPS - Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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26
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Larsson P, Lärstad M, Bake B, Hammar O, Bredberg A, Almstrand AC, Mirgorodskaya E, Olin AC. Exhaled particles as markers of small airway inflammation in subjects with asthma. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:489-497. [PMID: 26648443 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath contains suspended particles of respiratory tract lining fluid from the small airways. The particles are formed when closed airways open during inhalation. We have developed a method called Particles in Exhaled air (PExA® ) to measure and sample these particles in the exhaled aerosol. Here, we use the PExA® method to study the effects of birch pollen exposure on the small airways of individuals with asthma and birch pollen allergy. We hypothesized that birch pollen-induced inflammation could change the concentrations of surfactant protein A and albumin in the respiratory tract lining fluid of the small airways and influence the amount of exhaled particles. The amount of exhaled particles was reduced after birch pollen exposure in subjects with asthma and birch pollen allergy, but no significant effect on the concentrations of surfactant protein A and albumin in exhaled particles was found. The reduction in the number of exhaled particles may be due to inflammation in the small airways, which would reduce their diameter and potentially reduce the number of small airways that open and close during inhalation and exhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Larsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mona Lärstad
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Bake
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oscar Hammar
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Bredberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Almstrand
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Mirgorodskaya
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Daear W, Lai P, Anikovskiy M, Prenner EJ. Differential Interactions of Gelatin Nanoparticles with the Major Lipids of Model Lung Surfactant: Changes in the Lateral Membrane Organization. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5356-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiam Daear
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Lai
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Max Anikovskiy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elmar J. Prenner
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Gutierrez DB, Fahlman A, Gardner M, Kleinhenz D, Piscitelli M, Raverty S, Haulena M, Zimba PV. Phosphatidylcholine composition of pulmonary surfactant from terrestrial and marine diving mammals. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 211:29-36. [PMID: 25812797 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Marine mammals are repeatedly exposed to elevated extra-thoracic pressure and alveolar collapse during diving and readily experience alveolar expansion upon inhalation - a unique capability as compared to terrestrial mammals. How marine mammal lungs overcome the challenges of frequent alveolar collapse and recruitment remains unknown. Recent studies indicate that pinniped lung surfactant has more anti-adhesive components compared to terrestrial mammals, which would aid in alveolar opening. However, pulmonary surfactant composition has not yet been investigated in odontocetes, whose physiology and diving behavior differ from pinnipeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the phosphatidylcholine (PC) composition of lung surfactants from various marine mammals and compare these to a terrestrial mammal. We found an increase in anti-adhesive PC species in harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) compared to dog (Canus lupus familiaris), as well as an increase in the fluidizing PCs 16:0/14:0 and 16:0/16:1 in pinnipeds compared to odontocetes. The harbor porpoise (a representative of the odontocetes) did not have higher levels of fluidizing PCs compared to dog. Our preliminary results support previous findings that pinnipeds may have adapted unique surfactant compositions that allow them to dive at high pressures for extended periods without adverse effects. Future studies will need to investigate the differences in other surfactant components to fully assess the surfactant composition in odontocetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle B Gutierrez
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Andreas Fahlman
- Comparative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Manuela Gardner
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Danielle Kleinhenz
- Comparative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Marina Piscitelli
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Stephen Raverty
- Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Animal Health Center, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada; Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Martin Haulena
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada.
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
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29
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Carraro S, Giordano G, Pirillo P, Maretti M, Reniero F, Cogo PE, Perilongo G, Stocchero M, Baraldi E. Airway metabolic anomalies in adolescents with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: new insights from the metabolomic approach. J Pediatr 2015; 166:234-9.e1. [PMID: 25294602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess a group of adolescents with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) from a biochemical-metabolic standpoint, applying the metabolomic approach to studying their exhaled breath condensate (EBC). STUDY DESIGN Twenty adolescents with BPD (mean age 14.8 years) and 15 healthy controls (mean age 15.2 years) were recruited for EBC collection, exhaled nitric oxide measurement, and spirometry. The EBC samples were analyzed using a metabolomic approach based on mass spectrometry. The obtained spectra were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis tools. RESULTS A reliable Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis model showed a clear discrimination between cases of BPD and healthy controls (R(2) = 0.95 and Q(2) = 0.92). The search for putative biomarkers identified an altered complex lipid profile in the adolescents with BPD. CONCLUSIONS The metabolomic analysis of EBC distinguishes cases of BPD from healthy individuals, suggesting that the lung of survivors of BPD is characterized by long-term metabolic abnormalities. The search for putative biomarkers indicated a possible role of an altered surfactant composition, which may persist far beyond infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carraro
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giordano
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pirillo
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Maretti
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabiano Reniero
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), System Toxicology Unit (ST), Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Paola E Cogo
- Anesthesia and Cardiac Intensive Care, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Perilongo
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Calkovska A, Uhliarova B, Joskova M, Franova S, Kolomaznik M, Calkovsky V, Smolarova S. Pulmonary surfactant in the airway physiology: a direct relaxing effect on the smooth muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 209:95-105. [PMID: 25583659 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beside alveoli, surface active material plays an important role in the airway physiology. In the upper airways it primarily serves in local defense. Lower airway surfactant stabilizes peripheral airways, provides the transport and defense, has barrier and anti-edematous functions, and possesses direct relaxant effect on the smooth muscle. We tested in vitro the effect of two surfactant preparations Curosurf® and Alveofact® on the precontracted smooth muscle of intra- and extra-pulmonary airways. Relaxation was more pronounced for lung tissue strip containing bronchial smooth muscle as the primary site of surfactant effect. The study does not confirm the participation of ATP-dependent potassium channels and cAMP-regulated epithelial chloride channels known as CFTR chloride channels, or nitric oxide involvement in contractile response of smooth muscle to surfactant.By controlling wall thickness and airway diameter, pulmonary surfactant is an important component of airway physiology. Thus, surfactant dysfunction may be included in pathophysiology of asthma, COPD, or other diseases with bronchial obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calkovska
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - B Uhliarova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, FD Roosevelt Faculty Hospital, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.
| | - M Joskova
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - S Franova
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - M Kolomaznik
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - V Calkovsky
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Slovakia.
| | - S Smolarova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
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31
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Suri LNM, McCaig L, Picardi MV, Ospina OL, Veldhuizen RAW, Staples JF, Possmayer F, Yao LJ, Perez-Gil J, Orgeig S. Adaptation to low body temperature influences pulmonary surfactant composition thereby increasing fluidity while maintaining appropriately ordered membrane structure and surface activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1818:1581-9. [PMID: 22387458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial surface tension of the lung is regulated by phospholipid-rich pulmonary surfactant films. Small changes in temperature affect surfactant structure and function in vitro. We compared the compositional, thermodynamic and functional properties of surfactant from hibernating and summer-active 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) with porcine surfactant to understand structure-function relationships in surfactant membranes and films. Hibernating squirrels had more surfactant large aggregates with more fluid monounsaturated molecular species than summer-active animals. The latter had more unsaturated species than porcine surfactant. Cold-adapted surfactant membranes displayed gel-to-fluid transitions at lower phase transition temperatures with reduced enthalpy. Both hibernating and summer-active squirrel surfactants exhibited lower enthalpy than porcine surfactant. LAURDAN fluorescence and DPH anisotropy revealed that surfactant bilayers from both groups of squirrels possessed similar ordered phase characteristics at low temperatures. While ground squirrel surfactants functioned well during dynamic cycling at 3, 25, and 37 degrees C, porcine surfactant demonstrated poorer activity at 3 degrees C but was superior at 37 degrees C. Consequently the surfactant composition of ground squirrels confers a greater thermal flexibility relative to homeothermic mammals, while retaining tight lipid packing at low body temperatures. This may represent the most critical feature contributing to sustained stability of the respiratory interface at low lung volumes. Thus, while less effective than porcine surfactant at 37 degrees C, summer-active surfactant functions adequately at both 37 degrees C and 3 degrees C allowing these animals to enter hibernation. Here further compositional alterations occur which improve function at low temperatures by maintaining adequate stability at low lung volumes and when temperature increases during arousal from hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N M Suri
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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32
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Hamed R, Fiegel J. Synthetic tracheal mucus with native rheological and surface tension properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1788-98. [PMID: 23813841 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the development of a model tracheal mucus with chemical composition and physical properties (bulk viscoelasticity and surface tension) matched to that of native tracheal mucus is described. The mucus mimetics (MMs) were formulated using components that are abundant in tracheal mucus (glycoproteins, proteins, lipids, ions, and water) at concentrations similar to those found natively. Pure solutions were unable to achieve the gel behavior observed with native mucus. The addition of a bifunctional cross-linking agent enabled control over the viscoelastic properties of the MMs by tailoring the concentration of the cross-linking agent and the duration of cross-linking. Three MM formulations with different bulk viscoelastic properties, all within the normal range for nondiseased tracheal mucus, were chosen for investigation of surfactant spreading at the air-mimetic interface. Surfactant spread quickly and completely on the least viscoelastic mimetic surface, enabling the surface tension of the mimetic to be lowered to match native tracheal mucus. However, surfactant spreading on the more viscoelastic mimetics was hindered, suggesting that the bulk properties of the mimetics dictate the range of surface properties that can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242; Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan
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33
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Schuster BS, Suk JS, Woodworth GF, Hanes J. Nanoparticle diffusion in respiratory mucus from humans without lung disease. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3439-46. [PMID: 23384790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major role of respiratory mucus is to trap inhaled particles, including pathogens and environmental particulates, to limit body exposure. Despite the tremendous health implications, how particle size and surface chemistry affect mobility in respiratory mucus from humans without lung disease is not known. We prepared polymeric nanoparticles densely coated with low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) to minimize muco-adhesion, and compared their transport to that of uncoated particles in human respiratory mucus, which we collected from the endotracheal tubes of surgical patients with no respiratory comorbidities. We found that 100 and 200 nm diameter PEG-coated particles rapidly penetrated respiratory mucus, at rates exceeding their uncoated counterparts by approximately 15- and 35-fold, respectively. In contrast, PEG-coated particles ≥500 nm in diameter were sterically immobilized by the mucus mesh. Thus, even though respiratory mucus is a viscoelastic solid at the macroscopic level (as measured using a bulk rheometer), nanoparticles that are sufficiently small and muco-inert can penetrate the mucus as if it were primarily a viscous liquid. These findings help elucidate the barrier properties of respiratory mucus and provide design criteria for therapeutic nanoparticles capable of penetrating mucus to approach the underlying airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Schuster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
The alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cell is highly specialised for the synthesis and storage, in intracellular lamellar bodies, of phospholipid destined for secretion as pulmonary surfactant into the alveolus. Regulation of the enzymology of surfactant phospholipid synthesis and metabolism has been extensively characterised at both molecular and functional levels, but understanding of surfactant phospholipid metabolism in vivo in either healthy or, especially, diseased lungs is still relatively poorly understood. This review will integrate recent advances in the enzymology of surfactant phospholipid metabolism with metabolic studies in vivo in both experimental animals and human subjects. It will highlight developments in the application of stable isotope-labelled precursor substrates and mass spectrometry to probe lung phospholipid metabolism in terms of individual molecular lipid species and identify areas where a more comprehensive metabolic model would have considerable potential for direct application to disease states.
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35
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Rausch F, Schicht M, Paulsen F, Ngueya I, Bräuer L, Brandt W. "SP-G", a putative new surfactant protein--tissue localization and 3D structure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47789. [PMID: 23094088 PMCID: PMC3475697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP) are well known from human lung. These proteins assist the formation of a monolayer of surface-active phospholipids at the liquid-air interface of the alveolar lining, play a major role in lowering the surface tension of interfaces, and have functions in innate and adaptive immune defense. During recent years it became obvious that SPs are also part of other tissues and fluids such as tear fluid, gingiva, saliva, the nasolacrimal system, and kidney. Recently, a putative new surfactant protein (SFTA2 or SP-G) was identified, which has no sequence or structural identity to the already know surfactant proteins. In this work, computational chemistry and molecular-biological methods were combined to localize and characterize SP-G. With the help of a protein structure model, specific antibodies were obtained which allowed the detection of SP-G not only on mRNA but also on protein level. The localization of this protein in different human tissues, sequence based prediction tools for posttranslational modifications and molecular dynamic simulations reveal that SP-G has physicochemical properties similar to the already known surfactant proteins B and C. This includes also the possibility of interactions with lipid systems and with that, a potential surface-regulatory feature of SP-G. In conclusion, the results indicate SP-G as a new surfactant protein which represents an until now unknown surfactant protein class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rausch
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Anatomy, Department II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy, Department II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivan Ngueya
- Institute of Anatomy, Department II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, Department II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sparvero L, Amoscato A, Dixon C, Long J, Kochanek P, Pitt B, Bayir H, Kagan V. Mapping of phospholipids by MALDI imaging (MALDI-MSI): realities and expectations. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:545-62. [PMID: 22692104 PMCID: PMC3642772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has emerged as a novel powerful MS methodology that has the ability to generate both molecular and spatial information within a tissue section. Application of this technology as a new type of biochemical lipid microscopy may lead to new discoveries of the lipid metabolism and biomarkers associated with area-specific alterations or damage under stress/disease conditions such as traumatic brain injury or acute lung injury, among others. However there are limitations in the range of what it can detect as compared with liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) of a lipid extract from a tissue section. The goal of the current work was to critically consider remarkable new opportunities along with the limitations and approaches for further improvements of MALDI-MSI. Based on our experimental data and assessments, improvements of the spectral and spatial resolution, sensitivity and specificity towards low abundance species of lipids are proposed. This is followed by a review of the current literature, including methodologies that other laboratories have used to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Sparvero
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - A.A. Amoscato
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - C.E. Dixon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J.B. Long
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 21910, USA
| | - P.M. Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - B.R. Pitt
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - H. Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - V.E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) protein is an abundant secretory product of epithelia throughout the mammalian conducting airways. Despite its homology with the innate immune defence molecules BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein) and LBP (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein), it has been difficult to define the functions of PLUNC. Based on its marked hydrophobicity and expression pattern, we hypothesized that PLUNC is an airway surfactant. We found that purified recombinant human PLUNC exhibited potent surfactant activity by several different measures, and experiments with airway epithelial cell lines and primary cultures indicate that native PLUNC makes a significant contribution to the overall surface tension in airway epithelial secretions. Interestingly, we also found that physiologically relevant concentrations of PLUNC-inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation in vitro without acting directly as a bactericide. This finding suggests that PLUNC protein may inhibit biofilm formation by airway pathogens, perhaps through its dispersant properties. Our data, along with reports from other groups on activity against some airway pathogens, expand on an emerging picture of PLUNC as a multifunctional protein, which plays a novel role in airway defences at the air/liquid interface.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many premature infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia experience episodes of surfactant dysfunction with reduced surfactant protein B (SP-B). In this study, we investigated the safety and responses to booster doses of surfactant. STUDY DESIGN A total of 87 infants, 500 to 1250 g birth weight, who were ventilated at 7 to 10 days received 2 or 3 doses of Infasurf (Calfactant, Forest Pharmaceuticals, St Louis, MO, USA) within a 1-week period. RESULT For 184 doses, occurrence rates of transient bradycardia (13) and plugged endotracheal tube (5) were low, and no other adverse effects were noted. Treatment transiently improved the respiratory severity score (FiO(2) × mean airway pressure), SP-B content (+75%) and surface properties of isolated surfactant. Levels of eight proinflammatory cytokines in tracheal aspirate were interrelated and unchanged from baseline after surfactant treatment. CONCLUSION Booster doses of surfactant for premature infants with lung disease are safe and transiently improve respiratory status as well as composition and function of endogenous surfactant.
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Gesche J, Fehrenbach H, Koslowski R, Ohler FM, Pynn CJ, Griese M, Poets CF, Bernhard W. rhKGF stimulates lung surfactant production in neonatal rats in vivo. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:882-95. [PMID: 21462359 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant deficiency and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), major obstacles in preterm infants, are addressed with pre- and postnatal glucocorticoids which also evoke harmful catabolic side-effects. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) accelerates surfactant production in fetal type II pneumocytes (PN-II), protects epithelia from injury and is deficient in lungs developing BPD, highlighting its potential efficacy in neonates. Neonatal rats were treated with recombinant human (rh)KGF, betamethasone, or their combination for 48 hr prior to sacrifice after which body weight, surfactant, and tissue phosphatidylcholines (PC) were investigated at postnatal d3, d7, d15, and d21. Pneumocyte proliferation, surfactant protein (SP) expression and SP-B/C in lung lavage fluid (LLF) were also determined at d7 and d21 to identify broader surfactant changes occurring at the beginning and end of the initial alveolarization phase. While all treatments increased secreted surfactant PC, BM compromised animal growth whereas rhKGF did not. At d3 rhKGF was more effective in male compared to female rats. Single treatments became less effective towards d21. Neither treatment altered PC composition in LLF. BM inhibited PN-II proliferation and increased surfactant PCs at the expense of tissue PCs. rhKGF however increased surfactant PCs without decreasing other PC species. Whereas SP-B/C gene expression was induced by all treatments, the changes in secreted SP-B/C mirrored those observed for surfactant PC. Our results encourage investigation of the mechanisms by which rhKGF improves surfactant homoeostasis, and detailed examination of its efficacy in neonatal lung injury models with a view to implementing it as a non-catabolic surfactant-increasing therapeutic in neonatal intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gesche
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neonatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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Squadrito GL, Postlethwait EM, Matalon S. Elucidating mechanisms of chlorine toxicity: reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and physiological implications. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L289-300. [PMID: 20525917 PMCID: PMC2951076 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00077.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial and transport accidents, accidental releases during recreational swimming pool water treatment, household accidents due to mixing bleach with acidic cleaners, and, in recent years, usage of chlorine during war and in acts of terror, all contribute to the general and elevated state of alert with regard to chlorine gas. We here describe chemical and physical properties of Cl(2) that are relevant to its chemical reactivity with biological molecules, including water-soluble small-molecular-weight antioxidants, amino acid residues in proteins, and amino-phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine that are present in the lining fluid layers covering the airways and alveolar spaces. We further conduct a Cl(2) penetration analysis to assess how far Cl(2) can penetrate the surface of the lung before it reacts with water or biological substrate molecules. Our results strongly suggest that Cl(2) will predominantly react directly with biological molecules in the lung epithelial lining fluid, such as low-molecular-weight antioxidants, and that the hydrolysis of Cl(2) to HOCl (and HCl) can be important only when these biological molecules have been depleted by direct chemical reaction with Cl(2). The results from this theoretical analysis are then used for the assessment of the potential benefits of adjuvant antioxidant therapy in the mitigation of lung injury due to inhalation of Cl(2) and are compared with recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe L Squadrito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022, USA.
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van Rozendaal BAWM, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP. Localization and Functions of SP-A and SP-D at Mucosal Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810109168824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gakhar L, Bartlett JA, Penterman J, Mizrachi D, Singh PK, Mallampalli RK, Ramaswamy S, McCray PB. PLUNC is a novel airway surfactant protein with anti-biofilm activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9098. [PMID: 20161732 PMCID: PMC2817724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PLUNC (“Palate, lung, nasal epithelium clone”) protein is an abundant secretory product of epithelia present throughout the conducting airways of humans and other mammals, which is evolutionarily related to the lipid transfer/lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LT/LBP) family. Two members of this family - the bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI) and the lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) - are innate immune molecules with recognized roles in sensing and responding to Gram negative bacteria, leading many to propose that PLUNC may play a host defense role in the human airways. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on its marked hydrophobicity, we hypothesized that PLUNC may be an airway surfactant. We found that purified recombinant human PLUNC greatly enhanced the ability of aqueous solutions to spread on a hydrophobic surface. Furthermore, we discovered that PLUNC significantly reduced surface tension at the air-liquid interface in aqueous solutions, indicating novel and biologically relevant surfactant properties. Of note, surface tensions achieved by adding PLUNC to solutions are very similar to measurements of the surface tension in tracheobronchial secretions from humans and animal models. Because surfactants of microbial origin can disperse matrix-encased bacterial clusters known as biofilms [1], we hypothesized that PLUNC may also have anti-biofilm activity. We found that, at a physiologically relevant concentration, PLUNC inhibited biofilm formation by the airway pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro model. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that the PLUNC protein contributes to the surfactant properties of airway secretions, and that this activity may interfere with biofilm formation by an airway pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jon Penterman
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pradeep K. Singh
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - S. Ramaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abate W, Alghaithy AA, Parton J, Jones KP, Jackson SK. Surfactant lipids regulate LPS-induced interleukin-8 production in A549 lung epithelial cells by inhibiting translocation of TLR4 into lipid raft domains. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:334-44. [PMID: 19648651 PMCID: PMC2803235 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing mechanical stability, growing evidence suggests that surfactant lipid components can modulate inflammatory responses in the lung. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory action of surfactant lipids. This study investigates the effect of the lipid-rich surfactant preparations Survanta, Curosurf, and the major surfactant phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) on interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene and protein expression in human A549 lung epithelial cells using immunoassay and PCR techniques. To examine potential mechanisms of the surfactant lipid effects, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was analyzed by flow cytometry, and membrane lipid raft domains were separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-TLR4 antibody. The lipid-rich surfactant preparations Survanta, Curosurf, and DPPC, at physiological concentrations, significantly downregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-8 expression in A549 cells both at the mRNA and protein levels. The surfactant preparations did not affect the cell surface expression of TLR4 or the binding of LPS to the cells. However, LPS treatment induced translocation of TLR4 into membrane lipid raft microdomains, and this translocation was inhibited by incubation of the cells with the surfactant lipid. This study provides important mechanistic details of the immune-modulating action of pulmonary surfactant lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen Abate
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Life Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Joan Parton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kenneth P. Jones
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon K. Jackson
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Life Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Almstrand AC, Bake B, Ljungström E, Larsson P, Bredberg A, Mirgorodskaya E, Olin AC. Effect of airway opening on production of exhaled particles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:584-8. [PMID: 20056850 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The technique of sampling exhaled air is attractive because it is noninvasive and so allows repeated sampling with ease and no risk for the patient. Knowledge of the biomarkers' origin is important to correctly understand and interpret the data. Endogenous particles, formed in the airways, are exhaled and reflect chemical composition of the respiratory tract lining fluid. However, the formation mechanisms and formation sites of these particles are unknown. We hypothesize that airway opening following airway closure causes production of airborne particles that are exhaled. The objective of this study was to examine production of exhaled particles following varying degrees of airway closure. Ten healthy volunteers performed three different breathing maneuvers in which the initial lung volume preceding an inspiration to total lung capacity was varied between functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV). Exhaled particle number concentrations in the size interval 0.30-2.0 microm were recorded. Number concentrations of exhaled particles showed a 2- to 18-fold increase after exhalations to RV compared with exhalations where no airway closure was shown [8,500 (810-28,000) vs. 1,300 (330-13,000) particles/expired liter, P = 0.012]. The difference was most noticeable for the smaller size range of particles (<1 microm). There were significant correlations between particle concentrations for the different maneuvers. Our results show that airway reopening following airway closure is an important mechanism for formation of endogenous exhaled particles and that these particles originate from the terminal bronchioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Almstrand
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Box 414, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Chono S, Fukuchi R, Seki T, Morimoto K. Aerosolized liposomes with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine enhance pulmonary insulin delivery. J Control Release 2009; 137:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Christmann U, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Witonsky SG, Hite RD. Role of lung surfactant in respiratory disease: current knowledge in large animal medicine. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:227-42. [PMID: 19192153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung surfactant is produced by type II alveolar cells as a mixture of phospholipids, surfactant proteins, and neutral lipids. Surfactant lowers alveolar surface tension and is crucial for the prevention of alveolar collapse. In addition, surfactant contributes to smaller airway patency and improves mucociliary clearance. Surfactant-specific proteins are part of the innate immune defense mechanisms of the lung. Lung surfactant alterations have been described in a number of respiratory diseases. Surfactant deficiency (quantitative deficit of surfactant) in premature animals causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant dysfunction (qualitative changes in surfactant) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome and asthma. Analysis of surfactant from amniotic fluid allows assessment of fetal lung maturity (FLM) in the human fetus and exogenous surfactant replacement therapy is part of the standard care in premature human infants. In contrast to human medicine, use and success of FLM testing or surfactant replacement therapy remain limited in veterinary medicine. Lung surfactant has been studied in large animal models of human disease. However, only a few reports exist on lung surfactant alterations in naturally occurring respiratory disease in large animals. This article gives a general review on the role of lung surfactant in respiratory disease followed by an overview of our current knowledge on surfactant in large animal veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Christmann
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Phase II, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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47
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Russano AM, Agea E, Casciari C, de Benedictis FM, Spinozzi F. Complementary roles for lipid and protein allergens in triggering innate and adaptive immune systems. Allergy 2008; 63:1428-37. [PMID: 18925879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in allergy research mostly focussed on two major headings: improving protein allergen purification, which is aimed towards a better characterization of IgE- and T-cell reactive epitopes, and the potential new role for unconventional innate and regulatory T cells in controlling airway inflammation. These advancements could appear to be in conflict each other, as innate T cells have a poorly-defined antigen specificity that is often directed toward nonprotein substances, such as lipids. METHOD To reconcile these contrasting findings, the model of cypress pollinosis as paradigmatic for studying allergic diseases in adults is suggested. RESULTS The biochemical characterization of major native protein allergens from undenatured pollen grain demonstrated that the most relevant substance with IgE-binding activity is a glycohydrolase enzyme, which easily denaturizes in stored grains. Moreover, lipids from the pollen membrane are implicated in early pollen grain capture and recognition by CD1(+) dendritic cells (DC) and CD1-restricted T lymphocytes. These T cells display Th0/Th2 functional activity and are also able to produce regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-beta. CD1(+) immature DCs expand in the respiratory mucosa of allergic subjects and are able to process both proteins and lipids. CONCLUSION A final scenario may suggest that expansion and functional activation of CD1(+) DCs is a key step for mounting a Th0/Th2-deviated immune response, and that such innate response does not confer long-lasting protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Russano
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Allergy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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48
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Yang W, Tam J, Miller DA, Zhou J, McConville JT, Johnston KP, Williams RO. High bioavailability from nebulized itraconazole nanoparticle dispersions with biocompatible stabilizers. Int J Pharm 2008; 361:177-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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McCrae KC, Weltman B, Alyward S, Shaw RA, Sowa MG, Unruh HW, Rand TG, Thliveris JA, Scott JE. The effect of elevated dietary cholesterol on pulmonary surfactant function in adolescent mice. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43:426-34. [PMID: 18366117 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that phospholipids and cholesterol interact in films of pulmonary surfactant (PS). Generally it is thought that phospholipids increase film stability whereas cholesterol increases film fluidity. To study this further, we modified dietary cholesterol in mice which received either standard rodent lacking cholesterol (sd), or high cholesterol (2%) diet (hc) for 1 month. Phospholipid stability was investigated by a capillary surfactometer (CS), which measures airflow resistance and patency. PS was collected by bronchiolar lavage and centrifuged to obtain the surface-active film (SAF). Results showed that the hc-SAF had significantly more cholesterol than sd-SAF. CS analyses at 37 degrees C showed no significance differences in airflow resistance between hc-SAF and sd-SAF. However, at 37 degrees C, sd-SAF showed greater ability to maintain patency compared to hc-SAF, whereas at 42 degrees C hc-SAF showed patency ability similar to sd-SAF. The results suggested that increased cholesterol in hc-SAF induced less stability in the SAF possibly due to cholesterol's fluidizing effect on phospholipids at physiological temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C McCrae
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculties of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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50
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Ballard PL, Merrill JD, Truog WE, Godinez RI, Godinez MH, McDevitt TM, Ning Y, Golombek SG, Parton LA, Luan X, Cnaan A, Ballard RA. Surfactant function and composition in premature infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide. Pediatrics 2007; 120:346-53. [PMID: 17671061 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that inhaled nitric oxide treatment of premature infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia would not adversely affect endogenous surfactant function or composition. METHODS As part of the Nitric Oxide Chronic Lung Disease Trial of inhaled nitric oxide, we examined surfactant in a subpopulation of enrolled infants. Tracheal aspirate fluid was collected at specified intervals from 99 infants with birth weights <1250 g who received inhaled nitric oxide (20 ppm, weaned to 2 ppm) or placebo gas for 24 days. Large-aggregate surfactant was analyzed for surface activity with a pulsating bubble surfactometer and for surfactant protein contents with an immunoassay. RESULTS At baseline, before administration of study gas, surfactant function and composition were comparable in the 2 groups, and there was a positive correlation between minimum surface tension and severity of lung disease for all infants. Over the first 4 days of treatment, minimum surface tension increased in placebo-treated infants and decreased in inhaled nitric oxide-treated infants. There were no significant differences between groups in recovery of large-aggregate surfactant or contents of surfactant protein A, surfactant protein B, surfactant protein C, or total protein, normalized to phospholipid. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that inhaled nitric oxide treatment for premature infants at risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia does not alter surfactant recovery or protein composition and may improve surfactant function transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Ballard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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