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Rhea EM, Leclerc M, Yassine HN, Capuano AW, Tong H, Petyuk VA, Macauley SL, Fioramonti X, Carmichael O, Calon F, Arvanitakis Z. State of the Science on Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Decline Due to Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1688-1725. [PMID: 37611907 PMCID: PMC11272209 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is common and increasing in prevalence worldwide, with devastating public health consequences. While peripheral insulin resistance is a key feature of most forms of T2DM and has been investigated for over a century, research on brain insulin resistance (BIR) has more recently been developed, including in the context of T2DM and non-diabetes states. Recent data support the presence of BIR in the aging brain, even in non-diabetes states, and found that BIR may be a feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to cognitive impairment. Further, therapies used to treat T2DM are now being investigated in the context of AD treatment and prevention, including insulin. In this review, we offer a definition of BIR, and present evidence for BIR in AD; we discuss the expression, function, and activation of the insulin receptor (INSR) in the brain; how BIR could develop; tools to study BIR; how BIR correlates with current AD hallmarks; and regional/cellular involvement of BIR. We close with a discussion on resilience to both BIR and AD, how current tools can be improved to better understand BIR, and future avenues for research. Overall, this review and position paper highlights BIR as a plausible therapeutic target for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Ana W Capuano
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Han Tong
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA.
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada.
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada.
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Wu M, Cheng Y, Zhang R, Han W, Jiang H, Bi C, Zhang Z, Ye M, Lin X, Liu Z. Molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategy of bile acids in Alzheimer's disease from the emerging perspective of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117228. [PMID: 39088965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β outside neurons and Tau protein inside neurons. Various pathological mechanisms are implicated in AD, including brain insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and endocrinal dysregulation of adrenal corticosteroids. These factors collectively contribute to neuronal damage and destruction. Recently, bile acids (BAs), which are metabolites of cholesterol, have shown neuroprotective potential against AD by targeting the above pathological changes. BAs can enter the systematic circulation and cross the blood-brain barrier, subsequently exerting neuroprotective effects by targeting several endogenous receptors. Additionally, BAs interact with the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis to improve immune and neuroendocrine function during AD episodes. Gut microbes impact BA signaling in the brain through their involvement in BA biotransformation. In this review, we summarize the role and molecular mechanisms of BAs in AD while considering the MGB axis and propose novel strategies for preventing the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital (Affiliated Mental Health Center, Medical College of Shaoxing University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China; Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongyi Cheng
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwen Han
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanqi Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenchen Bi
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengfei Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital (Affiliated Mental Health Center, Medical College of Shaoxing University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuqin Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital (Affiliated Mental Health Center, Medical College of Shaoxing University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Science Research Center of Medical School, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Kamp-Jensen C, Donslund LN, Styrishave B, Jensen RH, Westgate CSJ. Exposure to topiramate and acetazolamide causes endocrine disrupting effects in female rats during estrus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 486:116919. [PMID: 38580201 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disease characterized by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and is a disease of young females. The first line pharmacological treatments include acetazolamide and topiramate and given the nature of IIH patients and the dosing regimen of these drugs, their effect on the endocrine system is important to evaluate. We aimed to assess the effects of acetazolamide and topiramate on steroid profiles in relevant endocrine tissues. METHODS Female Sprague Dawley rats received chronic clinically equivalent doses of acetazolamide or topiramate by oral gavage and were sacrificed in estrus. Tissue specific steroid profiles of lateral ventricle CP, 4th ventricle CP, CSF, serum, uterine horn and fundus, ovaries, adrenal glands and pituitary glands were assessed by quantitative targeted LC-MS/MS. We determined luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) levels in paired serum by ELISA. RESULTS Topiramate increased the concentration of estradiol and decreased the concentration of DHEA in lateral choroid plexus. Moreover, it decreased the concentration of androstenediol in the pituitary gland. Topiramate increased serum LH. Acetazolamide decreased progesterone levels in serum and uterine fundus and increased corticosteroid levels in the adrenal glands. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that both acetazolamide and topiramate have endocrine disrupting effects in rats. Topiramate primarily targeted the choroid plexus and the pituitary gland while acetazolamide had broader systemic effects. Furthermore, topiramate predominantly targeted sex hormones, whereas acetazolamide widely affected all classes of hormones. A similar effect in humans has not yet been documented but these concerning findings warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kamp-Jensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Translational Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
| | - Louise Norgil Donslund
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Translational Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark..
| | - Rigmor Højland Jensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Translational Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
| | - Connar Stanley James Westgate
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Translational Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
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Todorovic S, Simeunovic V, Prvulovic M, Dakic T, Jevdjovic T, Sokanovic S, Kanazir S, Mladenovic A. Dietary restriction alters insulin signaling pathway in the brain. Biofactors 2024; 50:450-466. [PMID: 37975613 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is known to be a key hormone in the regulation of peripheral glucose homeostasis, but beyond that, its effects on the brain are now undisputed. Impairments in insulin signaling in the brain, including changes in insulin levels, are thought to contribute significantly to declines in cognitive performance, especially during aging. As one of the most widely studied experimental interventions, dietary restriction (DR) is considered to delay the neurodegenerative processes associated with aging. Recently, however, data began to suggest that the onset and duration of a restrictive diet play a critical role in the putative beneficial outcome. Because the effects of DR on insulin signaling in the brain have been poorly studied, we decided to examine the effects of DR that differed in onset and duration: long-term DR (LTDR), medium-term DR (MTDR), and short-term DR (STDR) on the expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling in the hippocampus of 18- and 24-month-old male Wistar rats. We found that DR-induced changes in insulin levels in the brain may be independent of what happens in the periphery after restricted feeding. Significantly changed insulin content in the hippocampus, together with altered insulin signaling were found under the influence of DR, but the outcome was highly dependent on the onset and duration of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smilja Todorovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Valentina Simeunovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prvulovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Sokanovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Bastedo WE, Scott RW, Arostegui M, Underhill TM. Single-cell analysis of mesenchymal cells in permeable neural vasculature reveals novel diverse subpopulations of fibroblasts. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:31. [PMID: 38575991 PMCID: PMC10996213 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the choroid plexus and pituitary gland, vasculature is known to have a permeable, fenestrated phenotype which allows for the free passage of molecules in contrast to the blood brain barrier observed in the rest of the CNS. The endothelium of these compartments, along with secretory, neural-lineage cells (choroid epithelium and pituitary endocrine cells) have been studied in detail, but less attention has been given to the perivascular mesenchymal cells of these compartments. METHODS The Hic1CreERT2 Rosa26LSL-TdTomato mouse model was used in conjunction with a PdgfraH2B-EGFP mouse model to examine mesenchymal cells, which can be subdivided into Pdgfra+ fibroblasts and Pdgfra- pericytes within the choroid plexus (CP) and pituitary gland (PG), by histological, immunofluorescence staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses. RESULTS We found that both CP and PG possess substantial populations of distinct Hic1+ mesenchymal cells, including an abundance of Pdgfra+ fibroblasts. Within the pituitary, we identified distinct subpopulations of Hic1+ fibroblasts in the glandular anterior pituitary and the neurosecretory posterior pituitary. We also identified multiple distinct markers of CP, PG, and the meningeal mesenchymal compartment, including alkaline phosphatase, indole-n-methyltransferase and CD34. CONCLUSIONS Novel, distinct subpopulations of mesenchymal cells can be found in permeable vascular interfaces, including the CP, PG, and meninges, and make distinct contributions to both organs through the production of structural proteins, enzymes, transporters, and trophic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bastedo
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - R Wilder Scott
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin Arostegui
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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6
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Gonzalez-Cano SI, Flores G, Guevara J, Morales-Medina JC, Treviño S, Diaz A. Polyoxidovanadates a new therapeutic alternative for neurodegenerative and aging diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:571-577. [PMID: 37721286 PMCID: PMC10581577 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural phenomenon characterized by a progressive decline in physiological integrity, leading to a deterioration of cognitive function and increasing the risk of suffering from chronic-degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Aging is considered the major risk factor for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease develops. Likewise, diabetes and insulin resistance constitute additional risk factors for developing neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, no treatment can effectively reverse these neurodegenerative pathologies. However, some antidiabetic drugs have opened the possibility of being used against neurodegenerative processes. In the previous framework, Vanadium species have demonstrated a notable antidiabetic effect. Our research group evaluated polyoxidovanadates such as decavanadate and metforminium-decavanadate with preventive and corrective activity on neurodegeneration in brain-specific areas from rats with metabolic syndrome. The results suggest that these polyoxidovanadates induce neuronal and cognitive restoration mechanisms. This review aims to describe the therapeutic potential of polyoxidovanadates as insulin-enhancer agents in the brain, constituting a therapeutic alternative for aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Institute of Physiology, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Samuel Treviño
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Diaz
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Rhea EM, Banks WA. Insulin and the blood-brain barrier. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 126:169-190. [PMID: 39029972 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) predominantly regulates insulin transport into and levels within the brain. The BBB is also an important site of insulin binding and mediator of insulin receptor (INSR) signaling. The insulin transporter is separate from the INSR, highlighting the important, unique role of each protein in this structure. After a brief introduction on the structure of insulin and the INSR, we discuss the importance of insulin interactions at the BBB, the properties of the insulin transporter and the role of the BBB insulin transporter in various physiological conditions. We go on to further describe insulin BBB signaling and the impact not only within brain endothelial cells but also the cascade into other cell types within the brain. We close with future considerations to advance our knowledge about the importance of insulin at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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8
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Courtney Y, Head JP, Yimer ED, Dani N, Shipley FB, Libermann TA, Lehtinen MK. A choroid plexus apocrine secretion mechanism shapes CSF proteome and embryonic brain development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574486. [PMID: 38260341 PMCID: PMC10802501 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We discovered that apocrine secretion by embryonic choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells contributes to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome and influences brain development in mice. The apocrine response relies on sustained intracellular calcium signaling and calpain-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling. It rapidly alters the embryonic CSF proteome, activating neural progenitors lining the brain's ventricles. Supraphysiological apocrine secretion induced during mouse development by maternal administration of a serotonergic 5HT2C receptor agonist dysregulates offspring cerebral cortical development, alters the fate of CSF-contacting neural progenitors, and ultimately changes adult social behaviors. Critically, exposure to maternal illness or to the psychedelic drug LSD during pregnancy also overactivates the ChP, inducing excessive secretion. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a new mechanism by which maternal exposure to diverse stressors disrupts in utero brain development.
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Kim OY, Song J. Important roles of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in regulating cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric issues in metabolic-related dementia. Life Sci 2024; 337:122356. [PMID: 38123015 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood glucose, obesity, and dyslipidemia, is known to increase the risk of dementia accompanied by memory loss and depression. The direct pathways and specific mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) for addressing fatty acid imbalances in MetS have not yet been fully elucidated. Among polyunsaturated acids, linoleic acid (LA, n6-PUFA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, n3-PUFA), which are two essential fatty acids that should be provided by food sources (e.g., vegetable oils and seeds), have been reported to regulate various cellular mechanisms including apoptosis, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, and insulin signaling. Furthermore, inadequate intake of LA and ALA is reported to be involved in neuropathology and neuropsychiatric diseases as well as imbalanced metabolic conditions. Herein, we review the roles of LA and ALA on metabolic-related dementia focusing on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric issues. This review suggests that LA and ALA are important fatty acids for concurrent treatment of both MetS and neurological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Abosharaf HA, Elsonbaty Y, Tousson E, M Mohamed T. Alzheimer's disease-related brain insulin resistance and the prospective therapeutic impact of metformin. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13356. [PMID: 37985011 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Besides COVID-19, two of the most critical outbreaks of our day are insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Each disease's pathophysiology is well established. Furthermore, a substantial overlap between them has coexisted. Uncertainty remains on whether T2DM and AD are parallel illnesses with the same origin or separate illnesses linked through violent pathways. The current study was aimed at testing whether the insulin resistance in the brain results in AD symptoms or not. Insulin resistance was induced in the brains of rats using a single intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ) dose. We then measured glucose, insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, and tau phosphorylation in the brain to look for signs of insulin resistance and AD. The results of this study indicated that a single dose of STZ was able to induce insulin resistance in the brain and significantly decline IRS-2. This resistance was accompanied by obvious memory loss, Aβ deposition, and tau phosphorylation, further visible diminishing in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine. Furthermore, oxidative stress was increased due to the antioxidant system being compromised. Interestingly, the pancreas injury and peripheral insulin resistance coexisted with brain insulin resistance. Indeed, the antidiabetic metformin was able to enhance all these drastic effects. In conclusion, brain insulin resistance could lead to AD and vice versa. These are highly linked syndromes that could influence peripheral organs. Further studies are required to stabilize this putative pathobiology relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed A Abosharaf
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Elsonbaty
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ehab Tousson
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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11
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Saraya AW, Tunvirachaisakul C, Sonpee C, Katasrila P, Sathaporn T, Tepmongkol S, Tangwongchai S. Serum proinsulin levels as peripheral blood biomarkers in patients with cognitive impairment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22436. [PMID: 38105338 PMCID: PMC10725871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin has long been associated with dementia. Insulin affecting the clearance of amyloid-β peptide and phosphorylation of tau in the CNS. Proinsulin is a precursor of insulin and its elevated serum levels are associated with peripheral insulin resistance that may reduce brain insulin levels. Our study aimed to assess differences in serum proinsulin levels between normal and cognitive impairment groups. Prospective recruitment of elderly participants was initiated from October 2019 to September 2023. Patients were divided into "cognitive impairment" and "normal cognition" group. All participants had blood drawn and serum proinsulin was measured at baseline and 12 months. Neurocognitive testing was performed every 6 months. A total of 121 participants were recruited. Seventy-seven were in the normal cognition group and 44 in the cognitive impairment group. The glycemic control and prevalence of diabetes type 2 was similar between groups. Baseline serum proinsulin levels were higher in the cognitively impaired group compared to the normal group at baseline (p = 0.019) and correlated with worse cognitive scores. We identified cognitive status, age, and BMI as potential factors associated with variations in baseline proinsulin levels. Given the complex interplay between insulin and dementia pathogenesis, serum biomarkers related to insulin metabolism may exhibit abnormalities in cognitive impaired patients. Here we present the proinsulin levels in individuals with normal cognitive function versus those with cognitive impairment and found a significant difference. This observation may help identifying non-diabetic patients suitable for treatment with novel AD drugs that related to insulin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinbhen W Saraya
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Thai Red Cross EID-Health Science Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital-The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Chavit Tunvirachaisakul
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanikarn Sonpee
- Thai Red Cross EID-Health Science Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital-The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panticha Katasrila
- Thai Red Cross EID-Health Science Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital-The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanyares Sathaporn
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supatporn Tepmongkol
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sookjareon Tangwongchai
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Moaddel R, Farmer CA, Yavi M, Kadriu B, Zhu M, Fan J, Chen Q, Lehrmann E, Fantoni G, De S, Mazucanti CH, Acevedo-Diaz EE, Yuan P, Gould TD, Park LT, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Zarate CA. Cerebrospinal fluid exploratory proteomics and ketamine metabolite pharmacokinetics in human volunteers after ketamine infusion. iScience 2023; 26:108527. [PMID: 38162029 PMCID: PMC10755719 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a treatment for both refractory depression and chronic pain syndromes. In order to explore ketamine's potential mechanism of action and whether ketamine or its metabolites cross the blood brain barrier, we examined the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its metabolites-norketamine (NK), dehydronorketamine (DHNK), and hydroxynorketamines (HNKs)-in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, as well as in an exploratory proteomic analysis in the CSF of nine healthy volunteers who received ketamine intravenously (0.5 mg/kg IV). We found that ketamine, NK, and (2R,6R;2S,6S)-HNK readily crossed the blood brain barrier. Additionally, 354 proteins were altered in the CSF in at least two consecutive timepoints (p < 0.01). Proteins in the classes of tyrosine kinases, cellular adhesion molecules, and growth factors, including insulin, were most affected, suggesting an interplay of altered neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neural network functions following ketamine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Cristan A. Farmer
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mani Yavi
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min Zhu
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jinshui Fan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Giovanna Fantoni
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Supriyo De
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Caio H. Mazucanti
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elia E. Acevedo-Diaz
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peixiong Yuan
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Todd D. Gould
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lawrence T. Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Nutter CA, Kidd BM, Carter HA, Hamel JI, Mackie PM, Kumbkarni N, Davenport ML, Tuyn DM, Gopinath A, Creigh PD, Sznajder ŁJ, Wang ET, Ranum LPW, Khoshbouei H, Day JW, Sampson JB, Prokop S, Swanson MS. Choroid plexus mis-splicing and altered cerebrospinal fluid composition in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Brain 2023; 146:4217-4232. [PMID: 37143315 PMCID: PMC10545633 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is a dominantly inherited multisystemic disease caused by CTG tandem repeat expansions in the DMPK 3' untranslated region. These expanded repeats are transcribed and produce toxic CUG RNAs that sequester and inhibit activities of the MBNL family of developmental RNA processing factors. Although myotonic dystrophy is classified as a muscular dystrophy, the brain is also severely affected by an unusual cohort of symptoms, including hypersomnia, executive dysfunction, as well as early onsets of tau/MAPT pathology and cerebral atrophy. To address the molecular and cellular events that lead to these pathological outcomes, we recently generated a mouse Dmpk CTG expansion knock-in model and identified choroid plexus epithelial cells as particularly affected by the expression of toxic CUG expansion RNAs. To determine if toxic CUG RNAs perturb choroid plexus functions, alternative splicing analysis was performed on lateral and hindbrain choroid plexi from Dmpk CTG knock-in mice. Choroid plexus transcriptome-wide changes were evaluated in Mbnl2 knockout mice, a developmental-onset model of myotonic dystrophy brain dysfunction. To determine if transcriptome changes also occurred in the human disease, we obtained post-mortem choroid plexus for RNA-seq from neurologically unaffected (two females, three males; ages 50-70 years) and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (one female, three males; ages 50-70 years) donors. To test that choroid plexus transcriptome alterations resulted in altered CSF composition, we obtained CSF via lumbar puncture from patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (five females, five males; ages 35-55 years) and non-myotonic dystrophy patients (three females, four males; ages 26-51 years), and western blot and osmolarity analyses were used to test CSF alterations predicted by choroid plexus transcriptome analysis. We determined that CUG RNA induced toxicity was more robust in the lateral choroid plexus of Dmpk CTG knock-in mice due to comparatively higher Dmpk and lower Mbnl RNA levels. Impaired transitions to adult splicing patterns during choroid plexus development were identified in Mbnl2 knockout mice, including mis-splicing previously found in Dmpk CTG knock-in mice. Whole transcriptome analysis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 choroid plexus revealed disease-associated RNA expression and mis-splicing events. Based on these RNA changes, predicted alterations in ion homeostasis, secretory output and CSF composition were confirmed by analysis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 CSF. Our results implicate choroid plexus spliceopathy and concomitant alterations in CSF homeostasis as an unappreciated contributor to myotonic dystrophy type 1 CNS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Nutter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Benjamin M Kidd
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Helmut A Carter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Johanna I Hamel
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Philip M Mackie
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nayha Kumbkarni
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Davenport
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dana M Tuyn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Peter D Creigh
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Łukasz J Sznajder
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric T Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laura P W Ranum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, McKnight Brain Institute and the Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John W Day
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jacinda B Sampson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute and the Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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14
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Mazucanti CH, Kennedy V, Premathilake HU, Doyle ME, Tian J, Liu QR, O'Connell J, Camandola S, Egan JM. AAV5-mediated manipulation of insulin expression in choroid plexus has long-term metabolic and behavioral consequences. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112903. [PMID: 37515772 PMCID: PMC10529429 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a source of trophic factors for the developing and mature brain. Insulin is produced in epithelial cells of the CP (EChPs), and its secretion is stimulated by Htr2c-mediated signaling. We modulated insulin expression in EChPs with intracerebroventricular injections of AAV5. Insulin overexpression in CP decelerates food intake, whereas its knockdown has the opposite effect. Insulin overexpression also results in reduced anxious behavior. Transcriptomic changes in the hypothalamus, especially in synapse-related processes, are also seen in mice overexpressing insulin in CP. Last, activation of Gq signaling in CP leads to acute Akt phosphorylation in neurons of the arcuate nucleus, indicating a direct action of CP-derived insulin on the hypothalamus. Taken together, our findings signify that CP is a relevant source of insulin in the central nervous system and that CP-derived insulin should be taken into consideration in future work pertaining to insulin actions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Henrique Mazucanti
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vernon Kennedy
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maire E Doyle
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jane Tian
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer O'Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Simonetta Camandola
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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15
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Kumari K, Kumar S, Sinha RK, Toppo MS. Comparative Study of the Effect of Liraglutide and Donepezil on Learning and Memory in Diazepam-Induced Amnesic Albino Rats. Cureus 2023; 15:e41495. [PMID: 37551235 PMCID: PMC10404348 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia is an age-related gradual loss of memory that is progressive in nature. Presently, the most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is treated with donepezil, an anticholinesterase. But it only provides short-term symptomatic improvement. Liraglutide, which is an anti-diabetic drug, stimulates the anti-apoptotic pathway of nerve damage, which helps in regenerating nerve cells; so, it may help in dementia cases. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of liraglutide on learning and memory and to compare its effect with donepezil in diazepam-induced amnesic albino rats. Methodology Twenty healthy male Albino rats weighing 150-200 grams were taken and divided into four groups: A, B, C, and D. Group A rats were normal rats, whereas the rats in groups B, C, and D were made amnesic by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 0.1 mg per kg of diazepam. Immediately after producing amnesia, group B rats received normal saline, group C received liraglutide, and group D received donepezil through the intraperitoneal route as test drugs. Group A rats received only normal saline. The amnesic effect was measured by the escape latency period, which was measured by using a Morris Water Maize (MWM) instrument. Escape latency is the time (in seconds) to locate the platform from the starting point. The amnesic effect is shown by an increase in escape latency and the anti-amnesic effect by a decrease in escape latency. Escape latency was recorded at 0 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, and 4 hr after test drug administration. Results Group B rats showed an increase in escape latency, which shows the amnesic effect of diazepam. When group C and group D amnesic rats were treated with liraglutide and donepezil, respectively, a one-hour after-treatment increase in escape latency was seen but after two hours, both groups showed a decrease in escape latency, which indicates the anti-amnesic effect of both drugs. When groups C and D were compared, and the post-hoc highly significant difference (HSD) test was used, there was no significant difference between the two drugs, although the liraglutide-treated group (C) showed a lower anti-amnesic effect. However, group C showed a significant effect as compared to group B rats (p-value <0.05), which indicates the anti-amnesic property of liraglutide as compared to normal saline. Conclusion Liraglutide shows an anti-amnesic property. Since it works by a mechanism different from donepezil, it can be used as add-on therapy with donepezil in dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kumari
- Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Ritesh K Sinha
- Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
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16
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Chia CW, Yeager SM, Egan JM. Endocrinology of Taste with Aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:295-315. [PMID: 36948781 PMCID: PMC10037529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Taste is one of our five primary senses, and taste impairment has been shown to increase with aging. The ability to taste allows us to enjoy the food we eat and to avoid foods that are potentially spoiled or poisonous. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of taste receptor cells located within taste buds help us decipher how taste works. The discoveries of "classic" endocrine hormones in taste receptor cells point toward taste buds being actual endocrine organs. A better understanding of how taste works may help in reversing taste impairment associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM536, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Shayna M Yeager
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM547, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM527, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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17
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Sadegh C, Xu H, Sutin J, Fatou B, Gupta S, Pragana A, Taylor M, Kalugin PN, Zawadzki ME, Alturkistani O, Shipley FB, Dani N, Fame RM, Wurie Z, Talati P, Schleicher RL, Klein EM, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Moore CI, Lin PY, Patel AB, Warf BC, Kimberly WT, Steen H, Andermann ML, Lehtinen MK. Choroid plexus-targeted NKCC1 overexpression to treat post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neuron 2023; 111:1591-1608.e4. [PMID: 36893755 PMCID: PMC10198810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) refers to a life-threatening accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that occurs following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). An incomplete understanding of this variably progressive condition has hampered the development of new therapies beyond serial neurosurgical interventions. Here, we show a key role for the bidirectional Na-K-Cl cotransporter, NKCC1, in the choroid plexus (ChP) to mitigate PHH. Mimicking IVH with intraventricular blood led to increased CSF [K+] and triggered cytosolic calcium activity in ChP epithelial cells, which was followed by NKCC1 activation. ChP-targeted adeno-associated viral (AAV)-NKCC1 prevented blood-induced ventriculomegaly and led to persistently increased CSF clearance capacity. These data demonstrate that intraventricular blood triggered a trans-choroidal, NKCC1-dependent CSF clearance mechanism. Inactive, phosphodeficient AAV-NKCC1-NT51 failed to mitigate ventriculomegaly. Excessive CSF [K+] fluctuations correlated with permanent shunting outcome in humans following hemorrhagic stroke, suggesting targeted gene therapy as a potential treatment to mitigate intracranial fluid accumulation following hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Sadegh
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Sutin
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aja Pragana
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Milo Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter N Kalugin
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miriam E Zawadzki
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Osama Alturkistani
- Cellular Imaging Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zainab Wurie
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pratik Talati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Riana L Schleicher
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric M Klein
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher I Moore
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aman B Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin C Warf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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18
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Nguyen V, Thomas P, Pemberton S, Babin A, Noonan C, Weaver R, Banks WA, Rhea EM. Central nervous system insulin signaling can influence the rate of insulin influx into brain. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:28. [PMID: 37076875 PMCID: PMC10114367 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated, saturable process, known to be affected by many peripheral substrates including insulin itself and triglycerides. This is in contrast to insulin leakage into peripheral tissues. Whether the central nervous system (CNS) can control the rate of insulin uptake by brain remains to be determined. Insulin BBB interactions are impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and CNS insulin resistance is widely prevalent in AD. Therefore, if CNS insulin controls the rate of insulin transport across the BBB, then the defective transport of insulin seen in AD could be one manifestation of the resistance to CNS insulin observed in AD. METHODS We investigated whether enhancing CNS insulin levels or induction of CNS insulin resistance using an inhibitor of the insulin receptor altered the blood-to-brain transport of radioactively labeled insulin in young, healthy mice. RESULTS We found that insulin injected directly into the brain decreased insulin transport across the BBB for whole brain and the olfactory bulb in male mice, whereas insulin receptor blockade decreased transport in female mice for whole brain and hypothalamus. Intranasal insulin, currently being investigated as a treatment in AD patients, decreased transport across the BBB of the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest CNS insulin can control the rate of insulin brain uptake, connecting CNS insulin resistance to the rate of insulin transport across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter Thomas
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alice Babin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Riley Weaver
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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19
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Bhatt RR, Todorov S, Sood R, Ravichandran S, Kilpatrick LA, Peng N, Liu C, Vora PP, Jahanshad N, Gupta A. Integrated multi-modal brain signatures predict sex-specific obesity status. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad098. [PMID: 37091587 PMCID: PMC10116578 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating sex as a biological variable is key to determine obesity manifestation and treatment response. Individual neuroimaging modalities have uncovered mechanisms related to obesity and altered ingestive behaviours. However, few, if any, studies have integrated data from multi-modal brain imaging to predict sex-specific brain signatures related to obesity. We used a data-driven approach to investigate how multi-modal MRI and clinical features predict a sex-specific signature of participants with high body mass index (overweight/obese) compared to non-obese body mass index in a sex-specific manner. A total of 78 high body mass index (55 female) and 105 non-obese body mass index (63 female) participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All participants classified as high body mass index had a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 and non-obese body mass index had a body mass index between 19 and 20 kg/m2. Multi-modal neuroimaging (morphometry, functional resting-state MRI and diffusion-weighted scan), along with a battery of behavioural and clinical questionnaires were acquired, including measures of mood, early life adversity and altered ingestive behaviours. A Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent Components was conducted to determine whether clinical features, brain morphometry, functional connectivity and anatomical connectivity could accurately differentiate participants stratified by obesity and sex. The derived models differentiated high body mass index against non-obese body mass index participants, and males with high body mass index against females with high body mass index obtaining balanced accuracies of 77 and 75%, respectively. Sex-specific differences within the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamic-cortico loop, the choroid plexus-CSF system, salience, sensorimotor and default-mode networks were identified, and were associated with early life adversity, mental health quality and greater somatosensation. Results showed multi-modal brain signatures suggesting sex-specific cortical mechanisms underlying obesity, which fosters clinical implications for tailored obesity interventions based on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R Bhatt
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Svetoslav Todorov
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Riya Sood
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Soumya Ravichandran
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lisa A Kilpatrick
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Newton Peng
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cathy Liu
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Priten P Vora
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Dakic T, Jevdjovic T, Lakic I, Ruzicic A, Jasnic N, Djurasevic S, Djordjevic J, Vujovic P. The Expression of Insulin in the Central Nervous System: What Have We Learned So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076586. [PMID: 37047558 PMCID: PMC10095302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After being discovered over a century ago, insulin was long considered to be a hormone exclusively produced by the pancreas. Insulin presence was later discovered in the brain, which was originally accounted for by its transport across the blood-brain barrier. Considering that both insulin mRNA and insulin were detected in the central nervous system (CNS), it is now known that this hormone is also synthesized in several brain regions, including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex, and olfactory bulb. Although many roles of insulin in the CNS have been described, it was initially unknown which of them could be attributed to brain-derived and which to pancreatic insulin or whether their actions in the brain overlap. However, more and more studies have been emerging lately, focusing solely on the roles of brain-derived insulin. The aim of this review was to present the latest findings on the roles of brain-derived insulin, including neuroprotection, control of growth hormone secretion, and regulation of appetite and neuronal glucose uptake. Lastly, the impairment of signaling initiated by brain-derived insulin was addressed in regard to memory decline in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Lakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ruzicic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Jasnic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sinisa Djurasevic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Vujovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Doyle ME, Premathilake HU, Yao Q, Mazucanti CH, Egan JM. Physiology of the tongue with emphasis on taste transduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1193-1246. [PMID: 36422992 PMCID: PMC9942923 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is a complex multifunctional organ that interacts and senses both interoceptively and exteroceptively. Although it is easily visible to almost all of us, it is relatively understudied and what is in the literature is often contradictory or is not comprehensively reported. The tongue is both a motor and a sensory organ: motor in that it is required for speech and mastication, and sensory in that it receives information to be relayed to the central nervous system pertaining to the safety and quality of the contents of the oral cavity. Additionally, the tongue and its taste apparatus form part of an innate immune surveillance system. For example, loss or alteration in taste perception can be an early indication of infection as became evident during the present global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we particularly emphasize the latest updates in the mechanisms of taste perception, taste bud formation and adult taste bud renewal, and the presence and effects of hormones on taste perception, review the understudied lingual immune system with specific reference to SARS-CoV-2, discuss nascent work on tongue microbiome, as well as address the effect of systemic disease on tongue structure and function, especially in relation to taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire E Doyle
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasitha U Premathilake
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qin Yao
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Actions and Consequences of Insulin in the Striatum. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030518. [PMID: 36979453 PMCID: PMC10046598 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin crosses the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain from the periphery. In the brain, insulin has well-established actions in the hypothalamus, as well as at the level of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the midbrain. Notably, insulin also acts in the striatum, which shows abundant expression of insulin receptors (InsRs) throughout. These receptors are found on interneurons and striatal projections neurons, as well as on glial cells and dopamine axons. A striking functional consequence of insulin elevation in the striatum is promoting an increase in stimulated dopamine release. This boosting of dopamine release involves InsRs on cholinergic interneurons, and requires activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopamine axons. Opposing this dopamine-enhancing effect, insulin also increases dopamine uptake through the action of insulin at InsRs on dopamine axons. Insulin acts on other striatal cells as well, including striatal projection neurons and astrocytes that also influence dopaminergic transmission and striatal function. Linking these cellular findings to behavior, striatal insulin signaling is required for the development of flavor–nutrient learning, implicating insulin as a reward signal in the brain. In this review, we discuss these and other actions of insulin in the striatum, including how they are influenced by diet and other physio-logical states.
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23
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Novakova Martinkova J, Ferretti MT, Ferrari A, Lerch O, Matuskova V, Secnik J, Hort J. Longitudinal progression of choroid plexus enlargement is associated with female sex, cognitive decline and ApoE E4 homozygote status. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1039239. [PMID: 36970283 PMCID: PMC10031049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1039239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Choroid plexus (CP)-related mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. In this pilot study, we aimed to elucidate the association between longitudinal changes in CP volume, sex and cognitive impairment. Methods We assessed longitudinal changes in CP volume in a cohort of n = 613 subjects across n = 2,334 datapoints from ADNI 2 and ADNI-GO, belonging to cognitively unimpaired (CN), stable mild cognitive impairment (MCI), clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD) or convertor (to either AD or MCI) subgroups. CP volume was automatically segmented and used as a response variable in linear mixed effect models with random intercept clustered by patient identity. Temporal effects of select variables were assessed by interactions and subgroup analyses. Results We found an overall significant increase of CP volume in time (14.92 mm3 per year, 95% confidence interval, CI (11.05, 18.77), p < 0.001). Sex-disaggregated results showed an annual rate of increase 9.48 mm3 in males [95% CI (4.08, 14.87), p < 0.001], and 20.43 mm3 in females [95% CI (14.91, 25.93), p < 0.001], indicating more than double the rate of increase in females, which appeared independent of other temporal variables. The only diagnostic group with a significant CP increase as compared to CN was the convertors group, with an increase of 24.88 mm3/year [95% CI (14, 35.82), p < 0.001]. ApoE exhibited a significant temporal effect, with the E4 homozygote group's CP increasing at more than triple the rate of non-carrier or heterozygote groups [40.72, 95% CI (25.97, 55.46), p < 0.001 vs. 12.52, 95% CI (8.02, 17.02), p < 0.001 for ApoE E4 homozygotes and E4 non-carriers, respectively], and may have modified the diagnostic group relationship. Conclusion Our results contribute to potential mechanisms for sex differences in cognitive impairment with a novel finding of twice the annual choroid plexus enlargement in females and provide putative support for CP-related mechanisms of cognitive deterioration and its relationship to ApoE E4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Novakova Martinkova
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Ondrej Lerch
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Matuskova
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Secnik
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jakub Hort
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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A local source of insulin protects the retina against starvation. Nat Metab 2023; 5:205-206. [PMID: 36732625 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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25
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Novel Hominid-Specific IAPP Isoforms: Potential Biomarkers of Early Alzheimer's Disease and Inhibitors of Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010167. [PMID: 36671553 PMCID: PMC9856209 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and aims: Amyloidosis due to aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ42) is a key pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas aggregation of mature islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP37) in human islets leads to β-cell dysfunction. The aim of this study is to uncover potential biomarkers that might additionally point to therapy for early AD patients. (2) Methods: We used bioinformatic approach to uncover novel IAPP isoforms and developed a quantitative selective reaction monitoring (SRM) proteomic assay to measure their peptide levels in human plasma and CSF from individuals with early AD and controls, as well as postmortem cerebrum of clinical confirmed AD and controls. We used Thioflavin T amyloid reporter assay to measure the IAPP isoform fibrillation propensity and anti-amyloid potential against aggregation of Aβ42 and IAPP37. (3) Results: We uncovered hominid-specific IAPP isoforms: hIAPPβ, which encodes an elongated propeptide, and hIAPPγ, which is processed to mature IAPP25 instead of IAPP37. We found that hIAPPβ was significantly reduced in the plasma of AD patients with the accuracy of 89%. We uncovered that IAPP25 and a GDNF derived DNSP11 were nonaggregating peptides that inhibited the aggregation of IAPP37 and Aβ42. (4) Conclusions: The novel peptides derived from hIAPP isoforms have potential to serve as blood-derived biomarkers for early AD and be developed as peptide based anti-amyloid medicine.
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26
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Hughes TM, Craft S. Cerebral insulin receptors: a nexus for vascular and metabolic contributions to Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2023; 146:8-9. [PMID: 36402144 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to ‘Cerebrovascular insulin receptors are defective in Alzheimer’s disease’ by Leclerc et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac309).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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27
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Ferrario CR, Finnell JE. Beyond the hypothalamus: roles for insulin as a regulator of neurotransmission, motivation, and feeding. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:232-233. [PMID: 35933517 PMCID: PMC9700669 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Psychology Department (Biopsychology), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Loss of Slc12a2 specifically in pancreatic β-cells drives metabolic syndrome in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279560. [PMID: 36580474 PMCID: PMC9799326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome, a cluster of clinical conditions characterized by obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Diuretics are frequently used to treat hypertension in these patients, however, their use has long been associated with poor metabolic outcomes which cannot be fully explained by their diuretic effects. Here, we show that mice lacking the diuretic-sensitive Na+K+2Cl-cotransporter-1 Nkcc1 (Slc12a2) in insulin-secreting β-cells of the pancreatic islet (Nkcc1βKO) have reduced in vitro insulin responses to glucose. This is associated with islet hypoplasia at the expense of fewer and smaller β-cells. Remarkably, Nkcc1βKO mice excessively gain weight and progressive metabolic syndrome when fed a standard chow diet ad libitum. This is characterized by impaired hepatic insulin receptor activation and altered lipid metabolism. Indeed, overweight Nkcc1βKO but not lean mice had fasting and fed hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Notably, fasting hyperinsulinemia was detected earlier than hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and increased hepatic de novo gluconeogenesis. Therefore, our data provide evidence supporting the novel hypothesis that primary β-cell defects related to Nkcc1-regulated intracellular Cl-homeostasis and β-cell growth can result in the development of metabolic syndrome shedding light into additional potential mechanisms whereby chronic diuretic use may have adverse effects on metabolic homeostasis in susceptible individuals.
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29
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Dakic TB, Markelic MB, Ruzicic AA, Jevdjovic TV, Lakic IV, Djordjevic JD, Vujovic PZ. Hypothalamic insulin expression remains unaltered after short-term fasting in female rats. Endocrine 2022; 78:476-483. [PMID: 36301508 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study showed that 6-h fasting increased insulin expression in the hypothalamus of male rats. We, therefore, wanted to examine if this phenomenon occurs in female rats and whether it depended on the estrus cycle phase. METHODS Female rats in proestrus or diestrus were either exposed to 6-h fasting or had ad libitum access to food. The serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and hypothalamic insulin levels were determined using radioimmunoassay. The hypothalamic insulin mRNA expression was measured by RT-qPCR, while the hypothalamic insulin distribution was assessed immunohistochemically. RESULTS Albeit the short-term fasting lowered circulating insulin, both hypothalamic insulin mRNA expression and hypothalamic insulin content remained unaltered. As for the hypothalamic insulin distribution, strong insulin immunopositivity was noted primarily in ependymal cells lining the upper part of the third ventricle and some neurons mainly located within the periventricular nucleus. The pattern of insulin distribution was similar between the controls and the females exposed to fasting regardless of the estrous cycle phase. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that the control of insulin expression in the hypothalamus differs from that in the pancreatic beta cells during short-term fasting. Furthermore, they also imply that the regulation of insulin expression in the female hypothalamus is different from males but independent of the estrus cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara B Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milica B Markelic
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute for Zoology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra A Ruzicic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja V Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva V Lakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena D Djordjevic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Z Vujovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Djaja, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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30
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Insulin and IGF-1 elicit robust transcriptional regulation to modulate autophagy in astrocytes. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101647. [PMID: 36503893 PMCID: PMC9731889 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin is a principal metabolic hormone. It regulates a plethora of metabolic pathways in peripheral tissues. The highly homologous insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), on the other hand, is important for development and growth. Recent studies have shown that insulin and IGF-1 signaling plays fundamental roles in the brain. Loss of insulin or IGF-1 receptors in astrocytes leads to altered glucose handling, mitochondrial metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and behavioral abnormalities in mice. Here, we aim to investigate molecular mechanisms by which insulin and IGF-1 signaling regulates astrocyte functions. METHODS IR-flox and IRKO primary astrocytes were treated with 100 nM insulin or IGF-1 for 6 h, and their transcriptomes were analyzed. Astrocytes with either IR deletion, IGF1R deletion or both were used to examine receptor-dependent transcriptional regulations using qPCR. Additional immunoblotting and confocal imaging studies were performed to functionally validate pathways involved in protein homeostasis. RESULTS Using next-generation RNA sequencing, we show that insulin significantly regulates the expression of over 1,200 genes involved in multiple functional processes in primary astrocytes. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) triggers a similar robust transcriptional regulation in astrocytes. Thus, over 50% of the differentially expressed genes are regulated by both ligands. As expected, these commonly regulated genes are highly enriched in pathways involved in lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Additionally, insulin and IGF-1 induce the expression of genes involved in ribosomal biogenesis, while suppressing the expression of genes involved in autophagy, indicating a common role of insulin and IGF-1 on protein homeostasis in astrocytes. Insulin-dependent suppression of autophagy genes, including p62, Ulk1/2, and several Atg genes, is blunted only when both IR and IGF1R are deleted. CONCLUSIONS In summary, insulin and IGF-1 potently suppress autophagy in astrocytes through transcriptional regulation. Both IR and IGF1R can elicit ligand-dependent transcriptional suppression of autophagy. These results demonstrate an important role of astrocytic insulin/IGF-1 signaling on proteostasis. Impairment of this regulation in insulin resistance and diabetes may contribute to neurological complications related to diabetes.
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Eerola K, Longo F, Reinbothe TM, Richard JE, Shevchouk OT, López-Ferreras L, Mishra D, Asker M, Tolö J, Miranda C, Musovic S, Olofsson CS, Rorsman P, Skibicka KP. Hindbrain insulin controls feeding behavior. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101614. [PMID: 36244663 PMCID: PMC9637798 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic insulin was discovered a century ago, and this discovery led to the first lifesaving treatment for diabetes. While still controversial, nearly one hundred published reports suggest that insulin is also produced in the brain, with most focusing on hypothalamic or cortical insulin-producing cells. However, specific function for insulin produced within the brain remains poorly understood. Here we identify insulin expression in the hindbrain's dorsal vagal complex (DVC), and determine the role of this source of insulin in feeding and metabolism, as well as its response to diet-induced obesity in mice. METHODS To determine the contribution of Ins2-producing neurons to feeding behavior in mice, we used the cross of transgenic RipHER-cre mouse and channelrhodopsin-2 expressing animals, which allowed us to optogenetically stimulate neurons expressing Ins2 in vivo. To confirm the presence of insulin expression in Rip-labeled DVC cells, in situ hybridization was used. To ascertain the specific role of insulin in effects discovered via optogenetic stimulation a selective, CNS applied, insulin receptor antagonist was used. To understand the physiological contribution of insulin made in the hindbrain a virogenetic knockdown strategy was used. RESULTS Insulin gene expression and presence of insulin-promoter driven fluorescence in rat insulin promoter (Rip)-transgenic mice were detected in the hypothalamus, but also in the DVC. Insulin mRNA was present in nearly all fluorescently labeled cells in DVC. Diet-induced obesity in mice altered brain insulin gene expression, in a neuroanatomically divergent manner; while in the hypothalamus the expected obesity-induced reduction was found, in the DVC diet-induced obesity resulted in increased expression of the insulin gene. This led us to hypothesize a potentially divergent energy balance role of insulin in these two brain areas. To determine the acute impact of activating insulin-producing neurons in the DVC, optic stimulation of light-sensitive channelrhodopsin 2 in Rip-transgenic mice was utilized. Optogenetic photoactivation induced hyperphagia after acute activation of the DVC insulin neurons. This hyperphagia was blocked by central application of the insulin receptor antagonist S961, suggesting the feeding response was driven by insulin. To determine whether DVC insulin has a necessary contribution to feeding and metabolism, virogenetic insulin gene knockdown (KD) strategy, which allows for site-specific reduction of insulin gene expression in adult mice, was used. While chow-fed mice failed to reveal any changes of feeding or thermogenesis in response to the KD, mice challenged with a high-fat diet consumed less food. No changes in body weight were identified, possibly resulting from compensatory reduction in thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggest an important role for hindbrain insulin and insulin-producing cells in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Eerola
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Unit of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Francesco Longo
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Devesh Mishra
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Asker
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Tolö
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Miranda
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saliha Musovic
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Rorsman
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Nutritional Sciences and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, PO Box 434, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. Fax: +46 31 786 3512.
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32
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Travier L, Singh R, Sáenz Fernández D, Deczkowska A. Microbial and immune factors regulate brain maintenance and aging. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102607. [PMID: 35914431 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue aging can be viewed as a loss of normal maintenance; in advanced age, the mechanisms which keep the tissue healthy on daily bases fail to manage the accumulating "wear and tear", leading to gradual loss of function. In the brain, maintenance is provided primarily by three components: the blood-brain barrier, which allows the influx of certain molecules into the brain while excluding others, the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, and the phagocytic function of microglia. Indeed, failure of these systems is associated with cognitive loss and other hallmarks of brain aging. Interestingly, all three mechanisms are regulated not only by internal conditions within the aging brain, but remain highly sensitive to the peripheral signals, such as cytokines or microbiome-derived molecules, present in the systemic circulation. In this article, we discuss the contribution of such peripheral factors to brain maintenance and its loss in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Travier
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Roshani Singh
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Sáenz Fernández
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France; Universitat de Barcelona, S-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Deczkowska
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France.
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Zhou J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Liao F, Zhou P, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiang H, Alinejad T, Shan G, Wu S. Deletion of serine racemase reverses neuronal insulin signaling inhibition by amyloid-β oligomers. J Neurochem 2022; 163:8-25. [PMID: 35839294 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of insulin signaling in the Alzheimer's (AD) brain has been extensively reported. Serine racemase(SR) modulates insulin secretion in pancreatic islets. Similarly, we wonder whether or not SR regulates insulin synthesis and secretion in neurons, thereby modulating insulin signaling in the AD brain. Srr-knockout (Srr-/- ) mice generated with the CRISPR/Cas9 technique were used. Using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization, the levels of insulin protein and insulin(ins2) mRNA significantly increased in the hippocampal but not in the hypothalamic sections of Srr-/- mice compared with WT mice. Using real-time quantitative PCR, ins2 mRNA from primary hippocampal neuronal cultures of Srr-/- mice significantly increased compared with the cultured neurons from WT mice. Notably, the secretion of proinsulin C-peptide increased in Srr-/- neurons relative to WT neurons. By examining the membrane fractional proteins with immunoblotting, Srr-/- neurons retained ATP-dependent potassium channel on plasmalemma and correspondingly contained higher levels of p-AMPK. Under treatment by Aβ42, the phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate at serine 616,636 (p-IRS1ser616,636 ) were significantly lower whereas p-AKT308 and p-AKT473 were higher in Srr-/- neurons, compared with WT neurons, respectively. The phosphorylated form of c-Jun N-terminal kinase decreased in the cultured Srr-/- neurons relative to the WT neurons upon Aβ42 treatment. In contrast, the phosphorylated protein kinase R remained at the same levels. Further, reactive oxygen species reduced in the cultured Srr-/- neurons under Aβ42 treatment relative to the WT neurons. Altogether, our study indicated that Srr deletion promoted insulin synthesis and secretion of proinsulin C-peptide, thereby reversing insulin resistance by Aβ42. This study suggests that targeting the neuronal SR may be utilized to enhance insulin signaling which is inhibited at the early stage of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong Yang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fei Liao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Piansi Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tahereh Alinejad
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, South Baixiang, Ouhai District, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ge Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Andreassen SN, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Wardman JH, Villadsen R, MacAulay N. Transcriptional profiling of transport mechanisms and regulatory pathways in rat choroid plexus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:44. [PMID: 35659263 PMCID: PMC9166438 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of brain fluid homeostasis associates with brain pathologies in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Surgical intervention remains standard care, since specific and efficient pharmacological treatment options are limited for pathologies with disturbed brain fluid homeostasis. Such lack of therapeutic targets originates, in part, from the incomplete map of the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion by the choroid plexus. METHODS The transcriptomic profile of rat choroid plexus was generated by RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) of whole tissue and epithelial cells captured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and compared to proximal tubules. The bioinformatic analysis comprised mapping to reference genome followed by filtering for type, location, and association with alias and protein function. The transporters and associated regulatory modules were arranged in discovery tables according to their transcriptional abundance and tied together in association network analysis. RESULTS The transcriptomic profile of choroid plexus displays high similarity between sex and species (human, rat, and mouse) and lesser similarity to another high-capacity fluid-transporting epithelium, the proximal tubules. The discovery tables provide lists of transport mechanisms that could participate in CSF secretion and suggest regulatory candidates. CONCLUSIONS With quantification of the transport protein transcript abundance in choroid plexus and their potentially linked regulatory modules, we envision a molecular tool to devise rational hypotheses regarding future delineation of choroidal transport proteins involved in CSF secretion and their regulation. Our vision is to obtain future pharmaceutical targets towards modulation of CSF production in pathologies involving disturbed brain water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren N Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan H Wardman
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Chen W, Cai W, Hoover B, Kahn CR. Insulin action in the brain: cell types, circuits, and diseases. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:384-400. [PMID: 35361499 PMCID: PMC9035105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery over 100 years ago, insulin has been recognized as a key hormone in control of glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies of insulin signaling are central to diabetes and many other disorders. The brain is among the targets of insulin action, and insulin resistance is a major contributor to many diseases, including brain disorders. Here, we summarize key roles of insulin action in the brain and how this involves different brain cell types. Disordered brain insulin signaling can also contribute to neuropsychiatric diseases, affecting brain circuits involved in mood and cognition. Understanding of insulin signaling in different brain cell types/circuits and how these are altered in disease may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to these challenging disorders.
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36
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Mehan S, Bhalla S, Siddiqui EM, Sharma N, Shandilya A, Khan A. Potential Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Analogues in Dementia Targeting Impaired Insulin Secretion and Neurodegeneration. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2022; 12:31-59. [PMID: 35300067 PMCID: PMC8921673 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s247153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a chronic, irreversible condition marked by memory loss, cognitive decline, and mental instability. It is clinically related to various progressive neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s. The primary cause of neurological disorders is insulin desensitization, demyelination, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation accompanied by various aberrant proteins such as amyloid-β deposits, Lewy bodies accumulation, tau formation leading to neurofibrillary tangles. Impaired insulin signaling is directly associated with amyloid-β and α-synuclein deposition, as well as specific signaling cascades involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin dysfunction may initiate various intracellular signaling cascades, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Neuronal death, inflammation, neuronal excitation, mitochondrial malfunction, and protein deposition are all influenced by insulin. Recent research has focused on GLP-1 receptor agonists as a potential therapeutic target. They increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion and are beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases by reducing oxidative stress and cytokine production. They reduce the deposition of abnormal proteins by crossing the blood-brain barrier. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of insulin dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, specifically dementia. Additionally, we reviewed the therapeutic target (GLP-1) and its receptor activators as a possible treatment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: Sidharth Mehan, Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India, Tel +91 8059889909; +91 9461322911, Email ;
| | - Sonalika Bhalla
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ehraz Mehmood Siddiqui
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ambika Shandilya
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Fanelli G, Franke B, De Witte W, Ruisch IH, Haavik J, van Gils V, Jansen WJ, Vos SJB, Lind L, Buitelaar JK, Banaschewski T, Dalsgaard S, Serretti A, Mota NR, Poelmans G, Bralten J. Insulinopathies of the brain? Genetic overlap between somatic insulin-related and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:59. [PMID: 35165256 PMCID: PMC8844407 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of somatic insulinopathies, like metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is higher in Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Dysregulation of insulin signalling has been implicated in these neuropsychiatric disorders, and shared genetic factors might partly underlie this observed multimorbidity. We investigated the genetic overlap between AD, ASD, and OCD with MetS, obesity, and T2DM by estimating pairwise global genetic correlations using the summary statistics of the largest available genome-wide association studies for these phenotypes. Having tested these hypotheses, other potential brain "insulinopathies" were also explored by estimating the genetic relationship of six additional neuropsychiatric disorders with nine insulin-related diseases/traits. Stratified covariance analyses were then performed to investigate the contribution of insulin-related gene sets. Significant negative genetic correlations were found between OCD and MetS (rg = -0.315, p = 3.9 × 10-8), OCD and obesity (rg = -0.379, p = 3.4 × 10-5), and OCD and T2DM (rg = -0.172, p = 3 × 10-4). Significant genetic correlations with insulin-related phenotypes were also found for anorexia nervosa (AN), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia (p < 6.17 × 10-4). Stratified analyses showed negative genetic covariances between AD, ASD, OCD, ADHD, AN, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and somatic insulinopathies through gene sets related to insulin signalling and insulin receptor recycling, and positive genetic covariances between AN and T2DM, as well as ADHD and MetS through gene sets related to insulin processing/secretion (p < 2.06 × 10-4). Overall, our findings suggest the existence of two clusters of neuropsychiatric disorders, in which the genetics of insulin-related diseases/traits may exert divergent pleiotropic effects. These results represent a starting point for a new research line on "insulinopathies" of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanelli
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ward De Witte
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I. Hyun Ruisch
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Haavik
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Veerle van Gils
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn J. Jansen
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J. B. Vos
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Lind
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, PSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Labandeira CM, Fraga-Bau A, Arias Ron D, Alvarez-Rodriguez E, Vicente-Alba P, Lago-Garma J, Rodriguez-Perez AI. Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus: common mechanisms and treatment repurposing. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1652-1658. [PMID: 35017411 PMCID: PMC8820685 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, attention has become greater to the relationship between neurodegeneration and abnormal insulin signaling in the central nervous system, as insulin in the brain is implicated in neuronal survival, plasticity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson’s disease are both aging-associated diseases that are turning into epidemics worldwide. Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance not only increase the possibility of developing Parkinson’s disease but can also determine the prognosis and progression of Parkinsonian symptoms. Today, there are no available curative or disease modifying treatments for Parkinson’s disease, but the role of insulin and antidiabetic medications in neurodegeneration opens a door to treatment repurposing to fight against Parkinson’s disease, both in diabetic and nondiabetic Parkinsonian patients. Furthermore, it is essential to comprehend how a frequent and treatable disease such as diabetes can influence the progression of neurodegeneration in a challenging disease such as Parkinson’s disease. Here, we review the present evidence on the connection between Parkinson’s disease and diabetes and the consequential implications of the existing antidiabetic molecules in the severity and development of Parkinsonism, with a particular focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Labandeira
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arturo Fraga-Bau
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - David Arias Ron
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Complex, Ourense, Spain
| | - Elena Alvarez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo Vicente-Alba
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Javier Lago-Garma
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Meixoeiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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Henry SS, Ross RA, Rasgon N. Relevance of Sex-Specific Metabolic Phenotypes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Disorders and PTSD. Psychiatr Ann 2022. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20211221-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Alisch JSR, Egan JM, Bouhrara M. Differences in the choroid plexus volume and microstructure are associated with body adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:984929. [PMID: 36313760 PMCID: PMC9606414 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.984929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a cerebral structure located in the ventricles that functions in producing most of the brain's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and transporting proteins and immune cells. Alterations in CP structure and function has been implicated in several pathologies including aging, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. However, identification of changes in the CP remains poorly characterized in obesity, one of the main risk factors of neurodegeneration, including in the absence of frank central nervous system alterations. Our goal here was to characterize the association between obesity, measured by the body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) metrics, and CP microstructure and volume, assessed using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodology. This cross-sectional study was performed in the clinical unit of the National Institute on Aging and included a participant population of 123 cognitively unimpaired individuals spanning the age range of 22 - 94 years. Automated segmentation methods from FreeSurfer were used to identify the CP structure. Our analysis included volumetric measurements, quantitative relaxometry measures (T 1 and T 2), and the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measure of mean diffusivity (MD). Strong positive associations were observed between WC and all MRI metrics, as well as CP volume. When comparing groups based on the established cutoff point by the National Institutes of Health for WC, a modest difference in MD and a significant difference in T 1 values were observed between obese and lean individuals. We also found differences in T1 and MD between obese and overweight individuals as defined using the BMI cutoff. We conjecture that these observations in CP volume and microstructure are due to obesity-induced inflammation, diet, or, very likely, dysregulations in leptin binding and transport. These findings demonstrate that obesity is strongly associated with a decline in CP microstructural integrity. We expect that this work will lay the foundation for further investigations on obesity-induced alterations in CP structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S R Alisch
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mustapha Bouhrara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Liu QR, Zhu M, Zhang P, Mazucanti CH, Huang NS, Lang DL, Chen Q, Auluck P, Marenco S, O'Connell JF, Ferrucci L, Chia CW, Egan JM. Novel Human Insulin Isoforms and Cα-Peptide Product in Islets of Langerhans and Choroid Plexus. Diabetes 2021; 70:2947-2956. [PMID: 34649926 PMCID: PMC8660980 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human insulin (INS) gene diverged from the ancestral genes of invertebrate and mammalian species millions of years ago. We previously found that mouse insulin gene (Ins2) isoforms are expressed in brain choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium cells, where insulin secretion is regulated by serotonin and not by glucose. We further compared human INS isoform expression in postmortem ChP and islets of Langerhans. We uncovered novel INS upstream open reading frame isoforms and their protein products. In addition, we found a novel alternatively spliced isoform that translates to a 74-amino acid (AA) proinsulin containing a shorter 19-AA C-peptide sequence, herein designated Cα-peptide. The middle portion of the conventional C-peptide contains β-sheet (GQVEL) and hairpin (GGGPG) motifs that are not present in Cα-peptide. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is not expressed in ChP, and its amyloid formation was inhibited in vitro more efficiently by Cα-peptide than by C-peptide. Of clinical relevance, the ratio of the 74-AA proinsulin to proconvertase-processed Cα-peptide was significantly increased in islets from type 2 diabetes mellitus autopsy donors. Intriguingly, 100 years after the discovery of insulin, we found that INS isoforms are present in ChP from insulin-deficient autopsy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Rong Liu
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Min Zhu
- Longitudinal Study Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Longitudinal Study Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Caio H Mazucanti
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicholas S Huang
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Doyle L Lang
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pavan Auluck
- Human Brain Collection Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jennifer F O'Connell
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Study Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chee W Chia
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Shinjyo N, Kita K. Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:765217. [PMID: 34795562 PMCID: PMC8592913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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43
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Alisch JSR, Kiely M, Triebswetter C, Alsameen MH, Gong Z, Khattar N, Egan JM, Bouhrara M. Characterization of Age-Related Differences in the Human Choroid Plexus Volume, Microstructural Integrity, and Blood Perfusion Using Multiparameter Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:734992. [PMID: 34603011 PMCID: PMC8485051 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.734992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is an important cerebral structure involved in cerebrospinal fluid production and transport of solutes into the brain. Recent studies have uncovered the involvement of the CP in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. However, our understanding of human age-related microstructural and functional changes in the CP with aging and neuropathology is limited. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated age and sex differences in the CP structure and function using advanced quantitative magnetic resonance imaging methodology in a large cohort (n = 155) of cognitively unimpaired individuals over a wide age range between 21 and 94 years. Our analysis included volumetric measurements, relaxometry measures (T 1 and T 2), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), as well as measures of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Our results revealed that CP volume was increasing with advancing age. We conjecture that this novel observation is likely attributed to alterations in the CP microstructure or function as well as to ventriculomegaly. Indeed, we also found that CBF was lower with advanced age, while, consistent with previous studies, T 1, T 2 and MD were higher, and FA was lower with advanced age. We attribute these functional and microstructural differences to a deteriorated CP structural integrity with aging. Furthermore, our relaxometry and DTI measures were found to be associated with differences in blood perfusion revealing lower microstructural integrity with lower CBF. Finally, in agreement with literature, sex-related differences in MD and CBF were statistically significant. This work lays the foundation for ongoing investigation of the involvement of CP in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mustapha Bouhrara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Scherer T, Sakamoto K, Buettner C. Brain insulin signalling in metabolic homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:468-483. [PMID: 34108679 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in rodents, non-human primates and humans over more than five decades using intracerebroventricular, direct hypothalamic or intranasal application of insulin provide evidence that brain insulin action might reduce food intake and, more importantly, regulates energy homeostasis by orchestrating nutrient partitioning. This Review discusses the metabolic pathways that are under the control of brain insulin action and explains how brain insulin resistance contributes to metabolic disease in obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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45
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Gonçalves RA, De Felice FG. The crosstalk between brain and periphery: Implications for brain health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108728. [PMID: 34331960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that signaling molecules identified primarily in the peripheral circulation can affect cognitive function in physiological and pathological conditions, including in the development of several neurological diseases. However, considering the properties of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB), circulating lipophobic molecules would not be expected to cross this vascular structure. Thus, if and how peripheral lipophobic molecules, such as hormones and cytokines, reach the brain to exert their reported effects remains to be better established. In this review, we will discuss evidence for and against the ability of molecules in the circulation, such as insulin, cytokines, and irisin to reach the brain and mediate the crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesize that in addition to entering the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis, these circulating molecules can have their transport facilitated by extracellular vesicles or under pathological conditions when the BBB is disrupted. We also discuss the possibility that these circulating molecules access the brain by acting directly on circumventricular organs, which lack the BBB, by local synthesis in the choroid plexus, and via activation of afferent vagal nerves. Advancing the understanding of mechanisms implicated in the transport of blood-borne molecules to the CNS will help us elucidate the contribution of peripheral factors to brain health and disease, and will enable the development of minimally invasive strategies to deliver therapeutic drugs to the brain in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella A Gonçalves
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Agrawal R, Reno CM, Sharma S, Christensen C, Huang Y, Fisher SJ. Insulin action in the brain regulates both central and peripheral functions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E156-E163. [PMID: 34056920 PMCID: PMC8321819 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00642.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The brain has been traditionally thought to be insensitive to insulin, primarily because insulin does not stimulate glucose uptake/metabolism in the brain (as it does in classic insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle, liver, and fat). However, over the past 20 years, research in this field has identified unique actions of insulin in the brain. There is accumulating evidence that insulin crosses into the brain and regulates central nervous system functions such as feeding, depression, and cognitive behavior. In addition, insulin acts in the brain to regulate systemic functions such as hepatic glucose production, lipolysis, lipogenesis, reproductive competence, and the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia. Decrements in brain insulin action (or brain insulin resistance) can be observed in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), indicating a possible link between metabolic and cognitive health. Here, we describe recent findings on the pleiotropic actions of insulin in the brain and highlight the precise sites, specific neuronal population, and roles for supportive astrocytic cells through which insulin acts in the brain. In addition, we also discuss how boosting brain insulin action could be a therapeutic option for people at an increased risk of developing metabolic and cognitive diseases such as AD and T2DM. Overall, this perspective article serves to highlight some of these key scientific findings, identify unresolved issues, and indicate future directions of research in this field that would serve to improve the lives of people with metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Candace M Reno
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sunny Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Camille Christensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Yiqing Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Simon J Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Diabetes, insulin and new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease: Focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100914. [PMID: 33845041 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus are two chronic disorders associated with aging that are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Parkinson is a multifactorial progressive condition with no available disease modifying treatments at the moment. Over the last few years there is growing interest in the relationship between diabetes (and impaired insulin signaling) and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the possible benefit of antidiabetic treatments as neuroprotectors, even in non-diabetic patients. Insulin regulates essential functions in the brain such as neuronal survival, autophagy of toxic proteins, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. We review the existing epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence that supports the interplay between insulin and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, as well as the role of antidiabetic treatments in this disease.
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48
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Hayden MR, Banks WA. Deficient Leptin Cellular Signaling Plays a Key Role in Brain Ultrastructural Remodeling in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5427. [PMID: 34063911 PMCID: PMC8196569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The triad of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and advancing age are currently global societal problems that are expected to grow over the coming decades. This triad is associated with multiple end-organ complications of diabetic vasculopathy (maco-microvessel disease), neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, cognopathy encephalopathy and/or late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Further, obesity, MetS, T2DM and their complications are associated with economical and individual family burdens. This review with original data focuses on the white adipose tissue-derived adipokine/hormone leptin and how its deficient signaling is associated with brain remodeling in hyperphagic, obese, or hyperglycemic female mice. Specifically, the ultrastructural remodeling of the capillary neurovascular unit, brain endothelial cells (BECs) and their endothelial glycocalyx (ecGCx), the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the ventricular ependymal cells, choroid plexus, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and tanycytes are examined in female mice with impaired leptin signaling from either dysfunction of the leptin receptor (DIO and db/db models) or the novel leptin deficiency (BTBR ob/ob model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R. Hayden
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, 810C/Bldg 1, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Dani N, Herbst RH, McCabe C, Green GS, Kaiser K, Head JP, Cui J, Shipley FB, Jang A, Dionne D, Nguyen L, Rodman C, Riesenfeld SJ, Prochazka J, Prochazkova M, Sedlacek R, Zhang F, Bryja V, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Habib N, Regev A, Lehtinen MK. A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages. Cell 2021; 184:3056-3074.e21. [PMID: 33932339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) in each brain ventricle produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier. Here, we construct a single-cell and spatial atlas of each ChP in the developing, adult, and aged mouse brain. We delineate diverse cell types, subtypes, cell states, and expression programs in epithelial and mesenchymal cells across ages and ventricles. In the developing ChP, we predict a common progenitor pool for epithelial and neuronal cells, validated by lineage tracing. Epithelial and fibroblast cells show regionalized expression by ventricle, starting at embryonic stages and persisting with age, with a dramatic transcriptional shift with maturation, and a smaller shift in each aged cell type. With aging, epithelial cells upregulate host-defense programs, and resident macrophages upregulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling genes. Our atlas reveals cellular diversity, architecture and signaling across ventricles during development, maturation, and aging of the ChP-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca H Herbst
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gilad S Green
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christopher Rodman
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha J Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Naomi Habib
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Rebelos E, Rinne JO, Nuutila P, Ekblad LL. Brain Glucose Metabolism in Health, Obesity, and Cognitive Decline-Does Insulin Have Anything to Do with It? A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071532. [PMID: 33917464 PMCID: PMC8038699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging brain glucose metabolism with fluorine-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has long been utilized to aid the diagnosis of memory disorders, in particular in differentiating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from other neurological conditions causing cognitive decline. The interest for studying brain glucose metabolism in the context of metabolic disorders has arisen more recently. Obesity and type 2 diabetes—two diseases characterized by systemic insulin resistance—are associated with an increased risk for AD. Along with the well-defined patterns of fasting [18F]-FDG-PET changes that occur in AD, recent evidence has shown alterations in fasting and insulin-stimulated brain glucose metabolism also in obesity and systemic insulin resistance. Thus, it is important to clarify whether changes in brain glucose metabolism are just an epiphenomenon of the pathophysiology of the metabolic and neurologic disorders, or a crucial determinant of their pathophysiologic cascade. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding alterations in brain glucose metabolism, studied with [18F]-FDG-PET from metabolic disorders to AD, with a special focus on how manipulation of insulin levels affects brain glucose metabolism in health and in systemic insulin resistance. A better understanding of alterations in brain glucose metabolism in health, obesity, and neurodegeneration, and the relationships between insulin resistance and central nervous system glucose metabolism may be an important step for the battle against metabolic and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Rebelos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (E.R.); (J.O.R.); (P.N.)
| | - Juha O. Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (E.R.); (J.O.R.); (P.N.)
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (E.R.); (J.O.R.); (P.N.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Ekblad
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; (E.R.); (J.O.R.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2-3138721
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