1
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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:982-998. [PMID: 38459243 PMCID: PMC11364786 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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2
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Bai L, Xu J, Zeng L, Zhang L, Zhou F. A review of HSV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and advanced applications. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:35. [PMID: 39207577 PMCID: PMC11362470 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), an epidemic human pathogen threatening global public health, gains notoriety for its complex pathogenesis that encompasses lytic infection of mucosal cells, latent infection within neurons, and periodic reactivation. This intricate interplay, coupled with HSV's sophisticated immune evasion strategies, gives rise to various diseases, including genital lesions, neonatal encephalitis, and cancer. Despite more than 70 years of relentless research, an effective preventive or therapeutic vaccine against HSV has yet to emerge, primarily due to the limited understanding of virus-host interactions, which in turn impedes the identification of effective vaccine targets. However, HSV's unique pathological features, including its substantial genetic load capacity, high replicability, transmissibility, and neurotropism, render it a promising candidate for various applications, spanning oncolytic virotherapy, gene and immune therapies, and even as an imaging tracer in neuroscience. In this review, we comprehensively update recent breakthroughs in HSV pathogenesis and immune evasion, critically summarize the progress made in vaccine candidate development, and discuss the multifaceted applications of HSV as a biological tool. Importantly, we highlight both success and challenges, emphasizing the critical need for intensified research into HSV, with the aim of providing deeper insights that can not only advance HSV treatment strategies but also broaden its application horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Bai
- International Biomed-X Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center for Oncology Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Jiuzhi Xu
- Center for Oncology Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, 322000, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Lung Cancer, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Long Zhang
- International Biomed-X Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Yount KS, Darville T. Immunity to Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections of the Female Genital Tract: Toward Effective Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:863. [PMID: 39203989 PMCID: PMC11359697 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by bacterial pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum present significant public health challenges. These infections profoundly impact reproductive health, leading to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and increased susceptibility to other infections. Prevention measures, including antibiotic treatments, are limited by the often-asymptomatic nature of these infections, the need for repetitive and continual screening of sexually active persons, antibiotic resistance for gonorrhea, and shortages of penicillin for syphilis. While vaccines exist for viral STIs like human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), there are no vaccines available for bacterial STIs. This review examines the immune responses in the female genital tract to these bacterial pathogens and the implications for developing effective vaccines against bacterial STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toni Darville
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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4
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Zhu J, Miner MD. Local Power: The Role of Tissue-Resident Immunity in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation. Viruses 2024; 16:1019. [PMID: 39066181 PMCID: PMC11281577 DOI: 10.3390/v16071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From established latency, human herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) frequently reactivates into the genital tract, resulting in symptomatic ulcers or subclinical shedding. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells that accumulate and persist in the genital skin at the local site of recrudescence are the "first responders" to viral reactivation, performing immunosurveillance and containment and aborting the ability of the virus to induce clinical lesions. This review describes the unique spatiotemporal characteristics, transcriptional signatures, and noncatalytic effector functions of TRM CD8+ T cells in the tissue context of human HSV-2 infection. We highlight recent insights into the intricate overlaps between intrinsic resistance, innate defense, and adaptive immunity in the tissue microenvironment and discuss how rapid virus-host dynamics at the skin and mucosal level influence clinical outcomes of genital herpes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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5
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Porte R, Belloy M, Audibert A, Bassot E, Aïda A, Alis M, Miranda-Capet R, Jourdes A, van Gisbergen KPJM, Masson F, Blanchard N. Protective function and differentiation cues of brain-resident CD8+ T cells during surveillance of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403054121. [PMID: 38838017 PMCID: PMC11181119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403054121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection induces brain-resident CD8+ T cells (bTr), but the protective functions and differentiation cues of these cells remain undefined. Here, we used a mouse model of latent infection by T. gondii leading to effective CD8+ T cell-mediated parasite control. Thanks to antibody depletion approaches, we found that peripheral circulating CD8+ T cells are dispensable for brain parasite control during chronic stage, indicating that CD8+ bTr are able to prevent brain parasite reactivation. We observed that the retention markers CD69, CD49a, and CD103 are sequentially acquired by brain parasite-specific CD8+ T cells throughout infection and that a majority of CD69/CD49a/CD103 triple-positive (TP) CD8+ T cells also express Hobit, a transcription factor associated with tissue residency. This TP subset develops in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner and is associated with effective parasite control during chronic stage. Conditional invalidation of Transporter associated with Antigen Processing (TAP)-mediated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation showed that presentation of parasite antigens by glutamatergic neurons and microglia regulates the differentiation of CD8+ bTr into TP cells. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that resistance to encephalitis is associated with the expansion of stem-like subsets of CD8+ bTr. In summary, parasite-specific brain-resident CD8+ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous compartment which autonomously ensure parasite control during T. gondii latent infection and which differentiation is shaped by neuronal and microglial MHC I presentation. A more detailed understanding of local T cell-mediated immune surveillance of this common parasite is needed for harnessing brain-resident CD8+ T cells in order to enhance control of chronic brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Porte
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Marcy Belloy
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Alexis Audibert
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Emilie Bassot
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Amel Aïda
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Marine Alis
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Romain Miranda-Capet
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Aurélie Jourdes
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | | | - Frédérick Masson
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
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6
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Rodger B, Stagg AJ, Lindsay JO. The role of circulating T cells with a tissue resident phenotype (ex-T RM) in health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415914. [PMID: 38817613 PMCID: PMC11137204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are long-lived memory lymphocytes that persist in non-lymphoid tissues and provide the first line of defence against invading pathogens. They adapt to their environment in a tissue-specific manner, exerting effective pathogen control through a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cytolytic proteins. More recently, several studies have indicated that TRM can egress from the tissue into the blood as so-called "ex-TRM", or "circulating cells with a TRM phenotype". The numerically small ex-TRM population can re-differentiate in the circulation, giving rise to new memory and effector T cells. Following their egress, ex-TRM in the blood and secondary lymphoid organs can be identified based on their continued expression of the residency marker CD103, alongside other TRM-like features. Currently, it is unclear whether exit is a stochastic process, or is actively triggered in response to unknown factors. Also, it is not known whether a subset or all TRM are able to egress. Ex-TRM may be beneficial in health, as mobilisation of specialised TRM and their recruitment to both their site of origin as well as distant tissues results in an efficient distribution of the immune response. However, there is emerging evidence of a pathogenic role for ex-TRM, with a suggestion that they may perpetuate both local and distant tissue inflammation. Here, we review the evidence for the existence of ex-TRM and examine their potential involvement in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Rodger
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Stagg
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James O. Lindsay
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Owens K, Esmaeili S, Schiffer JT. Heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 kinetics due to variable timing and intensity of immune responses. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176286. [PMID: 38573774 PMCID: PMC11141931 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The viral kinetics of documented SARS-CoV-2 infections exhibit a high degree of interindividual variability. We identified 6 distinct viral shedding patterns, which differed according to peak viral load, duration, expansion rate, and clearance rate, by clustering data from 768 infections in the National Basketball Association cohort. Omicron variant infections in previously vaccinated individuals generally led to lower cumulative shedding levels of SARS-CoV-2 than other scenarios. We then developed a mechanistic mathematical model that recapitulated 1,510 observed viral trajectories, including viral rebound and cases of reinfection. Lower peak viral loads were explained by a more rapid and sustained transition of susceptible cells to a refractory state during infection as well as by an earlier and more potent late, cytolytic immune response. Our results suggest that viral elimination occurs more rapidly during Omicron infection, following vaccination, and following reinfection due to enhanced innate and acquired immune responses. Because viral load has been linked with COVID-19 severity and transmission risk, our model provides a framework for understanding the wide range of observed SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Owens
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shadisadat Esmaeili
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Owens K, Esmaeili-Wellman S, Schiffer JT. Heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 kinetics due to variable timing and intensity of immune responses. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.08.20.23294350. [PMID: 37662228 PMCID: PMC10473815 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.20.23294350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The viral kinetics of documented SARS-CoV-2 infections exhibit a high degree of inter-individual variability. We identified six distinct viral shedding patterns, which differed according to peak viral load, duration, expansion rate and clearance rate, by clustering data from 768 infections in the National Basketball Association cohort. Omicron variant infections in previously vaccinated individuals generally led to lower cumulative shedding levels of SARS-CoV-2 than other scenarios. We then developed a mechanistic mathematical model that recapitulated 1510 observed viral trajectories, including viral rebound and cases of reinfection. Lower peak viral loads were explained by a more rapid and sustained transition of susceptible cells to a refractory state during infection, as well as an earlier and more potent late, cytolytic immune response. Our results suggest that viral elimination occurs more rapidly during omicron infection, following vaccination, and following re-infection due to enhanced innate and acquired immune responses. Because viral load has been linked with COVID-19 severity and transmission risk, our model provides a framework for understanding the wide range of observed SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Owens
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division
| | | | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine
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9
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Danastas K, Guo G, Merjane J, Hong N, Larsen A, Miranda-Saksena M, Cunningham AL. Interferon inhibits the release of herpes simplex virus-1 from the axons of sensory neurons. mBio 2023; 14:e0181823. [PMID: 37655893 PMCID: PMC10653907 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01818-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen known to cause cold sores and genital herpes. HSV-1 establishes lifelong infections in our sensory neurons, with no cure or vaccine available. HSV-1 can reactivate sporadically and travel back along sensory nerves, where it can form lesions in the oral and genital mucosa, eye, and skin, or be shed asymptomatically. New treatment options are needed as resistance is emerging to current antiviral therapies. Here, we show that interferons (IFNs) are capable of blocking virus release from nerve endings, potentially stopping HSV-1 transmission into the skin. Furthermore, we show that IFNγ has the potential to have widespread antiviral effects in the neuron and may have additional effects on HSV-1 reactivation. Together, this study identifies new targets for the development of immunotherapies to stop the spread of HSV-1 from the nerves into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Danastas
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerry Guo
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Merjane
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan Hong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ava Larsen
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Monica Miranda-Saksena
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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10
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Davé V, Richert-Spuhler LE, Arkatkar T, Warrier L, Pholsena T, Johnston C, Schiffer JT, Prlic M, Lund JM. Recurrent infection transiently expands human tissue T cells while maintaining long-term homeostasis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20210692. [PMID: 37314481 PMCID: PMC10267593 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are known to lead to T cell exhaustion or dysfunction. However, it remains unclear if antigen exposure episodes from periodic viral reactivation, such as herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) recrudescence, are sufficient to induce T cell dysfunction, particularly in the context of a tissue-specific localized, rather than a systemic, infection. We designed and implemented a stringent clinical surveillance protocol to longitudinally track both viral shedding and in situ tissue immune responses in a cohort of HSV+ volunteers that agreed to avoid using anti-viral therapy for the course of this study. Comparing lesion to control skin biopsies, we found that tissue T cells expanded immediately after reactivation, and then returned numerically and phenotypically to steady state. T cell responses appeared to be driven at least in part by migration of circulating T cells to the infected tissue. Our data indicate that tissue T cells are stably maintained in response to HSV reactivation, resembling a series of acute recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura E. Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Lund JM, Hladik F, Prlic M. Advances and challenges in studying the tissue-resident T cell compartment in the human female reproductive tract. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:52-62. [PMID: 37140024 PMCID: PMC10524394 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM ) are considered to be central to maintaining mucosal barrier immunity and tissue homeostasis. Most of this knowledge stems from murine studies, which provide access to all organs. These studies also allow for a thorough assessment of the TRM compartment for each tissue and across tissues with well-defined experimental and environmental variables. Assessing the functional characteristics of the human TRM compartment is substantially more difficult; thus, notably, there is a paucity of studies profiling the TRM compartment in the human female reproductive tract (FRT). The FRT is a mucosal barrier tissue that is naturally exposed to a wide range of commensal and pathogenic microbes, including several sexually transmitted infections of global health significance. We provide an overview of studies describing T cells within the lower FRT tissues and highlight the challenges of studying TRM cells in the FRT: different sampling methods of the FRT greatly affect immune cell recovery, especially of TRM cells. Furthermore, menstrual cycle, menopause, and pregnancy affect FRT immunity, but little is known about changes in the TRM compartment. Finally, we discuss the potential functional plasticity of the TRM compartment during inflammatory episodes in the human FRT to maintain protection and tissue homeostasis, which are required to ensure reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109
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12
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Arkatkar T, Davé V, Cruz Talavera I, Graham JB, Swarts JL, Hughes SM, Bell TA, Hock P, Farrington J, Shaw GD, Kirby A, Fialkow M, Huang ML, Jerome KR, Ferris MT, Hladik F, Schiffer JT, Prlic M, Lund JM. Memory T cells possess an innate-like function in local protection from mucosal infection. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162800. [PMID: 36951943 PMCID: PMC10178838 DOI: 10.1172/jci162800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal infections pose a significant global health burden. Antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells are critical to maintaining barrier immunity. Previous studies in the context of systemic infection suggest that memory CD8+ T cells may also provide innate-like protection against antigenically unrelated pathogens independent of T cell receptor engagement. Whether bystander T cell activation is also an important defense mechanism in the mucosa is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether innate-like memory CD8+ T cells could protect against a model mucosal virus infection, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). We found that immunization with an irrelevant antigen delayed disease progression from lethal HSV-2 challenge, suggesting that memory CD8+ T cells may mediate protection despite the lack of antigen specificity. Upon HSV-2 infection, we observed an early infiltration, rather than substantial local proliferation, of antigen-nonspecific CD8+ T cells, which became bystander-activated only within the infected mucosal tissue. Critically, we show that bystander-activated CD8+ T cells are sufficient to reduce early viral burden after HSV-2 infection. Finally, local cytokine cues within the tissue microenvironment after infection were sufficient for bystander activation of mucosal tissue memory CD8+ T cells from mice and humans. Altogether, our findings suggest that local bystander activation of CD8+ memory T cells contributes a fast and effective innate-like response to infection in mucosal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Arkatkar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Irene Cruz Talavera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Jessica B. Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica L. Swarts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sean M. Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy A. Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pablo Hock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joe Farrington
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ginger D. Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Kirby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Fialkow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
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13
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Lim YS, Lee AG, Jiang X, Scott JM, Cofie A, Kumar S, Kennedy D, Granville DJ, Shin H. NK cell-derived extracellular granzyme B drives epithelial ulceration during HSV-2 genital infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112410. [PMID: 37071533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is characterized by recurrent episodes of epithelial blistering. The mechanisms causing this pathology are ill defined. Using a mouse model of vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection, we show that interleukin-18 (IL-18) acts upon natural killer (NK) cells to promote accumulation of the serine protease granzyme B in the vagina, coinciding with vaginal epithelial ulceration. Genetic loss of granzyme B or therapeutic inhibition by a specific protease inhibitor reduces disease and restores epithelial integrity without altering viral control. Distinct effects of granzyme B and perforin deficiency on pathology indicates that granzyme B acts independent of its classic cytotoxic role. IL-18 and granzyme B are markedly elevated in human herpetic ulcers compared with non-herpetic ulcers, suggesting engagement of these pathways in HSV-infected patients. Our study reveals a role for granzyme B in destructing mucosal epithelium during HSV-2 infection, identifying a therapeutic target to augment treatment of genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shiang Lim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aisha G Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason M Scott
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adjoa Cofie
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dania Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Vancouver, BC V5V 3P1, Canada
| | - Haina Shin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Bystander activation in memory and antigen-inexperienced memory-like CD8 T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102299. [PMID: 36913776 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-induced memory T cells undergo counterintuitive activation in an antigen-independent manner, which is called bystander response. Although it is well documented that memory CD8+ T cells produce IFNγ and upregulate the cytotoxic program upon the stimulation with inflammatory cytokines, there is only rare evidence that this provides an actual protection against pathogens in immunocompetent individuals. One of the reasons might be numerous antigen-inexperienced memory-like T cells that are also capable of the bystander response. Little is known about the bystander protection of memory and memory-like T cells and their redundancies with innate-like lymphocytes in humans because of the interspecies differences and the lack of controlled experiments. However, it has been proposed that IL-15/NKG2D-driven bystander activation of memory T cells drives protection or immunopathology in particular human diseases.
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15
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Intranasal Vaccination with rePcrV Protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Generates Lung Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1403788. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1403788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are immune sentinels that bear a key role in the local immune system and rapidly respond to infection. Our previous studies showed that mucosal immunization via intranasal pathways was more effective than intramuscular route. However, the mechanism of enhanced protective immunity remains unclear. Here, we formulated a Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine composed of type III secretion protein PcrV from P. aeruginosa and curdlan adjuvant and then administered by the intranasal route. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining showed that the ratio of CD44+CD62L-CD69+CD4+ TRM cells induced by this vaccine was significantly increased, and IL-17A production was notably enhanced. Further analysis revealed that vaccinated mice can protect against the P. aeruginosa challenge even after administration with FTY720 treatment. What is more, our results showed that CD4+ TRM might be involved in the recruitment of neutrophils and provided partial protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Taken together, these data demonstrated that CD4+ TRM cells were elicited in lung tissues after immunization with rePcrV and contributed to protective immunity. Furthermore, it provided novel strategies for the development of vaccines for P. aeruginosa and other respiratory-targeted vaccines.
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16
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The Deletion of US3 Gene of Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) ΔgE/TK Strain Induces Increased Immunogenicity in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101603. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-emerging pseudorabies (PR) caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant has been prevailing among immunized herds in China since 2011, indicating that commercially available PR vaccine strains couldn’t provide complete protection against novel, epidemic PRV variant. Before this study, a gE/TK-gene-deleted virus (PRV ΔgE/TK) was constructed from PRV QYY2012 variant through homologous recombination and Cre/LoxP system. Here, PRV ΔgE/TK/US3 strain was generated by deleting US3 gene based on PRV ΔgE/TK strain using the same method. The growth characteristics of PRV ΔgE/TK/US3 were analogous to that of PRV ΔgE/TK. Moreover, the deletion of US3 gene could promote apoptosis, upregulate the level of swine leukocyte antigen class I molecule (SLA-I) in vitro, and relieve inflammatory response in inoculated BALB/c mice. Subsequently, the safety and immunogenicity of PRV ΔgE/TK/US3 was evaluated as a vaccine candidate in mice. The results revealed that PRV ΔgE/TK/US3 was safe for mice, and mice vaccinated with PRV ΔgE/TK/US3 could induce a higher level of PRV-specific neutralizing antibodies and cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4, also higher level of CD8+ CD69+ Tissue-Resident Memory T cells (TRM). The results show that the deletion of US3 gene of PRV ΔgE/TK strain could induce increased immunogenicity, indicating that the PRV ΔgE/TK/US3 strain is a promising vaccine candidate for preventing and controlling of the epidemic PR in China.
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17
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Waghmare A, Krantz EM, Baral S, Vasquez E, Loeffelholz T, Chung EL, Pandey U, Kuypers J, Duke ER, Jerome KR, Greninger AL, Reeves DB, Hladik F, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Boeckh M, Schiffer JT. Reliability of Self-Sampling for Accurate Assessment of Respiratory Virus Viral and Immunologic Kinetics. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:278-286. [PMID: 32710762 PMCID: PMC7454707 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic demonstrates the need for accurate and convenient approaches to diagnose and therapeutically monitor respiratory viral infections. We demonstrated that self-sampling with mid-nasal foam swabs is well-tolerated and provides quantitative viral output concordant with flocked swabs. Using longitudinal home-based self-sampling, we demonstrate that nasal cytokine levels correlate and cluster according to immune cell of origin. Periods of stable viral loads are followed by rapid elimination, which could be coupled with cytokine expansion and contraction. Nasal foam swab self-sampling at home provides a precise, mechanistic readout of respiratory virus shedding and local immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Waghmare
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Krantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Subhasish Baral
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emma Vasquez
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tillie Loeffelholz
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E Lisa Chung
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Urvashi Pandey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Duke
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel B Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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18
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Yenyuwadee S, Sanchez-Trincado Lopez JL, Shah R, Rosato PC, Boussiotis VA. The evolving role of tissue-resident memory T cells in infections and cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5871. [PMID: 35977028 PMCID: PMC9385156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) form a distinct type of T memory cells that stably resides in tissues. TRM form an integral part of the immune sensing network and have the ability to control local immune homeostasis and participate in immune responses mediated by pathogens, cancer, and possibly autoantigens during autoimmunity. TRM express residence gene signatures, functional properties of both memory and effector cells, and remarkable plasticity. TRM have a well-established role in pathogen immunity, whereas their role in antitumor immune responses and immunotherapy is currently evolving. As TRM form the most abundant T memory cell population in nonlymphoid tissues, they are attractive targets for therapeutic exploitation. Here, we provide a concise review of the development and physiological role of CD8+ TRM, their involvement in diseases, and their potential therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasitorn Yenyuwadee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Trincado Lopez
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Laboratory of Immunomedicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Ave Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rushil Shah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 , USA
| | - Pamela C Rosato
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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Traxinger B, Vick SC, Woodward-Davis A, Voillet V, Erickson JR, Czartoski J, Teague C, Prlic M, Lund JM. Mucosal viral infection induces a regulatory T cell activation phenotype distinct from tissue residency in mouse and human tissues. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1012-1027. [PMID: 35821289 PMCID: PMC9391309 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediate immune homeostasis, yet also facilitate nuanced immune responses during infection, balancing pathogen control while limiting host inflammation. Recent studies have identified Treg populations in non-lymphoid tissues that are phenotypically distinct from Tregs in lymphoid tissues (LT), including performance of location-dependent roles. Mucosal tissues serve as critical barriers to microbes while performing unique physiologic functions, so we sought to identify distinct phenotypical and functional aspects of mucosal Tregs in the female reproductive tract. In healthy human and mouse vaginal mucosa, we found that Tregs are highly activated compared to blood or LT Tregs. To determine if this phenotype reflects acute activation or a general signature of vaginal tract (VT)-residency, we infected mice with HSV-2 to discover that VT Tregs express granzyme-B (GzmB) and acquire a VT Treg signature distinct from baseline. To determine the mechanisms that drive GzmB expression, we performed ex vivo assays to reveal that a combination of type-I interferons and interleukin-2 is sufficient for GzmB expression. Together, we highlight that VT Tregs are activated at steady state and become further activated in response to infection; thus, they may exert robust control of local immune responses, which could have implications for mucosal vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Traxinger
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah C Vick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jami R Erickson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Candice Teague
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA.
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20
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Serezani AP, Pascoalino BD, Bazzano J, Vowell KN, Tanjore H, Taylor CJ, Calvi CL, Mccall SA, Bacchetta MD, Shaver CM, Ware LB, Salisbury ML, Banovich NE, Kendall PL, Kropski JA, Blackwell TS. Multi-Platform Single-Cell Analysis Identifies Immune Cell Types Enhanced in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:50-60. [PMID: 35468042 PMCID: PMC9273229 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0418oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells have been implicated in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), but the phenotypes and effector mechanisms of these cells remain incompletely characterized. We performed mass cytometry to quantify immune/inflammatory cell subsets in lungs of 12 patients with IPF and 15 organ donors without chronic lung disease and utilized existing single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to investigate transcriptional profiles of immune cells over-represented in IPF. Among myeloid cells, we found increased numbers of alveolar macrophages (AMØs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in IPF, as well as a subset of monocyte-derived DC. In contrast, monocyte-like cells and interstitial macrophages were reduced in IPF. Transcriptomic profiling identified an enrichment for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) response pathways in AMØs and DCs from IPF, as well as antigen processing in DCs and phagocytosis in AMØs. Among T cells, we identified three subset of memory T cells that were increased in IPF, including CD4+ and CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM), and CD8+ effector memory (TEMRA) cells. The response to IFN-γ pathway was enriched in CD4 TRM and CD8 TRM cells in IPF, along with T cell activation and immune response-regulating signaling pathways. Increased AMØs, DCs, and memory T cells were present in IPF lungs compared to control subjects. In IPF, these cells possess an activation profile indicating increased IFN-γ signaling and up-regulation of adaptive immunity in the lungs. Together, these studies highlight critical features of the immunopathogenesis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pm Serezani
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States;
| | | | - Julia Bazzano
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Katherine N Vowell
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chase J Taylor
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Carla L Calvi
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Scott A Mccall
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Matthew D Bacchetta
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ciara M Shaver
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Vanderbilt University, 5718, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Margaret L Salisbury
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Nicholas E Banovich
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 10897, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Peggy L Kendall
- Washington University in St Louis, 7548, Internal Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 12328, Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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21
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Arnous R, Arshad S, Sandgren K, Cunningham AL, Carnt N, White A. Tissue resident memory T cells inhabit the deep human conjunctiva. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6077. [PMID: 35414674 PMCID: PMC9005529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal linings of the body, including the conjunctiva, are enriched in tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) whose defining feature is their continual tissue protection that does not rely on migration to lymphoid organs to elicit immune responses. Hitherto, conjunctival TRMs have only been identified in the superficial epithelium. This work aims to develop a more complete understanding of the conjunctival immunological capacity by investigating the presence of TRMs within the deeper, more stable layers of the healthy human conjunctiva. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD69 and HLA-DR on bulbar conjunctival biopsies obtained from 7 healthy adults (age range = 32-77 years; females = 4), we identified CD69+TRM subsets in all layers of the human conjunctiva: the superficial epithelium, the basal epithelium, the adenoid, and the fibrous layers. Interestingly, the adenoid layer showed significantly higher densities of both CD4 and CD8 TRMs when compared to the fibrous layer and conjunctival epithelia. Additionally, CD4 TRMs predominated significantly over CD8 TRMs in the adenoid layer. The abundance of deep conjunctival CD69+TRMs within the healthy human may suggest the presence of defence mechanisms capable of inducing long-term immunogenic memory. Understanding this spatial distribution of conjunctival CD69+TRMs is essential to improving mucosal vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Arnous
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sana Arshad
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kerrie Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicole Carnt
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew White
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
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22
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Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharides on CD8+ Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Mice with Herpes Simplex. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7729136. [PMID: 35388305 PMCID: PMC8979688 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7729136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore whether astragalus polysaccharides (APS) could treat herpes simplex by increasing tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+ TRM cells) and analyze its potential mechanism using the network pharmacologic approach. Methods C57BL/6J male mice aged 6–8 weeks were divided into a model group with HSV-1 infection treated by saline, a control group without HSV-1 infection but treated by saline, and an APS group with HSV-1 infection treated by APS. Clinical signs were observed, and the disease score was recorded every day. The skin lesions on day 9 after infection were taken for flow cytometric analysis to evaluate CD8+ TRM cells. Network pharmacologic analysis was performed to select the potential protein targets of astragalus associated with herpes simplex. Besides, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. The peripheral blood from the retroorbital venous plexus was collected to evaluate the levels of serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 12 (IL-12). The comparisons of clinical signs, the disease score, CD8+ TRM cells, the serum IFN-γ, and IL-12 levels were performed among the three groups. Results Compared with the model group, the disease score in the APS group was significantly lower (p < 0.05). On the day 9 after HSV-1 infection, there was no significant difference in the body weight of mice among the three groups. However, compared with the control group or model group, the spleen weight in the APS group increased significantly (p < 0.05). The surface antigens of CD8+ TRM cells had no significant difference between the control group and the model group, while compared with the model group, the surface antigens of CD8 (p < 0.05), CD69 (p < 0.05), and CD103 (p < 0.05) in the APS group increased significantly. Moreover, the serum IL-12 (p < 0.05) and IFN-γ (p < 0.01) levels in the APS group increased significantly compared with the model group. Conclusion Our study suggested that APS could alleviate the symptoms of the mice infected with HSV-1, and CD8+ TRM cells in the skin lesions and the levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in the serum of mice with HSV-1 infection increased after the APS treatment, of which the specific underlying mechanism requires further experiments to clarify. In addition, the antiviral effect of APS might be worthy of further development and utilization.
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23
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Koelle DM, Dong L, Jing L, Laing KJ, Zhu J, Jin L, Selke S, Wald A, Varon D, Huang ML, Johnston C, Corey L, Posavad CM. HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867962. [PMID: 35432373 PMCID: PMC9009524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific TRM persist and protect against skin or female reproductive tract (FRT) HSV infection. As the pathogenesis of HSV differs between humans and model organisms, we focus on humans with well-characterized recurrent genital HSV-2 infection. Human CD8+ TRM persisting at sites of healed human HSV-2 lesions have an activated phenotype but it is unclear if TRM can be cultivated in vitro. We recovered HSV-specific TRM from genital skin and ectocervix biopsies, obtained after recovery from recurrent genital HSV-2, using ex vivo activation by viral antigen. Up to several percent of local T cells were HSV-reactive ex vivo. CD4 and CD8 T cell lines were up to 50% HSV-2-specific after sorting-based enrichment. CD8 TRM displayed HLA-restricted reactivity to specific HSV-2 peptides with high functional avidities. Reactivity to defined peptides persisted locally over several month and was quite subject-specific. CD4 TRM derived from biopsies, and from an extended set of cervical cytobrush specimens, also recognized diverse HSV-2 antigens and peptides. Overall we found that HSV-2-specific TRM are abundant in the FRT between episodes of recurrent genital herpes and maintain competency for expansion. Mucosal sites are accessible for clinical monitoring during immune interventions such as therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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24
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Hasan MH, Beura LK. Cellular interactions in resident memory T cell establishment and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 74:68-75. [PMID: 34794039 PMCID: PMC8901561 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are enriched in non-lymphoid tissues and represent a formidable barrier against invading pathogens and tumors. TRM are armed with deployment ready effector molecules which combined with their frontline location allows them to be early organizing centers of our immune defense. Despite their autonomous nature, TRM rely on careful collaboration with other immune and non-immune cells located within the barrier organ to exert their superior protective role. Here, we highlight recent studies focusing on cellular interactions that regulate TRM establishment and function. A deeper understanding of these processes is instrumental in designing new means to target TRM for desirable outcomes in infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Hasan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Lalit K. Beura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States,Corresponding author Please send all correspondence to
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25
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Levin MJ, Weinberg A. Immune Responses to Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 438:223-246. [PMID: 35102438 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The live attenuated varicella vaccine is intended to mimic the tempo and nature of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to varicella infection. To date, two doses of varicella vaccine administered in childhood have been very effective in generating varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immune responses that prevent natural infection for at least several decades. After primary infection, the infecting VZV establishes latency in sensory and cranial nerve ganglia with the potential to reactivate and cause herpes zoster. Although, the immune responses developed during varicella are important for preventing herpes zoster they wane with increasing age (immune senescence) or with the advent of immune suppression. Protection can be restored by increasing cell-mediated immune responses with two doses of an adjuvanted recombinant VZV glycoprotein E vaccine that stimulates both VZV-and gE-specific immunity. This vaccine provides ~85-90% protection against herpes zoster for 7-8 years (to date).
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron J Levin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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26
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Lange J, Rivera-Ballesteros O, Buggert M. Human mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:389-397. [PMID: 34743182 PMCID: PMC8571012 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are fundamental to maintain immune surveillance of the human body. During the past decade, it has become apparent that non-recirculating resident memory T cells (TRMs) form a first line memory response in tissues to tackle re-infections. The fact that TRMs are essential for local immunity highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting this population against tumors and infections. However, similar to other immune subsets, TRMs are heterogenous and may form distinct effector populations with unique functions at diverse tissue sites. Further insight into the mechanisms of how TRM function and respond to pathogens and malignancies at different mucosal sites will help to shape future vaccine and immunotherapeutic approaches. Here, we review the current understanding of TRM function and biology at four major mucosal sites: gastrointestinal tract, lung, head and neck, as well as female reproductive tract. We also summarize our current knowledge of how TRM targets invading pathogens and developing tumor cells at these mucosal sites and contemplate how TRMs may be exploited to protect from infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lange
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Rivera-Ballesteros
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Rice SA. Release of HSV-1 Cell-Free Virions: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Likely Role in Human-Human Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122395. [PMID: 34960664 PMCID: PMC8704881 DOI: 10.3390/v13122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1, or HSV-1, is a widespread human pathogen that replicates in epithelial cells of the body surface and then establishes latent infection in peripheral neurons. When HSV-1 replicates, viral progeny must be efficiently released to spread infection to new target cells. Viral spread occurs via two major routes. In cell-cell spread, progeny virions are delivered directly to cellular junctions, where they infect adjacent cells. In cell-free release, progeny virions are released into the extracellular milieu, potentially allowing the infection of distant cells. Cell-cell spread of HSV-1 has been well studied and is known to be important for in vivo infection and pathogenesis. In contrast, HSV-1 cell-free release has received less attention, and its significance to viral biology is unclear. Here, I review the mechanisms and regulation of HSV-1 cell-free virion release. Based on knowledge accrued in other herpesviral systems, I argue that HSV-1 cell-free release is likely to be tightly regulated in vivo. Specifically, I hypothesize that this process is generally suppressed as the virus replicates within the body, but activated to high levels at sites of viral reactivation, such as the oral mucosa and skin, in order to promote efficient transmission of HSV-1 to new human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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28
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Maekawa D, Whang P, Riblet SM, Hurley DJ, Guy JS, García M. Assessing the infiltration of immune cells in the upper trachea mucosa after infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccination and challenge. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:540-556. [PMID: 34612113 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1989379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The types of immune cells that populate the trachea after ILTV vaccination and infection have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to quantify CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells that infiltrate the trachea after vaccination with chicken embryo origin (CEO), tissue culture origin (TCO), and recombinant herpesvirus of turkey-laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccines, and after challenge of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens with a virulent ILTV strain. Eye-drop vaccination with CEO, or TCO, or in ovo vaccination with rHVT-LT did not alter the number of CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells in the trachea. After challenge, the CEO vaccinated group of chickens showed swift clearance of the challenge virus, the mucosa epithelium of the trachea remained intact, and a limited number of CD4+, CD8α+, and CD8β+ cells were detected in the upper trachea mucosa. The TCO and rHVT-LT vaccinated groups of chickens showed narrow viral clearance with moderate disruption of the trachea epithelial integrity, and a significant increase in CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, and TCRγδ+ cells infiltrated the upper trachea mucosa. Non-vaccinated challenged chickens showed high levels of viral replication, the epithelial organization of the upper trachea mucosa was heavily disrupted, and the predominant infiltrates were CD4+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells. Hence, the very robust protection provided by CEO vaccination was characterized by minimal immune cell infiltration to the trachea mucosa. In contrast, partial protection induced by the TCO and rHVT-LT vaccines requires a prolonged period of T cell expansion to overcome the established infection in the trachea mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maekawa
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Whang
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sylva M Riblet
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David J Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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29
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Aponte-Serrano JO, Weaver JJA, Sego TJ, Glazier JA, Shoemaker JE. Multicellular spatial model of RNA virus replication and interferon responses reveals factors controlling plaque growth dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008874. [PMID: 34695114 PMCID: PMC8608315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses present major public health challenges, as evidenced by the 1918 Spanish Flu, the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2, and 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemics, and the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Severe RNA virus respiratory infections often correlate with high viral load and excessive inflammation. Understanding the dynamics of the innate immune response and its manifestations at the cell and tissue levels is vital to understanding the mechanisms of immunopathology and to developing strain-independent treatments. Here, we present a novel spatialized multicellular computational model of RNA virus infection and the type-I interferon-mediated antiviral response that it induces within lung epithelial cells. The model is built using the CompuCell3D multicellular simulation environment and is parameterized using data from influenza virus-infected cell cultures. Consistent with experimental observations, it exhibits either linear radial growth of viral plaques or arrested plaque growth depending on the local concentration of type I interferons. The model suggests that modifying the activity of signaling molecules in the JAK/STAT pathway or altering the ratio of the diffusion lengths of interferon and virus in the cell culture could lead to plaque growth arrest. The dependence of plaque growth arrest on diffusion lengths highlights the importance of developing validated spatial models of cytokine signaling and the need for in vitro measurement of these diffusion coefficients. Sensitivity analyses under conditions leading to continuous or arrested plaque growth found that plaque growth is more sensitive to variations of most parameters and more likely to have identifiable model parameters when conditions lead to plaque arrest. This result suggests that cytokine assay measurements may be most informative under conditions leading to arrested plaque growth. The model is easy to extend to include SARS-CoV-2-specific mechanisms or to use as a component in models linking epithelial cell signaling to systemic immune models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua O. Aponte-Serrano
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jordan J. A. Weaver
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - T. J. Sego
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James A. Glazier
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Shoemaker
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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30
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Wijesinghe VN, Farouk IA, Zabidi NZ, Puniyamurti A, Choo WS, Lal SK. Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1077-1096. [PMID: 34296960 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1960162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccine development for the disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been challenging over the years and is always in dire need of novel approaches for prevention and cure. To date, the HSV disease remains incurable and challenging to prevent. The disease is extremely widespread due to its high infection rate, resulting in millions of infection cases worldwide.Areas covered: This review first explains the diverse forms of HSV-related disease presentations and reports past vaccine history for the disease. Next, this review examines current and novel HSV vaccine approaches being studied and tested for efficacy and safety as well as vaccines in clinical trial phases I to III. Modern approaches to vaccine design using bioinformatics are described. Finally, we discuss measures to enhance new vaccine development pipelines for HSV.Expert opinion: Modernized approaches using in silico analysis and bioinformatics are emerging methods that exhibit potential for producing vaccines with enhanced targets and formulations. Although not yet fully established for HSV disease, we describe current studies using these approaches for HSV vaccine design to shed light on these methods. In addition, we provide up-to-date requirements of immunogenicity, adjuvant selection, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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31
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Lebratti T, Lim YS, Cofie A, Andhey P, Jiang X, Scott J, Fabbrizi MR, Ozantürk AN, Pham C, Clemens R, Artyomov M, Dinauer M, Shin H. A sustained type I IFN-neutrophil-IL-18 axis drives pathology during mucosal viral infection. eLife 2021; 10:e65762. [PMID: 34047696 PMCID: PMC8163503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil responses against pathogens must be balanced between protection and immunopathology. Factors that determine these outcomes are not well-understood. In a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, which results in severe genital inflammation, antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion reduced disease. Comparative single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of vaginal cells against a model of genital HSV-1 infection, which results in mild inflammation, demonstrated sustained expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) only after HSV-2 infection primarily within the neutrophil population. Both therapeutic blockade of IFNα/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and genetic deletion of IFNAR1 in neutrophils concomitantly decreased HSV-2 genital disease severity and vaginal IL-18 levels. Therapeutic neutralization of IL-18 also diminished genital inflammation, indicating an important role for this cytokine in promoting neutrophil-dependent immunopathology. Our study reveals that sustained type I interferon (IFN) signaling is a driver of pathogenic neutrophil responses and identifies IL-18 as a novel component of disease during genital HSV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Genitalis/immunology
- Herpes Genitalis/metabolism
- Herpes Genitalis/prevention & control
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/innervation
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Mucous Membrane/virology
- Neutrophil Activation/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/virology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vagina/drug effects
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vagina/virology
- Vero Cells
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Lebratti
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ying Shiang Lim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Adjoa Cofie
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Prabhakar Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jason Scott
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ayşe Naz Ozantürk
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Regina Clemens
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Mary Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Haina Shin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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32
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Shohael AM, Moin AT, Chowdhury MAB, Riana SH, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Sarkar B. An Updated Overview of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection: Insights from Origin to Mitigation Measures. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/10869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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van Gisbergen KPJM, Zens KD, Münz C. T-cell memory in tissues. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1310-1324. [PMID: 33837521 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory equips our immune system to respond faster and more effectively against reinfections. This acquired immunity was originally attributed to long-lived, memory T and B cells with body wide access to peripheral and secondary lymphoid tissues. In recent years, it has been realized that both innate and adaptive immunity to a large degree depends on resident immune cells that act locally in barrier tissues including tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm). Here, we will discuss the phenotype of these Trm in mice and humans, the tissues and niches that support them, and their function, plasticity, and transcriptional control. Their unique properties enable Trm to achieve long-lived immunological memory that can be deposited in nearly every organ in response to acute and persistent infection, and in response to cancer. However, Trm may also induce substantial immunopathology in allergic and autoimmune disease if their actions remain unchecked. Therefore, inhibitory and activating stimuli appear to balance the actions of Trm to ensure rapid proinflammatory responses upon infection and to prevent damage to host tissues under steady state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kyra D Zens
- Viral Immunobiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Public and Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Bertram KM, Truong NR, Smith JB, Kim M, Sandgren KJ, Feng KL, Herbert JJ, Rana H, Danastas K, Miranda-Saksena M, Rhodes JW, Patrick E, Cohen RC, Lim J, Merten SL, Harman AN, Cunningham AL. Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infects Langerhans cells and the novel epidermal dendritic cell, Epi-cDC2s, via different entry pathways. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009536. [PMID: 33905459 PMCID: PMC8104422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) provide the first interactions of invading viruses with the immune system. In addition to Langerhans cells (LCs), we recently described a second epidermal MNP population, Epi-cDC2s, in human anogenital epidermis that is closely related to dermal conventional dendritic cells type 2 (cDC2) and can be preferentially infected by HIV. Here we show that in epidermal explants topically infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), both LCs and Epi-cDC2s interact with HSV-1 particles and infected keratinocytes. Isolated Epi-cDC2s support higher levels of infection than LCs in vitro, inhibited by acyclovir, but both MNP subtypes express similar levels of the HSV entry receptors nectin-1 and HVEM, and show similar levels of initial uptake. Using inhibitors of endosomal acidification, actin and cholesterol, we found that HSV-1 utilises different entry pathways in each cell type. HSV-1 predominantly infects LCs, and monocyte-derived MNPs, via a pH-dependent pathway. In contrast, Epi-cDC2s are mainly infected via a pH-independent pathway which may contribute to the enhanced infection of Epi-cDC2s. Both cells underwent apoptosis suggesting that Epi-cDC2s may follow the same dermal migration and uptake by dermal MNPs that we have previously shown for LCs. Thus, we hypothesize that the uptake of HSV and infection of Epi-cDC2s will stimulate immune responses via a different pathway to LCs, which in future may help guide HSV vaccine development and adjuvant targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie M. Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jacinta B. Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Min Kim
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Kerrie J. Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Konrad L. Feng
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Kevin Danastas
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Monica Miranda-Saksena
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jake W. Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ralph C. Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Sydney and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jake Lim
- Department of Surgery, Westmead Private Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Steven L. Merten
- Department of Surgery, Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hirahara K, Kokubo K, Aoki A, Kiuchi M, Nakayama T. The Role of CD4 + Resident Memory T Cells in Local Immunity in the Mucosal Tissue - Protection Versus Pathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616309. [PMID: 33968018 PMCID: PMC8097179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells are crucial for both local and systemic protection against pathogens over a long period of time. Three major subsets of memory T cells; effector memory T (TEM) cells, central memory T (TCM) cells, and tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been identified. The most recently identified subset, TRM cells, is characterized by the expression of the C-type lectin CD69 and/or the integrin CD103. TRM cells persist locally at sites of mucosal tissue, such as the lung, where they provide frontline defense against various pathogens. Importantly, however, TRM cells are also involved in shaping the pathology of inflammatory diseases. A number of pioneering studies revealed important roles of CD8+ TRM cells, particularly those in the local control of viral infection. However, the protective function and pathogenic role of CD4+ TRM cells that reside within the mucosal tissue remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the ambivalent feature of CD4+ TRM cells in the protective and pathological immune responses. We also review the transcriptional and epigenetic characteristics of CD4+ TRM cells in the lung that have been elucidated by recent technical approaches. A better understanding of the function of CD4+ TRM cells is crucial for the development of both effective vaccination against pathogens and new therapeutic strategies for intractable inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and chronic allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kota Kokubo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ami Aoki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiba, Japan
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36
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O’Neil TR, Hu K, Truong NR, Arshad S, Shacklett BL, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:359. [PMID: 33668777 PMCID: PMC7996247 DOI: 10.3390/v13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8+ TRM, there has recently been increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4+ TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4+ T cells seed CD4+ TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4+ TRM and blood CD4+ T cells. CD4+ TRM are more mobile than CD8+ TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8+ TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4+ and CD8+ TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon-gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8+ T cells. The exact role of the CD4+/CD8+ TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4+ TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in the cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4+ TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4+ TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. O’Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kevin Hu
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sana Arshad
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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Koguchi-Yoshioka H, Hoffer E, Cheuk S, Matsumura Y, Vo S, Kjellman P, Grema L, Ishitsuka Y, Nakamura Y, Okiyama N, Fujisawa Y, Fujimoto M, Eidsmo L, Clark RA, Watanabe R. Skin T cells maintain their diversity and functionality in the elderly. Commun Biol 2021; 4:13. [PMID: 33398080 PMCID: PMC7782613 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted that human resident memory T cells (TRM) are functionally distinct from circulating T cells. Thus, it can be postulated that skin T cells age differently from blood-circulating T cells. We assessed T-cell density, diversity, and function in individuals of various ages to study the immunologic effects of aging on human skin from two different countries. No decline in the density of T cells was noted with advancing age, and the frequency of epidermal CD49a+ CD8 TRM was increased in elderly individuals regardless of ethnicity. T-cell diversity and antipathogen responses were maintained in the skin of elderly individuals but declined in the blood. Our findings demonstrate that in elderly individuals, skin T cells maintain their density, diversity, and protective cytokine production despite the reduced T-cell diversity and function in blood. Skin resident T cells may represent a long-lived, highly protective reservoir of immunity in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Koguchi-Yoshioka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Elena Hoffer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18, L8, 171 76, Solna, Sweden
| | - Stanley Cheuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18, L8, 171 76, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yutaka Matsumura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sa Vo
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Petra Kjellman
- Diagnostiskt Centrum Hud, Apelbergsgatan 60, 111 37, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucian Grema
- Diagnostiskt Centrum Hud, Apelbergsgatan 60, 111 37, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 18, L8, 171 76, Solna, Sweden.,Diagnostiskt Centrum Hud, Apelbergsgatan 60, 111 37, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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38
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Stinn T, Kuntz S, Varon D, Huang ML, Selke S, Njikan S, Ford ES, Dragavon J, Coombs RW, Johnston C, Bull ME. Subclinical Genital Herpes Shedding in HIV/Herpes Simplex Virus 2-Coinfected Women during Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated with an Increase in HIV Tissue Reservoirs and Potentially Promotes HIV Evolution. J Virol 2020; 95:e01606-20. [PMID: 33028713 PMCID: PMC7737750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01606-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-specific immune responses to chronic infections, such as herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in HIV/HSV-coinfected persons, may sustain HIV tissue reservoirs by promoting T-cell proliferation but are poorly studied in women on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Mixed anogenital swabs and cervical secretions were self-collected by nine HIV/HSV-2-coinfected women during ART for 28 days to establish subclinical HSV DNA shedding rates and detection of HIV RNA by real-time PCR. Typical herpes lesion site biopsy (TLSB) and cervical biopsy specimens were collected at the end of the daily sampling period. Nucleic acids (NA) isolated from biopsy specimens had HIV quantified and HIV envC2-V5 single-genome amplification (SGA) and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires assessed. Women had a median CD4 count of 537 cells/μl (IQR: 483 to 741) at enrollment and HIV plasma viral loads of <40 copies/ml. HSV DNA was detected on 12% of days (IQR: 2 to 25%) from anogenital specimens. Frequent subclinical HSV DNA shedding was associated with increased HIV DNA tissue concentrations and increased divergence from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), an indicator of HIV replication. Distinct predominant TCR clones were detected in cervical and TLSB specimens in a woman with frequent HSV DNA shedding, with mixing of minor variants between her tissues. In contrast, more limited TCR repertoire mixing was observed in two women with less frequent subclinical HSV DNA shedding. Subclinical HSV shedding in HIV/HSV-coinfected women during ART may sustain HIV tissue reservoirs via Ag exposure or HIV replication. This study provides evidence supporting further study of interventions targeting suppression of Ag-specific immune responses as a component of HIV cure strategies.IMPORTANCE Persons with HIV infection are frequently coinfected with chronic herpesviruses, which periodically replicate and produce viable herpes virions, particularly in anogenital and cervical tissues. Persistent protein expression results in proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and the latter could potentially expand and sustain HIV tissue reservoirs. We found HSV genital shedding rates were positively correlated with HIV DNA concentrations and HIV divergence from ancestral sequences in tissues. Our work suggests that immune responses to common coinfections, such as herpesviruses, may sustain HIV tissue reservoirs during suppressive ART, suggesting future cure strategies should study interventions to suppress replication or reactivation of chronic herpes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajanna Stinn
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steve Kuntz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel Njikan
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily S Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joan Dragavon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert W Coombs
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marta E Bull
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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39
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Armentrout EI, Liu GY, Martins GA. T Cell Immunity and the Quest for Protective Vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121936. [PMID: 33291260 PMCID: PMC7762175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a wide-spread human pathogen, and one of the top causative agents of nosocomial infections. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains, which are associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates than antibiotic-susceptible strains, is increasing around the world. Vaccination would be an effective preventive measure against S. aureus infection, but to date, every vaccine developed has failed in clinical trials, despite inducing robust antibody responses. These results suggest that induction of humoral immunity does not suffice to confer protection against the infection. Evidence from studies in murine models and in patients with immune defects support a role of T cell-mediated immunity in protective responses against S. aureus. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive immunity to S. aureus infections and discuss these findings in light of the recent S. aureus vaccine trial failures. We make the case for the need to develop anti-S. aureus vaccines that can specifically elicit robust and durable protective memory T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin I. Armentrout
- Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - George Y. Liu
- Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gislâine A. Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, CSMC, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence:
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40
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Paik DH, Farber DL. Anti-viral protective capacity of tissue resident memory T cells. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 46:20-26. [PMID: 33130326 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that a subset of T cells which persist at diverse infection sites, known as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), can mediate efficacious protective immunity against many types of viral infections. Recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms by which TRM coordinate enhanced viral clearance in different sites through rapid production of effector cytokines and cytolytic mediators, in situ expansion, differentiation to circulating effector cells, and immune cell recruitment. This tissue-localized response also includes enhancement at the local lymphoid sites which contribute to fortifying TRM-mediated protection. Understanding how these responses occur in a tissue-wide context will provide key insights for development of vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Paik
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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41
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Waghmare A, Krantz EM, Baral S, Vasquez E, Loeffelholz T, Chung EL, Pandey U, Kuypers J, Duke ER, Jerome KR, Greninger AL, Reeves DB, Hladik F, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Boeckh M, Schiffer JT. Reliability of self-sampling for accurate assessment of respiratory virus viral and immunologic kinetics. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.04.03.20051706. [PMID: 32511581 PMCID: PMC7276008 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.03.20051706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic demonstrates the need for accurate and convenient approaches to diagnose and therapeutically monitor respiratory viral infections. We demonstrated that self-sampling with foam swabs at home is well-tolerated and provides quantitative viral output concordant with flocked swabs. Nasal cytokine levels correlate and cluster according to immune cell of origin. Periods of stable viral loads are followed by rapid elimination, which could be coupled with cytokine expansion and contraction using mathematical models. Nasal foam swab self-sampling at home provides a precise, mechanistic readout of respiratory virus shedding and local immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Waghmare
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | - Elizabeth M. Krantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Subhasish Baral
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Emma Vasquez
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Tillie Loeffelholz
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - E. Lisa Chung
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Urvashi Pandey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington
| | - Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Elizabeth R Duke
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington
| | | | - Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | | | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
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