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Jin S, Chen P, Yang J, Li D, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xia Q, Li Y, Chen G, Li Y, Tong Y, Yu W, Fan X, Lin H. Phocaeicola vulgatus alleviates diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression by downregulating histone acetylation level via 3-HPAA. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2309683. [PMID: 38312099 PMCID: PMC10854360 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2309683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with limited effective interventions available. A novel approach to address this issue is through gut microbiota-based therapy. In our study, we utilized multi-omics analysis to identify Phocaeicola vulgatus (P. vulgatus) as a potential probiotic for the treatment of MASLD. Our findings from murine models clearly illustrate that the supplementation of P. vulgatus mitigates the development of MASLD. This beneficial effect is partly attributed to the metabolite 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA) produced by P. vulgatus, which reduces the acetylation levels of H3K27 and downregulates the transcription of Squalene Epoxidase (SQLE), a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis that promotes lipid accumulation in liver cells. This study underscores the significant role of P. vulgatus in the development of MASLD and the critical importance of its metabolite 3-HPAA in regulating lipid homeostasis. These findings offer a promising avenue for early intervention therapy in the context of MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxi Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Duguang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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de Jong LM, Zhang Z, den Hartog Y, Sijsenaar TJP, Martins Cardoso R, Manson ML, Hankemeier T, Lindenburg PW, Salvatori DCF, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. PRMT3 inhibitor SGC707 reduces triglyceride levels and induces pruritus in Western-type diet-fed LDL receptor knockout mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:483. [PMID: 35013582 PMCID: PMC8748717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) is a co-activator of liver X receptor capable of selectively modulating hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Here we investigated whether pharmacological PRMT3 inhibition can diminish the hepatic steatosis extent and lower plasma lipid levels and atherosclerosis susceptibility. Hereto, male hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed an atherogenic Western-type diet and injected 3 times per week intraperitoneally with PRMT3 inhibitor SGC707 or solvent control. Three weeks into the study, SGC707-treated mice developed severe pruritus and scratching-associated skin lesions, leading to early study termination. SGC707-treated mice exhibited 50% lower liver triglyceride stores as well as 32% lower plasma triglyceride levels. Atherosclerotic lesions were virtually absent in all experimental mice. Plasma metabolite analysis revealed that levels of taurine-conjugated bile acids were ~ threefold increased (P < 0.001) in response to SGC707 treatment, which was paralleled by systemically higher bile acid receptor TGR5 signalling. In conclusion, we have shown that SGC707 treatment reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma triglyceride levels and induces pruritus in Western-type diet-fed LDL receptor knockout mice. These findings suggest that pharmacological PRMT3 inhibition can serve as therapeutic approach to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis, when unwanted effects on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism can be effectively tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M de Jong
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette den Hartog
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy J P Sijsenaar
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renata Martins Cardoso
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W Lindenburg
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Research Group Metabolomics, Leiden Center for Applied Bioscience, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Yao H, Deng S, Gao T, Shang L, Chen X, Cui X, Zeng J. Peroxisomal β-oxidation stimulates cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver in diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101572. [PMID: 35007532 PMCID: PMC8819034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diabetes normally causes an elevation of cholesterol biosynthesis and induces hypercholesterolemia in animals and human, the mechanism linking diabetes to the dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver is not fully understood. As liver peroxisomal β-oxidation is induced in the diabetic state and peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids generates free acetate, we hypothesized that peroxisomal β-oxidation might play a role in liver cholesterol biosynthesis in diabetes. Here, we used erucic acid, a specific substrate for peroxisomal β-oxidation, and 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid, a specific inhibitor for peroxisomal β-oxidation, to specifically induce and suppress peroxisomal β-oxidation. Our results suggested that induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation increased liver cholesterol biosynthesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We found that excessive oxidation of fatty acids by peroxisomes generated considerable free acetate in the liver, which was used as a precursor for cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, we show that specific inhibition of peroxisomal β-oxidation decreased cholesterol biosynthesis by reducing acetate formation in the liver in diabetic mice, demonstrating a crosstalk between peroxisomal β-oxidation and cholesterol biosynthesis. Based on these results, we propose that induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation serves as a mechanism for a fatty acid-induced upregulation in cholesterol biosynthesis and also plays a role in diabetes-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yaoqing Wang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Haoya Yao
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Senwen Deng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Gao
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Shang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cui
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China.
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4
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Liu S, Weng R, Gu X, Li L, Zhong Z. Association between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Southern China: A case-control study. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24061. [PMID: 34664321 PMCID: PMC8649370 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the conclusions of studies are inconsistent in different regions. The present study aims to investigate the role of ApoE genotypes on NAFLD in southern China. METHODS A total of 1064 subjects including 372 NAFLD patients and 692 controls who attended Meizhou People's Hospital located in southern China from March 1, 2016 to April 30, 2020 were enrolled in this study. The ApoE genotypes were detected and the laboratory parameters were examined. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between NAFLD patients and controls in the prevalence of ε3/ε3 (p < 0.001) and ε3/ε4 (p = 0.004). NAFLD patients presented higher frequency of ε4 allele than controls (p = 0.013). Logistic regression analysis suggested that ε3/ε3 was an independent risk factor (OR: 1.435, 95% CI: 1.084-1.891, p = 0.010), while ε3/ε4 was an independent protective factor (OR: 0.578, 95% CI: 0.404-0.828, p = 0.003) for development of NAFLD. In addition, allele ε4 showed a protective effect on NAFLD with an adjusted OR of 0.588 (95% CI: 0.420-0.824, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Our results suggested that ApoE genotype was associated with the development of NAFLD in the population of southern China. Individuals carrying ε3/ε3 were at higher risk of NAFLD, while those carrying ε3/ε4 were at lower risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudong Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China
| | - Ruiqiang Weng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China
| | - Lihai Li
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China.,Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
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5
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Zhang X, Gao T, Deng S, Shang L, Chen X, Chen K, Li P, Cui X, Zeng J. Fasting induces hepatic lipid accumulation by stimulating peroxisomal dicarboxylic acid oxidation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100622. [PMID: 33811861 PMCID: PMC8102918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting induces lipid accumulation in the liver, while the mechanisms by which fasting dysregulates liver fatty acid oxidation are not clear. Fatty acid ω-oxidation is induced in the fasting state, and administration of dicarboxylic acids to fasting animals decreases plasma ketone bodies. We hypothesized that endogenous dicarboxylic acids might play a role in controlling mitochondrial β-oxidation in fasting animals. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist and an inhibitor for peroxisomal β-oxidation were administered to the fasting rats to investigate the role of dicarboxylic acids in liver fatty acid oxidation and lipid homeostasis. We observed that excessive β-oxidation of endogenous dicarboxylic acids by peroxisomes generated considerable levels of succinate in the liver. Excessive succinate oxidation subsequently increased the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio and led to an accumulation of 3-OH-CoA and 2-enoyl-CoA intermediates in the liver. This further induced feedback suppression of mitochondrial β-oxidation and promoted hepatic lipid deposition and steatosis. Specific inhibition of peroxisomal β-oxidation attenuated fasting-induced lipid deposition in the liver by reducing succinate production and enhancing mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We conclude that suppression of mitochondrial β-oxidation by oxidation of dicarboxylic acids serves as a mechanism for fasting-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and identifies cross talk between peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ting Gao
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Senwen Deng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lin Shang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Cui
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zeng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, P. R. China.
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6
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Wang X, Guo M, Wang Q, Wang Q, Zuo S, Zhang X, Tong H, Chen J, Wang H, Chen X, Guo J, Su X, Liang H, Zhou H, Li JZ. The Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain Containing Protein 7 Facilitates VLDL Secretion by Modulating ApoE Stability. Hepatology 2020; 72:1569-1585. [PMID: 32103509 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The regulation of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion is vital for lipid metabolism whose pathogenetic status is involved in fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia seen in hepatic steatosis. Accumulated evidence suggest that apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is closely related to hepatic VLDL secretion. Here, we report that the expression of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 7 (PNPLA7) is strongly induced by hepatic steatosis and positively correlates with plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in the human subjects, whereas the role of PNPLA7 in hepatic VLDL secretion is unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Herein, with genetic manipulation in the mice, the deficiency of hepatic PNPLA7 expression resulted in reduced VLDL secretion accompanied by enhanced hepatic lipid accumulation and decreased hepatic ApoE expression. Furthermore, knockdown of PNPLA7 in the livers of the db/db mice also resulted in significant reduction in plasma TAG level but aggravated hepatic steatosis. Importantly, we observed that PNPLA7 interacted with ApoE and presumably at the site of endoplasmic reticulum. Mechanistically, we have shown that PNPLA7 could modulate polyubiquitination and proteasomal-mediated degradation of ApoE. Overexpressed ApoE restored the impaired VLDL-TAG metabolism in PNPLA7-knockdown primary hepatocytes. CONCLUSION PNPLA7 plays a critical role in regulating hepatic VLDL secretion by modulating ApoE stability through its interaction with ApoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shasha Zuo
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- The Sate Key laboratory of Membrane Biology, Center for Life Science and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- The Sate Key laboratory of Membrane Biology, Center for Life Science and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyuan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - John Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Current and Emerging Reconstituted HDL-apoA-I and HDL-apoE Approaches to Treat Atherosclerosis. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8040034. [PMID: 30282955 PMCID: PMC6313318 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis affects millions of people worldwide. However, the wide variety of limitations in the current therapeutic options leaves much to be desired in future lipid-lowering therapies. For example, although statins, which are the first-line treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD), reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in a large percentage of patients, they lead to optimal levels of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in only about one-third of patients. A new promising research direction against atherosclerosis aims to improve lipoprotein metabolism. Novel therapeutic approaches are being developed to increase the levels of functional high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. This review aims to highlight the atheroprotective potential of the in vitro synthesized reconstituted HDL particles containing apolipoprotein E (apoE) as their sole apolipoprotein component (rHDL-apoE). For this purpose, we provide: (1) a summary of the atheroprotective properties of native plasma HDL and its apolipoprotein components, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoE; (2) an overview of the anti-atherogenic functions of rHDL-apoA-I and apoA-I-containing HDL, i.e., natural HDL isolated from transgenic Apoa1−/− × Apoe−/− mice overexpressing human apoA-I (HDL-apoA-I); and (3) the latest developments and therapeutic potential of HDL-apoE and rHDL-apoE. Novel rHDL formulations containing apoE could possibly present enhanced biological functions, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy against atherosclerosis.
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8
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White EJ, Gyulay G, Lhoták Š, Szewczyk MM, Chong T, Fuller MT, Dadoo O, Fox-Robichaud AE, Austin RC, Trigatti BL, Igdoura SA. Sialidase down-regulation reduces non-HDL cholesterol, inhibits leukocyte transmigration, and attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14689-14706. [PMID: 30097518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease that involves alterations in lipoprotein metabolism and inflammation. Protein and lipid glycosylation events, such as sialylation, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and are regulated by specific glycosidases, including sialidases. To evaluate the effect of the sialidase neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) on atherogenesis, here we generated apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice that express hypomorphic levels of NEU1 (Neu1hypoApoe-/-). We found that the hypomorphic NEU1 expression in male Apoe-/- mice reduces serum levels of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL cholesterol, diminishes infiltration of inflammatory cells into lesions, and decreases aortic sinus atherosclerosis. Transplantation of Apoe-/- bone marrow (BM) into Neu1hypoApoe-/- mice significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion development and had no effect on serum lipoprotein levels. Moreover, Neu1hypoApoe-/- mice exhibited a reduction in circulating monocyte and neutrophil levels and had reduced hyaluronic acid and P-selectin adhesion capability on monocytes/neutrophils and T cells. Consistent with these findings, administration of a sialidase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid, had a significant anti-atherogenic effect in the Apoe-/- mice. In summary, the reduction in NEU1 expression or function decreases atherosclerosis in mice via its significant effects on lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes. We conclude that NEU1 may represent a promising target for managing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Šárka Lhoták
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark T Fuller
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 and
| | - Omid Dadoo
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 and
| | - Alison E Fox-Robichaud
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 and
| | - Richard C Austin
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare and Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 and
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 and
| | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- From the Departments of Biology, .,Pathology and Molecular Medicine, and
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9
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Liu SH, Chiu CY, Shi CM, Chiang MT. Functional Comparison of High and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan on Lipid Metabolism and Signals in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080251. [PMID: 30060615 PMCID: PMC6117729 DOI: 10.3390/md16080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined and compared the effects of low- and high-molecular weight (MW) chitosan, a nutraceutical, on lipid metabolism in the intestine and liver of high-fat (HF) diet-fed rats. High-MW chitosan as well as low-MW chitosan decreased liver weight, elongated the small intestine, improved the dysregulation of blood lipids and liver fat accumulation, and increased fecal lipid excretion in rats fed with HF diets. Supplementation of both high- and low-MW chitosan markedly inhibited the suppressed phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) protein expressions, and the increased lipogenesis/cholesterogenesis-associated protein expressions [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and -2 (SREBP1c and SREBP2)] and the suppressed apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) protein expressions in the livers of rats fed with HF diets. Supplementation with both a low- and high-MW chitosan could also suppress the increased MTTP protein expression and the decreased angiopoietin-like protein-4 (Angptl4) expression in the intestines of rats fed with HF diets. In comparison between low- and high-MW chitosan, high-MW chitosan exhibits a higher efficiency than low-MW chitosan on the inhibition of intestinal lipid absorption and an increase of hepatic fatty acid oxidation, which can improve liver lipid biosynthesis and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ming Shi
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
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10
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Lian J, Bahitham W, Panigrahi R, Nelson R, Li L, Watts R, Thiesen A, Lemieux MJ, Lehner R. Genetic variation in human carboxylesterase CES1 confers resistance to hepatic steatosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:688-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Lysek-Gladysinska M, Wieczorek A, Walaszczyk A, Jelonek K, Jozwik A, Pietrowska M, Dörr W, Gabrys D, Widlak P. Long-term effects of low-dose mouse liver irradiation involve ultrastructural and biochemical changes in hepatocytes that depend on lipid metabolism. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2018; 57:123-132. [PMID: 29470638 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-018-0734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate long-term effects of radiation on the (ultra)structure and function of the liver in mice. The experiments were conducted on wild-type C57BL/6J and apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE-/-) male mice which received a single dose (2 or 8 Gy) of X-rays to the heart with simultaneous exposure of liver to low doses (no more than 30 and 120 mGy, respectively). Livers were collected for analysis 60 weeks after irradiation and used for morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies. The results show increased damage to mitochondrial ultrastructure and lipid deposition in hepatocytes of irradiated animals as compared to non-irradiated controls. Stronger radiation-related effects were noted in ApoE-/- mice than wild-type animals. In contrast, radiation-related changes in the activity of lysosomal hydrolases, including acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase, β-galactosidase, and α-glucosidase, were observed in wild type but not in ApoE-deficient mice, which together with ultrastructural picture suggests a higher activity of autophagy in ApoE-proficient animals. Irradiation caused a reduction of plasma markers of liver damage in wild-type mice, while an increased level of hepatic lipase was observed in plasma of ApoE-deficient mice, which collectively indicates a higher resistance of hepatocytes from ApoE-proficient animals to radiation-mediated damage. In conclusion, liver dysfunctions were observed as late effects of irradiation with an apparent association with malfunction of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Lysek-Gladysinska
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, University of Jan Kochanowski, Swietokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Anna Wieczorek
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, University of Jan Kochanowski, Swietokrzyska 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Walaszczyk
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karol Jelonek
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Artur Jozwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Dörr
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ATRAB, Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorota Gabrys
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
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12
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Kanimozhi V, Palanivel K, Akbarsha MA, Kadalmani B. Molecular mechanisms of tributyltin-induced alterations in cholesterol homeostasis and steroidogenesis in hamster testis: In vivo and in vitro studies. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4021-4037. [PMID: 29231996 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltins (TBT) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants that disturb normal endocrine function including gonadal function in humans and marine organisms. TBT was administered through oral route to male Syrian hamsters at daily doses of 50, 100, and 150 ppm/kg for 65 days. Changes in testis morphology, immunohistochemistry of iNOS, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD, cholesterol transport receptor, nuclear receptors, and transcription factors were analyzed. TBT treatment affected each of these parameters to significant levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle treated control. Real-time PCR and protein analyses revealed that expression levels of ApoE and LDL-R mRNA were up-regulated in the testis of TBT-treated animals while the expression levels of SR-B1, LXR, PPARs α, β, and γ, SCAP, SREBP 1 and 2, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, CYP17A1, and P450SCC were down-regulated. Leydig cells were isolated and separated adopting percoll gradient centrifugation under aseptic condition. The viability of Leydig cell was affected by TBT treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, the mechanism of action of TBT was ascertained by siRNA transfection of ApoE, which was upregulated, and SREBP, which was down-regulated. These observations led us to infer that exposure to TBT hinders intracellular cholesterol transport resulting in abnormal sex steroid biosynthesis and alteration of steroidogenic enzyme activities. Finally, we could recognize ApoE and SREBP as the major factors regulating genes that control cholesterol biosynthesis and steroidogenesis that ultimately inhibit the synthesis of testosterone. Therefore, ApoE is one of the important molecular targets that can be intercepted in context of male infertility/male contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerasamy Kanimozhi
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Kandasamy Palanivel
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Mohammad A Akbarsha
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India.,National Centre for Alternatives to Animal Experiments (NCAAE), Former Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Centre (MGDC), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Balamuthu Kadalmani
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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13
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Daytime restricted feeding modifies the daily regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation and the lipoprotein profile in rats. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:930-941. [PMID: 28482939 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Daytime restricted feeding (2 h of food access from 12.00 to 14.00 hours for 3 weeks) is an experimental protocol that modifies the relationship between metabolic networks and the circadian molecular clock. The precise anatomical locus that controls the biochemical and physiological adaptations to optimise nutrient use is unknown. We explored the changes in liver oxidative lipid handling, such as β-oxidation and its regulation, as well as adaptations in the lipoprotein profile. It was found that daytime restricted feeding promoted an elevation of circulating ketone bodies before mealtime, an altered hepatic daily rhythmicity of 14CO2 production from radioactive palmitic acid, and an up-regulation of the fatty acid oxidation activators, the α-subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the deacetylase silent mating type information regulation homolog 1, and the transcriptional factor PPARγ-1α coactivator. An increased localisation of phosphorylated α-subunit of AMPK in the periportal hepatocytes was also observed. Liver hepatic lipase C, important for lipoprotein transformation, showed a change of daily phase with a peak at the time of food access. In serum, there was an increase of LDL, which was responsible for a net elevation of circulating cholesterol. We conclude that our results indicate an enhanced fasting response in the liver during daily synchronisation to food access, which involves altered metabolic and cellular control of fatty acid oxidation as well a significant elevation of serum LDL. These adaptations could be part of the metabolic input that underlies the expression of the food-entrained oscillator.
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14
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Takacs CN, Andreo U, Belote RL, Pulupa J, Scull MA, Gleason CE, Rice CM, Simon SM. Green fluorescent protein-tagged apolipoprotein E: A useful marker for the study of hepatic lipoprotein egress. Traffic 2017; 18:192-204. [PMID: 28035714 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a component of very-low-density and high-density lipoproteins, participates in many aspects of lipid transport in the bloodstream. Underscoring its important functions, ApoE isoforms have been associated with metabolic and circulatory disease. ApoE is also incorporated into hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles, and promotes their production and infectivity. Live cell imaging analysis of ApoE behavior during secretion from producing cells thus has the potential to reveal important details regarding lipoprotein and HCV particle biogenesis and secretion from cells. However, this approach requires expression of fluorescently tagged ApoE constructs that need to faithfully reproduce known ApoE behaviors. Herein, we evaluate the usefulness of using an ApoE-GFP fusion protein in studying hepatocyte-derived, ApoE-containing lipoproteins and HCV particles. We show that while ApoE-GFP alone is not sufficient to support infectious HCV production, it nonetheless colocalizes intracellularly and associates with secreted untagged lipoprotein components. Furthermore, its rate of secretion from hepatic cells is indistinguishable from that of untagged ApoE. ApoE-GFP thus represents a useful marker for ApoE-containing hepatic lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N Takacs
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.,Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, and Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Ursula Andreo
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, and Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Rachel L Belote
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Joan Pulupa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Margaret A Scull
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, and Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Caroline E Gleason
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, and Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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15
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Alharbi KK, Syed R, Alharbi FK, Khan IA. Association of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism with Impact on Overweight University Pupils. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:53-57. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Khalaf Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawiziah Khalaf Alharbi
- Department of Biology Science, College of Science and Arts, Al-Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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16
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Acetoacetic acid induces oxidative stress to inhibit the assembly of very low density lipoprotein in bovine hepatocytes. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:442-446. [PMID: 27692001 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029916000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows with fatty liver or ketosis exhibit hyperketonemia, oxidative stress, and a low rate of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly, and there may be a potential link among these characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of acetoacetic acid (AcAc) on the assembly of VLDL in cow hepatocytes. Cultured cow hepatocytes were treated with different concentrations of AcAc with or without N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antioxidant). AcAc treatment decreased the mRNA expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicative of oxidative stress. Furthermore, AcAc treatment significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which thus decreased VLDL assembly and increased triglyceride (TG) accumulation in these bovine hepatocytes. Importantly, NAC relieved AcAc-induced oxidative stress and increased VLDL assembly. In summary, these results suggest that AcAc-induced oxidative stress affects the assembly of VLDL, which increases TG accumulation in bovine hepatocytes.
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17
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Walsh MT, Hussain MM. Targeting microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and lipoprotein assembly to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 54:26-48. [PMID: 27690713 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1221883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a polygenic disease arising from defects in the clearance of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which results in extremely elevated plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased risk of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and premature death. Conventional lipid-lowering therapies, such as statins and ezetimibe, are ineffective at lowering plasma cholesterol to safe levels in these patients. Other therapeutic options, such as LDL apheresis and liver transplantation, are inconvenient, costly, and not readily available. Recently, lomitapide was approved by the Federal Drug Administration as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of HoFH. Lomitapide inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), reduces lipoprotein assembly and secretion, and lowers plasma cholesterol levels by over 50%. Here, we explain the steps involved in lipoprotein assembly, summarize the role of MTP in lipoprotein assembly, explore the clinical and molecular basis of HoFH, and review pre-clinical studies and clinical trials with lomitapide and other MTP inhibitors for the treatment of HoFH. In addition, ongoing research and new approaches underway for better treatment modalities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Walsh
- a School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,b Department of Cell Biology , State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- b Department of Cell Biology , State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,d VA New York Harbor Healthcare System , Brooklyn , NY , USA , and.,e Winthrop University Hospital , Mineola , NY , USA
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18
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Fang R, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Tong X, Li K, Bai H, Li X, Ben J, Zhang H, Yang Q, Chen Q. Miltefosine Suppresses Hepatic Steatosis by Activating AMPK Signal Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163667. [PMID: 27681040 PMCID: PMC5040442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It has been accepted that AMPK (Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) activation exhibits many beneficial effects on glucolipid metabolism. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is an important lysophospholipid which can improve blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and attenuate inflammation by activating AMPK signal pathway in macrophages. Synthetic alkylphospholipids (ALPs), such as miltefosine, is used as an alternate of LPC for the clinical application. Here, we investigated whether miltefosine could have an impact on hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorders. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to generate an obese model. Next, the obese mice were randomly divided into three groups: saline-treated and miltefosine-treated (2.5 or 5 mg/kg/d) groups. Miltefosine was intraperitoneally administrated into mice for additional 4 weeks plus HFD treatment. KEY RESULTS It was shown that miltefosine treatment could substantially improve glucose metabolism, prevented hepatic lipid accumulation, and inhibited liver inflammation in HFD-fed mice by activating AMPK signal pathway. In vitro, miltefosine stimulated AMPKα phosphorylation both in time and dose dependent manner and decreased lipid accumulation in liver cells. When a specific AMPK inhibitor compound C was used to treat mice, the antagonistic effects of miltefosine on HFD-induced mouse hyperlipidaemia and liver steatosis were abolished. Treatment with miltefosine also dramatically inhibited the HFD-induced liver inflammation in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Here we demonstrated that miltefosine might be a new activator of AMPK signal pathway in vivo and in vitro and be useful for treatment of hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Fang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Tong
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kexue Li
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Bai
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang H, Fan J, Zhang F, Yu M, Shi L, Yang L, Lam SM, Wang H, Chen X, Wang Y, Gao F, Shui G, Xu Z. Mea6 controls VLDL transport through the coordinated regulation of COPII assembly. Cell Res 2016; 26:787-804. [PMID: 27311593 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation, which may be caused by the disturbance in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion in the liver, can lead to fatty liver disease. VLDL is synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to Golgi apparatus for secretion into plasma. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for VLDL transport is still poorly understood. Here we show that hepatocyte-specific deletion of meningioma-expressed antigen 6 (Mea6)/cutaneous T cell lymphoma-associated antigen 5C (cTAGE5C) leads to severe fatty liver and hypolipemia in mice. Quantitative lipidomic and proteomic analyses indicate that Mea6/cTAGE5 deletion impairs the secretion of different types of lipids and proteins, including VLDL, from the liver. Moreover, we demonstrate that Mea6/cTAGE5 interacts with components of the ER coat protein complex II (COPII) which, when depleted, also cause lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Our findings not only reveal several novel factors that regulate lipid transport, but also provide evidence that Mea6 plays a critical role in lipid transportation through the coordinated regulation of the COPII machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junwan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mei Yu
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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20
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Roberts JL, He B, Erickson A, Moreau R. Improvement of mTORC1-driven overproduction of apoB-containing triacylglyceride-rich lipoproteins by short-chain fatty acids, 4-phenylbutyric acid and (R)-α-lipoic acid, in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:166-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y, Ali F. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a review of initiators and protective factors. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:1-10. [PMID: 26750181 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term comprising of a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. These diseases are the largest cause of morbidity and premature death worldwide. Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (stroke) are the most frequently occurring diseases. The two major initiators involved in the development of atherosclerotic CVD are vascular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid oxidation. In atherosclerosis development, ROS is associated with rapid loss of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activities of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO(·)) resulting in endothelial dysfunction. In part involving activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, ROS have been involved in signaling cascades leading to vascular pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic gene expression. ROS is also a potent activator of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which indicate plaque destabilization and rupture. The second initiator involved in atherosclerotic CVD is the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Oxidation of LDL in vessel wall leads to an inflammatory cascade that activates atherogenic pathway leading to foam cell formation. The accumulation of foam cells leads to fatty streak formation, which is the earliest visible atherosclerotic lesion. In contrast, the cardiac sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a) and hepatic apolipoprotein E (apoE) expression can improve cardiovascular function. SERCA2a regulates the cardiac contractile function by lowering cytoplasmic calcium levels during relaxation, and affecting NO(·) action in vascular cells, while apoE is a critical ligand in the plasma clearance of triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Ellulu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Ismail Patimah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Huzwah Khaza'ai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Yehia Abed
- Faculty of Public Health, Al Quds University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Faisal Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
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22
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Wagner T, Bartelt A, Schlein C, Heeren J. Genetic Dissection of Tissue-Specific Apolipoprotein E Function for Hypercholesterolemia and Diet-Induced Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145102. [PMID: 26695075 PMCID: PMC4687855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE deficiency in mice (Apoe−/−) results in severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. In diet-induced obesity, Apoe−/− display steatohepatitis but reduced accumulation of triacylglycerides and enhanced insulin sensitivity in white adipose tissue (WAT). Although the vast majority of apoE is expressed by hepatocytes apoE is also abundantly expressed in WAT. As liver and adipose tissue play important roles for metabolism, this study aims to outline functions of both hepatocyte- and adipocyte-derived apoE separately by investigating a novel mouse model of tissue-specific apoE deficiency. Therefore we generated transgenic mice carrying homozygous floxed Apoe alleles. Mice lacking apoE either in hepatocytes (ApoeΔHep) or in adipose tissue (ApoeΔAT) were fed experimental diets. ApoeΔHep exhibited slightly higher body weights, adiposity and liver weights on diabetogenic high fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, hepatic steatosis and markers of inflammation were more pronounced compared to controls. Hypercholesterolemia evoked by lipoprotein remnant accumulation was present in ApoeΔHep mice fed a Western type diet (WTD). Lipidation of VLDL particles and tissue uptake of VLDL were disturbed in ApoeΔHep while the plasma clearance rate remained unaltered. ApoeΔAT did not display any detectable phenotype, neither on HFD nor on WTD. In conclusion, our novel conditional apoE deletion model has proven here the role of hepatocyte apoE for VLDL production and diet-induced dyslipidemia. Specific deletion of apoE in adipocytes cannot reproduce the adipose phenotype of global Apoe−/− mice, suggesting that apoE produced in other cell types than hepatocytes or adipocytes explains the lean and insulin-sensitive phenotype described for Apoe−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Karavia EA, Papachristou NI, Sakellaropoulos GC, Xepapadaki E, Papamichail E, Petropoulou PI, Papakosta EP, Constantinou C, Habeos I, Papachristou DJ, Kypreos KE. Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I Regulates Plasma Apolipoprotein E Levels and Dietary Lipid Deposition to the Liver. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5605-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A. Karavia
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I. Papachristou
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - George C. Sakellaropoulos
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Eva Xepapadaki
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Eleni Papamichail
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Peristera-Ioanna Petropoulou
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Eugenia P. Papakosta
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Caterina Constantinou
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Ioannis Habeos
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Dionysios J. Papachristou
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E. Kypreos
- Pharmacology
Department, ‡Anatomy Histology and Embryology Department, §Medical Physics Department, and ∥Endocrinology
Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
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24
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Chiu CY, Chan IL, Yang TH, Liu SH, Chiang MT. Supplementation of chitosan alleviates high-fat diet-enhanced lipogenesis in rats via adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase activation and inhibition of lipogenesis-associated genes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2979-2988. [PMID: 25756465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of chitosan in lipogenesis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. The lipogenesis-associated genes and their upstream regulatory proteins were explored. Diet supplementation of chitosan efficiently decreased the increased weights in body, livers, and adipose tissues in high-fat diet-fed rats. Chitosan supplementation significantly raised the lipolysis rate; attenuated the adipocyte hypertrophy, triglyceride accumulation, and lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal adipose tissues; and decreased hepatic enzyme activities of lipid biosynthesis. Chitosan supplementation significantly activated adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and attenuated high-fat diet-induced protein expressions of lipogenic transcription factors (PPAR-γ and SREBP1c) in livers and adipose tissues. Moreover, chitosan supplementation significantly inhibited the expressions of downstream lipogenic genes (FAS, HMGCR, FATP1, and FABP4) in livers and adipose tissues of high-fat diet-fed rats. These results demonstrate for the first time that chitosan supplementation alleviates high-fat diet-enhanced lipogenesis in rats via AMPK activation and lipogenesis-associated gene inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Chiu
- †Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Im-Lam Chan
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Yang
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- †Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- §Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- #Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 104, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
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25
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Kannisto K, Rehnmark S, Slätis K, Webb P, Larsson L, Gåfvels M, Eggertsen G, Parini P. The thyroid receptor β modulator GC-1 reduces atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:544-54. [PMID: 25463087 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone reduces plasma cholesterol and increases expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) in liver, an effect mediated by thyroid receptor β (TRβ). The selective TRβ modulator GC-1 also enhances several steps in reverse cholesterol transport and can decrease serum cholesterol independently of LDL-R. To test whether GC-1 reduces atherosclerosis and to determine which mechanisms are active, we treated ApoE deficient mice with atherogenic diet ± GC-1. GC-1 reduced cholesteryl esters in aorta after 20 weeks. Serum free and esterified cholesterol were reduced after 1 and 10 weeks, but not 20 weeks. Hepatic bile acid synthesis and LDL-R expression was elevated after 1, 10 and 20 weeks, without changes in hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis. GC-1 increased faecal neutral sterols and reduced serum campesterol after 1 week, indicating reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. After 20 weeks, GC-1 increased faecal bile acids, but not faecal neutral sterols. Hepatic scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) expression was decreased by GC-1. We conclude that GC-1 delays the onset of atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Since ApoE is needed for hepatic cholesterol reabsorption by LDL-R, this supports the idea that GC-1 reduces serum cholesterol independently of LDL-R by increasing hepatic bile acid synthesis. GC-1 lipid-lowering effects in ApoE deficient mice may also be partly due to reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. Since reductions in serum cholesterol are reversed at longer times, these GC-1 dependent effects may not be enough for sustained cholesterol reduction in long term treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kannisto
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Rehnmark
- Axcentua Pharmaceuticals AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Slätis
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Webb
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Larsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Gåfvels
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Eggertsen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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van Diepen JA, Jansen PA, Ballak DB, Hijmans A, Hooiveld GJ, Rommelaere S, Galland F, Naquet P, Rutjes FPJT, Mensink RP, Schrauwen P, Tack CJ, Netea MG, Kersten S, Schalkwijk J, Stienstra R. PPAR-alpha dependent regulation of vanin-1 mediates hepatic lipid metabolism. J Hepatol 2014; 61:366-72. [PMID: 24751833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a key regulator of hepatic fat oxidation that serves as an energy source during starvation. Vanin-1 has been described as a putative PPARα target gene in liver, but its function in hepatic lipid metabolism is unknown. METHODS We investigated the regulation of vanin-1, and total vanin activity, by PPARα in mice and humans. Furthermore, the function of vanin-1 in the development of hepatic steatosis in response to starvation was examined in Vnn1 deficient mice, and in rats treated with an inhibitor of vanin activity. RESULTS Liver microarray analyses reveals that Vnn1 is the most prominently regulated gene after modulation of PPARα activity. In addition, activation of mouse PPARα regulates hepatic- and plasma vanin activity. In humans, consistent with regulation by PPARα, plasma vanin activity increases in all subjects after prolonged fasting, as well as after treatment with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate. In mice, absence of vanin-1 exacerbates the fasting-induced increase in hepatic triglyceride levels. Similarly, inhibition of vanin activity in rats induces accumulation of hepatic triglycerides upon fasting. Microarray analysis reveal that the absence of vanin-1 associates with gene sets involved in liver steatosis, and reduces pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We show that hepatic vanin-1 is under extremely sensitive regulation by PPARα and that plasma vanin activity could serve as a readout of changes in PPARα activity in human subjects. In addition, our data propose a role for vanin-1 in regulation of hepatic TG levels during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna A van Diepen
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dov B Ballak
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Hijmans
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Rommelaere
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Galland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Naquet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Wu CL, Zhao SP, Yu BL. Intracellular role of exchangeable apolipoproteins in energy homeostasis, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:367-76. [PMID: 24834836 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lu Wu
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
| | - Bi-Lian Yu
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
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28
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Kanimozhi V, Palanivel K, Kadalmani B, Krikun G, Taylor HS. Apolipoprotein E Induction in Syrian Hamster Testis Following Tributyltin Exposure. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1006-1014. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719114522519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kanimozhi
- Department of Animal Science, School of life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Palanivel
- Department of Animal Science, School of life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Kadalmani
- Department of Animal Science, School of life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugh S. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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29
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Marais AD, Solomon GAE, Blom DJ. Dysbetalipoproteinaemia: a mixed hyperlipidaemia of remnant lipoproteins due to mutations in apolipoprotein E. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:46-62. [PMID: 24405372 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.870526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is strongly associated with dyslipoproteinaemia, and especially with increasing concentrations of low-density lipoprotein and decreasing concentrations of high-density lipoproteins. Its association with increasing concentrations of plasma triglyceride is less clear but, within the mixed hyperlipidaemias, dysbetalipoproteinaemia (Fredrickson type III hyperlipidaemia) has been identified as a very atherogenic entity associated with both premature ischaemic heart disease and peripheral arterial disease. Dysbetalipoproteinaemia is characterized by the accumulation of remnants of chylomicrons and of very low-density lipoproteins. The onset occurs after childhood and usually requires an additional metabolic stressor. In women, onset is typically delayed until menopause. Clinical manifestations may vary from no physical signs to severe cutaneous and tendinous xanthomata, atherosclerosis of coronary and peripheral arteries, and pancreatitis when severe hypertriglyceridaemia is present. Rarely, mutations in apolipoprotein E are associated with lipoprotein glomerulopathy, a condition characterized by progressive proteinuria and renal failure with varying degrees of plasma remnant accumulation. Interestingly, predisposing genetic causes paradoxically result in lower than average cholesterol concentration for most affected persons, but severe dyslipidaemia develops in a minority of patients. The disorder stems from dysfunctional apolipoprotein E in which mutations result in impaired binding to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and/or heparin sulphate proteoglycans. Apolipoprotein E deficiency may cause a similar phenotype. Making a diagnosis of dysbetalipoproteinaemia aids in assessing cardiovascular risk correctly and allows for genetic counseling. However, the diagnostic work-up may present some challenges. Diagnosis of dysbetalipoproteinaemia should be considered in mixed hyperlipidaemias for which the apolipoprotein B concentration is relatively low in relation to the total cholesterol concentration or when there is significant disparity between the calculated LDL and directly measured LDL cholesterol concentrations. Genetic tests are informative in predicting the risk of developing the disease phenotype and are diagnostic only in the context of hyperlipidaemia. Specialised lipoprotein studies in reference laboratory centres can also assist in diagnosis. Fibrates and statins, or even combination treatment, may be required to control the dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Marais
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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30
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Mörk LM, Rehnmark S, Davoodpour P, Norata GD, Larsson L, Witt MR, Malm J, Parini P. The thyroid receptor modulator KB3495 reduces atherosclerosis independently of total cholesterol in the circulation in ApoE deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78534. [PMID: 24324578 PMCID: PMC3850901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate cholesterol metabolism but their use as lipid-lowering drugs is restricted due to negative cardiac effects. TH mimetic compounds modulating TH receptor β (THRβ) have been designed as potential drugs, reducing serum cholesterol levels while avoiding apparent deleterious cardiac effects. OBJECTIVE Using ApoE deficient mice, we examined whether KB3495, a TH mimetic compound, reduces atherosclerosis and if there is a synergistic effect with atorvastatin. The effect of KB3495 was investigated after 10 and 25 weeks. RESULTS KB3495 treatment reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in aorta and decreased the cholesteryl ester (CE) content by 57%. Treatment with KB3495 was also associated with a reduction of macrophage content in the atherosclerotic plaques and reduced serum levels of IL-1β, TNFalpha, IL-6, Interferon γ, MCP-1 and M-CSF. Serum lipoprotein analysis showed no change in total cholesterol levels in ApoB-containing lipoproteins. KB3495 alone increased fecal BA excretion by 90%. The excretion of neutral sterols increased in all groups, with the largest increase in the combination group (350%). After 25 weeks, the animals treated with KB3495 showed 50% lower CE levels in the skin and even further reductions were observed in the combination group where the CE levels were reduced by almost 95% as compared to controls. CONCLUSION KB3495 treatment reduced atherosclerosis independently of total cholesterol levels in ApoB-containing lipoproteins likely by stimulation of sterol excretion from the body and by inhibition of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Padideh Davoodpour
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lilian Larsson
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dietary walnut oil modulates liver steatosis in the obese Zucker rat. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:645-60. [PMID: 23942585 PMCID: PMC3925294 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. We aimed to clarify the impact of dietary walnut oil versus animal fat on hepatic steatosis, representing the initial step of multistage pathogenesis of NAFLD, in Zucker obese rats. Methods Zucker lean ad libitum (a.l.), Zucker obese a.l. or Zucker obese pair fed (p.f.) to the lean received isocaloric diets containing 8 % walnut oil (W8), W14 or 14 % lard (L14) (n = 10/group). Body weight, clinical serology, liver weight, lipid content and fatty acid composition and hepatic lipid metabolism-related transcripts were evaluated. Results Compared to lean, Zucker obese a.l. and p.f. showed hepatic triacylglyceride (TAG) accumulation. In Zucker obese p.f., W14 compared to W8 and L14 reduced liver lipids, TAG as well as hepatic omega-6 (n-6)/n-3 ratio and SCD activity index [(C18:0 + C18:1)/C18:0 ratio] paralleled by decreased lipoprotein lipase mRNA in obese p.f. and elevated microsomal triglyceride transfer protein mRNA in lean and obese. Further, W14 elevated the fasting blood TAG and reduced cholesterol levels in obese. Conclusions In our model, consumption of W14 inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation along with modulated hepatic gene expression implicated in hepatic fatty acid influx or lipoprotein assembly. These results provide first indication that dietary lipids from walnut oil are modulators of hepatic steatosis as the initial step of progressive NAFLD pathogenesis.
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32
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Endoplasmic reticulum-localized hepatic lipase decreases triacylglycerol storage and VLDL secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1113-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Jiang ZG, Robson SC, Yao Z. Lipoprotein metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biomed Res 2012; 27:1-13. [PMID: 23554788 PMCID: PMC3596749 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20120077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an escalating health problem worldwide, covers a spectrum of pathologies characterized by fatty accumulation in hepatocytes in early stages, with potential progression to liver inflammation, fibrosis, and failure. A close, yet poorly understood link exists between NAFLD and dyslipidemia, a constellation of abnormalities in plasma lipoproteins including triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins are a group of primarily liver-derived proteins found in serum lipoproteins; they not only play an extracellular role in lipid transport between vital organs through circulation, but also play an important intracellular role in hepatic lipoprotein assembly and secretion. The liver functions as the central hub for lipoprotein metabolism, as it dictates lipoprotein production and to a significant extent modulates lipoprotein clearance. Lipoprotein metabolism is an integral component of hepatocellular lipid homeostasis and is implicated in the pathogenesis, potential diagnosis, and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Gordon Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Ooi EMM, Ng TWK, Watts GF, Chan DC, Barrett PHR. Effect of fenofibrate and atorvastatin on VLDL apoE metabolism in men with the metabolic syndrome. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2443-9. [PMID: 22930812 PMCID: PMC3466013 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p029223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of fenofibrate and atorvastatin on very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein (apo)E metabolism in the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We studied 11 MetS men in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. VLDL-apoE kinetics were examined using stable isotope methods and compartmental modeling. Compared with placebo, fenofibrate (200 mg/day) and atorvastatin (40 mg/day) decreased plasma apoE concentrations (P < 0.05). Fenofibrate decreased VLDL-apoE concentration and production rate (PR) and increased VLDL-apoE fractional catabolic rate (FCR) compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Compared with placebo, atorvastatin decreased VLDL-apoE concentration and increased VLDL-apoE FCR (P < 0.05). Fenofibrate and atorvastatin had comparable effects on VLDL-apoE concentration. The increase in VLDL-apoE FCR with fenofibrate was 22% less than that with atorvastatin (P < 0.01). With fenofibrate, the change in VLDL-apoE concentration was positively correlated with change in VLDL-apoB concentration, and negatively correlated with change in VLDL-apoB FCR. In MetS, fenofibrate and atorvastatin decreased plasma apoE concentrations. Fenofibrate decreased VLDL-apoE concentration by lowering VLDL-apoE production and increasing VLDL-apoE catabolism. By contrast, atorvastatin decreased VLDL-apoE concentration chiefly by increasing VLDL-apoE catabolism. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms of action of two different lipid-lowering therapies on VLDL-apoE metabolism in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. M. Ooi
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Theodore W. K. Ng
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dick C. Chan
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P. Hugh R. Barrett
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing, and Mathematics, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; and
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Sundaram M, Yao Z. Intrahepatic role of exchangeable apolipoproteins in lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1073-8. [PMID: 22517365 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exchangeable apolipoproteins, composed mainly of amphipathic α-helices, are associated with various plasma lipoproteins and play an important role in the metabolism of those lipoproteins to which they bind. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that exchangeable apolipoproteins, such as apoE, apoA-IV, and apoC-III, also play a role intracellularly in facilitating lipid recruitment at different stages of very low-density lipoprotein assembly and trafficking through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi secretory compartments. Experimental evidence also suggests that apoA-I may become lipidated intracellularly through mechanisms dependent on or independent of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Thus, expression of these secretory proteins may exert an impact on hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis during their transit from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi apparatus. This review summarizes findings related to the modulation of intracellular assembly of very low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein by exchangeable apolipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Rakhshandehroo M, Stienstra R, de Wit NJ, Bragt MCE, Haluzik M, Mensink RP, Müller M, Kersten S. Plasma mannose-binding lectin is stimulated by PPARα in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E595-602. [PMID: 22215653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) is a major transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism in liver and represents the molecular target for hypolipidemic fibrate drugs. Effects of PPARα on lipid metabolism are partially mediated by circulating proteins such as FGF21 and ANGPTL4. The present study was undertaken to screen for and identify circulating proteins produced by human liver that are under the control of PPARα. Toward that aim, primary human hepatocytes were treated with the synthetic PPARα agonist Wy-14643 and whole genome expression data selected for secreted proteins. Expression of FGF21, ANGPTL4, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a soluble mediator of innate immunity and primary component of the lectin branch of the complement system, was markedly upregulated by Wy-14643 in primary human hepatocytes. Mice express two MBL isomers, Mbl1 and Mbl2. Mbl1 mRNA was weakly induced by Wy-14643 in primary mouse hepatocytes and remained unaltered by Wy-14643 in mouse liver. Mbl2 mRNA was unchanged by Wy-14643 in primary mouse hepatocytes and was strongly reduced by Wy-14643 in mouse liver. Remarkably, plasma Mbl1 levels were increased by chronic PPARα activation in lean and obese mice. Importantly, in two independent clinical trials, treatment with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate at 200 mg/day for 6 wk and 3 mo increased plasma MBL levels by 73 (P = 0.0016) and 86% (P = 0.017), respectively. It is concluded that hepatocyte gene expression and plasma levels of MBL are stimulated by PPARα and fenofibrate in humans, linking PPARα to regulation of innate immunity and complement activation in humans and suggesting a possible role of MBL in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rakhshandehroo
- The Netherlands Nutrigenomics Center, Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ji A, Wroblewski JM, Cai L, de Beer MC, Webb NR, van der Westhuyzen DR. Nascent HDL formation in hepatocytes and role of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:446-455. [PMID: 22190590 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m017079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the mechanisms of hepatic HDL formation, we investigated the roles of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI in nascent HDL formation in primary hepatocytes isolated from mice deficient in ABCA1, ABCG1, or SR-BI and from wild-type (WT) mice. Under basal conditions, in WT hepatocytes, cholesterol efflux to exogenous apoA-I was accompanied by conversion of apoA-I to HDL-sized particles. LXR activation by T0901317 markedly enhanced the formation of larger HDL-sized particles as well as cellular cholesterol efflux to apoA-I. Glyburide treatment completely abolished the formation of 7.4 nm diameter and greater particles but led to the formation of novel 7.2 nm-sized particles. However, cells lacking ABCA1 failed to form such particles. ABCG1-deficient cells showed similar capacity to efflux cholesterol to apoA-I and to form nascent HDL particles compared with WT cells. Cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and nascent HDL formation were slightly but significantly enhanced in SR-BI-deficient cells compared with WT cells under basal but not LXR activated conditions. As in WT but not in ABCA1-deficient hepatocytes, 7.2 nm-sized particles generated by glyburide treatment were also detected in ABCG1-deficient and SR-BI-deficient hepatocytes. Our data indicate that hepatic nascent HDL formation is highly dependent on ABCA1 but not on ABCG1 or SR-BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Ji
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Joanne M Wroblewski
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Lei Cai
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Maria C de Beer
- Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY.
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Lecker JL, Matthan NR, Billheimer JT, Rader DJ, Lichtenstein AH. Changes in cholesterol homeostasis modify the response of F1B hamsters to dietary very long chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:186. [PMID: 22018327 PMCID: PMC3217862 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The plasma lipoprotein response of F1B Golden-Syrian hamsters fed diets high in very long chain (VLC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is paradoxical to that observed in humans. This anomaly is attributed, in part, to low lipoprotein lipase activity and is dependent on cholesterol status. To further elucidate the mechanism(s) for these responses, hamsters were fed diets containing supplemental fish oil (VLC n-3 PUFA) or safflower oil (n-6 PUFA) (both 10% [w/w]) and either cholesterol-supplemented (0.1% cholesterol [w/w]) or cholesterol-depleted (0.01% cholesterol [w/w] and 10 days prior to killing fed 0.15% lovastatin+2% cholestyramine [w/w]). Results Cholesterol-supplemented hamsters fed fish oil, relative to safflower oil, had higher non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (P < 0.001) which were associated with lower hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyl transferase-2 (ACAT) mRNA and protein (p < 0.05), and higher hepatic apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 and apo E protein levels. In contrast, cholesterol-depleted hamsters fed fish oil, relative to safflower oil, had lower non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (P < 0.001) which were associated with lower hepatic SREBP-1c (p < 0.05) but not apo B-100, apo E or ACAT-2 mRNA or protein levels. Independent of cholesterol status, fish oil fed hamsters had lower HDL cholesterol concentrations (p < 0.001), which were associated with lower hepatic apoA-I protein levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion These data suggest disturbing cholesterol homeostasis in F1B hamsters alters their response to dietary fatty acids, which is reflected in altered plasma lipoprotein patterns and regulation of genes associated with their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Lecker
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Cole LK, Vance JE, Vance DE. Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and lipoprotein metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:754-61. [PMID: 21979151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major phospholipid component of all plasma lipoprotein classes. PC is the only phospholipid which is currently known to be required for lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Impaired hepatic PC biosynthesis significantly reduces the levels of circulating very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and high density lipoproteins (HDLs). The reduction in plasma VLDLs is due in part to impaired hepatic secretion of VLDLs. Less PC within the hepatic secretory pathway results in nascent VLDL particles with reduced levels of PC. These particles are recognized as being defective and are degraded within the secretory system by an incompletely defined process that occurs in a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment, consistent with degradation directed by the low-density lipoprotein receptor and/or autophagy. Moreover, VLDL particles are taken up more readily from the circulation when the PC content of the VLDLs is reduced, likely due to a preference of cell surface receptors and/or enzymes for lipoproteins that contain less PC. Impaired PC biosynthesis also reduces plasma HDLs by inhibiting hepatic HDL formation and by increasing HDL uptake from the circulation. These effects are mediated by elevated expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and hepatic scavenger receptor class B type 1, respectively. Hepatic PC availability has recently been linked to the progression of liver and heart disease. These findings demonstrate that hepatic PC biosynthesis can regulate the amount of circulating lipoproteins and suggest that hepatic PC biosynthesis may represent an important pharmaceutical target. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Triglyceride Metabolism and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Cole
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Karavia EA, Papachristou DJ, Kotsikogianni I, Giopanou I, Kypreos KE. Deficiency in apolipoprotein E has a protective effect on diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. FEBS J 2011; 278:3119-29. [PMID: 21740524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mediates the efficient catabolism of the chylomicron remnants very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein from the circulation, and the de novo biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein. Lipid-bound apoE is the natural ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), LDLr-related protein 1 and other scavenger receptors. Recently, we have established that deficiency in apoE renders mice resistant to diet-induced obesity. In the light of these well-documented properties of apoE, we sought to investigate its role in the development of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). apoE-deficient, LDLr-deficient and control C57BL/6 mice were fed a western-type diet (17.3% protein, 48.5% carbohydrate, 21.2% fat, 0.2% cholesterol, 4.5 kcal·g(-)) for 24 weeks and their sensitivity to NAFLD was assessed by histological and biochemical methods. apoE-deficient mice were less sensitive than control C57BL/6 mice to diet-induced NAFLD. In an attempt to identify the molecular basis for this phenomenon, biochemical and kinetic analyses revealed that apoE-deficient mice displayed a significantly delayed post-prandial triglyceride clearance from their plasma. In contrast with apoE-deficient mice, LDLr-deficient mice fed a western-type diet for 24 weeks developed significant accumulation of hepatic triglycerides and NAFLD, suggesting that apoE-mediated hepatic triglyceride accumulation in mice is independent of LDLr. Our findings suggest a new role of apoE as a key peripheral contributor to hepatic lipid homeostasis and the development of diet-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Karavia
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Rio-Achaias, Greece
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Petropoulou PA, Gantz DL, Wang Y, Rensen PCN, Kypreos KE. The aminoterminal 1-185 domain of human apolipoprotein E suffices for the de novo biogenesis of apoE-containing HDL-like particles in apoA-I deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:116-23. [PMID: 21802082 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recently we showed that apolipoprotein E promotes the de novo biogenesis of apoE-containing HDL particles in a process that requires the function of the lipid transporter ABCA1. Here, we sought to identify the domain of apoE that is responsible for its functional interactions with ABCA1 and the formation of apoE-rich HDL-like particles. METHODS AND RESULTS Recombinant attenuated adenoviruses expressing carboxy-terminal truncated forms of apoE4 (apoE4[1-259], apoE4[1-229], apoE4[1-202], and apoE4[1-185]) were administered to apoA-I-deficient mice at a low dose of 8×10(8) pfu and five days post-infection plasma samples were isolated and analyzed for HDL formation. Fractionation of plasma lipoproteins of the infected mice by density gradient ultracentrifugation and FPLC revealed that all forms were capable of promoting HDL formation. Negative staining electron microscopy analysis of the HDL density fractions confirmed that all C-terminal truncated forms of apoE4 promoted the formation of particles with diameters in the HDL region. Interestingly, apoE4[1-259], apoE4[1-229], and apoE4[1-202] led to the formation of spherical particles while plasma from apoE4[1-185] expressing mice contained a mixture of spherical and discoidal particles. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data establish that the aminoterminal 1-185 region of apoE suffices for the formation of HDL particles in vivo. Our findings may have important ramifications in the design of new biological drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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van Diepen JA, Wong MC, Guigas B, Bos J, Stienstra R, Hodson L, Shoelson SE, Berbée JFP, Rensen PCN, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Voshol PJ. Hepatocyte-specific IKK-β activation enhances VLDL-triglyceride production in APOE*3-Leiden mice. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:942-50. [PMID: 21357939 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation in different tissues, including activation of the nuclear factor κB pathway in liver, is involved in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this study, we investigated the relation between chronic hepatocyte-specific overexpression of IkB kinase (IKK)-β and hypertriglyceridemia, an important risk factor for CVD, by evaluating whether activation of IKK-β only in the hepatocyte affects VLDL-triglyceride (TG) metabolism directly. Transgenic overexpression of constitutively active human IKK-β specifically in hepatocytes of hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden mice clearly induced hypertriglyceridemia. Mechanistic in vivo studies revealed that the hypertriglyceridemia was caused by increased hepatic VLDL-TG production rather than a change in plasma VLDL-TG clearance. Studies in primary hepatocytes showed that IKK-β overexpression also enhances TG secretion in vitro, indicating a direct relation between IKK-β activation and TG production within the hepatocyte. Hepatic lipid analysis and hepatic gene expression analysis of pathways involved in lipid metabolism suggested that hepatocyte-specific IKK-β overexpression increases VLDL production not by increased steatosis or decreased FA oxidation, but most likely by carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein-mediated upregulation of Fas expression. These findings implicate that specific activation of inflammatory pathways exclusively within hepatocytes induces hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, we identify the hepatocytic IKK-β pathway as a possible target to treat hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna A van Diepen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Martínez-Clemente M, Ferré N, Titos E, Horrillo R, González-Périz A, Morán-Salvador E, López-Vicario C, Miquel R, Arroyo V, Funk CD, Clària J. Disruption of the 12/15-lipoxygenase gene (Alox15) protects hyperlipidemic mice from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 52:1980-91. [PMID: 20967760 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have shown that Alox15, the gene encoding for 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO), is markedly up-regulated in livers from apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice, which spontaneously develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease secondary to hyperlipidemia. In the current study, we used ApoE(-/-) mice with a targeted disruption of the Alox15 gene to assess the role of 12/15-LO in the development and progression of hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Compared with ApoE(-/-) mice, which exhibited extensive hepatic lipid accumulation and exacerbated inflammatory injury, ApoE/12/15-LO double-knockout (ApoE(-/-)/12/15-LO(-/-)) mice showed reduced serum alanine aminotransferase levels; decreased hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and macrophage infiltration; and decreased fatty acid synthase, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-18, and IL-6 expression. Remarkably, disruption of Alox15 attenuated glucose intolerance and high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, up-regulated insulin receptor substrate-2, and exerted opposite effects on hepatic c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, known negative and positive regulators of insulin signaling, respectively. In adipose tissue, the absence of Alox15 induced significant reductions in the expression of the proinflammatory and insulin-resistant adipokines MCP-1, TNFα, and resistin while increasing the expression of glucose transporter-4. Interestingly, compared with ApoE(-/-) mice, which exhibited increased hepatic caspase-3 staining, ApoE(-/-)/12/15-LO(-/-) mice showed attenuated hepatocellular injury. Consistent with this finding, hepatocytes isolated from ApoE(-/-) mice were more vulnerable to TNFα-induced programmed cell death, an effect that was not observed in hepatocytes carrying a targeted disruption of the Alox15 gene. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data suggest a potentially relevant mechanism linking 12/15-LO to the promotion of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation in experimental liver disease of metabolic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Martínez-Clemente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Lecker JL, Matthan NR, Billheimer JT, Rader DJ, Lichtenstein AH. Impact of dietary fat type within the context of altered cholesterol homeostasis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in the F1B hamster. Metabolism 2010; 59:1491-501. [PMID: 20197195 PMCID: PMC2891578 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol status and dietary fat alter several metabolic pathways reflected in lipoprotein profiles. To assess plasma lipoprotein response and mechanisms by which cholesterol and dietary fat type regulate expression of genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism, we developed an experimental model system using F1B hamsters fed diets (12 weeks) enriched in 10% (wt/wt) coconut, olive, or safflower oil with either high cholesterol (0.1%; cholesterol supplemented) or low cholesterol coupled with cholesterol-lowering drugs 10 days before killing (0.01% cholesterol, 0.15% lovastatin, 2% cholestyramine; cholesterol depleted). Irrespective of dietary fat, cholesterol depletion, relative to supplementation, resulted in lower plasma non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) and HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations (all Ps < .05). In the liver, these differences were associated with higher sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, low-density lipoprotein receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and 7α-hydroxylase messenger RNA (mRNA) levels; higher scavenger receptor B1 and apolipoprotein A-I mRNA and protein levels; lower apolipoprotein E protein levels; and in intestine, modestly lower sterol transporters adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) A1, ABCG5, and ABCG8 mRNA levels. Irrespective of cholesterol status, coconut oil, relative to olive and safflower oils, resulted in higher non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (both Ps < .05) and modestly higher sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 mRNA levels. These data suggest that, in F1B hamsters, differences in plasma lipoprotein profiles in response to cholesterol depletion are associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, whereas the effect of dietary fat type on gene expression was modest, which limits the usefulness of the experimental animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Lecker
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Nirupa R. Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Jeffrey T. Billheimer
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- Corresponding author. Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc., JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111. Tel. 617-556-3127.
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Interaction of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core with cellular genes in the development of HCV-induced steatosis. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1735-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide insights into recent advances in mechanisms linking apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms to cardiovascular and neurological diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Human apoE has three common isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) with different structural and biophysical properties and different effects on lipid and neuronal homeostasis. ApoE is a protein constituent of different plasma lipoproteins and serves as a high-affinity ligand for several receptors. By interacting with its receptors, apoE mediates the clearance of different lipoproteins from the circulation. Absence or structural mutations of apoE cause significant disorders in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease. ApoE also has significant roles in neurobiology. ApoE4 is the major known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. It increases the occurrence and lowers the age of onset of Alzheimer's disease. ApoE4 carriers account for 65-80% of all Alzheimer's disease cases, highlighting the importance of apoE4 in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. ApoE4 has both amyloid beta-dependent and amyloid beta-independent roles in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. SUMMARY Emerging data suggest that apoE isoforms, with their multiple cellular origins and multiple structural and biophysical properties, contribute to cardiovascular and neurological diseases by interacting with different factors through various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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Sundaram M, Yao Z. Recent progress in understanding protein and lipid factors affecting hepatic VLDL assembly and secretion. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:35. [PMID: 20423497 PMCID: PMC2873297 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess lipid induced metabolic disorders are one of the major existing challenges for the society. Among many different causes of lipid disorders, overproduction and compromised catabolism of triacylglycerol-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) have become increasingly prevalent leading to hyperlipidemia worldwide. This review provides the latest understanding in different aspects of VLDL assembly process, including structure-function relationships within apoB, mutations in APOB causing hypobetalipoproteinemia, significance of modulating microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein activity in VLDL assembly, alterations of VLDL assembly by different fatty acid species, and hepatic proteins involved in vesicular trafficking, and cytosolic lipid droplet metabolism that contribute to VLDL assembly. The role of lipoprotein receptors and exchangeable apolipoproteins that promote or diminish VLDL assembly and secretion is discussed. New understanding on dysregulated insulin signaling as a consequence of excessive triacylglycerol-rich VLDL in the plasma is also presented. It is hoped that a comprehensive view of protein and lipid factors that contribute to molecular and cellular events associated with VLDL assembly and secretion will assist in the identification of pharmaceutical targets to reduce disease complications related to hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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48
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Gautier T, Becker S, Drouineaud V, Ménétrier F, Sagot P, Nofer JR, von Otte S, Lagrost L, Masson D, Tietge UJF. Human luteinized granulosa cells secrete apoB100-containing lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2245-52. [PMID: 20407020 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m005181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thus far, liver, intestine, heart, and placenta have been shown to secrete apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins. In the present study, we first investigated lipoproteins in human follicular fluid (FF), surrounding developing oocytes within the ovary, as well as in corresponding plasma samples (n = 12). HDL cholesterol within FF correlated well with plasma HDL cholesterol (r = 0.80, P < 0.01), whereas VLDL cholesterol did not, indicating that VLDL in FF might originate directly from the granulosa cells producing FF. Primary human granulosa cells expressed apoB, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and apoE, but not the apoB-editing enzyme apobec-1. Using (3)H-leucine, we show that granulosa cells secrete apoB100-containing lipoproteins and that secretion can be stimulated by adding oleate to the medium (+83%). With electron microscopy, apoB-containing lipoproteins within the secretory pathway of human granulosa cells were directly visualized. Finally, we found a positive relationship between apoB levels in FF and improved fertility parameters in a population of 27 women undergoing in vitro fertilization. This study demonstrates that human granulosa cells assemble and secrete apoB100-containing lipoproteins, thereby identifying a novel cell type equipped with these properties. These results might have important implications for female infertility phenotypes as well as for the development of drugs targeting the VLDL production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM UMR866 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, Dijon, France
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49
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Kirpich IA, Gobejishvili LN, Bon Homme M, Waigel S, Cave M, Arteel G, Barve SS, McClain CJ, Deaciuc IV. Integrated hepatic transcriptome and proteome analysis of mice with high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:38-45. [PMID: 20303728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease in the US and refers to a wide spectrum of liver damage, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. The goal of the present study was to achieve a more detailed understanding of the molecular changes in response to high fat-induced liver steatosis through the identification of a differentially expressed liver transcriptome and proteome. Male C57/BL6 mice fed a high-fat lard diet for 8 weeks developed visceral obesity and hepatic steatosis characterized by significantly increased liver and plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride levels and plasma alanine aminotransferase activities. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that, compared to the control diet (CD), high-fat diet changed the expression of 309 genes (132 up- and 177 down-regulated; by a twofold change and more, P<.05). Multiple genes encoding proteins involved in lipogenesis were down-regulated, whereas genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were up-regulated. Proteomic analysis revealed 12 proteins which were differentially expressed. Of these, glutathione S-transferases mu1 and pi1 and selenium-binding protein 2 were decreased at both the gene and protein levels. This is the first study to perform a parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Several key pathways involving xenobiotic and lipid metabolism, the inflammatory response and cell-cycle control were identified. These pathways provide targets for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies as related to the development and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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50
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Martínez-Clemente M, Ferré N, González-Périz A, López-Parra M, Horrillo R, Titos E, Morán-Salvador E, Miquel R, Arroyo V, Funk CD, Clària J. 5-lipoxygenase deficiency reduces hepatic inflammation and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced hepatocyte damage in hyperlipidemia-prone ApoE-null mice. Hepatology 2010; 51:817-27. [PMID: 20112424 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The actual risk factors that drive hepatic inflammation during the transition from steatosis to steatohepatitis are unknown. We recently demonstrated that hyperlipidemia-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice exhibit hepatic steatosis and increased susceptibility to hepatic inflammation and advanced fibrosis. Because the proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway was found to be up-regulated in these mice and given that 5-LO deficiency confers cardiovascular protection to ApoE(-/-) mice, we determined the extent to which the absence of 5-LO would alter liver injury in these mice. Compared with ApoE(-/-) mice, which showed expected hepatic steatosis and inflammation, ApoE/5-LO double-deficient (ApoE(-/-)/5-LO(-/-)) mice exhibited reduced hepatic inflammation, macrophage infiltration, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin (IL)-18 expression, caspase-3 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activities, and serum alanine aminotransferase levels in the absence of changes in hepatic steatosis. The lack of 5-LO produced a remarkable insulin-sensitizing effect in the adipose tissue because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, insulin receptor substrate-1, and adiponectin were up-regulated, whereas c-Jun amino-terminal kinase phosphorylation and MCP-1 and IL-6 expression were down-regulated. On the other hand, hepatocytes isolated from ApoE(-/-)/5-LO(-/-) mice were more resistant to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. The 5-LO products leukotriene (LT) B(4), LTD(4), and 5-HETE consistently triggered TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and compromised hepatocyte survival by suppressing NF-kappaB activity in the presence of actinomycin D. Moreover, ApoE(-/-)/5-LO(-/-) mice were protected against sustained high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver injury and hepatic inflammation, macrophage infiltration and insulin resistance were significantly milder than those of ApoE(-/-) mice. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO significantly reduced hepatic inflammatory infiltrate in the HFD and ob/ob models of fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION These combined data indicate that hyperlipidemic mice lacking 5-LO are protected against hepatic inflammatory injury, suggesting that 5-LO is involved in mounting hepatic inflammation in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Martínez-Clemente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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