1
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Reid TB, Godornes C, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Tantalo LC, Gomez A, Pholsena TN, Lieberman NAP, Krause TM, Cegielski VI, Culver LA, Nguyen N, Tong DQ, Hawley KL, Greninger AL, Giacani L, Cameron CE, Dombrowski JC, Wald A, Koelle DM. Treponema pallidum Periplasmic and Membrane Proteins Are Recognized by Circulating and Skin CD4+ T Cells. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:281-292. [PMID: 38932740 PMCID: PMC11326851 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histologic and serologic studies suggest the induction of local and systemic Treponema pallidum-specific CD4+ T-cell responses to T. pallidum infection. We hypothesized that T. pallidum-specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in blood and in the skin rash of secondary syphilis and persist in both compartments after treatment. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 67 participants were screened by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) ELISPOT response to T. pallidum sonicate. T. pallidum-reactive T-cell lines from blood and skin were probed for responses to 89 recombinant T. pallidum antigens. Peptide epitopes and HLA class II restriction were defined for selected antigens. RESULTS We detected CD4+ T-cell responses to T. pallidum sonicate ex vivo. Using T. pallidum-reactive T-cell lines we observed recognition of 14 discrete proteins, 13 of which localize to bacterial membranes or the periplasmic space. After therapy, T. pallidum-specific T cells persisted for at least 6 months in skin and 10 years in blood. CONCLUSIONS T. pallidum infection elicits an antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell response in blood and skin. T. pallidum-specific CD4+ T cells persist as memory in both compartments long after curative therapy. The T. pallidum antigenic targets we identified may be high-priority vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara B Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charmie Godornes
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Victoria L Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lauren C Tantalo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alloysius Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thepthara N Pholsena
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole A P Lieberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taylor M Krause
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Victoria I Cegielski
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Lauren A Culver
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Denise Q Tong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lorenzo Giacani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caroline E Cameron
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia C Dombrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Blest HTW, Redmond A, Avissar J, Barker J, Bridgeman A, Fowler G, Chauveau L, Hertzog J, Vendrell I, Fischer R, Iversen MB, Jing L, Koelle DM, Paludan SR, Kessler BM, Crump CM, Rehwinkel J. HSV-1 employs UL56 to antagonize expression and function of cGAMP channels. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114122. [PMID: 38652659 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA sensing is important for antiviral immunity. The DNA sensor cGAS synthesizes 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a second messenger that activates STING, which induces innate immunity. cGAMP not only activates STING in the cell where it is produced but cGAMP also transfers to other cells. Transporters, channels, and pores (including SLC19A1, SLC46A2, P2X7, ABCC1, and volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs)) release cGAMP into the extracellular space and/or import cGAMP. We report that infection with multiple human viruses depletes some of these cGAMP conduits. This includes herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) that targets SLC46A2, P2X7, and the VRAC subunits LRRC8A and LRRC8C for degradation. The HSV-1 protein UL56 is necessary and sufficient for these effects that are mediated at least partially by proteasomal turnover. UL56 thereby inhibits cGAMP uptake via VRAC, SLC46A2, and P2X7. Taken together, HSV-1 antagonizes intercellular cGAMP transfer. We propose that this limits innate immunity by reducing cell-to-cell communication via the immunotransmitter cGAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T W Blest
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Redmond
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Jed Avissar
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Jake Barker
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Gerissa Fowler
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Lise Chauveau
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Jonny Hertzog
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK.
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3
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Reid TB, Godornes C, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Tantalo LC, Gomez A, Pholsena TN, Lieberman NAP, Krause TM, Cegielski VI, Culver LA, Nguyen N, Tong DQ, Hawley KL, Greninger AL, Giacani L, Cameron CE, Dombrowski JC, Wald A, Koelle DM. Treponema pallidum periplasmic and membrane proteins are recognized by circulating and skin CD4+ T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.581790. [PMID: 38464313 PMCID: PMC10925203 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.581790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Histologic and serologic studies suggest the induction of local and systemic Treponema pallidum ( Tp )-specific CD4+ T cell responses to Tp infection. We hypothesized that Tp -specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in blood and in the skin rash of secondary syphilis and persist in both compartments after treatment. Methods PBMC collected from 67 participants were screened by IFNγ ELISPOT response to Tp sonicate. Tp -reactive T cell lines from blood and skin were probed for responses to 88 recombinant Tp antigens. Peptide epitopes and HLA class II restriction were defined for selected antigens. Results We detected CD4+ T cell responses to Tp sonicate ex vivo. Using Tp -reactive T cell lines we observed recognition of 14 discrete proteins, 13 of which localize to bacterial membranes or the periplasmic space. After therapy, Tp -specific T cells persisted for at least 6 months in skin and 10 years in blood. Conclusions Tp infection elicits an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response in blood and skin. Tp -specific CD4+ T cells persist as memory in both compartments long after curative therapy. The Tp antigenic targets we identified may be high priority vaccine candidates.
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4
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Pulliam T, Jani S, Jing L, Ryu H, Jojic A, Shasha C, Zhang J, Kulikauskas R, Church C, Garnett-Benson C, Gooley T, Chapuis A, Paulson K, Smith KN, Pardoll DM, Newell EW, Koelle DM, Topalian SL, Nghiem P. Circulating cancer-specific CD8 T cell frequency is associated with response to PD-1 blockade in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101412. [PMID: 38340723 PMCID: PMC10897614 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding cancer immunobiology has been hampered by difficulty identifying cancer-specific T cells. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) causes most Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs). All patients with virus-driven MCC express MCPyV oncoproteins, facilitating identification of virus (cancer)-specific T cells. We studied MCPyV-specific T cells from 27 patients with MCC using MCPyV peptide-HLA-I multimers, 26-color flow cytometry, single-cell transcriptomics, and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. In a prospective clinical trial, higher circulating MCPyV-specific CD8 T cell frequency before anti-PD-1 treatment was strongly associated with 2-year recurrence-free survival (75% if detectable, 0% if undetectable, p = 0.0018; ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02488759). Intratumorally, such T cells were typically present, but their frequency did not significantly associate with response. Circulating MCPyV-specific CD8 T cells had increased stem/memory and decreased exhaustion signatures relative to their intratumoral counterparts. These results suggest that cancer-specific CD8 T cells in the blood may play a role in anti-PD-1 responses. Thus, strategies that augment their number or mobilize them into tumors could improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pulliam
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Saumya Jani
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heeju Ryu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Department, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ana Jojic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Department, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carolyn Shasha
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Department, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21827, USA; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rima Kulikauskas
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Candice Church
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Ted Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aude Chapuis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kelly Paulson
- Paul G. Allen Research Center, Providence-Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kellie N Smith
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21827, USA; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21827, USA; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Department, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Department, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Suzanne L Topalian
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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5
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Ford ES, Li A, Laing KJ, Dong L, Diem K, Jing L, Basu K, Ott M, Tartaglia J, Gurunathan S, Reid JL, Ecsedi M, Chapuis AG, Huang ML, Magaret AS, Johnston C, Zhu J, Koelle DM, Corey L. Expansion of the HSV-2-specific T cell repertoire in skin after immunotherapeutic HSV-2 vaccine. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2022.02.04.22270210. [PMID: 38352384 PMCID: PMC10863019 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.22270210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The skin at the site of HSV-2 reactivation is enriched for HSV-2-specific T cells. To evaluate whether an immunotherapeutic vaccine could elicit skin-based memory T cells, we studied skin biopsies and HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by T cell receptor β (TRB) sequencing before and after vaccination with a replication-incompetent whole virus HSV-2 vaccine candidate (HSV529). The representation of HSV-2-reactive CD4+ TRB sequences from PBMCs in the skin TRB repertoire increased after the first vaccine dose. We found sustained expansion after vaccination of unique, skin-based T-cell clonotypes that were not detected in HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells isolated from PBMCs. In one participant a switch in immunodominance occurred with the emergence of a T cell receptor (TCR) αβ pair after vaccination that was not detected in blood. This TCRαβ was shown to be HSV-2-reactive by expression of a synthetic TCR in a Jurkat-based NR4A1 reporter system. The skin in areas of HSV-2 reactivation possesses an oligoclonal TRB repertoire that is distinct from the circulation. Defining the influence of therapeutic vaccination on the HSV-2-specific TRB repertoire requires tissue-based evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Alvason Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Krithi Basu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | | | | | - Jack L Reid
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - David M Koelle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
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6
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Harbecke R, Oxman MN, Selke S, Ashbaugh ME, Lan KF, Koelle DM, Wald A. Prior Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and the Risk of Herpes Zoster. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:64-72. [PMID: 37410908 PMCID: PMC10786259 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) has increased in the United States concurrent with decrease in herpes simplex virus (HSV) prevalence. We hypothesized that lack of HSV-elicited cross-reactive immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) results in an increased risk of HZ. Using specimens from the placebo arm of the Shingles Prevention Study, we investigated whether persons who develop HZ are less likely to have prior HSV infection than persons who do not develop HZ, and whether HZ is less severe in persons with HSV than in HSV seronegative persons. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control (1:2) study comparing the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cases (persons with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed HZ) to age-, sex-, and health-matched controls (persons without HZ). RESULTS Sera from 639 study participants (213 cases and 426 controls) yielded definitive HSV antibody results and were analyzed. Overall, HSV seropositivity rate was 75%. HSV seronegativity was significantly higher in HZ cases than controls (30.5% vs 22.3%; P = .024), with a 55% higher risk of HZ in HSV seronegative than HSV seropositive participants. HSV seropositivity was associated with more severe HZ (P = .021). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that prior infection with HSV partly protects against HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harbecke
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael N Oxman
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark E Ashbaugh
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kristine F Lan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Ford ES, Mayer-Blackwell K, Jing L, Laing KJ, Sholukh AM, St Germain R, Bossard EL, Xie H, Pulliam TH, Jani S, Selke S, Burrow CJ, McClurkan CL, Wald A, Greninger AL, Holbrook MR, Eaton B, Eudy E, Murphy M, Postnikova E, Robins HS, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Ecsedi M, Wilcox E, Chapuis AG, Fiore-Gartland A, Koelle DM. Repeated mRNA vaccination sequentially boosts SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cells in persons with previous COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:166-177. [PMID: 38057617 PMCID: PMC10981451 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hybrid immunity is more protective than vaccination or previous infection alone. To investigate the kinetics of spike-reactive T (TS) cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection through messenger RNA vaccination in persons with hybrid immunity, we identified the T cell receptor (TCR) sequences of thousands of index TS cells and tracked their frequency in bulk TCRβ repertoires sampled longitudinally from the peripheral blood of persons who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccinations led to large expansions in memory TS cell clonotypes, most of which were CD8+ T cells, while also eliciting diverse TS cell clonotypes not observed before vaccination. TCR sequence similarity clustering identified public CD8+ and CD4+ TCR motifs associated with spike (S) specificity. Synthesis of longitudinal bulk ex vivo single-chain TCRβ repertoires and paired-chain TCRɑβ sequences from droplet sequencing of TS cells provides a roadmap for the rapid assessment of T cell responses to vaccines and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anton M Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell St Germain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily L Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saumya Jani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Eudy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel M Gittelman
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
- Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Takeda Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elise Wilcox
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Zhao Z, Liu X, Zong Y, Shi X, Sun Y. Cellular Processes Induced by HSV-1 Infections in Vestibular Neuritis. Viruses 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 38275947 PMCID: PMC10819745 DOI: 10.3390/v16010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus is a prevalent pathogen that primarily infects human epithelial cells and has the ability to reside in neurons. In the field of otolaryngology, herpesvirus infection primarily leads to hearing loss and vestibular neuritis and is considered the primary hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of vestibular neuritis. In this review, we provide a summary of the effects of the herpes virus on cellular processes in both host cells and immune cells, with a focus on HSV-1 as illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Yanjun Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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9
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Korom M, Wang H, Bernier KM, Geiss BJ, Morrison LA. ICP8-vhs- HSV-2 Vaccine Expressing B7 Costimulation Molecules Optimizes Safety and Efficacy against HSV-2 Infection in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:1570. [PMID: 37515256 PMCID: PMC10384616 DOI: 10.3390/v15071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) causes most sexually transmitted genital ulcerative disease. No effective prophylactic vaccine is currently available. Replication-defective (ICP8-) HSV stimulates immune responses in animals without producing progeny virus, making it potentially useful as a safe form of a live vaccine against HSV. We previously demonstrated that mice generate a stronger response to ICP8- virus encoding B7-2 costimulation molecules than to the parental replication-defective virus. We have also demonstrated enhanced immunogenicity of an ICP8-, virion host shutoff (vhs)- virus which can no longer destabilize viral and host mRNAs. Here, we constructed a triple mutant, ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ strain, and compared it to both double mutant viruses. Immunization of mice with a single dose of ICP8-B7-2+ or ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ virus decreased challenge virus replication in the vaginal mucosa, genital disease, and mortality more effectively than immunization with the ICP8-vhs- virus. Immunization with ICP8-B7-2+ or ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ virus also effectively suppressed subsequent HSV-2 infection of the nervous system compared to immunization with the ICP8-vhs- virus. ICP8-B7-2+ and ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ strains induced more IFN gamma-producing CD8 T cells and memory CD8 T cells than did ICP8-vhs- virus, potentially explaining the enhanced protective effects. Thus, B7 costimulation molecules expressed from a replication-defective vaccine can enhance vaccine efficacy, even in an immunocompetent host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lynda A. Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.K.); (H.W.); (K.M.B.); (B.J.G.)
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10
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van Gent M, Ouwendijk WJD, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Varicella-zoster virus proteome-wide T-cell screening demonstrates low prevalence of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:141. [PMID: 37308917 PMCID: PMC10259006 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons are an important site of lifelong latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. Although VZV-specific T-cells are considered pivotal to control virus reactivation, their protective role at the site of latency remains uncharacterized. METHODS Paired blood and TG specimens were obtained from ten latent VZV-infected adults, of which nine were co-infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Short-term TG-derived T-cell lines (TG-TCL), generated by mitogenic stimulation of TG-derived T-cells, were probed for HSV-1- and VZV-specific T-cells using flow cytometry. We also performed VZV proteome-wide screening of TG-TCL to determine the fine antigenic specificity of VZV reactive T-cells. Finally, the relationship between T-cells and latent HSV-1 and VZV infections in TG was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and in situ analysis for T-cell proteins and latent viral transcripts. RESULTS VZV proteome-wide analysis of ten TG-TCL identified two VZV antigens recognized by CD8 T-cells in two separate subjects. The first was an HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive CD8 T-cell epitope, whereas the second TG harbored CD8 T-cells reactive with VZV specifically and not the homologous peptide in HSV-1. In silico analysis showed that HSV-1/VZV cross reactivity of TG-derived CD8 T-cells reactive with ten previously identified HSV-1 epitopes was unlikely, suggesting that HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive T-cells are not a common feature in dually infected TG. Finally, no association was detected between T-cell infiltration and VZV latency transcript abundance in TG by RT-qPCR or in situ analyses. CONCLUSIONS The low presence of VZV- compared to HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells in human TG suggests that VZV reactive CD8 T-cells play a limited role in maintaining VZV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J. D. Ouwendijk
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Georges M. G. M. Verjans
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
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11
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Palmer WH, Norman PJ. The impact of HLA polymorphism on herpesvirus infection and disease. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:231-247. [PMID: 36595060 PMCID: PMC10205880 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are cell surface molecules, central in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses, that are targets of strong diversifying natural selection by pathogens. Of these pathogens, human herpesviruses have a uniquely ancient relationship with our species, where coevolution likely has reciprocating impact on HLA and viral genomic diversity. Consistent with this notion, genetic variation at multiple HLA loci is strongly associated with modulating immunity to herpesvirus infection. Here, we synthesize published genetic associations of HLA with herpesvirus infection and disease, both from case/control and genome-wide association studies. We analyze genetic associations across the eight human herpesviruses and identify HLA alleles that are associated with diverse herpesvirus-related phenotypes. We find that whereas most HLA genetic associations are virus- or disease-specific, HLA-A*01 and HLA-A*02 allotypes may be more generally associated with immune susceptibility and control, respectively, across multiple herpesviruses. Connecting genetic association data with functional corroboration, we discuss mechanisms by which diverse HLA and cognate receptor allotypes direct variable immune responses during herpesvirus infection and pathogenesis. Together, this review examines the complexity of HLA-herpesvirus interactions driven by differential T cell and Natural Killer cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Palmer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
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12
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Awasthi S, Onishi M, Lubinski JM, Fowler BT, Naughton AM, Hook LM, Egan KP, Hagiwara M, Shirai S, Sakai A, Nakagawa T, Goto K, Yoshida O, Stephens AJ, Choi G, Cohen GH, Katayama K, Friedman HM. Novel Adjuvant S-540956 Targets Lymph Nodes and Reduces Genital Recurrences and Vaginal Shedding of HSV-2 DNA When Administered with HSV-2 Glycoprotein D as a Therapeutic Vaccine in Guinea Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:1148. [PMID: 37243234 PMCID: PMC10220834 DOI: 10.3390/v15051148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a leading cause of genital ulcer disease and a major risk factor for acquisition and transmission of HIV. Frequent recurrent genital lesions and concerns about transmitting infection to intimate partners affect the quality of life of infected individuals. Therapeutic vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the frequency of genital lesions and transmission. S-540956 is a novel vaccine adjuvant that contains CpG oligonucleotide ODN2006 annealed to its complementary sequence and conjugated to a lipid that targets the adjuvant to lymph nodes. Our primary goal was to compare S-540956 administered with HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) with no treatment in a guinea pig model of recurrent genital herpes (studies 1 and 2). Our secondary goals were to compare S-540956 with oligonucleotide ODN2006 (study1) or glucopyranosyl lipid A in a stable oil-in-water nano-emulsion (GLA-SE) (study 2). gD2/S-540956 reduced the number of days with recurrent genital lesions by 56%, vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA by 49%, and both combined by 54% compared to PBS, and was more efficacious than the two other adjuvants. Our results indicate that S-540956 has great potential as an adjuvant for a therapeutic vaccine for genital herpes, and merits further evaluation with the addition of potent T cell immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Awasthi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA (J.M.L.); (B.T.F.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.H.); (K.P.E.)
| | - Motoyasu Onishi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - John M. Lubinski
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA (J.M.L.); (B.T.F.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.H.); (K.P.E.)
| | - Bernard T. Fowler
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA (J.M.L.); (B.T.F.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.H.); (K.P.E.)
| | - Alexis M. Naughton
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA (J.M.L.); (B.T.F.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.H.); (K.P.E.)
| | - Lauren M. Hook
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA (J.M.L.); (B.T.F.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.H.); (K.P.E.)
| | - Kevin P. Egan
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA (J.M.L.); (B.T.F.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.H.); (K.P.E.)
| | - Masaki Hagiwara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Seiki Shirai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Akiho Sakai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Kumiko Goto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Alisa J. Stephens
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA; (A.J.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Grace Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA; (A.J.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA;
| | - Kazufumi Katayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan; (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (T.N.); (K.G.); (O.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA (J.M.L.); (B.T.F.); (A.M.N.); (L.M.H.); (K.P.E.)
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13
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Lam AK, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Zhen J, Kurland AP, Cheng C, Huang H, Teng PL, Harelson C, Gong D, Tam YK, Radu CG, Epeldegui M, Johnson JR, Zhou ZH, Whitby D, Wu TT. Immunization of Mice with Virus-Like Vesicles of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reveals a Role for Antibodies Targeting ORF4 in Activating Complement-Mediated Neutralization. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160022. [PMID: 36757205 PMCID: PMC9972917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can cause severe consequences, such as cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. Whole inactivated viruses (WIV) with chemically destroyed genetic materials have been used as antigens in several licensed vaccines. During KSHV productive replication, virus-like vesicles (VLVs) that lack capsids and viral genomes are generated along with virions. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of KSHV VLVs produced from a viral mutant that was defective in capsid formation and DNA packaging. Mice immunized with adjuvanted VLVs generated KSHV-specific T cell and antibody responses. Neutralization of KSHV infection by the VLV immune serum was low but was markedly enhanced in the presence of the complement system. Complement-enhanced neutralization and complement deposition on KSHV-infected cells was dependent on antibodies targeting viral open reading frame 4 (ORF4). However, limited complement-mediated enhancement was detected in the sera of a small cohort of KSHV-infected humans which contained few neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, vaccination that induces antibody effector functions can potentially improve infection-induced humoral immunity. Overall, our study highlights a potential benefit of engaging complement-mediated antibody functions in future KSHV vaccine development. IMPORTANCE KSHV is a virus that can lead to cancer after infection. A vaccine that prevents KSHV infection or transmission would be helpful in preventing the development of these cancers. We investigated KSHV VLV as an immunogen for vaccination. We determined that antibodies targeting the viral protein ORF4 induced by VLV immunization could engage the complement system and neutralize viral infection. However, ORF4-specific antibodies were seldom detected in the sera of KSHV-infected humans. Moreover, these human sera did not potently trigger complement-mediated neutralization, indicating an improvement that immunization can confer. Our study suggests a new antibody-mediated mechanism to control KSHV infection and underscores the benefit of activating the complement system in a future KSHV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Romin Roshan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. Kurland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celine Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haigen Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pu-Lin Teng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claire Harelson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying K. Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Gopinath D, Koe KH, Maharajan MK, Panda S. A Comprehensive Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and the Management of Herpes Labialis. Viruses 2023; 15:225. [PMID: 36680265 PMCID: PMC9867007 DOI: 10.3390/v15010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes labialis remains exceedingly prevalent and is one of the most common human viral infections throughout the world. Recurrent herpes labialis evolves from the initial viral infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) which subsequently presents with or without symptoms. Reactivation of this virus is triggered by psychosocial factors such as stress, febrile environment, ultraviolet light susceptibility, or specific dietary inadequacy. This virus infection is also characterized by uninterrupted transitions between chronic-latent and acute-recurrent phases, allowing the virus to opportunistically avoid immunity and warrant the transmission to other vulnerable hosts simultaneously. This review comprehensively evaluates the current evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission modes, clinical manifestations, and current management options of herpes labialis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gopinath
- Basic Medical and Dental Sciences Department, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kim Hoe Koe
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Swagatika Panda
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha‘O’Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India
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15
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Laing KJ, Ouwendijk WJD, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Mortazavi S, Elder Waters M, Krist MP, Tu R, Nguyen N, Basu K, Miao C, Schmid DS, Johnston C, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Selective retention of virus-specific tissue-resident T cells in healed skin after recovery from herpes zoster. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6957. [PMID: 36376285 PMCID: PMC9663441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster is a localized skin infection caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus. Tissue-resident T cells likely control skin infections. Zoster provides a unique opportunity to determine if focal reinfection of human skin boosts local or disseminated antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells. Here, we show virus-specific T cells are retained over one year in serial samples of rash site and contralateral unaffected skin of individuals recovered from zoster. Consistent with zoster resolution, viral DNA is largely undetectable on skin from day 90 and virus-specific B and T cells decline in blood. In skin, there is selective infiltration and long-term persistence of varicella-zoster virus-specific T cells in the rash site relative to the contralateral site. The skin T cell infiltrates express the canonical tissue-resident T cell markers CD69 and CD103. These findings show that zoster promotes spatially-restricted long-term retention of antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells in previously infected skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Werner J D Ouwendijk
- HerpeslabNL of the Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Shahin Mortazavi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Maxwell P Krist
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Tu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krithi Basu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Congrong Miao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- HerpeslabNL of the Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Johnston C, Magaret A, Son H, Stern M, Rathbun M, Renner D, Szpara M, Gunby S, Ott M, Jing L, Campbell VL, Huang ML, Selke S, Jerome KR, Koelle DM, Wald A. Viral Shedding 1 Year Following First-Episode Genital HSV-1 Infection. JAMA 2022; 328:1730-1739. [PMID: 36272098 PMCID: PMC9588168 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.19061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the leading cause of first-episode genital herpes in many countries. OBJECTIVE To inform counseling messages regarding genital HSV-1 transmission, oral and genital viral shedding patterns among persons with first-episode genital HSV-1 infection were assessed. The trajectory of the development of HSV-specific antibody and T-cell responses was also characterized. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective cohort followed up for up to 2 years, with 82 participants followed up between 2013 and 2018. Participants were recruited from sexual health and primary care clinics in Seattle, Washington. Persons with laboratory-documented first-episode genital HSV-1 infection, without HIV infection or current pregnancy, were referred for enrollment. EXPOSURES First-episode genital HSV-1 infection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Genital and oral HSV-1 shedding and lesion rates at 2 months, 11 months, and up to 2 years after initial genital HSV-1 infection. Participants self-collected oral and genital swabs for HSV polymerase chain reaction testing for 30 days at 2 and 11 months and up to 2 years after diagnosis of genital HSV-1. Blood samples were collected at serial time points to assess immune responses to HSV-1. Primary HSV-1 infection was defined as absent HSV antibody at baseline or evolving antibody profile using the University of Washington HSV Western Blot. HSV-specific T-cell responses were detected using interferon γ enzyme-linked immunospot. RESULTS Among the 82 participants, the median (range) age was 26 (16-64) years, 54 (65.9%) were women, and 42 (51.2%) had primary HSV-1 infection. At 2 months, HSV-1 was detected from the genital tract in 53 participants (64.6%) and in the mouth in 24 participants (29.3%). Genital HSV-1 shedding was detected on 275 of 2264 days (12.1%) at 2 months and declined significantly to 122 of 1719 days (7.1%) at 11 months (model-predicted rate, 6.2% [95% CI, 4.3%-8.9%] at 2 months vs 3.2% [95% CI, 1.8%-5.7%] at 11 months; relative risk, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.29-0.93]). Genital lesions were rare, reported on 65 of 2497 days (2.6%) at 2 months and 72 of 1872 days (3.8%) at 11 months. Oral HSV-1 shedding was detected on 88 of 2247 days (3.9%) at 2 months. Persons with primary HSV-1 infection had a higher risk of genital shedding compared with those with nonprimary infection (model-predicted rate, 7.9% [95% CI, 5.4%-11.7%] vs 2.9% [95% CI, 1.7%-5.0%]; relative risk, 2.75 [95% CI, 1.40-5.44]). Polyfunctional HSV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were maintained during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Genital HSV-1 shedding was frequent after first-episode genital HSV-1, particularly among those with primary infection, and declined rapidly during the first year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Hyunju Son
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Molly Rathbun
- Departments of Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Daniel Renner
- Departments of Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Moriah Szpara
- Departments of Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Sarah Gunby
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Meei-li Huang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stacy Selke
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Departments of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
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17
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Ford ES, Mayer-Blackwell K, Jing L, Sholukh AM, St Germain R, Bossard EL, Xie H, Pulliam TH, Jani S, Selke S, Burrow CJ, McClurkan CL, Wald A, Holbrook MR, Eaton B, Eudy E, Murphy M, Postnikova E, Robins HS, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Ecsedi M, Wilcox E, Chapuis AG, Fiore-Gartland A, Koelle DM. CD8 + T cell clonotypes from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection predominate during the cellular immune response to mRNA vaccination. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2146712. [PMID: 36263073 PMCID: PMC9580387 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2146712/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Almost three years into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, hybrid immunity is highly prevalent worldwide and more protective than vaccination or prior infection alone. Given emerging resistance of variant strains to neutralizing antibodies (nAb), it is likely that T cells contribute to this protection. To understand how sequential SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA-vectored SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) vaccines affect T cell clonotype-level expansion kinetics, we identified and cross-referenced TCR sequences from thousands of S-reactive single cells against deeply sequenced peripheral blood TCR repertoires longitudinally collected from persons during COVID-19 convalescence through booster vaccination. Successive vaccinations recalled memory T cells and elicited antigen-specific T cell clonotypes not detected after infection. Vaccine-related recruitment of novel clonotypes and the expansion of S-specific clones were most strongly observed for CD8+ T cells. Severe COVID-19 illness was associated with a more diverse CD4+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 both prior to and after mRNA vaccination, suggesting imprinting of CD4+ T cells by severe infection. TCR sequence similarity search algorithms revealed myriad public TCR clusters correlating with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Selected TCRs from distinct clusters functionally recognized S in the predicted HLA context, with fine viral peptide requirements differing between TCRs. Most subjects tested had S-specific T cells in the nasal mucosa after a 3rd mRNA vaccine dose. The blood and nasal T cell responses to vaccination revealed by clonal tracking were more heterogeneous than nAb boosts. Analysis of bulk and single cell TCR sequences reveals T cell kinetics and diversity at the clonotype level, without requiring prior knowledge of T cell epitopes or HLA restriction, providing a roadmap for rapid assessment of T cell responses to emerging pathogens.
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18
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Elyanow R, Snyder TM, Dalai SC, Gittelman RM, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Wald A, Selke S, Wener MH, Morishima C, Greninger AL, Gale M, Hsiang TY, Jing L, Holbrook MR, Kaplan IM, Zahid HJ, May DH, Carlson JM, Baldo L, Manley T, Robins HS, Koelle DM. T cell receptor sequencing identifies prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlates with neutralizing antibodies and disease severity. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e150070. [PMID: 35439166 PMCID: PMC9220924 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMeasuring the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 enables assessment of past infection and protective immunity. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces humoral and T cell responses, but these responses vary with disease severity and individual characteristics.METHODSA T cell receptor (TCR) immunosequencing assay was conducted using small-volume blood samples from 302 individuals recovered from COVID-19. Correlations between the magnitude of the T cell response and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers or indicators of disease severity were evaluated. Sensitivity of T cell testing was assessed and compared with serologic testing.RESULTSSARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses were significantly correlated with nAb titers and clinical indicators of disease severity, including hospitalization, fever, and difficulty breathing. Despite modest declines in depth and breadth of T cell responses during convalescence, high sensitivity was observed until at least 6 months after infection, with overall sensitivity ~5% greater than serology tests for identifying prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Improved performance of T cell testing was most apparent in recovered, nonhospitalized individuals sampled > 150 days after initial illness, suggesting greater sensitivity than serology at later time points and in individuals with less severe disease. T cell testing identified SARS-CoV-2 infection in 68% (55 of 81) of samples with undetectable nAb titers (<1:40) and in 37% (13 of 35) of samples classified as negative by 3 antibody assays.CONCLUSIONThese results support TCR-based testing as a scalable, reliable measure of past SARS-CoV-2 infection with clinical value beyond serology.TRIAL REGISTRATIONSpecimens were accrued under trial NCT04338360 accessible at clinicaltrials.gov.FUNDINGThis work was funded by Adaptive Biotechnologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIAID, Fred Hutchinson Joel Meyers Endowment, Fast Grants, and American Society for Transplantation and Cell Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudeb C. Dalai
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Mark H. Wener
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology
- Department of Microbiology, and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Damon H. May
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lance Baldo
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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19
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Laing KJ, Campbell VL, Dong L, Koelle DM. HLA-B*57:01 Complexed to a CD8 T-Cell Epitope from the HSV-2 ICP22 Protein Binds NK and T Cells through KIR3DL1. Viruses 2022; 14:1019. [PMID: 35632760 PMCID: PMC9146709 DOI: 10.3390/v14051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-B*57:01 is an HLA allelic variant associated with positive outcomes during viral infections through interactions with T cells and NK cells, but severe disease in persons treated with the anti-HIV-1 drug abacavir. The role of HLA-B*57:01 in the context of HSV infection is unknown. We identified an HLA-B*57:01-restricted CD8 T-cell epitope in the ICP22 (US1) protein of HSV-2. CD8 T cells reactive to the HSV-2 ICP22 epitope recognized the orthologous HSV-1 peptide, but not closely related peptides in human IFNL2 or IFNL3. Abacavir did not alter the CD8 T-cell recognition of the HSV or self-derived peptides. Unexpectedly, a tetramer of HSV-2 ICP22 epitope (228-236) and HLA-B*57:01 bound both CD8 T cells and NK cells. Tetramer specificity for KIR3DL1 was confirmed using KIR3DL1 overexpression on non-human primate cells lacking human KIR and studies with blocking anti-KIR3DL1 antibody. Interaction with KIR3DL1 was generalizable to donors lacking the HLA-B*57:01 genotype or HSV seropositivity. These findings suggest a mechanism for the recognition of HSV infection by NK cells or KIR-expressing T cells via KIR3DL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (V.L.C.); (L.D.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Victoria L. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (V.L.C.); (L.D.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (V.L.C.); (L.D.); (D.M.K.)
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (V.L.C.); (L.D.); (D.M.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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20
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Koelle DM, Dong L, Jing L, Laing KJ, Zhu J, Jin L, Selke S, Wald A, Varon D, Huang ML, Johnston C, Corey L, Posavad CM. HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867962. [PMID: 35432373 PMCID: PMC9009524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific TRM persist and protect against skin or female reproductive tract (FRT) HSV infection. As the pathogenesis of HSV differs between humans and model organisms, we focus on humans with well-characterized recurrent genital HSV-2 infection. Human CD8+ TRM persisting at sites of healed human HSV-2 lesions have an activated phenotype but it is unclear if TRM can be cultivated in vitro. We recovered HSV-specific TRM from genital skin and ectocervix biopsies, obtained after recovery from recurrent genital HSV-2, using ex vivo activation by viral antigen. Up to several percent of local T cells were HSV-reactive ex vivo. CD4 and CD8 T cell lines were up to 50% HSV-2-specific after sorting-based enrichment. CD8 TRM displayed HLA-restricted reactivity to specific HSV-2 peptides with high functional avidities. Reactivity to defined peptides persisted locally over several month and was quite subject-specific. CD4 TRM derived from biopsies, and from an extended set of cervical cytobrush specimens, also recognized diverse HSV-2 antigens and peptides. Overall we found that HSV-2-specific TRM are abundant in the FRT between episodes of recurrent genital herpes and maintain competency for expansion. Mucosal sites are accessible for clinical monitoring during immune interventions such as therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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21
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158126. [PMID: 35133988 PMCID: PMC8986086 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a robust T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology, which may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DCs to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent people. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory tract cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chu-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, and
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Sooda A, Rwandamuriye F, Wanjalla CN, Jing L, Koelle DM, Peters B, Leary S, Chopra A, Calderwood MA, Mallal SA, Pavlos R, Watson M, Phillips EJ, Redwood AJ. Abacavir inhibits but does not cause self-reactivity to HLA-B*57:01-restricted EBV specific T cell receptors. Commun Biol 2022; 5:133. [PMID: 35173258 PMCID: PMC8850454 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing pathogen-specific memory T cell responses can contribute to multiple adverse outcomes including autoimmunity and drug hypersensitivity. How the specificity of the T cell receptor (TCR) is subverted or seconded in many of these diseases remains unclear. Here, we apply abacavir hypersensitivity (AHS) as a model to address this question because the disease is linked to memory T cell responses and the HLA risk allele, HLA-B*57:01, and the initiating insult, abacavir, are known. To investigate the role of pathogen-specific TCR specificity in mediating AHS we performed a genome-wide screen for HLA-B*57:01 restricted T cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most prevalent human pathogens. T cell epitope mapping revealed HLA-B*57:01 restricted responses to 17 EBV open reading frames and identified an epitope encoded by EBNA3C. Using these data, we cloned the dominant TCR for EBNA3C and a previously defined epitope within EBNA3B. TCR specificity to each epitope was confirmed, however, cloned TCRs did not cross-react with abacavir plus self-peptide. Nevertheless, abacavir inhibited TCR interactions with their cognate ligands, demonstrating that TCR specificity may be subverted by a drug molecule. These results provide an experimental road map for future studies addressing the heterologous immune responses of TCRs including T cell mediated adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Sooda
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Francois Rwandamuriye
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Celestine N Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shay Leary
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca Pavlos
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Watson
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
- Center for Drug Safety & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Level 2, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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23
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Wang S, Jaggi U, Tormanen K, Hirose S, Ghiasi H. Absence of signal peptide peptidase in peripheral sensory neurons affects latency-reactivation in HSV-1 ocularly infected mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010281. [PMID: 35100323 PMCID: PMC8830783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that HSV-1 infectivity in vitro and in vivo requires HSV glycoprotein K (gK) binding to the ER signal peptide peptidase (SPP). Anterograde-retrograde transport via peripheral nerves between the site of infection (i.e., eye) and the site of latency (neurons) is a critical process to establish latency and subsequent viral reactivation. Given the essential role of neurons in HSV-1 latency-reactivation, we generated mice lacking SPP specifically in peripheral sensory neurons by crossing Advillin-Cre mice with SPPfl/fl mice. Expression of SPP mRNA and protein were significantly lower in neurons of Avil-SPP-/- mice than in control mice despite similar levels of HSV-1 replication in the eyes of Avil-SPP-/- mice and control mice. Viral transcript levels in isolated neurons of infected mice on days 2 and 5 post infection were lower than in control mice. Significantly less LAT, gB, and PD-1 expression was seen during latency in isolated neurons and total trigeminal ganglia (TG) of Avil-SPP-/- mice than in control mice. Finally, reduced latency and reduced T cell exhaustion in infected Avil-SPP-/- mice correlated with slower and no reactivation. Overall, our results suggest that blocking SPP expression in peripheral sensory neurons does not affect primary virus replication or eye disease but does reduce latency-reactivation. Thus, blocking of gK binding to SPP may be a useful tool to reduce latency-reactivation. HSV-1 gK and the ER protein SPP are both essential and highly conserved proteins. Their interaction is important for virus infectivity in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate the importance of gK binding to SPP in the peripheral nervous system, we generated SPP conditional knockout mice in peripheral nervous system using Advillin-Cre mice. The absence of SPP in peripheral nervous system significantly reduced latency-reactivation as well as T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.23.22269497. [PMID: 35118477 PMCID: PMC8811910 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.23.22269497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a brisk T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology and may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DC to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent persons. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variant lineages.
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25
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Peng T, Phasouk K, Sodroski CN, Sun S, Hwangbo Y, Layton ED, Jin L, Klock A, Diem K, Magaret AS, Jing L, Laing K, Li A, Huang ML, Mertens M, Johnston C, Jerome KR, Koelle DM, Wald A, Knipe DM, Corey L, Zhu J. Tissue-Resident-Memory CD8 + T Cells Bridge Innate Immune Responses in Neighboring Epithelial Cells to Control Human Genital Herpes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735643. [PMID: 34552595 PMCID: PMC8450389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident-memory T cells (TRM) populate the body's barrier surfaces, functioning as frontline responders against reencountered pathogens. Understanding of the mechanisms by which CD8TRM achieve effective immune protection remains incomplete in a naturally recurring human disease. Using laser capture microdissection and transcriptional profiling, we investigate the impact of CD8TRM on the tissue microenvironment in skin biopsies sequentially obtained from a clinical cohort of diverse disease expression during herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) reactivation. Epithelial cells neighboring CD8TRM display elevated and widespread innate and cell-intrinsic antiviral signature expression, largely related to IFNG expression. Detailed evaluation via T-cell receptor reconstruction confirms that CD8TRM recognize viral-infected cells at the specific HSV-2 peptide/HLA level. The hierarchical pattern of core IFN-γ signature expression is well-conserved in normal human skin across various anatomic sites, while elevation of IFI16, TRIM 22, IFITM2, IFITM3, MX1, MX2, STAT1, IRF7, ISG15, IFI44, CXCL10 and CCL5 expression is associated with HSV-2-affected asymptomatic tissue. In primary human cells, IFN-γ pretreatment reduces gene transcription at the immediate-early stage of virus lifecycle, enhances IFI16 restriction of wild-type HSV-2 replication and renders favorable kinetics for host protection. Thus, the adaptive immune response through antigen-specific recognition instructs innate and cell-intrinsic antiviral machinery to control herpes reactivation, a reversal of the canonical thinking of innate activating adaptive immunity in primary infection. Communication from CD8TRM to surrounding epithelial cells to activate broad innate resistance might be critical in restraining various viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Catherine N. Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yon Hwangbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik D. Layton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexis Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amalia S. Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alvason Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Max Mertens
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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27
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Role of interferon regulatory factor 7 in corneal endothelial cells after HSV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16487. [PMID: 34389779 PMCID: PMC8363731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the cornea including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) cause visual morbidity, and the corneal endothelial cell damage leads to significant visual impairment. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) has been identified as a significant regulator in corneal endothelial cells after an HSV-1 infection. To examine the role played by IRF7, the DNA binding domain (DBD) of IRF7 of human corneal endothelial cells (HCEn) was disrupted. An RNAi inhibition of IRF7 and IRF7 DBD disruption (IRF7 ∆DBD) led to an impairment of IFN-β production. Impaired IFN-β production by IRF7 ∆DBD was regained by IRF7 DNA transfection. Transcriptional network analysis indicated that IRF7 plays a role in antigen presentation function of corneal endothelial cells. When the antigen presentation activity of HCEn cells were examined for priming of memory CD8 T cells, IRF7 disruption abolished the anti-viral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response which was dependent on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. To further examine the roles played by IRF7 in CTL induction as acquired immunity, the contribution of IRF7 to MHC class I-mediated antigen presentation was assessed. Analysis of IRF7 ∆DBD cells indicated that IRF7 played an unrecognized role in MHC class I induction, and the viral infection induced-MHC class I induction was abolished by IRF7 disruption. Collectively, the IRF7 in corneal endothelial cells not only contributed to type I IFN response, but also to the mediation of viral infection-induced MHC class I upregulation and priming of CD8 arm of acquired immunity.
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28
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Peng T, Phasouk K, Bossard E, Klock A, Jin L, Laing KJ, Johnston C, Williams NA, Czartoski JL, Varon D, Long AN, Bielas JH, Snyder TM, Robins H, Koelle DM, McElrath MJ, Wald A, Corey L, Zhu J. Distinct populations of antigen-specific tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in human cervix mucosa. JCI Insight 2021; 6:149950. [PMID: 34156975 PMCID: PMC8410090 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectocervix is part of the lower female reproductive tract (FRT), which is susceptible to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Comprehensive knowledge of the phenotypes and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in the human FRT is lacking. We took single-cell RNA-Seq approaches to simultaneously define gene expression and TCR clonotypes of the human ectocervix. There were significantly more CD8+ than CD4+ T cells. Unsupervised clustering and trajectory analysis identified distinct populations of CD8+ T cells with IFNGhiGZMBloCD69hiCD103lo or IFNGloGZMBhiCD69medCD103hi phenotypes. Little overlap was seen between their TCR repertoires. Immunofluorescence staining showed that CD103+CD8+ TRMs were preferentially localized in the epithelium, whereas CD69+CD8+ TRMs were distributed evenly in the epithelium and stroma. Ex vivo assays indicated that up to 14% of cervical CD8+ TRM clonotypes were HSV-2 reactive in HSV-2-seropositive persons, reflecting physiologically relevant localization. Our studies identified subgroups of CD8+ TRMs in the human ectocervix that exhibited distinct expression of antiviral defense and tissue residency markers, anatomic locations, and TCR repertoires that target anatomically relevant viral antigens. Optimization of the location, number, and function of FRT TRMs is an important approach for improving host defenses to STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily Bossard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexis Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noel A. Williams
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie L. Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annalyssa N. Long
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason H. Bielas
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - David M. Koelle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
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29
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Kim DK, Knapp JJ, Kuang D, Chawla A, Cassonnet P, Lee H, Sheykhkarimli D, Samavarchi-Tehrani P, Abdouni H, Rayhan A, Li R, Pogoutse O, Coyaud É, van der Werf S, Demeret C, Gingras AC, Taipale M, Raught B, Jacob Y, Roth FP. A Comprehensive, Flexible Collection of SARS-CoV-2 Coding Regions. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3399-3402. [PMID: 32763951 PMCID: PMC7467003 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The world is facing a global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Here we describe a collection of codon-optimized coding sequences for SARS-CoV-2 cloned into Gateway-compatible entry vectors, which enable rapid transfer into a variety of expression and tagging vectors. The collection is freely available. We hope that widespread availability of this SARS-CoV-2 resource will enable many subsequent molecular studies to better understand the viral life cycle and how to block it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Kyum Kim
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Knapp
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Da Kuang
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aditya Chawla
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Cassonnet
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hunsang Lee
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dayag Sheykhkarimli
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hala Abdouni
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashyad Rayhan
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roujia Li
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oxana Pogoutse
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Étienne Coyaud
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikko Taipale
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Architecture of Life Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves Jacob
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Campbell VL, Nguyen L, Snoey E, McClurkan CL, Laing KJ, Dong L, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Roby JA, Gale M, Stone M, Busch MP, Norris PJ, Koelle DM. Proteome-Wide Zika Virus CD4 T Cell Epitope and HLA Restriction Determination. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:444-453. [PMID: 32753403 PMCID: PMC7839664 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that caused an epidemic in 2015-2016. ZIKV-specific T cell responses are functional in animal infection models, and helper CD4 T cells promote avid Abs in the vaccine context. The small volumes of blood available from field research limit the determination of T cell epitopes for complex microbes such as ZIKV. The goal of this project was efficient determination of human ZIKV CD4 T cell epitopes at the whole proteome scale, including validation of reactivity to whole pathogen, using small blood samples from convalescent time points when T cell response magnitude may have waned. Polyclonal enrichment of candidate ZIKV-specific CD4 T cells used cell-associated virus, documenting that T cells in downstream peptide analyses also recognize whole virus after Ag processing. Sequential query of bulk ZIKV-reactive CD4 T cells with pooled/single ZIKV peptides and molecularly defined APC allowed precision epitope and HLA restriction assignments across the ZIKV proteome and enabled discovery of numerous novel ZIKV CD4 T cell epitopes. The research workflow is useful for the study of emerging infectious diseases with a very limited human blood sample availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - LeAnn Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elise Snoey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Danny M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin A. Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Phillip J. Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Corresponding author: David Koelle MD, 750 Republican Street, Room E651, Seattle, WA, 981109, phone 206 616 1940, fax 206 616 4898,
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31
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Jing L, Ott M, Church CD, Kulikauskas RM, Ibrani D, Iyer JG, Afanasiev OK, Colunga A, Cook MM, Xie H, Greninger AL, Paulson KG, Chapuis AG, Bhatia S, Nghiem P, Koelle DM. Prevalent and Diverse Intratumoral Oncoprotein-Specific CD8 + T Cells within Polyomavirus-Driven Merkel Cell Carcinomas. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:648-659. [PMID: 32179557 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is often caused by persistent expression of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) T-antigen (T-Ag). These non-self proteins comprise about 400 amino acids (AA). Clinical responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors, seen in about half of patients, may relate to T-Ag-specific T cells. Strategies to increase CD8+ T-cell number, breadth, or function could augment checkpoint inhibition, but vaccines to augment immunity must avoid delivery of oncogenic T-antigen domains. We probed MCC tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC) system and confirmed T-Ag recognition with synthetic peptides, HLA-peptide tetramers, and dendritic cells (DC). TILs from 9 of 12 (75%) subjects contained CD8+ T cells recognizing 1-8 MCPyV epitopes per person. Analysis of 16 MCPyV CD8+ TIL epitopes and prior TIL data indicated that 97% of patients with MCPyV+ MCC had HLA alleles with the genetic potential that restrict CD8+ T-cell responses to MCPyV T-Ag. The LT AA 70-110 region was epitope rich, whereas the oncogenic domains of T-Ag were not commonly recognized. Specific recognition of T-Ag-expressing DCs was documented. Recovery of MCPyV oncoprotein-specific CD8+ TILs from most tumors indicated that antigen indifference was unlikely to be a major cause of checkpoint inhibition failure. The myriad of epitopes restricted by diverse HLA alleles indicates that vaccination can be a rational component of immunotherapy if tumor immune suppression can be overcome, and the oncogenic regions of T-Ag can be modified without impacting immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Jing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Candice D Church
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rima M Kulikauskas
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dafina Ibrani
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jayasri G Iyer
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Olga K Afanasiev
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aric Colunga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maclean M Cook
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Kelly G Paulson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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32
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Schiffer JT, Gottlieb SL. Biologic interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1 and possible implications for HSV vaccine development. Vaccine 2019; 37:7363-7371. [PMID: 28958807 PMCID: PMC5867191 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has the potential to limit the global burden of HSV-2 infection and disease, including genital ulcer disease and neonatal herpes, and is a global sexual and reproductive health priority. Another important potential benefit of an HSV-2 vaccine would be to decrease HIV infections, as HSV-2 increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition several-fold. Acute and chronic HSV-2 infection creates ulcerations and draws dendritic cells and activated CD4+ T cells into genital mucosa. These cells are targets for HIV entry and replication. Prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines (to prevent infection) and therapeutic vaccines (to modify or treat existing infections) are currently under development. By preventing or modifying infection, an effective HSV-2 vaccine could limit HSV-associated genital mucosal inflammation and thus HIV risk. However, a vaccine might have competing effects on HIV risk depending on its mechanism of action and cell populations generated in the genital mucosa. In this article, we review biologic interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1, consider HSV-2 vaccine development in the context of HIV risk, and discuss implications and research needs for future HSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, WA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Sami L Gottlieb
- World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, Geneva, Switzerland
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Absence of Signal Peptide Peptidase, an Essential Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein K Binding Partner, Reduces Virus Infectivity In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01309-19. [PMID: 31511378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01309-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein K (gK) binds to signal peptide peptidase (SPP), also known as minor histocompatibility antigen H13. Binding of gK to SPP is required for HSV-1 infectivity in vitro SPP is a member of the γ-secretase family, and mice lacking SPP are embryonic lethal. To determine how SPP affects HSV-1 infectivity in vivo, the SPP gene was deleted using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase driven by the ubiquitously expressed ROSA26 promoter. SPP mRNA was reduced by more than 93% in the cornea and trigeminal ganglia (TG) and by 99% in the liver of tamoxifen-injected mice, while SPP protein expression was reduced by 90% compared to the level in control mice. Mice lacking SPP had significantly less HSV-1 replication in the eye as well as reduced gK, UL20, ICP0, and gB transcripts in the cornea and TG compared to levels in control mice. In addition, reduced infiltration of CD45+, CD4+, CD8+, F4/80+, CD11c+, and NK1.1+ T cells was observed in the cornea and TG of SPP-inducible knockout mice compared to that in control mice. Finally, in the absence of SPP, latency was significantly reduced in SPP-inducible knockout mice compared to that in control mice. Thus, in this study we have generated SPP-inducible knockout mice and shown that the absence of SPP affects virus replication in the eye of ocularly infected mice and that this reduction is correlated with the interaction of gK and SPP. These results suggest that blocking this interaction may have therapeutic potential in treating HSV-1-associated eye disease.IMPORTANCE Glycoprotein K (gK) is an essential and highly conserved HSV-1 protein. Previously, we reported that gK binds to SPP, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein, and blocking this binding reduces virus infectivity in vitro and also affects gK and UL20 subcellular localization. To evaluate the function of gK binding to SPP in vivo, we generated SPP-inducible knockout mice and observed the following in the absence of SPP: (i) that significantly less HSV-1 replication was seen in ocularly infected mice than in control mice; (ii) that expression of various HSV-1 genes and cellular infiltrates in the eye and trigeminal ganglia of infected mice was less than that in control mice; and (iii) that latency was significantly reduced in infected mice. Thus, blocking of gK binding to SPP may be a useful tool to control HSV-1-induced eye disease in patients with herpes stromal keratitis (HSK).
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Ikuta K, Roychoudhury P, Xie H, Mcclurkan CL, Walkiewicz M, Makhsous N, Huang ML, Beru Y, Alam M, Shepherd A, Lamotte ED, Patel K, Morris A, Ҫoruh B, Yu L, Bhattacharya R, Cheng R, Walter RB, Limaye AP, Lockwood CM, Holland SM, Rakita RM, Koelle DM, Greninger AL. Trillions and Trillions: Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Hepatitis in an Immunocompetent Adult. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz465. [PMID: 31777756 PMCID: PMC6868424 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of acute liver failure and myopericarditis due to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) in an immunocompetent adult. We estimate that, at the height of viremia, the patient contained a quantity of HSV-1 virions approaching that of human cells. The patient recovered with acyclovir that was dose-adjusted for neurotoxicity and developed a vigorous anti-HSV-1 T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ikuta
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher L Mcclurkan
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Magdalena Walkiewicz
- Immunopathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yodit Beru
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mariam Alam
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda Shepherd
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric D Lamotte
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amy Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Başak Ҫoruh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Renuka Bhattacharya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rex Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ajit P Limaye
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christina M Lockwood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert M Rakita
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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35
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Genome-Wide Approach to the CD4 T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus 6B. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00321-19. [PMID: 31043533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are population-prevalent betaherpesviruses with intermittent lytic replication that can be pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts. Elucidation of the adaptive immune response is valuable for understanding pathogenesis and designing novel treatments. Knowledge of T-cell antigens has reached the genome-wide level for CMV and other human herpesviruses, but study of HHV-6 is at an earlier stage. Using rare-cell enrichment combined with an HLA-agnostic, proteome-wide approach, we queried HHV-6B-specific CD4 T cells from 18 healthy donors with each known HHV-6B protein. We detected a low abundance of HHV-6-specific CD4 T cells in blood; however, the within-person CD4 T-cell response is quite broad: the median number of open reading frame (ORF) products recognized was nine per person. Overall, the data expand the number of documented HHV-6B CD4 T-cell antigens from approximately 11 to 60. Epitopes in the proteins encoded by U14, U90, and U95 were mapped with synthetic peptides, and HLA restriction was defined for some responses. Intriguingly, CD4 T-cell antigens newly described in this report are among the most population prevalent, including U73, U72, U95, and U30. Our results indicate that selection of HHV-6B ORFs for immunotherapy should consider this expanded panel of HHV-6B antigens.IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 is highly prevalent and maintains chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals, with the potential to replicate widely in settings of immunosuppression, leading to clinical disease. Antiviral compounds may be ineffective and/or pose dose-limiting toxicity, and therefore, immune-based therapies have garnered increased interest in recent years. Attempts at addressing this unmet medical need begin with understanding the cellular response to HHV-6 at the individual and population levels. The present study provides a comprehensive assessment of HHV-6-specific T-cell responses that may inform the development of cell-based therapies directed at this virus.
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Ramchandani MS, Jing L, Russell RM, Tran T, Laing KJ, Magaret AS, Selke S, Cheng A, Huang ML, Xie H, Strachan E, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Wald A, Koelle DM. Viral Genetics Modulate Orolabial Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Shedding in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1058-1066. [PMID: 30383234 PMCID: PMC6420167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orolabial herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection has a wide spectrum of severity in immunocompetent persons. To study the role of viral genotype and host immunity, we characterized oral HSV-1 shedding rates and host cellular response, and genotyped viral strains, in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. METHODS A total of 29 MZ and 22 DZ HSV-1-seropositive twin pairs were evaluated for oral HSV-1 shedding for 60 days. HSV-1 strains from twins were genotyped as identical or different. CD4+ T-cell responses to HSV-1 proteins were studied. RESULTS The median per person oral HSV shedding rate was 9% of days that a swab was obtained (mean, 10.2% of days). A positive correlation between shedding rates was observed within all twin pairs, and in the MZ and DZ twins. In twin subsets with sufficient HSV-1 DNA to genotype, 15 had the same strain and 14 had different strains. Viral shedding rates were correlated for those with the same but not different strains. The median number of HSV-1 open reading frames recognized per person was 16. The agreement in the CD4+ T-cell response to specific HSV-1 open reading frames was greater between MZ twins than between unrelated persons (P = .002). CONCLUSION Viral strain characteristics likely contribute to oral HSV-1 shedding rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tran Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric Strachan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alex L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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37
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Lobo AM, Agelidis AM, Shukla D. Pathogenesis of herpes simplex keratitis: The host cell response and ocular surface sequelae to infection and inflammation. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:40-49. [PMID: 30317007 PMCID: PMC6340725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) keratitis is a leading cause of infectious blindness. Clinical disease occurs variably throughout the cornea from epithelium to endothelium and recurrent HSV stromal keratitis is associated with corneal scarring and neovascularization. HSV keratitis can be associated with ocular pain and subsequent neutrophic keratopathy. Host cell interactions with HSV trigger an inflammatory cascade responsible not only for clearance of virus but also for progressive corneal opacification due to inflammatory cell infiltrate, angiogenesis, and corneal nerve loss. Current antiviral therapies target viral replication to decrease disease duration, severity and recurrence, but there are limitations to these agents. Therapies directed towards viral entry into cells, protein synthesis, inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor pathways in animal models represent promising new approaches to the treatment of recurrent HSV keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alex M Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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38
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Forrest C, Hislop AD, Rickinson AB, Zuo J. Proteome-wide analysis of CD8+ T cell responses to EBV reveals differences between primary and persistent infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007110. [PMID: 30248160 PMCID: PMC6171963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are antigenically rich agents that induce strong CD8+T cell responses in primary infection yet persist for life, continually challenging T cell memory through recurrent lytic replication and potentially influencing the spectrum of antigen-specific responses. Here we describe the first lytic proteome-wide analysis of CD8+ T cell responses to a gamma1-herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the first such proteome-wide analysis of primary versus memory CD8+ T cell responses to any human herpesvirus. Primary effector preparations were generated directly from activated CD8+ T cells in the blood of infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients by in vitro mitogenic expansion. For memory preparations, EBV-specific cells in the blood of long-term virus carriers were first re-stimulated in vitro by autologous dendritic cells loaded with a lysate of lytically-infected cells, then expanded as for IM cells. Preparations from 7 donors of each type were screened against each of 70 EBV lytic cycle proteins in combination with the donor's individual HLA class I alleles. Multiple reactivities against immediate early (IE), early (E) and late (L) lytic cycle proteins, including many hitherto unrecognised targets, were detected in both contexts. Interestingly however, the two donor cohorts showed a different balance between IE, E and L reactivities. Primary responses targeted IE and a small group of E proteins preferentially, seemingly in line with their better presentation on the infected cell surface before later-expressed viral evasins take full hold. By contrast, target choice equilibrates in virus carriage with responses to key IE and E antigens still present but with responses to a select subset of L proteins now often prominent. We infer that, for EBV at least, long-term virus carriage with its low level virus replication and lytic antigen release is associated with a re-shaping of the virus-specific response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Forrest
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Hislop
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B. Rickinson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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39
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Human Asymptomatic Epitope Peptide/CXCL10-Based Prime/Pull Vaccine Induces Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific Gamma Interferon-Positive CD107 + CD8 + T Cells That Infiltrate the Corneas and Trigeminal Ganglia of Humanized HLA Transgenic Rabbits and Protect against Ocular Herpes Challenge. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00535-18. [PMID: 29899087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00535-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen that infects the cornea, causing potentially blinding herpetic disease. A clinical herpes vaccine is still lacking. In the present study, a novel prime/pull vaccine was tested in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic rabbit model of ocular herpes (HLA Tg rabbits). Three peptide epitopes were selected, from the HSV-1 membrane glycoprotein C (UL44400-408), the DNA replication binding helicase (UL9196-204), and the tegument protein (UL25572-580), all preferentially recognized by CD8+ T cells from "naturally protected" HSV-1-seropositive healthy asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who never had recurrent corneal herpetic disease). HLA Tg rabbits were immunized with a mixture of these three ASYMP CD8+ T cell peptide epitopes (UL44400-408, UL9196-204, and UL25572-580), which were delivered subcutaneously with CpG2007 adjuvant (prime). Fifteen days later, half of the rabbits received a topical ocular treatment with a recombinant neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV8) vector expressing the T cell-attracting CXCL10 chemokine (pull). The frequency and function of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells induced by the prime/pull vaccine were assessed in the peripheral blood, cornea, and trigeminal ganglion (TG). Compared to the cells generated in response to peptide immunization alone, the peptide/CXCL10 prime/pull vaccine generated frequent polyfunctional gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ+) CD107+ CD8+ T cells that infiltrated both the cornea and TG. CD8+ T cell mobilization into the cornea and TG of prime/pull-vaccinated rabbits was associated with a significant reduction in corneal herpesvirus infection and disease following an ocular HSV-1 (strain McKrae) challenge. These findings draw attention to the novel prime/pull vaccine strategy for mobilizing antiviral CD8+ T cells into tissues to protect against herpesvirus infection and disease.IMPORTANCE There is an urgent need for a vaccine against widespread herpes simplex virus infections. The present study demonstrates that immunization of HLA transgenic rabbits with a peptide/CXCL10 prime/pull vaccine triggered mobilization of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells locally into the cornea and TG, the sites of acute and latent herpesvirus infections, respectively. Mobilization of antiviral CD8+ T cells into the cornea and TG of rabbits that received the prime/pull vaccine was associated with protection against ocular herpesvirus infection and disease following an ocular HSV-1 challenge. These results highlight the importance of the prime/pull vaccine strategy to bolster the number and function of protective CD8+ T cells within infected tissues.
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40
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Shipley MM, Renner DW, Ott M, Bloom DC, Koelle DM, Johnston C, Szpara ML. Genome-Wide Surveillance of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 From Multiple Anatomic Sites Over Time. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:595-605. [PMID: 29920588 PMCID: PMC6047417 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present genomic and in vitro analyses of temporally separated episodes of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) shedding by an HSV-1-seropositive and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HSV-2-seronegative individual who has frequent recurrences of genital HSV-1. Using oligonucleotide enrichment, we compared viral genomes from uncultured swab specimens collected on different days and from distinct genital sites. We found that viral genomes from 7 swab specimens and 3 cultured specimens collected over a 4-month period from the same individual were 98.5% identical. We observed a >2-fold difference in the number of minority variants between swab specimens from lesions, swab specimens from nonlesion sites, and cultured specimens. This virus appeared distinct in its phylogenetic relationship to other strains, and it contained novel coding variations in 21 viral proteins. This included a truncation in the UL11 tegument protein, which is involved in viral egress and spread. Normal immune responses were identified, suggesting that unique viral genomic features may contribute to the recurrent genital infection that this participant experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie M Shipley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Daniel W Renner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David C Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
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41
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Hanson DJ, Hill JA, Koelle DM. Advances in the Characterization of the T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus-6. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1454. [PMID: 29988505 PMCID: PMC6026635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6 is thought to remain clinically latent in most individuals after primary infection and to reactivate to cause disease in persons with severe immunosuppression. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, reactivation of HHV-6 species B is a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. HHV-6B reactivation is the most frequent cause of infectious meningoencephalitis in this setting and has been associated with a variety of other complications such as graft rejection and acute graft versus host disease. This has inspired efforts to develop HHV-6-targeted immunotherapies. Basic knowledge of HHV-6-specific adaptive immunity is crucial for these endeavors, but remains incomplete. Many studies have focused on specific HHV-6 antigens extrapolated from research on human cytomegalovirus, a genetically related betaherpesvirus. Challenges to the study of HHV-6-specific T-cell immunity include the very low frequency of HHV-6-specific memory T cells in chronically infected humans, the large genome size of HHV-6, and the lack of an animal model. This review will focus on emerging techniques and methodological improvements that are beginning to overcome these barriers. Population-prevalent antigens are now becoming clear for the CD4+ T-cell response, while definition and ranking of CD8+ T-cell antigens and epitopes is at an earlier stage. This review will discuss current knowledge of the T-cell response to HHV-6, new research approaches, and translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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Martin LK, Hollaus A, Stahuber A, Hübener C, Fraccaroli A, Tischer J, Schub A, Moosmann A. Cross-sectional analysis of CD8 T cell immunity to human herpesvirus 6B. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006991. [PMID: 29698478 PMCID: PMC5919459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is prevalent in healthy persons, causes disease in immunosuppressed carriers, and may be involved in autoimmune disease. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells are probably important for effective control of infection. However, the HHV-6-specific CD8 T cell repertoire is largely uncharacterized. Therefore, we undertook a virus-wide analysis of CD8 T cell responses to HHV-6. We used a simple anchor motif-based algorithm (SAMBA) to identify 299 epitope candidates potentially presented by the HLA class I molecule B*08:01. Candidates were found in 77 of 98 unique HHV-6B proteins. From peptide-expanded T cell lines, we obtained CD8 T cell clones against 20 candidates. We tested whether T cell clones recognized HHV-6-infected cells. This was the case for 16 epitopes derived from 12 proteins from all phases of the viral replication cycle. Epitopes were enriched in certain amino acids flanking the peptide. Ex vivo analysis of eight healthy donors with HLA-peptide multimers showed that the strongest responses were directed against an epitope from IE-2, with a median frequency of 0.09% of CD8 T cells. Reconstitution of T cells specific for this and other HHV-6 epitopes was also observed after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We conclude that HHV-6 induces CD8 T cell responses against multiple antigens of diverse functional classes. Most antigens against which CD8 T cells can be raised are presented by infected cells. Ex vivo multimer staining can directly identify HHV-6-specific T cells. These results will advance development of immune monitoring, adoptive T cell therapy, and vaccines. This paper deals with the immune response to a very common virus, called human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Most people catch HHV-6 in early childhood, which often leads to a disease known as three-day fever. Later in life, the virus stays in the body, and an active immune response is needed to prevent the virus from multiplying and causing damage. It is suspected that HHV-6 contributes to autoimmune diseases and chronic fatigue. Moreover, patients with severely weakened immune responses, for example after some forms of transplantation, clearly have difficulties controlling HHV-6, which puts them at risk of severe disease and shortens their survival. This can potentially be prevented by giving them HHV-6-specific "killer" CD8 T cells, which are cells of the immune system that destroy body cells harboring the virus. However, little is known so far about such T cells. Here, we describe 16 new structures that CD8 T cells can use to recognize and kill HHV-6-infected cells. We show that very different viral proteins can furnish such structures. We also observe that such T cells are regularly present in healthy people and in transplant patients who control the virus. Our results will help develop therapies of disease due to HHV-6.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anemia, Aplastic/immunology
- Anemia, Aplastic/therapy
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Roseolovirus Infections/immunology
- Roseolovirus Infections/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa K. Martin
- DZIF Research Group "Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation" (HOCOVLAR), Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hollaus
- DZIF Research Group "Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation" (HOCOVLAR), Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Stahuber
- DZIF Research Group "Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation" (HOCOVLAR), Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Hübener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessia Fraccaroli
- Internal Medicine III, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Klinikum der Universität München (LMU), Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tischer
- Internal Medicine III, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Klinikum der Universität München (LMU), Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Schub
- DZIF Research Group "Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation" (HOCOVLAR), Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- DZIF Research Group "Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation" (HOCOVLAR), Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF–Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung), Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Srivastava R, Hernández-Ruiz M, Khan AA, Fouladi MA, Kim GJ, Ly VT, Yamada T, Lam C, Sarain SAB, Boldbaatar U, Zlotnik A, Bahraoui E, BenMohamed L. CXCL17 Chemokine-Dependent Mobilization of CXCR8 +CD8 + Effector Memory and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in the Vaginal Mucosa Is Associated with Protection against Genital Herpes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:2915-2926. [PMID: 29549178 PMCID: PMC5893430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Circulating conventional memory CD8+ T cells (i.e., the CD8+ effector memory T [TEM] cell and CD8+ central memory T [TCM] cell subsets) and the noncirculating CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell subset play a critical role in mucosal immunity. Mucosal chemokines, including the recently discovered CXCL17, are also important in mucosal immunity because they are homeostatically expressed in mucosal tissues. However, whether the CXCL17 chemokine contributes to the mobilization of memory CD8+ T cell subsets to access infected mucosal tissues remains to be elucidated. In this study, we report that after intravaginal HSV type 1 infection of B6 mice, we detected high expression levels of CXCL17 and increased numbers of CD44highCD62LlowCD8+ TEM and CD103highCD8+ TRM cells expressing CXCR8, the cognate receptor of CXCL17, in the vaginal mucosa (VM) of mice with reduced genital herpes infection and disease. In contrast to wild-type B6 mice, the CXCL17-/- mice developed 1) fewer CXCR8+CD8+ TEM and TRM cells associated with more virus replication in the VM and more latency established in dorsal root ganglia, and 2) reduced numbers and frequencies of functional CD8+ T cells in the VM. These findings suggest that the CXCL17/CXCR8 chemokine pathway plays a crucial role in mucosal vaginal immunity by promoting the mobilization of functional protective CD8+ TEM and CD8+ TRM cells, within this site of acute and recurrent herpes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Marcela Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Arif A Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Mona A Fouladi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Grace J Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Vincent T Ly
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Taikun Yamada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sheilouise A B Sarain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Undariya Boldbaatar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Albert Zlotnik
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Elmostafa Bahraoui
- INSERM, U1043, 31000 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, U5282, 31000 Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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Laser Adjuvant-Assisted Peptide Vaccine Promotes Skin Mobilization of Dendritic Cells and Enhances Protective CD8 + T EM and T RM Cell Responses against Herpesvirus Infection and Disease. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02156-17. [PMID: 29437976 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02156-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for chemical-free and biological-free safe adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines against widespread viral pathogens, such as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), that infect a large proportion of the world human population. In the present study, we investigated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of a laser adjuvant-assisted peptide (LAP) vaccine in the B6 mouse model of genital herpes. This LAP vaccine and its laser-free peptide (LFP) vaccine analog contain the immunodominant HSV-2 glycoprotein B CD8+ T cell epitope (HSV-gB498-505) covalently linked with the promiscuous glycoprotein D CD4+ T helper cell epitope (HSV-gD49-89). Prior to intradermal delivery of the LAP vaccine, the lower-flank shaved skin of B6 or CD11c/eYFP transgenic mice received a topical skin treatment with 5% imiquimod cream and then was exposed for 60 s to a laser, using the FDA-approved nonablative diode. Compared to the LFP vaccine, the LAP vaccine (i) triggered mobilization of dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin, which formed small spots along the laser-treated areas, (ii) induced phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs, (iii) stimulated long-lasting HSV-specific effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM cells) and tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (TRM cells) locally in the vaginal mucocutaneous tissues (VM), and (iv) induced protective immunity against genital herpes infection and disease. As an alternative to currently used conventional adjuvants, the chemical- and biological-free laser adjuvant offers a well-tolerated, simple-to-produce method to enhance mass vaccination for widespread viral infections.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infect a large proportion of the world population. There is an urgent need for chemical-free and biological-free safe adjuvants that would advance mass vaccination against the widespread herpes infections. The present study demonstrates that immunization with a laser-assisted herpes peptide vaccine triggered skin mobilization of dendritic cells (DCs) that stimulated strong and long-lasting HSV-specific effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM cells) and tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (TRM cells) locally in the vaginal mucocutaneous tissues. The induced local CD8+ T cell response was associated with protection against genital herpes infection and disease. These results draw attention to chemical- and biological-free laser adjuvants as alternatives to currently used conventional adjuvants to enhance mass vaccination for widespread viral infections, such as those caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2.
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Johnston C, Magaret A, Roychoudhury P, Greninger AL, Cheng A, Diem K, Fitzgibbon MP, Huang ML, Selke S, Lingappa JR, Celum C, Jerome KR, Wald A, Koelle DM. Highly conserved intragenic HSV-2 sequences: Results from next-generation sequencing of HSV-2 U L and U S regions from genital swabs collected from 3 continents. Virology 2017; 510:90-98. [PMID: 28711653 PMCID: PMC5565707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the variability in circulating herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) genomic sequences is critical to the development of HSV-2 vaccines. METHODS Genital lesion swabs containing ≥ 107log10 copies HSV DNA collected from Africa, the USA, and South America underwent next-generation sequencing, followed by K-mer based filtering and de novo genomic assembly. Sites of heterogeneity within coding regions in unique long and unique short (UL_US) regions were identified. Phylogenetic trees were created using maximum likelihood reconstruction. RESULTS Among 46 samples from 38 persons, 1468 intragenic base-pair substitutions were identified. The maximum nucleotide distance between strains for concatenated UL_US segments was 0.4%. Phylogeny did not reveal geographic clustering. The most variable proteins had non-synonymous mutations in < 3% of amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Unenriched HSV-2 DNA can undergo next-generation sequencing to identify intragenic variability. The use of clinical swabs for sequencing expands the information that can be gathered directly from these specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA.
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | | | | | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, USA
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Matthew P Fitzgibbon
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Jairam R Lingappa
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, USA
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Selective Expression of CCR10 and CXCR3 by Circulating Human Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00810-17. [PMID: 28701399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00810-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is restricted to epithelial cells and neurons and is controlled by CD8 T cells. These cells both traffic to epithelial sites of recurrent lytic infection and to ganglia and persist at the dermal-epidermal junction for up to 12 weeks after lesion resolution. We previously showed that cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a functional E-selectin ligand (ESL), is selectively expressed on circulating HSV-2-specific CD8 T cells. CLA/ESL mediates adhesion of T cells to inflamed vascular endothelium. Later stages in T-cell homing involve chemokines (Ch) and lymphocyte chemokine receptors (ChR) for vascular wall arrest and diapedesis. Several candidate ChR have been implicated in skin homing. We measured cell surface ChR on HSV-specific human peripheral blood CD8 T cells and extended our studies to HSV-1. We observed preferential cell surface expression of CCR10 and CXCR3 by HSV-specific CD8 T cells compared to CD8 T cells specific for control viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), and compared to bulk memory CD8 T cells. CXCR3 ligand mRNA levels were selectively increased in skin biopsy specimens from persons with recurrent HSV-2, while the mRNA levels of the CCR10 ligand CCL27 were equivalent in lesion and control skin. Our data are consistent with a model in which CCL27 drives baseline recruitment of HSV-specific CD8 T cells expressing CCR10, while interferon-responsive CXCR3 ligands recruit additional cells in response to virus-driven inflammation.IMPORTANCE HSV-2 causes very localized recurrent infections in the skin and genital mucosa. Virus-specific CD8 T cells home to the site of recurrent infection and participate in viral clearance. The exit of T cells from the blood involves the use of chemokine receptors on the T-cell surface and chemokines that are present in infected tissue. In this study, circulating HSV-2-specific CD8 T cells were identified using specific fluorescent tetramer reagents, and their expression of several candidate skin-homing-associated chemokine receptors was measured using flow cytometry. We found that two chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CCR10, are upregulated on HSV-specific CD8 T cells in blood. The chemokines corresponding to these receptors are also expressed in infected tissues. Vaccine strategies to prime CD8 T cells to home to HSV lesions should elicit these chemokine receptors if possible to increase the homing of vaccine-primed cells to sites of infection.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) after primary herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection can occur in children due to inborn errors of cell-intrinsic immunity in the central nervous system. Paradoxically, symptomatic mucocutaneous HSV-1 recurrences are rare survivors of childhood HSE. T-cell-acquired immunity is thought to be involved in control of recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infection. We thus tested HSV-1-specific immunity in HSE survivors. METHODS We obtained serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from participants a median of 13.5 years after HSE. HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG was detected by type-specific immunoblot. PBMCs from subjects passing quality control criteria were tested using enzyme-linked immunospot assay for CD4 interferon-γ responses with an HSV-1 lysate and for CD8 responses using pooled synthetic HSV-1 peptide CD8 T-cell epitopes. Healthy adult PBMCs were used to standardize assays and as comparators. RESULTS All participants were HSV-1 seropositive. Most (23/24) HSE survivors had human leukocyte antigen class I types matching the human leukocyte antigen restriction of the pooled peptides. We detected HSV-specific CD8 T-cell responses in 14 of 24 (58%) HSE survivors and in 9 of 9 healthy HSV-1 seropositive adults. HSV-specific CD4 T-cell responses were present in all 5 HSE subjects tested and in 8 of 9 healthy adults. Response magnitudes were overlapping between subject groups. CONCLUSIONS The defects in cell-intrinsic immunity leading to failure to control primary central nervous system HSV-1 infection do not preclude the acquisition of specific immunity or the control of recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infections. The rarity and lack of severe or recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infection in survivors of childhood HSE corresponds with intact adaptive T-cell immunity.
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Hart J, MacHugh ND, Sheldrake T, Nielsen M, Morrison WI. Identification of immediate early gene products of bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) as dominant antigens recognized by CD8 T cells in immune cattle. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1843-1854. [PMID: 28671533 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In common with other herpes viruses, bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) induces strong virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses. However, there is a paucity of information on the antigenic specificity of the responding T-cells. The development of a system to generate virus-specific CD8 T-cell lines from BHV-1-immune cattle, employing Theileria-transformed cell lines for antigen presentation, has enabled us to address this issue. Use of this system allowed the study to screen for CD8 T-cell antigens that are efficiently presented on the surface of virus-infected cells. Screening of a panel of 16 candidate viral gene products with CD8 T-cell lines from 3 BHV-1-immune cattle of defined MHC genotypes identified 4 antigens, including 3 immediate early (IE) gene products (ICP4, ICP22 and Circ) and a tegument protein (UL49). Identification of the MHC restriction specificities revealed that the antigens were presented by two or three class I MHC alleles in each animal. Six CD8 T-cell epitopes were identified in the three IE proteins by screening of synthetic peptides. Use of an algorithm (NetMHCpan) that predicts the peptide-binding characteristics of restricting MHC alleles confirmed and, in some cases refined, the identity of the epitopes. Analyses of the epitope specificity of the CD8 T-cell lines showed that a large component of the response is directed against these IE epitopes. The results indicate that these IE gene products are dominant targets of the CD8 T-cell response in BHV-I-immune cattle and hence are prime-candidate antigens for the generation of a subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hart
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Niall D MacHugh
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tara Sheldrake
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Centre for Biological Science Sequence Analysis, The Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.,Biotechnological Research Institute, National University of San Martin, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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49
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Khan AA, Srivastava R, Chentoufi AA, Kritzer E, Chilukuri S, Garg S, Yu DC, Vahed H, Huang L, Syed SA, Furness JN, Tran TT, Anthony NB, McLaren CE, Sidney J, Sette A, Noelle RJ, BenMohamed L. Bolstering the Number and Function of HSV-1-Specific CD8 + Effector Memory T Cells and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Latently Infected Trigeminal Ganglia Reduces Recurrent Ocular Herpes Infection and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:186-203. [PMID: 28539429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen that infects >3.72 billion individuals worldwide and can cause potentially blinding recurrent corneal herpetic disease. HSV-1 establishes latency within sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG), and TG-resident CD8+ T cells play a critical role in preventing its reactivation. The repertoire, phenotype, and function of protective CD8+ T cells are unknown. Bolstering the apparent feeble numbers of CD8+ T cells in TG remains a challenge for immunotherapeutic strategies. In this study, a comprehensive panel of 467 HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes was predicted from the entire HSV-1 genome. CD8+ T cell responses to these genome-wide epitopes were compared in HSV-1-seropositive symptomatic individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent herpetic disease) and asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who are infected but never experienced any recurrent herpetic disease). Frequent polyfunctional HSV-specific IFN-γ+CD107a/b+CD44highCD62LlowCD8+ effector memory T cells were detected in ASYMP individuals and were primarily directed against three "ASYMP" epitopes. In contrast, symptomatic individuals have more monofunctional CD44highCD62LhighCD8+ central memory T cells. Furthermore, therapeutic immunization with an innovative prime/pull vaccine, based on priming with multiple ASYMP epitopes (prime) and neurotropic TG delivery of the T cell-attracting chemokine CXCL10 (pull), boosted the number and function of CD44highCD62LlowCD8+ effector memory T cells and CD103highCD8+ tissue-resident T cells in TG of latently infected HLA-A*0201-transgenic mice and reduced recurrent ocular herpes following UV-B-induced reactivation. These findings have profound implications in the development of T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies to treat blinding recurrent herpes infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif A Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aziz A Chentoufi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Elizabeth Kritzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sravya Chilukuri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sumit Garg
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - David C Yu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lei Huang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sabrina A Syed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Julie N Furness
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tien T Tran
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Nesburn B Anthony
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christine E McLaren
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - John Sidney
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; and.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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Zhang J, Liu H, Wei B. Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:277-288. [PMID: 28378566 PMCID: PMC5394093 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic member of the alphaherpes virus family, is among the most prevalent and successful human pathogens. HSV-1 can cause serious diseases at every stage of life including fatal disseminated disease in newborns, cold sores, eye disease, and fatal encephalitis in adults. HSV-1 infection can trigger rapid immune responses, and efficient inhibition and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Multiple strategies have been used to restrict host innate immune responses by HSV-1 to facilitate its infection in host cells. The adaptive immunity of the host plays an important role in inhibiting HSV-1 infections. The activation and regulation of T cells are the important aspects of the adaptive immunity. They play a crucial role in host-mediated immunity and are important for clearing HSV-1. In this review, we examine the findings on T cell immune responses during HSV-1 infection, which hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates for HSV-1.
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