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Nielsen S, Jensen MD. Insulin regulation of regional lipolysis in upper-body obese and lean humans. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175629. [PMID: 38602778 PMCID: PMC11141918 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper-body obesity (UBO) results in insulin resistance with regards to free fatty acid (FFA) release; how this differs by fat depot and sex between adults with UBO and lean adults is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that insulin suppression of FFA release from the splanchnic bed, leg fat, and upper-body nonsplanchnic (UBNS) adipose tissue would be impaired in UBO. METHODS Fourteen volunteers with UBO (7 men and 7 women) and 14 healthy volunteers with normal weight (7 men and 7 women) participated in studies that included femoral artery, femoral vein, and hepatic vein catheterization. We then measured leg and splanchnic plasma flow as well as FFA kinetics (using isotopic tracers) under overnight fasting as well as low- and high-dose insulin infusion using the insulin clamp technique. RESULTS We found the expected insulin resistance in UBO; the most quantitatively important difference between adults with UBO and lean adults was greater FFA release from UBNS adipose tissue when plasma insulin concentrations were in the postprandial, physiological range. There were obesity, but not sex, differences in the regulation of splanchnic FFA release and sex differences in the regulation of leg FFA release. CONCLUSION Reversing the defects in insulin-regulated UBNS adipose tissue FFA release would have the greatest effect on systemic FFA abnormalities in UBO. FUNDING These studies were supported by the US Public Health Service (grants DK45343 and DK40484), the Novo Nordic Foundation (grant NNF18OC0031804 and NNF16OC0021406), and the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant 8020-00420B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Nielsen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Steno Diabetes Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lee MJ, Kim J. The pathophysiology of visceral adipose tissues in cardiometabolic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116116. [PMID: 38460909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Central pattern of fat distribution, especially fat accumulation within the intraabdominal cavity increases risks for cardiometabolic diseases. Portal hypothesis combined with a pathological remodeling in visceral fat is considered the major etiological factor explaining the independent contribution of visceral obesity to cardiometabolic diseases. Excessive remodeling in visceral fat during development of obesity leads to dysfunctions in the depot, characterized by hypertrophy and death of adipocytes, hypoxia, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dysfunctional visceral fat secretes elevated levels of fatty acids, glycerol, and proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines into the portal vein directly impacting the liver, the central regulator of systemic metabolism. These metabolic and endocrine products induce ectopic fat accumulation, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver, which in turn causes or exacerbates systemic metabolic derangements. Elucidation of underlying mechanisms that lead to the pathological remodeling and higher degree of dysfunctions in visceral adipose tissue is therefore, critical for the development of therapeutics to prevent deleterious sequelae in obesity. We review depot differences in metabolic and endocrine properties and expendabilities as well as underlying mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiological aspects of visceral adiposity in cardiometabolic diseases. We also discuss impacts of different weight loss interventions on visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Jeehoon Kim
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminology, Idaho State University, Idaho 83209, USA
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Wu C, Xu Y, Xing Z. Exploring the association between regional fat distribution and atrial fibrillation risks: a comprehensive cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1367653. [PMID: 38586460 PMCID: PMC10995301 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1367653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The contribution of total fat mass and regional fat distribution to the risk of AF has rarely been studied. Methods This prospective cohort study(N=494,063) evaluated the association of total fat mass measured by fat percentage (FP) and regional fat measured by arm fat percentage (AFP), trunk fat percentage (TFP), and leg fat percentage (LFP) with incident AF. A subgroup (N = 25,581) underwent MRI, which allowed us to further assess whether visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) of the trunk fat exert different effects on AF incidence. Results Over, a median 12.9 ± 1.86 years of follow-up, 29,658 participants (cumulative rate: 6.0%) developed AF. Each 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in LFP was associated with a 16% lower risk of AF (HR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.82, 0.85). The association between FP and AF was weaker than that between LFP and AF (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.92). AFP and TFP only had a marginal association with a lower incidence of AF. Both the VAT and ASAT showed a U-shaped relationship with incident AF. Conclusions Fat mass, mainly leg fat mass, was associated with a lower risk of AF. ASAT did not exert protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuefei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhua Xing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yu S, Zhao S, Tang J, Zhao Y, Xu C, Li M, Xu Y, Zhang Y. Fat-free mass may play a dominant role in the association between systolic blood pressure and body composition in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:622-629. [PMID: 37772623 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is significantly associated with body composition in children and adolescents. However, which one of the components of body composition is the dominant contributor to SBP in children and adolescents remains unclear. We, therefore, aimed to determine the dominant contributor to SBP among components of body composition in a large cohort of American children and adolescents derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with cross-sectional analysis. In total, 13 618 children and adolescents (median age 13 years; 6107 girls) with available data on whole-body dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry measurements were included. Multiple linear regression showed that SBP was associated with higher total fat-free mass in boys (β = 0·49, P < 0·001) and girls (β = 0·47, P < 0·001) and with higher total fat mass only in boys (β = 0·12, P < 0·001) after adjustment for covariates. When taking fat distribution into consideration, SBP was associated with higher trunk fat mass (boys: β = 0·28, P < 0·001; girls: β = 0·15, P < 0·001) but negatively associated with leg fat mass (Boys: β = -0·14, P < 0·001; Girls: β = -0·11, P < 0·001), in both boys and girls. Dominance analysis showed that total fat-free mass was the dominant contributor to SBP (boys: 49 %; girls: 55·3 %), followed by trunk fat mass (boys: 32·1 %; girls: 26·9 %); leg fat mass contributed the least to SBP in boys (18·9 %) and girls (17·8 %). Our findings indicated that total fat-free mass was not only associated with SBP but also the most dominant contributor to SBP variation in American children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Moran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
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Xiao X, Li R, Cui B, Lv C, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Hui R, Wang Y. Liver ACSM3 deficiency mediates metabolic syndrome via a lauric acid-HNF4α-p38 MAPK axis. EMBO J 2024; 43:507-532. [PMID: 38191811 PMCID: PMC10897460 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome combines major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, making deeper insight into its pathogenesis important. We here explore the mechanistic basis of metabolic syndrome by recruiting an essential patient cohort and performing extensive gene expression profiling. The mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3 (ACSM3) was identified to be significantly lower expressed in the peripheral blood of metabolic syndrome patients. In line, hepatic ACSM3 expression was decreased in mice with metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, Acsm3 knockout mice showed glucose and lipid metabolic abnormalities, and hepatic accumulation of the ACSM3 fatty acid substrate lauric acid. Acsm3 depletion markedly decreased mitochondrial function and stimulated signaling via the p38 MAPK pathway cascade. Consistently, Acsm3 knockout mouse exhibited abnormal mitochondrial morphology, decreased ATP contents, and enhanced ROS levels in their livers. Mechanistically, Acsm3 deficiency, and lauric acid accumulation activated nuclear receptor Hnf4α-p38 MAPK signaling. In line, the p38 inhibitor Adezmapimod effectively rescued the Acsm3 depletion phenotype. Together, these findings show that disease-associated loss of ACSM3 facilitates mitochondrial dysfunction via a lauric acid-HNF4a-p38 MAPK axis, suggesting a novel therapeutic vulnerability in systemic metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Rizhao Port Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Goulet N, Marcoux C, Bourgon V, Morin R, Mauger JF, Amaratunga R, Imbeault P. Biological sex-related differences in the postprandial triglyceride response to intermittent hypoxaemia in young adults: a randomized crossover trial. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38285004 DOI: 10.1113/jp285430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea is characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxaemia and is independently associated with an increased risk of metabolic comorbidities (e.g. type II diabetes and ischaemic heart disease). These comorbidities could be attributable to hypoxaemia-induced alterations in blood lipid profiles. However, it remains unclear whether intermittent hypoxaemia alters triglyceridaemia differently between biological sexes. Therefore, we used a randomized crossover design to examine whether 6 h of moderate intermittent hypoxaemia (15 hypoxaemic cycles/h, 85% oxyhaemoglobin saturation) alters plasma triglyceride levels differently between men and women after a high-fat meal. Relative to men, women displayed lower levels of total triglycerides, in addition to denser triglyceride-rich lipoprotein triglycerides (TRL-TG; mainly very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides and chylomicron remnant triglycerides) and buoyant TRL-TG (mainly chylomicron triglycerides) during normoxia (ambient air) and intermittent hypoxaemia (sex × time: all P ≤ 0.008). Intermittent hypoxaemia led to higher triglyceride levels (condition: all P ≤ 0.016); however, this effect was observed only in men (sex × condition: all P ≤ 0.002). Compared with normoxia, glucose levels were higher in men and lower in women during intermittent hypoxaemia (sex × condition: P < 0.001). The different postprandial responses between biological sexes occurred despite similar reductions in mean oxyhaemoglobin saturation and similar elevations in insulin levels, non-esterified fatty acid levels and mean heart rate (sex × condition: all P ≥ 0.185). These results support growing evidence showing that intermittent hypoxaemia impacts men and women differently, and they might help to explain biological sex-related discrepancies in the rate of certain comorbidities associated with intermittent hypoxaemia. KEY POINTS: Intermittent hypoxaemia is a key characteristic of obstructive sleep apnoea and alters lipid metabolism in multiple tissues, resulting in increased circulating triglyceride levels, an important risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Circulating triglyceride levels are regulated differently between biological sexes, with women typically displaying much lower fasting and postprandial triglyceride levels than men, partly explaining why women of all ages experience lower mortality rates from cardiometabolic diseases. In this study, healthy young men and women consumed a high-fat meal and were then exposed to 6 h of intermittent hypoxaemia or ambient air. We show that postprandial triglyceride levels are significantly lower in women compared with men and that intermittent hypoxaemia leads to higher postprandial triglyceride levels in men only. These results might help us to understand better why women living with obstructive sleep apnoea experience lower rates of cardiometabolic diseases (e.g. type II diabetes and ischaemic heart disease) than men living with obstructive sleep apnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Goulet
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Marcoux
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vincent Bourgon
- Laboratoire du Sommeil, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Renée Morin
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-François Mauger
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruwan Amaratunga
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pascal Imbeault
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Rudolph TE, Roths M, Freestone AD, White-Springer SH, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. Heat stress alters hematological parameters in barrows and gilts. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae123. [PMID: 38706303 PMCID: PMC11141298 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the role biological sex plays in circulating factors following heat stress (HS). Barrows and gilts (36.8 ± 3.7 kg body weight) were kept in either thermoneutral (TN; 20.8 ± 1.6 °C; 62.0% ± 4.7% relative humidity; n = 8/sex) conditions or exposed to HS (39.4 ± 0.6 °C; 33.7% ± 6.3% relative humidity) for either 1 (HS1; n = 8/sex) or 7 (HS7; n = 8/sex) d. Circulating glucose decreased as a main effect of the environment (P = 0.03). Circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) had an environment × sex interaction (P < 0.01) as HS1 barrows had increased NEFA compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.01) and NEFA from HS7 gilts increased compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.02) and HS7 barrows (P = 0.04). Cortisol, insulin, glucagon, T3, and T4 were reduced as a main effect of environment (P ≤ 0.01). Creatinine was increased in HS1 and HS7 animals compared to TN (P ≤ 0.01), indicative of decreased glomerular filtration rate. White blood cell populations exhibited differential patterns based on sex and time. Neutrophils and lymphocytes had an environment × sex interaction (P ≤ 0.05) as circulating neutrophils were increased in HS1 barrows compared to TN and HS7 barrows, and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.01) and HS7 barrows had less neutrophils compared to TN barrows (P = 0.01), whereas they remained similar in gilts. In contrast, barrow lymphocyte numbers were similar between groups, but in HS7 gilts they were decreased compared to TN and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.04). In total, these data demonstrate that HS alters a host of circulating factors and that biological sex mediates, at least in part, the physiological response to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alyssa D Freestone
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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Scott JPR, Green DA, Weerts G, Cheuvront SN. Effects of body size and countermeasure exercise on estimates of life support resources during all-female crewed exploration missions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5950. [PMID: 37045858 PMCID: PMC10097614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing a methodology reported in a recent theoretical study on male astronauts, this study estimated the effects of body size and aerobic countermeasure (CM) exercise in a four-person, all-female crew composed of individuals drawn from a stature range (1.50- to 1.90-m) representative of current space agency requirements (which exist for stature, but not for body mass) upon total energy expenditure (TEE), oxygen (O2) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and metabolic heat (Hprod) production, and water requirements for hydration, during space exploration missions. Assuming geometric similarity across the stature range, estimates were derived using available female astronaut data (mean age: 40-years; BMI: 22.7-kg·m-2; resting VO2 and VO2max: 3.3- and 40.5-mL·kg-1·min-1) on 30- and 1080-day missions, without and with, ISS-like countermeasure exercise (modelled as 2 × 30-min aerobic exercise at 75% VO2max, 6-day·week-1). Where spaceflight-specific data/equations were not available, terrestrial equivalents were used. Body size alone increased 24-h TEE (+ 30%), O2 consumption (+ 60%), CO2 (+ 60%) and Hprod (+ 60%) production, and water requirements (+ 17%). With CM exercise, the increases were + 25-31%, + 29%, + 32%, + 38% and + 17-25% across the stature range. Compared to the previous study of theoretical male astronauts, the effect of body size on TEE was markedly less in females, and, at equivalent statures, all parameter estimates were lower for females, with relative differences ranging from -5% to -29%. When compared at the 50th percentile for stature for US females and males, these differences increased to - 11% to - 41% and translated to larger reductions in TEE, O2 and water requirements, and less CO2 and Hprod during 1080-day missions using CM exercise. Differences between female and male theoretical astronauts result from lower resting and exercising O2 requirements (based on available astronaut data) of female astronauts, who are lighter than male astronauts at equivalent statures and have lower relative VO2max values. These data, combined with the current move towards smaller diameter space habitat modules, point to a number of potential advantages of all-female crews during future human space exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P R Scott
- Institut Médecine Physiologie Spatiale (MEDES), Toulouse, France.
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.
| | - David A Green
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
- KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Weerts
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
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Xing Z, Xiao B, Hu X, Chai X. Relationship Between Regional Adiposity Distribution and Incident Heart Failure in General Populations without Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Med 2023; 136:277-283.e2. [PMID: 36495933 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with a high risk of heart failure. However, the contribution of regional fat distribution evaluated using bioimpedance analysis toward heart failure risk in the general population without cardiovascular disease has rarely been studied. METHODS This study included 483,316 participants without heart failure and cardiovascular disease from the UK Biobank study. The regional fat mass was determined by bioimpedance analysis and calculated by dividing the square of height in meters (kg/m2). This study evaluated the association of regional fat mass (arm fat index [AFI], trunk fat index [TFI], and leg fat index [LFI]) with the risk of incident heart failure and whether regional fat mass adds a further prognostic value for heart failure besides body mass index (BMI) in a large prospective cohort study. RESULTS During the median 12.1 years, 3134 incident heart failure cases occurred. After adjustment for BMI and other confounding factors, each 1-standard deviation increase in LFI was associated with a 21% lower heart failure risk even after adjusting for BMI and other confounding factors (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.85). However, we did not observe heart failure-associated risks with AFI and TFI (HR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09; HR 0.97, 95% CI, 0.91-1.04, respectively). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the protective role of LFI was more prominent in the elderly and female participants (P < .01). CONCLUSION Regional fat measurement other than BMI can improve heart failure risk stratification; leg fat plays a protective role, yet arm and trunk fat do not, in the general population without cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Xing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute
| | - Xinqun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangping Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute.
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10
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Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207052. [PMID: 36296646 PMCID: PMC9607181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variety of kinds of lipids, and complex structures which determine the diversity and complexity of their functions. With the basic characteristic of water insolubility, lipid molecules are independent of the genetic information composed by genes to proteins, which determine the particularity of lipids in the human body, with water as the basic environment and genes to proteins as the genetic system. In this review, we have summarized the current landscape on hormone regulation of lipid metabolism. After the well-studied PI3K-AKT pathway, insulin affects fat synthesis by controlling the activity and production of various transcription factors. New mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation are discussed, receptor α and β may mediate different procedures, the effect of thyroid hormone on mitochondria provides a new insight for hormones regulating lipid metabolism. Physiological concentration of adrenaline induces the expression of extrapituitary prolactin in adipose tissue macrophages, which promotes fat weight loss. Manipulation of hormonal action has the potential to offer a new therapeutic horizon for the global burden of obesity and its associated complications such as morbidity and mortality.
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11
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Diaz-Canestro C, Pentz B, Sehgal A, Yang R, Xu A, Montero D. Lean body mass and the cardiovascular system constitute a female-specific relationship. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo2641. [PMID: 36260693 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence points toward a link between lean body mass (LBM) and cardiovascular capacity in women. This study aimed at determining the sex-specific relationship of LBM with central and peripheral circulatory variables in healthy women and men (n=70) matched by age (60±12 years versus 58±15 years), physical activity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Regional (legs, arms, and trunk) and whole-body (total) body composition were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Cardiac structure, function, and central/peripheral hemodynamics were measured via transthoracic echocardiography and the volume-clamp method at rest and peak incremental exercise. Regression analyses determined sex-specific relationships between LBM and cardiovascular variables. Regional and total LBM were lower in women than men (P<0.001), with little overlap between sexes. Leg and arm LBM positively associated with left ventricular (LV) internal resting dimensions in women (r≥0.53, P≤0.002) but not men (P≥0.156). Leg, arm, and total LBM only associated with LV relaxation in women (r≥0.43, P≤0.013). All LBM variables strongly associated with LV volumes at peak exercise in women (r≥0.54, P≤0.001) but not men and negatively associated with total peripheral resistance at peak exercise in women (r≥0.43, P≤0.023). Adjustment by adiposity-related or cardiovascular risk factors did not alter results. In conclusion, leg and arm LBM independently associate with internal cardiac dimensions, ventricular relaxation, and systemic vascular resistance in a sex-specific manner, with these relationships exclusively present in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Diaz-Canestro
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 279, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Brandon Pentz
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arshia Sehgal
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - David Montero
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 279, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
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12
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Vasileva A, Marx T, Beaudry JL, Stern JH. Glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue does not regulate lipolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E389-E401. [PMID: 36002172 PMCID: PMC9576180 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological role of glucagon receptor signaling in the liver is well defined, the impact of glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling on white adipose tissue (WAT) continues to be debated. Although numerous studies propose that glucagon stimulates WAT lipolysis, we lack evidence that physiological concentrations of glucagon regulate WAT lipolysis. In turn, we performed studies in both wild-type and WAT Gcgr knockout mice to determine if glucagon regulates lipolysis at WAT in the mouse. We assessed the effects of fasting and acute exogenous glucagon administration in wild-type C57BL/6J and GcgrAdipocyte+/+ versus GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Using an ex vivo lipolysis protocol, we further examined the direct effects of glucagon on physiologically (fasted) and pharmacologically stimulated lipolysis. We found that adipocyte Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced lipolysis or hepatic lipid accumulation in lean or diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Acute glucagon administration did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin, or adiponectin concentration, but did increase serum glucose and FGF21, regardless of genotype. Glucagon did not affect ex vivo lipolysis in explants from either GcgrAdipocyte+/+ or GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced or isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis from WAT explants. Moreover, glucagon receptor signaling at WAT did not affect body weight or glucose homeostasis in lean or DIO mice. Our studies have established that physiological levels of glucagon do not regulate WAT lipolysis, either directly or indirectly. Given that glucagon receptor agonism can improve dyslipidemia and decrease hepatic lipid accumulation, it is critical to understand the tissue-specific effects of glucagon receptor action. Unlike the crucial role of hepatic glucagon receptor signaling in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis, we observed no metabolic consequence of WAT glucagon receptor deletion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has been postulated that glucagon stimulates lipolysis and fatty acid release from white adipose tissue. We observed no metabolic effects of eliminating or activating glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Vasileva
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tyler Marx
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer H Stern
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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13
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Wang YE, Kirschke CP, Woodhouse LR, Bonnel EL, Stephensen CB, Bennett BJ, Newman JW, Keim NL, Huang L. SNPs in apolipoproteins contribute to sex-dependent differences in blood lipids before and after a high-fat dietary challenge in healthy U.S. adults. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:95. [PMID: 36050800 PMCID: PMC9438272 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of genetic polymorphisms on fasting blood lipid levels have been widely studied but the effects of these within the context of a high-fat meal challenge remain less characterized. The current study aimed to investigate the association of SNPs in lipoprotein-related genes with blood lipid profiles in healthy adults in the U.S. Methods Subjects (n = 393) between 18–66 years of age with BMIs ranging from 18.5–45 kg/m2 were enrolled the cross-sectional Nutritional Phenotyping Study. Among them, 349 subjects (men: 48%; women: 52%) gave consent for genotyping. SNPs in APOA5, APOB, APOC3, APOE, and LDLR were assessed. The association between lipid markers and genotypes was tested separately for each SNP with analysis of variance (ANOVA), adjusted for sex, age, and BMI. We also examined two-factor interactions between SNPs and sex, age, or BMI. Results Women carrying the C allele of rs3135506 in APOA5 or men carrying the C allele of rs429358 in APOE had reduced HDL-cholesterol levels during fasting and postprandially. The C allele in APOE was also correlated to increased LDL-C levels. The TT genotype of rs2854116 in APOC3 was associated with elevated total cholesterol. Additive effect of the risk alleles of APOA5 and APOE or APOC3 and APOE was detected. Nevertheless, the tested SNPs had little impact on the postprandial triglyceride responses to the high-fat challenge meal. We found no significant effects of SNPs in APOB (rs1042034) or LDLR (rs2228671) on triglycerides, cholesterol, or free fatty acid levels. Conclusions In healthy adults, fasting and postprandial cholesterol levels are strongly correlated with the tested APOA5, APOE, and APOC3 genotypes. Sex contributes to the genetic impact of the tested SNPs on lipid profiles. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02367287. Registered February 20, 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02367287. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00592-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining E Wang
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Catherine P Kirschke
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Leslie R Woodhouse
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ellen L Bonnel
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John W Newman
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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14
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Effect of Prior Exercise on Postprandial Lipemia: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:501-518. [PMID: 36028221 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the results from current literature examining the effects of prior exercise on the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to evaluate current literature and provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods to quantify individual effect sizes. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of prior exercise on postprandial TG response. Two hundred and seventy-nine effects were retrieved from 165 studies for the total TG response and 142 effects from 87 studies for the incremental area under the curve TG response. There was a moderate effect of exercise on the total TG response (Cohen's d = -0.47; p < .0001). Moderator analysis revealed exercise energy expenditure significantly moderated the effect of prior exercise on the total TG response (p < .0001). Exercise modality (e.g., cardiovascular, resistance, combination of both cardiovascular and resistance, or standing), cardiovascular exercise type (e.g., continuous, interval, concurrent, or combined), and timing of exercise prior to meal administration significantly affected the total TG response (p < .001). Additionally, exercise had a moderate effect on the incremental area under the curve TG response (Cohen's d = -0.40; p < .0001). The current analysis reveals a more homogeneous data set than previously reported. The attenuation of postprandial TG appears largely dependent on exercise energy expenditure (∼2 MJ) and the timing of exercise. The effect of prior exercise on the postprandial TG response appears to be transient; therefore, exercise should be frequent to elicit an adaptation.
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15
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Palmer AK, Jensen MD. Metabolic changes in aging humans: current evidence and therapeutic strategies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158451. [PMID: 35968789 PMCID: PMC9374375 DOI: 10.1172/jci158451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and metabolism are inextricably linked, and many age-related changes in body composition, including increased central adiposity and sarcopenia, have underpinnings in fundamental aging processes. These age-related changes are further exacerbated by a sedentary lifestyle and can be in part prevented by maintenance of activity with aging. Here we explore the age-related changes seen in individual metabolic tissues - adipose, muscle, and liver - as well as globally in older adults. We also discuss the available evidence for therapeutic interventions such as caloric restriction, resistance training, and senolytic and senomorphic drugs to maintain healthy metabolism with aging, focusing on data from human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D. Jensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Lauritsen KM, Voigt JH, Pedersen SB, Hansen TK, Møller N, Jessen N, Gormsen LC, Søndergaard E. Effects of SGLT2 inhibition on lipid transport in adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210558. [PMID: 35234661 PMCID: PMC9066578 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SGLT2 inhibition induces an insulin-independent reduction in plasma glucose causing increased lipolysis and subsequent lipid oxidation by energy-consuming tissues. However, it is unknown whether SGLT2 inhibition also affects lipid storage in adipose tissue. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of SGLT2 inhibition on lipid storage and lipolysis in adipose tissue. We performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover design of 4 weeks of empagliflozin 25 mg and placebo once-daily in 13 individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Adipose tissue fatty acid uptake, lipolysis rate and clearance were measured by 11C-palmitate PET/CT. Adipose tissue glucose uptake was measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT. Protein and gene expression of pathways involved in lipid storage and lipolysis were measured in biopsies of abdominal s.c. adipose tissue. Subjects were weight stable, which allowed us to quantify the weight loss-independent effects of SGLT2 inhibition. We found that SGLT2 inhibition did not affect free fatty acids (FFA) uptake in abdominal s.c. adipose tissue but increased FFA uptake in visceral adipose tissue by 27% (P < 0.05). In addition, SGLT2 inhibition reduced GLUT4 protein (P = 0.03) and mRNA content (P = 0.01) in abdominal s.c. adipose tissue but without affecting glucose uptake. In addition, SGLT2 inhibition decreased the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling in adipose tissue. We conclude that SGLT2 inhibition reduces GLUT4 gene and protein expression in abdominal s.c. adipose tissue, which could indicate a rebalancing of substrate utilization away from glucose oxidation and lipid storage capacity through reduced glycerol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine M Lauritsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to E Søndergaard:
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17
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SantaCruz-Calvo S, Bharath L, Pugh G, SantaCruz-Calvo L, Lenin RR, Lutshumba J, Liu R, Bachstetter AD, Zhu B, Nikolajczyk BS. Adaptive immune cells shape obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and less prominent comorbidities. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:23-42. [PMID: 34703027 PMCID: PMC11005058 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasing in prevalence owing to decreases in physical activity levels and a shift to diets that include addictive and/or high-calorie foods. These changes are associated with the adoption of modern lifestyles and the presence of an obesogenic environment, which have resulted in alterations to metabolism, adaptive immunity and endocrine regulation. The size and quality of adipose tissue depots in obesity, including the adipose tissue immune compartment, are critical determinants of overall health. In obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation can occur in adipose tissue that can progress to systemic inflammation; this inflammation contributes to the development of insulin resistance, T2DM and other comorbidities. An improved understanding of adaptive immune cell dysregulation that occurs during obesity and its associated metabolic comorbidities, with an appreciation of sex differences, will be critical for repurposing or developing immunomodulatory therapies to treat obesity and/or T2DM-associated inflammation. This Review critically discusses how activation and metabolic reprogramming of lymphocytes, that is, T cells and B cells, triggers the onset, development and progression of obesity and T2DM. We also consider the role of immunity in under-appreciated comorbidities of obesity and/or T2DM, such as oral cavity inflammation, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Finally, we discuss previous clinical trials of anti-inflammatory medications in T2DM and consider the path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Leena Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Gabriella Pugh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lucia SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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18
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Asil S, Murat E, Taşkan H, Barış VÖ, Görmel S, Yaşar S, Çelik M, Yüksel UÇ, Kabul HK, Barçın C. Relationship between Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Neck Circumference Shown in the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) Risk Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10763. [PMID: 34682509 PMCID: PMC8535320 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most important way to reduce CVD-related mortality is to apply appropriate treatment according to the risk status of the patients. For this purpose, the SCORE risk model is used in Europe. In addition to these risk models, some anthropometric measurements are known to be associated with CVD risk and risk factors. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the association of these anthropometric measurements, especially neck circumference (NC), with the SCORE risk chart. METHODS This was planned as a cross-sectional study. The study population were classified according to their SCORE risk values. The relationship of NC and other anthropometric measurements with the total cardiovascular risk indicated by the SCORE risk was investigated. RESULTS A total of 232 patients were included in the study. The patients participating in the study were analysed in four groups according to the SCORE ten-year total cardiovascular mortality risk. As a result, the NC was statistically significantly lower among the SCORE low and moderate risk group than all other SCORE risk groups (low-high and very high 36(3)-38(4) (IQR) p: 0.026, 36(3)-39(4) (IQR) p < 0.001, 36(3)-40(4) (IQR) p < 0.001), (moderate-high and very high 38(4) vs. 39(4) (IQR) p: 0.02, 38(4) vs. 40(4) (IQR) p < 0.001, 39(4) vs. 40(4) (IQR) p > 0.05). NC was found to have the strongest correlation with SCORE than the other anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSIONS Neck circumference correlates strongly with the SCORE risk model which shows the ten-year cardiovascular mortality risk and can be used in clinical practice to predict CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Asil
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Ender Murat
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Hatice Taşkan
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Veysel Özgür Barış
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziantep Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, 27010 Gaziantep, Turkey;
| | - Suat Görmel
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Salim Yaşar
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Murat Çelik
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Uygar Çağdaş Yüksel
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Hasan Kutsi Kabul
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Cem Barçın
- Department of Cardiology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey; (E.M.); (H.T.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Ç.); (U.Ç.Y.); (H.K.K.); (C.B.)
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19
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Heo JW, Kim SE, Sung MK. Sex Differences in the Incidence of Obesity-Related Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031253. [PMID: 33513939 PMCID: PMC7865604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 9.6 million people estimated to have died of cancer in 2018. Excess body fat deposition is a risk factor for many types of cancer. Men and women exhibit differences in body fat distribution and energy homeostasis regulation. This systematic review aimed to understand why sex disparities in obesity are associated with sex differences in the incidence of gastrointestinal cancers. Cancers of the esophagus, liver, and colon are representative gastrointestinal cancers, and obesity is a convincing risk factor for their development. Numerous epidemiological studies have found sex differences in the incidence of esophageal, liver, and colorectal cancers. We suggest that these sexual disparities are partly explained by the availability of estrogens and other genetic factors regulating inflammation, cell growth, and apoptosis. Sex differences in gut microbiota composition may contribute to differences in the incidence and phenotype of colorectal cancer. To establish successful practices in personalized nutrition and medicine, one should be aware of the sex differences in the pathophysiology and associated mechanisms of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
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20
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Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:47-66. [PMID: 33173188 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, such as an increased cardiometabolic risk. Despite higher adiposity for a given BMI, premenopausal women are at lower risk of cardiometabolic disease than men of the same age. This cardiometabolic advantage in women seems to disappear after the menopause or when type 2 diabetes mellitus develops. Sexual dimorphism in substrate supply and utilization, deposition of excess lipids and mobilization of stored lipids in various key metabolic organs (such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the liver) are associated with differences in tissue-specific insulin sensitivity and cardiometabolic risk profiles between men and women. Moreover, lifestyle-related factors and epigenetic and genetic mechanisms seem to affect metabolic complications and disease risk in a sex-specific manner. This Review provides insight into sexual dimorphism in adipose tissue distribution, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver substrate metabolism and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in humans, as well as the underlying mechanisms, and addresses the effect of these sex differences on cardiometabolic health. Additionally, this Review highlights the implications of sexual dimorphism in the pathophysiology of obesity-related cardiometabolic risk for the development of sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Johan W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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21
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Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of the Aerophytic Cave Alga Coccomyxa subglobosa as a Source for Biodiesel Production. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13246494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic alga Coccomyxa subglobosa, collected from the Głowoniowa Nyża Cave (Tatra Mountains, Poland), is a source of fatty acids (FAs) that could be used for biodiesel production. FAs from subaerial algae have unlimited availability because of the ubiquity of algae in nature. Algal culture was carried out under laboratory conditions and algal biomass was measured during growth phase, resulting in 5 g of dry weight (32% oil). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile was analyzed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of lipids and chloroplasts in C. subglobosa was demonstrated using GC–MS and confocal laser microscopy. Naturally occurring FAMEs contained C12–C24 compounds, and methyl palmitate (28.5%) and methyl stearate (45%) were the predominant lipid species. Aerophytic algae could be an important component of biodiesel production, as they are omnipresent and environmentally friendly, contain more methyl esters than seaweed, and can be easily produced on a large scale.
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22
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Chen GC, Arthur R, Iyengar NM, Kamensky V, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Allison MA, Shadyab AH, Wild RA, Sun Y, Banack HR, Chai JC, Wactawski-Wende J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Dannenberg AJ, Rohan TE, Qi Q. Association between regional body fat and cardiovascular disease risk among postmenopausal women with normal body mass index. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:2849-2855. [PMID: 31256194 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Central adiposity is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, even among people with normal body mass index (BMI). We tested the hypothesis that regional body fat deposits (trunk or leg fat) are associated with altered risk of CVD among postmenopausal women with normal BMI. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 2683 postmenopausal women with normal BMI (18.5 to <25 kg/m2) who participated in the Women's Health Initiative and had no known CVD at baseline. Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Incident CVD events including coronary heart disease and stroke were ascertained through February 2017. During a median 17.9 years of follow-up, 291 incident CVD cases occurred. After adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical risk factors, neither whole-body fat mass nor fat percentage was associated with CVD risk. Higher percent trunk fat was associated with increased risk of CVD [highest vs. lowest quartile hazard ratio (HR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-2.74; P-trend <0.001], whereas higher percent leg fat was associated with decreased risk of CVD (highest vs. lowest quartile HR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.43-0.89; P-trend = 0.008). The association for trunk fat was attenuated yet remained significant after further adjustment for waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio. Higher percent trunk fat combined with lower percent leg fat was associated with particularly high risk of CVD (HR comparing extreme groups = 3.33, 95% CI 1.46-7.62). CONCLUSION Among postmenopausal women with normal BMI, both elevated trunk fat and reduced leg fat are associated with increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rhonda Arthur
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Neil M Iyengar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Kamensky
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xiaonan Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Wild
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 2466 AAT 800 SLYoung Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yangbo Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N Riverside Drive, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Hailey R Banack
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 401 Kimball Tower Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jin Choul Chai
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 401 Kimball Tower Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, USA
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Tam BT, Murphy J, Khor N, Morais JA, Santosa S. Acetyl-CoA Regulation, OXPHOS Integrity and Leptin Levels Are Different in Females With Childhood vs Adulthood Onset of Obesity. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa142. [PMID: 32808657 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although childhood-onset obesity (CO) and adulthood-onset obesity (AO) are known to lead to distinctive clinical manifestations and disease risks, the fundamental differences between them are largely unclear. The aim of the current study is to investigate the fundamental differences between subcutaneous adipose tissue from CO and AO and to identify metabolic differences between abdominal (abSAT) and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissues (feSAT). Total and regional body composition was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography. Levels of acetyl-CoA, NAD+/NADH, acetyl-CoA network genes, mitochondrial complex abundance, H3 acetylation were determined in biopsied abSAT and feSAT. Serum leptin and adiponectin were measured. Our results showed that acetyl-CoA was higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue from subjects with AO compared with CO. Multiple linear regression revealed that ATP citrate lyase was the only main effect affecting the level of acetyl-CoA. Circulating leptin concentrations was higher in AO. The increased level of acetyl-CoA was strongly associated with histone H3 acetylation, LEP expression in adipose tissue, and circulating leptin in AO. NAD+/NADH was higher in CO; however, abundance of mitochondrial complexes, the complex II:complex V ratio, and the complex IV:complex V ratio were lower in CO, reflecting compromised mitochondrial function in subcutaneous adipose tissue from CO. Moreover, we identified differences in the level of acetyl-CoA and NAD+/NADH ratio between abSAT and feSAT, suggesting that these fat depots may possess different metabolic properties. The fundamental difference in the important metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA between CO and AO may help us better understand the development of obesity and the pathogenesis of different obesity-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn T Tam
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Metabolism, Obesity, Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Murphy
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Metabolism, Obesity, Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Khor
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Metabolism, Obesity, Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jose A Morais
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvia Santosa
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Metabolism, Obesity, Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Chen Y, Zheng X, Ma D, Zheng S, Han Y, Su W, Liu W, Xiao F, Lin M, Yan X, Zhao T, Liu C. Neck circumference is a good predictor for insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2020; 115:753-760. [PMID: 32917381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of neck circumference (NC) in assessing insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING University-affiliated hospital. PATIENT(S) One hundred forty-three women with PCOS were recruited from November 2018 to February 2020. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The associations of NC with IR and the cutoff points of NC for IR. RESULT(S) The prevalence rates of IR were 64.3%. The patients with PCOS with IR had significantly greater values of systolic blood pressure, NC, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Pearson correlation analysis showed body mass index (log-transformed), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and HOMA-IR (log-transformed) were positively correlated with NC. Multivariable linear regression showed that NC was significantly associated with HOMA-IR (log-transformed), with the standardized regression coefficient of 0.330 with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analyses showed NC was associated significantly with increased risk of IR, with the adjusted odds ratio of 1.423. Additionally, NC was able to identify IR in women with PCOS; the optimal cut-off points was 34.3 cm (Youden index = 0.586). CONCLUSION(S) Neck circumference is positively associated with IR in women with PCOS. We suggest NC as a novel, simple, practical, and reliable anthropometric measure to be used to predict the risk of IR in patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China; Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyan Ma
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Silan Zheng
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Han
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China; Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China; Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangsen Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China; Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China; Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongjin Zhao
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China; The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Xiamen Clinical Medical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Çubuk C, Can FE, Peña-Chilet M, Dopazo J. Mechanistic Models of Signaling Pathways Reveal the Drug Action Mechanisms behind Gender-Specific Gene Expression for Cancer Treatments. Cells 2020; 9:E1579. [PMID: 32610626 PMCID: PMC7408716 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of differences in gene expression across numerous genes between males and females having been known for a long time, these have been mostly ignored in many studies, including drug development and its therapeutic use. In fact, the consequences of such differences over the disease mechanisms or the drug action mechanisms are completely unknown. Here we applied mechanistic mathematical models of signaling activity to reveal the ultimate functional consequences that gender-specific gene expression activities have over cell functionality and fate. Moreover, we also used the mechanistic modeling framework to simulate the drug interventions and unravel how drug action mechanisms are affected by gender-specific differential gene expression. Interestingly, some cancers have many biological processes significantly affected by these gender-specific differences (e.g., bladder or head and neck carcinomas), while others (e.g., glioblastoma or rectum cancer) are almost insensitive to them. We found that many of these gender-specific differences affect cancer-specific pathways or in physiological signaling pathways, also involved in cancer origin and development. Finally, mechanistic models have the potential to be used for finding alternative therapeutic interventions on the pathways targeted by the drug, which lead to similar results compensating the downstream consequences of gender-specific differences in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cankut Çubuk
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.Ç.); (F.E.C.); (M.P.-C.)
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Fatma E. Can
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.Ç.); (F.E.C.); (M.P.-C.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 Balatçık, Turkey
| | - María Peña-Chilet
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.Ç.); (F.E.C.); (M.P.-C.)
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.Ç.); (F.E.C.); (M.P.-C.)
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- FPS-ELIXIR-ES, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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26
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Abstract
Regional adipose tissue distribution differs between men and women. Differences in the accumulation of adipose tissue as well as the regulation of secretion of a number of products from adipose tissue are under the control of sex steroids, which act through a wide variety of mechanisms, both direct and indirect, to tailor metabolism to the unique needs of each sex. A fuller understanding of sex-based differences in adipose tissue function may help with tailored strategies for disease prevention and treatment and provide insights into fundamental differences in the processes that regulate nutrient homeostasis and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gavin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12348 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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27
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Fappi A, Mittendorfer B. Different physiological mechanisms underlie an adverse cardiovascular disease risk profile in men and women. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:210-218. [PMID: 31340878 PMCID: PMC7583670 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665119001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CVD affect about one-third of the population and are the leading cause of mortality. The prevalence of CVD is closely linked to the prevalence of obesity because obesity is commonly associated with metabolic abnormalities that are important risk factors for CVD, including insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type-2 diabetes, atherosclerotic dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Women have a more beneficial traditional CVD risk profile (lower fasting plasma glucose, less atherogenic lipid profile) and a lower absolute risk for CVD than men. However, the relative risk for CVD associated with hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia is several-fold higher in women than in men. The reasons for the sex differences in CVD risk associated with metabolic abnormalities are unclear but could be related to differences in the mechanisms that cause hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia in men and women, which could influence the pathogenic processes involved in CVD. In the present paper, we review the influence of a person's sex on key aspects of metabolism involved in the cardiometabolic disease process, including insulin action on endogenous glucose production, tissue glucose disposal, and adipose tissue lipolysis, insulin secretion and insulin plasma clearance, postprandial glucose, fatty acid, and triglyceride kinetics, hepatic lipid metabolism and myocardial substrate use. We conclude that there are marked differences in many aspects of metabolism in men and women that are not all attributable to differences in the sex hormone milieu. The mechanisms responsible for these differences and the clinical implications of these observations are unclear and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fappi
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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28
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Pearson RC, Olenick AA, Green ES, Jenkins NT. Acute exercise effects on postprandial fat oxidation: meta-analysis and systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1081-1091. [PMID: 32208104 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize and evaluate current literature examining the effects of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation, as well as to provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. Fifty-six effects from 26 studies were retrieved. There was a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation (Cohen's d = 0.58 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.78)). Moderator analysis revealed that sex, age, weight status, training status, exercise type, exercise intensity, timing of exercise, and composition of the meal challenge significantly affected the impact of prior exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The moderator analysis also indicated that most previous studies have investigated the impact of prior moderate-intensity endurance exercise on postprandial fat oxidation in young, healthy, lean men. Suggested priorities for future research in this area include (i) an examination of sex differences in and/or female-specific aspects of postprandial metabolism; (ii) a comprehensive evaluation of exercise modalities, intensities, and durations; and (iii) a wider variety of test meal compositions, especially those with higher fat content. Novelty A systematic review of the impact of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation was performed using meta-analytic methods. Analysis revealed a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The presented data support a need for future studies to investigate sex differences and to include comprehensive evaluations of exercise modalities, intensities, and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis C Pearson
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alyssa A Olenick
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Edward S Green
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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29
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Associations of Serum Carotenoids with DXA-Derived Body Fat and Fat Distribution in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 120:985-1001. [PMID: 32146125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most previous studies have examined the associations between carotenoids and anthropometrics with cross-sectional designs. Few studies have investigated the associations between serum carotenoids and fat mass and fat distribution (general vs central type). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the associations of serum carotenoids with body fat and fat distribution in Chinese adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of a prospective, community-based cohort were performed. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING There were 4,048 participants aged 40 to 75 years recruited in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study from 2008 to 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum carotenoids were assessed at baseline. Anthropometrics, fat mass (FM), and percentage FM (%FM) over the total body, trunk, limbs, and android and gynoid regions were obtained by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for 3,002 participants between 2011 and 2013 and for 2,537 participants after 3.1 years. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed to compare the mean differences in adiposity indices among the quartiles of carotenoids. RESULTS Covariance analyses showed significant inverse associations between serum total carotenoid levels and adiposity indices cross-sectionally (all P trends<0.05). The percentage mean differences in quartile 4 (vs 1) in FM and %FM were much more pronounced in the trunk (-15.4% and -7.74%) and android area (-16.6% and -8.59%) than those in the limbs (-8.31% and -4.51%) and gynoid area (-7.76% and -2.71%) (all P<0.001). Longitudinal results revealed that higher total carotenoids were associated with significantly lower 3-year increases in body mass index (calculated as kg/m2); waist circumference; waist-to-hip ratio; body FM in the limbs and android and gynoid area; and %FM in total body, trunk, and limbs (all P trends<0.05). Regarding individual carotenoids, β-carotene tended to have the most notable beneficial associations with the majority of fat indices, especially for cross-sectional analyses. CONCLUSIONS Serum carotenoid concentrations are inversely associated with body fat, especially in the abdominal region, in Chinese adults.
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30
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Takai Y, Nakatani M, Aoki T, Komori D, Oyamada K, Murata K, Fujita E, Akamine T, Urita Y, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H. Profile of regional fat and fat-free soft tissue accumulation in male athletes. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:5. [PMID: 32143706 PMCID: PMC7059667 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether or not the breakpoint (BP), at which the proportion of each of fat mass (FM) and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM) to body mass (BM) alter, exists in male athletes. We examined the hypothesis that in male athletes, the regional FM and FFSTM-BM relationships have a BP, but the body mass at BP (BMBP) differs among the arms, trunk, and legs. Methods By using a dual X-ray absorptiometry, whole-body and regional FMs and FFSTMs in the arms, trunk, and legs were estimated in 198 male athletes (20.8 ± 2.1 years; 1.73 ± 0.07 m; 72.7 ± 14.8 kg). To detect the BP in the relationship between each of FM and FFSTM and BM, a piecewise linear regression analysis was used. If a BP was detected in the corresponding relationship, the significant difference between the regression slopes above and below the BP was examined. Results The regression analysis indicated that the BMBP existed in the FM- and FFSTM-BM relationships regardless of region and whole body. For the whole body, BMBP was 81.8 kg for FM and 82.2 kg for FFSTM. In regional FM-BM relationships, BMBP was 80.5 kg for arms, 82.6 kg for trunk, and 63.3 kg for legs, and the regression slopes above the BMBP became higher than those below the BP, and vice versa in regional FFSTM-BM relationships (BMBP 104.6 kg for arms, 80.9 kg for trunk, and 79.0 kg for legs). The relative differences in the slopes between below and above BMBP in the regional FM-BM relationships were higher in the arms and trunk than in the legs, and those in the regional FFSTM-BM relationships in the legs than in the trunk. Conclusion Whole-body and regional FM- and FFSTM-BM relationships for male athletes have breakpoints at which the proportion of the tissue masses to BM alters. The BMBP and differences in the distribution of regional FM and FFSTM around the breakpoint are region specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Nakatani
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Toru Aoki
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Daisuke Komori
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oyamada
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Kensuke Murata
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Eiji Fujita
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Takuya Akamine
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Urita
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamamoto
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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31
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Allman BR, Morrissey MC, Kim JS, Panton LB, Contreras RJ, Hickner RC, Ormsbee MJ. Lipolysis and Fat Oxidation Are Not Altered with Presleep Compared with Daytime Casein Protein Intake in Resistance-Trained Women. J Nutr 2020; 150:47-54. [PMID: 31504693 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no studies have directly compared the differences between presleep and daytime protein (PRO) consumption on localized and systemic fat metabolism in active women. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of presleep compared with daytime PRO supplementation on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) lipolysis and whole-body substrate utilization in women. METHODS Thirteen young (mean ± SE age: 22 ± 1 y; BMI: 24.3 ± 0.8 kg/m2), resistance-trained [1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat percentage of body weight: 135% ± 6%; 1RM bench press percentage of body weight: 82% ± 4%] women volunteered. On overnight experimental visits, participants performed full-body resistance exercise (RE; 65% 1RM) and were randomly assigned to consume either daytime PRO (PRO, 30 g casein) 30 min post-RE and presleep (30 min before bed) noncaloric, sensory-matched placebo (PLA, 0 g casein) (PRO-PLA), or the opposite (PLA-PRO), switching the order of the supplements on the following visit. SCAAT lipolysis, resting metabolism (indirect calorimetry), and plasma biomarkers (glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, glycerol) were measured at baseline, overnight, and the next morning. RESULTS There were no differences in overnight SCAAT lipolysis between conditions indicated by interstitial glycerol concentrations (PRO-PLA: baseline, 669 ± 137; next morning, 321 ± 77.1; PLA-PRO: baseline, 524 ± 109; next morning, 333 ± 68.0 μM), fat oxidation (PRO-PLA: baseline, 5.70 ± 0.35; next morning, 5.00 ± 0.28; PLA-PRO: baseline, 6.59 ± 0.32; next morning, 5.44 ± 0.27 g/min), or any other measure. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference between the effects of daytime and presleep PRO supplementation on SCAAT lipolysis or whole-body substrate utilization in resistance-trained women. Presleep PRO is a viable option for increasing PRO consumption in resistance-trained women because it does not blunt overnight lipolysis, and will therefore likely not lead to increases in subcutaneous abdominal fat.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03573687.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Allman
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Margaret C Morrissey
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jeong-Su Kim
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Successful Longevity, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lynn B Panton
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Successful Longevity, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Contreras
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Successful Longevity, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Successful Longevity, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Influence of Body Composition on Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Adults: Healthy UAL Cross-Sectional Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070334. [PMID: 31277306 PMCID: PMC6681323 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Several anthropometric and body composition parameters have been linked to arterial stiffness (AS) as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about which of these closely related factors is more strongly associated with AS. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship of different anthropometric and body composition parameters with AS in middle-aged adults. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 186 middle-aged participants (85 women, 101 men; age = 42.8 ± 12.6 years) evaluated as part of the Healthy UAL study, a population study conducted at the University of Almería with the main purpose of analyzing the etiology and risk factors associated with cardio-metabolic diseases. Anthropometric measures included neck, waist, and hip circumferences, as well as the waist-to-height ratio (WHtr). Bioimpedance-derived parameters included fat-free mass index (FFMI), fat mass index (FMI), and percent of body fat (%BF). AS was measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV). The relationships of interest were examined through stepwise regression analyses in which age and sex were also introduced as potential confounders. Results: Neck circumference (in the anthropometric model; R2: 0.889; β: age = 0.855, neck = 0.204) and FFMI (in the bio-impedance model; R2: 0.891; β: age = 0.906, FFMI = 0.199) emerged as significant cross-sectional predictors of AS. When all parameters were included together (both anthropometry and bio-impedance), both neck circumference and FFMI appeared again as being significantly associated with AS (R2: 0.894; β: age = 0.882, FFMI = 0.126, neck = 0.093). Conclusion: It was concluded that FFMI and neck circumference are correlated with AS regardless of potential confounders and other anthropometric and bioimpedance-derived parameters in middle-aged adults.
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Bernasochi GB, Bell JR, Simpson ER, Delbridge LM, Boon WC. Impact of Estrogens on the Regulation of White, Beige, and Brown Adipose Tissue Depots. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:457-475. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kaviani S, Taylor CM, Stevenson JL, Cooper JA, Paton CM. A 7-day high-PUFA diet reduces angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 8 responses and postprandial triglyceride levels in healthy females but not males: a randomized control trial. BMC Nutr 2019; 5:1. [PMID: 32153916 PMCID: PMC7050740 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-018-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial effects on hypertriglyceridemia although their effect on angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs), specifically ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8 is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a high-PUFA diet improves postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels through reducing ANGPTL responses following high saturated fat (SFA) meals. METHODS Twenty-six adults were randomized into a PUFA diet (n = 16) or a control diet group (n = 10). Participants completed a pre-diet visit (v1) where they were given two SFA-rich, high-fat meals. Blood draws were taken at fasting and every 2 h postprandially for a total of 8 h. After v1, participants completed a 7d diet of the same macronutrient proportions (50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, 15% protein) but with different fatty acid (FA) compositions (PUFA = 21% of total energy from PUFAs vs. Control = 7% of total energy from PUFA). All participants then completed the post-diet visit (v2) identical to v1. RESULTS In the PUFA group, females, but not males, reduced TG concentrations (Area under the curve (AUC): 141.2 ± 18.7 vs. 80.7 ± 6.5 mg/dL/h, p = 0.01, for v1 vs. v2, respectively). Fasting and postprandial AUC levels of ANGPTL3 and 8, but not ANGPTL4, also decreased from v1 to v2 in PUFA females, but not males. No changes from v1 to v2 were seen in either sex in the control group. CONCLUSIONS A PUFA-rich diet improves TG levels in response to high-SFA meals with reductions in ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8. PUFAs may be more protective against hypertriglyceridemia in females, compared to males since no diet effect was observed in males. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02246933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Kaviani
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Caroline M. Taylor
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | | | - Jamie A. Cooper
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Chad M. Paton
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Saneei P, Shahdadian F, Moradi S, Ghavami A, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH. Neck circumference in relation to glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:50. [PMID: 31289463 PMCID: PMC6593610 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that neck circumference (NC) is a supplemental screening measure for diagnosing metabolic complications and might be associated with glycemic parameters. The aim of the present study was to to evaluate the association between NC and glycemic parameters. METHODS We systematically searched the electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google scholar) up to April 2018. Observational studies that reported correlation coefficient between NC and glycemic parameters were included in the analysis. A random effects model was used to estimate overall Fisher's Z and 95% confidence interval of glycemic parameters including fasting plasma glucose (FBG), serum fasting insulin level, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). RESULTS A total of 21 studies (44,031 participants) were eligible for including in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Significant correlations were found between NC and FBG (Fisher's Z = 0.18; 95% CI 0.16, 0.21), serum fasting insulin level (Fisher's Z = 0.34; 95% CI 0.26, 0.41), HOMA-IR (Fisher's Z = 0.36; 95% CI 0.29, 0.43) and HbA1c (Fisher's Z = 0.14; 95% CI 0.09, 0.20). Meta-regression analysis showed that NC were marginally associated with FBG in a linear manner (β = 0.008, P = 0.09); but not related to serum fasting insulin level, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies showed that NC was positively correlated with glycemic parameters including FBG, serum fasting insulin level, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c. Further investigations with prospective design are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvane Saneei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Shahdadian
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Students’ Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Students’ Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chan Z, Chooi YC, Ding C, Choo J, Sadananthan SA, Michael N, Velan SS, Leow MK, Magkos F. Sex Differences in Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Asians Who Are Nonobese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:127-136. [PMID: 30252100 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of diabetes is increasing throughout Asia, even in the absence of obesity, and is lower in women than in men. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sex differences in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in Asians who are nonobese. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore. PARTICIPANTS Healthy Asian men (n = 32; body mass index, 21.8 ± 1.5 kg/m2; age, 42 ± 14 years) and women (n = 28; body mass index, 21.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2; age, 41 ± 13 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Insulin sensitivity (insulin-mediated glucose uptake normalized for steady-state insulin; hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), postprandial glucose, insulin and fatty acid concentrations, insulin secretion (mixed meal tolerance test with mathematical modeling), insulin clearance, body composition and fat distribution (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, MRI, and spectroscopy), cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake; graded exercise test), and handgrip strength (dynamometry). RESULTS Women had more total body fat but less visceral fat than men; liver and muscle lipid contents were not different. Maximal oxygen uptake and handgrip strength were lower in women than men. The postprandial glucose concentrations were ~8% lower, the insulin-mediated glucose uptake was ~16% greater, and the meal-induced suppression of fatty acid concentrations was significantly greater in women than in men (P < 0.05 for all). However, muscle insulin sensitivity was not different between the sexes. No differences were found in postprandial insulin secretion and clearance rates; however, the steady-state insulin clearance was ~17% lower in women. CONCLUSIONS Asian women who are nonobese are more insulin-sensitive than men at the level of adipose tissue but not skeletal muscle. Therefore, sex differences in glucose tolerance are likely the result of sexual dimorphism in hepatic insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Chan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yu Chung Chooi
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Cherlyn Ding
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - John Choo
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Section for Obesity Research, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Piché ME, Vasan SK, Hodson L, Karpe F. Relevance of human fat distribution on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:285-292. [PMID: 29994839 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Upper body abdominal and lower body gluteofemoral fat depot masses display opposing associations with plasma lipid and lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles. We review developments on adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism in the context of body fat distribution and how that might be related to adverse lipid and lipoprotein profiles and CVD risk. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have confirmed the paradoxical relationship of upper abdominal and lower body gluteofemoral adiposity and CVD risk. Mechanistically, this is likely to reflect the different ways fat depots handle lipid storage and release, which impacts directly and indirectly on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The upper body enhances immediate fat storage pathway with rapid uptake of dietary-derived fatty acids, whereas the lower body fat depot has a reduced lipid turnover accommodating a slower fat redistribution. Body fat distribution and the fat depots' ability to undergo appropriate expansion when fat storage is required, rather than overall body fatness, appear as the important determinant of metabolic health. SUMMARY A focus on fat distribution in overweight people, preferably using precise imaging methods, rather than quantifying total body fatness, is likely to provide the medical community with better tools to stratify and treat patients with obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Piché
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Canada
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
| | - Senthil K Vasan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zhu L, Shi J, Luu TN, Neuman JC, Trefts E, Yu S, Palmisano BT, Wasserman DH, Linton MF, Stafford JM. Hepatocyte estrogen receptor alpha mediates estrogen action to promote reverse cholesterol transport during Western-type diet feeding. Mol Metab 2017; 8:106-116. [PMID: 29331506 PMCID: PMC5985047 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocyte deletion of estrogen receptor alpha (LKO-ERα) worsens fatty liver, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed female mice. However, whether or not hepatocyte ERα regulates reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in mice has not yet been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS Using LKO-ERα mice and wild-type (WT) littermates fed a Western-type diet, we found that deletion of hepatocyte ERα impaired in vivo RCT measured by the removal of 3H-cholesterol from macrophages to the liver, and subsequently to feces, in female mice but not in male mice. Deletion of hepatocyte ERα decreased the capacity of isolated HDL to efflux cholesterol from macrophages and reduced the ability of isolated hepatocytes to accept cholesterol from HDL ex vivo in both sexes. However, only in female mice, LKO-ERα increased serum cholesterol levels and increased HDL particle sizes. Deletion of hepatocyte ERα increased adiposity and worsened insulin resistance to a greater degree in female than male mice. All of the changes lead to a 5.6-fold increase in the size of early atherosclerotic lesions in female LKO-ERα mice compared to WT controls. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen signaling through hepatocyte ERα plays an important role in RCT and is protective against lipid retention in the artery wall during early stages of atherosclerosis in female mice fed a Western-type diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, USA
| | - Jeanne Shi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, USA; Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, USA
| | - Thao N Luu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, USA
| | | | - Elijah Trefts
- Department of Molecular, Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Sophia Yu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, USA
| | - Brian T Palmisano
- Department of Molecular, Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular, Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, USA
| | - John M Stafford
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, USA; Department of Molecular, Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, USA.
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. Sex differences in postprandial lipaemia after acute high-intensity interval running in young people. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1673-1681. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1409610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Laura A. Barrett
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Appropriate neck circumference cut-off points for metabolic syndrome in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:517-523. [PMID: 29102773 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between neck circumference (NC), overweight, and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 264 diabetic patients (mean age: 52.9±8.1 years) were recruited from two centers in Istanbul to perform anthropometric measurements, including waist and hip circumference, NC, and body mass index. Blood pressure, fasting glucose, and lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels) were determined. RESULTS NC correlated with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and triglycerides in men, whereas NC only correlated with waist circumference in women. Additionally, NC was shown to negatively correlate with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in both men and women. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve for NC and overweight was 0.95 for both men and women (P<0.001). Moreover, a NC of 38cm for men and 37cm for women was the best cut-off point for determining overweight. The area under the curve for NC and MS was 0.87 for men and 0.83 for women (P<0.001). A NC of 39cm for men and 37cm for women was the best cut-off point to determine participants with MS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a positive correlation of NC with MetS in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes, and could be a useful and accurate tool to identify MS.
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Gheller BJF, Riddle ES, Lem MR, Thalacker-Mercer AE. Understanding Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Differences Between Females and Males. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 36:129-56. [PMID: 27431365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ system in the human body. As such, metabolic dysfunction occurring in skeletal muscle impacts whole-body nutrient homeostasis. Macronutrient metabolism changes within the skeletal muscle with aging, and these changes are associated in part with age-related skeletal muscle remodeling. Moreover, age-related changes in skeletal muscle metabolism are affected differentially between males and females and are likely driven by changes in sex hormones. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors impact observed age-related changes and sex-related differences in skeletal muscle metabolism. Despite some support for sex-specific differences in skeletal muscle metabolism with aging, more research is necessary to identify underlying differences in mechanisms. Understanding sex-specific aging skeletal muscle will assist with the development of therapies to attenuate adverse metabolic and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J F Gheller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Emily S Riddle
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Melinda R Lem
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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Kowalski GM, Kraakman MJ, Mason SA, Murphy AJ, Bruce CR. Resolution of glucose intolerance in long-term high-fat, high-sucrose-fed mice. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:269-279. [PMID: 28360081 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFSD)-fed C57Bl/6 mouse is a widely used model of prediabetes. However, studies typically implement a relatively short dietary intervention lasting between 4 and 16 weeks; as a result, little is known about how a long-term HFSD influences the metabolic profile of these mice. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to examine the effects of consuming a HFSD for 42 weeks on the development of hyperinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance in male C57Bl/6 mice. Two cohorts of HFSD mice were studied at independent institutes and they underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with measures of plasma insulin and free fatty acids (FFA). Age-matched chow-fed control mice were also studied. The HFSD-fed mice were hyperinsulinaemic and grossly obese, being over 25 g heavier than chow-fed mice, which was due to a marked expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue. This was associated with a 3-fold increase in liver lipid content. Glucose tolerance, however, was either the same or better than control mice due to the preservation of glucose disposal as revealed by a dynamic stable isotope-labelled OGTT. In addition, plasma FFAs were suppressed to lower levels in HFSD mice during the OGTT. In conclusion, we have made the paradoxical observation that long-term HFSD feeding results in the resolution of glucose intolerance in the C57Bl/6 mouse. Mechanistically, we propose that the gross expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue increases the glucose disposal capacity of the HFSD-fed mouse, which overcomes the prevailing insulin resistance to improve glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and NutritionSchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology LaboratoryBaker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and NutritionSchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology LaboratoryBaker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and NutritionSchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Pereira MJ, Skrtic S, Katsogiannos P, Abrahamsson N, Sidibeh CO, Dahgam S, Månsson M, Risérus U, Kullberg J, Eriksson JW. Impaired adipose tissue lipid storage, but not altered lipolysis, contributes to elevated levels of NEFA in type 2 diabetes. Degree of hyperglycemia and adiposity are important factors. Metabolism 2016; 65:1768-1780. [PMID: 27832864 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) mediate many adverse metabolic effects. In this work we aim to determine the impact of type 2 diabetes (T2D), glycemic control and obesity on lipolysis regulation. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS 20 control and 20 metformin-treated T2D subjects were matched for sex (10M/10 F), age (58±11 vs 58±9 y) and BMI (30.8±4.6 vs 30.7±4.9kg/m2). In vivo lipolysis was assessed during a 3h-OGTT with plasma glycerol and NEFA levels. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsies were obtained to measure mRNA and metabolite levels of factors related to lipolysis and lipid storage and to assess in vitro lipolysis in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes. RESULTS Plasma NEFA AUC during the OGTT where higher 30% (P=0.005) in T2D than in control subjects, but plasma glycerol AUC and subcutaneous adipocyte lipolysis in vitro were similar, suggesting that adipose tissue lipolysis is not altered. Expression in SAT of genes involved in lipid storage (FABP4, DGAT1, FASN) were reduced in T2D subjects compared with controls, but no differences were seen for genes involved in lipolysis. T2D subjects had elevated markers of beta-oxidation, α-hydroxybutyrate (1.4-fold, P<0.01) and β-hydroxybutyrate (1.7-fold, P<0.05) in plasma. In multivariate analysis, HbA1c, visceral adipose tissue volume and sex (male) were significantly associated with NEFA AUC in T2D subjects. CONCLUSIONS In T2D subjects, NEFA turnover is impaired, but not due to defects in lipolysis or lipid beta-oxidation. Impaired adipose NEFA re-esterification or de novo lipogenesis is likely to contribute to higher NEFA plasma levels in T2D. The data suggest that hyperglycemia and adiposity are important contributing factors for the regulation of plasma NEFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Cherno O Sidibeh
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ulf Risérus
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Coelho HJ, Sampaio RAC, Gonçalvez IDO, Aguiar SDS, Palmeira R, Oliveira JFD, Asano RY, Sampaio PYS, Uchida MC. Cutoffs and cardiovascular risk factors associated with neck circumference among community-dwelling elderly adults: a cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2016; 134:519-527. [PMID: 28076630 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0160110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In elderly people, measurement of several anthropometric parameters may present complications. Although neck circumference measurements seem to avoid these issues, the cutoffs and cardiovascular risk factors associated with this parameter among elderly people remain unknown. This study was developed to identify the cutoff values and cardiovascular risk factors associated with neck circumference measurements among elderly people. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in two community centers for elderly people. METHODS: 435 elderly adults (371 women and 64 men) were recruited. These volunteers underwent morphological evaluations (body mass index and waist, hip, and neck circumferences) and hemodynamic evaluations (blood pressure values and heart rate). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to determine the predictive validity of cutoff values for neck circumference, for identifying overweight/obesity. Multivariate analysis was used to identify cardiovascular risk factors associated with large neck circumference. RESULTS: Cutoff values for neck circumference (men = 40.5 cm and women = 35.7 cm), for detection of obese older adults according to body mass index, were identified. After a second analysis, large neck circumference was shown to be associated with elevated body mass index in men; and elevated body mass index, blood pressure values, prevalence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in women. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that neck circumference can be used as a screening tool to identify overweight/obesity in older people. Moreover, large neck circumference values may be associated with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio José Coelho
- MSc. Physical Educator and Doctoral Student, Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas (SP), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aurélio Carvalho Sampaio
- MSc. Physical Educator and Doctoral Student, Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas (SP), Brazil
| | - Ivan de Oliveira Gonçalvez
- MSc. Physical Educator and Doctoral Stu-dent, Health Sciences Center, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes (SP), Brazil
| | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Physical Educator and Master's degree Student, School of Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Brasília (DF), Brazil
| | - Rafael Palmeira
- MSc. Physical Educator and Doctoral Stu-dent, Health Sciences Center, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes (SP), Brazil
| | - José Fernando de Oliveira
- PhD. Physical Educator and Adjunct Professor, School of Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Brasília (DF), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yukio Asano
- PhD. Physical Educator and Postdoctoral Student, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Priscila Yukari Sewo Sampaio
- PhD. Occupational Therapist and Researcher, Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas (SP), Brazil
| | - Marco Carlos Uchida
- PhD. Physical Educator and Head, Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas (SP), Brazil
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Hatch-Stein JA, Kelly A, Gidding SS, Zemel BS, Magge SN. Sex differences in the associations of visceral adiposity, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and body mass index with lipoprotein subclass analysis in obese adolescents. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:757-766. [PMID: 27578105 PMCID: PMC5008239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship of lipoprotein particle subclasses to visceral adipose tissue area (VAT-area) in obese children has not been examined previously. OBJECTIVES The study aims were to compare the relationships of VAT-area, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body mass index (BMI) with lipids and lipoprotein subclasses in obese adolescents and to determine whether these relationships vary by sex. METHODS This cross-sectional study of obese adolescents (BMI ≥ 95th percentile), aged 12 to 18 years, measured VAT-area by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BMI, fasting lipids, lipoprotein subclasses, and HOMA-IR. Linear regression models evaluated the associations of VAT-area, HOMA-IR, and BMI with lipid cardiometabolic risk factors. Sex-stratified analyses further explored these associations. RESULTS Included were 127 adolescents (age = 14.4 ± 1.5 years; 53.5% female; 88.2% African-American), mean BMI = 34.0 ± 5.1 kg/m(2). VAT-area was negatively associated with low-density lipoprotein particle (LDL-P) size (β = -0.28, P = .0001), high-density lipoprotein particle (HDL-P) size (β = -0.33, P < .0001), and large HDL-P concentration (β = -0.29, P < .0001) and positively associated with small LDL-P concentration (β = 0.23, P = .0005) and small HDL-P concentration (β = 0.25, P = .05). When VAT-area, HOMA-IR, and BMI associations were compared, VAT-area had the strongest associations with most of the lipoprotein subclasses. After sex stratification, the associations of VAT-area with HDL cholesterol, LDL-P size, and large LDL-P concentration were significant only for females (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of largely African-American obese adolescents, VAT-area was associated with a more atherogenic lipoprotein subclass profile. When compared with HOMA-IR and BMI, VAT-area had the strongest associations with most lipoprotein subclasses. The relationships between VAT-area and certain lipoprotein subclasses are significantly different in males vs females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn A Hatch-Stein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Andrea Kelly
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel S Gidding
- Nemours Cardiac Center, A. I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheela N Magge
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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Chu A, Boutcher YN, Boutcher SH. Effect of acute interval sprinting exercise on postprandial lipemia of sedentary young men. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:9-14. [PMID: 27298807 PMCID: PMC4899899 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.03.20.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Postprandial lipemia (PPL) contributesto the development of atherosclerosis. In females, repeated 8-second bouts of interval sprinting exercise reduced PPL, however, the effect of 8-second bouts of interval sprinting on PPL of overweight males is undetermined. Thus, the effect of 8-secondsof interval sprinting for 20 min, the night before ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM), on plasma triacylglycerol(TG) levelswas examined. [Methods] Ten overweight males acted as participants (BMI = 26±3.0kg/m2, age 22 ± 2.5 years). A crossover design was employed withinterval sprinting and a noexercise condition separated by 7days. Participants consumed a milkshake (high-fat meal;HFM = 4170 kJ/993 Kcal) the morning after an overnight fast, followed by 4 hourly blood samples. Participants performedone bout of interval sprinting (8seconds sprinting at 110-115rpm, 12seconds active recovery at ~60rpm for 20 minutes) the evening before the consumption of the HFM. [Results] Postprandial TG was 22.5% lower in the interval sprinting compared to the noexercise condition when comparing the change in total area under the curve (ΔAUCT): ISE(7.15±1.90mmolL-1h-1) versus noexercise (9.22±3.44mmolL-1h-1), p=.014. The correlation between fasting TG levels in the noexercise condition and total reduction in AUCT between the conditions was significant (r=.87, p=.001). [Conclusion] One 20-min bout of interval sprinting,the night before consumption of a HFM,significantly attenuated the PPL response of sedentary males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Chu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Yati N Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
| | - Stephen H Boutcher
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia
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Baena CP, Lotufo PA, Fonseca MG, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Benseñor IM. Neck Circumference Is Independently Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: Cross-Sectional Analysis from ELSA-Brasil. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:145-53. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina P. Baena
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Lotufo
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Itamar S. Santos
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C. Goulart
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela M.J. Benseñor
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Comitato R, Saba A, Turrini A, Arganini C, Virgili F. Sex hormones and macronutrient metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:227-41. [PMID: 24915409 PMCID: PMC4151815 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.651177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The biological differences between males and females are determined by a different set of genes and by a different reactivity to environmental stimuli, including the diet, in general. These differences are further emphasized and driven by the exposure to a different hormone flux throughout the life. These differences have not been taken into appropriate consideration by the scientific community. Nutritional sciences are not immune from this “bias” and when nutritional needs are concerned, females are considered only when pregnant, lactating or when their hormonal profile is returning back to “normal,” i.e., to the male-like profile. The authors highlight some of the most evident differences in aspects of biology that are associated with nutrition. This review presents and describes available data addressing differences and similarities of the “reference man” vs. the “reference woman” in term of metabolic activity and nutritional needs. According to this assumption, available evidences of sex-associated differences of specific biochemical pathways involved in substrate metabolism are reported and discussed. The modulation by sexual hormones affecting glucose, amino acid and protein metabolism and the metabolization of nutritional fats and the distribution of fat depots, is considered targeting a tentative starting up background for a gender concerned nutritional science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Comitato
- a National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN) , Rome , Italy
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49
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Allensworth-James ML, Odle A, Haney A, Childs G. Sex Differences in Somatotrope Dependency on Leptin Receptors in Young Mice: Ablation of LEPR Causes Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency and Abdominal Obesity in Males. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3253-64. [PMID: 26168341 PMCID: PMC4541611 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leptin receptor (LEPR) signaling controls appetite and energy expenditure. Somatotrope-specific deletion of the LEPRb signaling isoform causes GH deficiency and obesity. The present study selectively ablated Lepr exon 1 in somatotropes, which removes the signal peptide, causing the loss of all isoforms of LEPR. Excision of Lepr exon 1 was restricted to the pituitary, and mutant somatotropes failed to respond to leptin. Young (2-3 mo) males showed a severe 84% reduction in serum GH levels and more than 60% reduction in immunolabeled GH cells compared with 41%-42% reductions in GH and GH cells in mutant females. Mutant males (35 d) and females (45 d) weighed less than controls and males had lower lean body mass. Image analysis of adipose tissue by magnetic resonance imaging showed that young males had a 2-fold increase in abdominal fat mass and increased adipose tissue density. Young females had only an overall increase in adipose tissue. Both males and females showed lower energy expenditure and higher respiratory quotient, indicating preferential carbohydrate burning. Young mutant males slept less and were more restless during the dark phase, whereas the opposite was true of females. The effects of a Cre-bearing sire on his non-Cre-recombinase bearing progeny are seen by increased respiratory quotient and reduced litter sizes. These studies elucidate clear sex differences in the extent to which somatotropes are dependent on all isoforms of LEPR. These results, which were not seen with the ablation of Lepr exon 17, highlight the severe consequences of ablation of LEPR in male somatotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody L Allensworth-James
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72212
| | - Angela Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72212
| | - Anessa Haney
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72212
| | - Gwen Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72212
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50
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Maliqueo M, Echiburú B, Crisosto N. Perinatal androgen exposure and adipose tissue programming: is there an impact on body weight fate? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:533-544. [PMID: 30298761 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1077695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major concern in public health because it is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The fact that there is a clear sex dimorphism in normal body fat distribution points out the role of sex steroids as key factors in the regulation and function of the adipose cell. Androgens affect adipogenesis and fat metabolism in the adipose tissue of males and females. Hormonal disorders during pregnancy may affect the fetal tissues, with long-term implications leading to the development of pathologies during adult life. Obesity and metabolic disease are among these. In this regard, animal models have demonstrated an abnormal fat distribution and modifications in the size and function of adipose cells in the female and male offspring of mothers exposed to androgen excess during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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