1
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Mudd JC. Quantitative and Qualitative Distinctions between HIV-1 and SIV Reservoirs: Implications for HIV-1 Cure-Related Studies. Viruses 2024; 16:514. [PMID: 38675857 PMCID: PMC11054464 DOI: 10.3390/v16040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistence of the latent viral reservoir is the main hurdle to curing HIV-1 infection. SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs), namely Indian-origin rhesus macaques, is the most relevant and widely used animal model to evaluate therapies that seek to eradicate HIV-1. The utility of a model ultimately rests on how accurately it can recapitulate human disease, and while reservoirs in the NHP model behave quantitatively very similar to those of long-term suppressed persons with HIV-1 (PWH) in the most salient aspects, recent studies have uncovered key nuances at the clonotypic level that differentiate the two in qualitative terms. In this review, we will highlight differences relating to proviral intactness, clonotypic structure, and decay rate during ART between HIV-1 and SIV reservoirs and discuss the relevance of these distinctions in the interpretation of HIV-1 cure strategies. While these, to some degree, may reflect a unique biology of the virus or host, distinctions among the proviral landscape in SIV are likely to be shaped significantly by the condensed timeframe of NHP studies. ART is generally initiated earlier in the disease course, and animals are virologically suppressed for shorter periods before receiving interventions. Because these are experimental variables dictated by the investigator, we offer guidance on study design for cure-related studies performed in the NHP model. Finally, we highlight the case of GS-9620 (Vesatolimod), an antiviral TLR7 agonist tested in multiple independent pre-clinical studies in which virological outcomes may have been influenced by study-related variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Mudd
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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2
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Pinkevych M, Docken SS, Okoye AA, Fennessey CM, Del Prete GQ, Pino M, Harper JL, Betts MR, Paiardini M, Keele BF, Davenport MP. Timing of initiation of anti-retroviral therapy predicts post-treatment control of SIV replication. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011660. [PMID: 37801446 PMCID: PMC10558076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One approach to 'functional cure' of HIV infection is to induce durable control of HIV replication after the interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the major factors that determine the viral 'setpoint' level after treatment interruption are not well understood. Here we combine data on ART interruption following SIV infection for 124 total animals from 10 independent studies across 3 institutional cohorts to understand the dynamics and predictors of post-treatment viral control. We find that the timing of treatment initiation is an important determinant of both the peak and early setpoint viral levels after treatment interruption. During the first 3 weeks of infection, every day of delay in treatment initiation is associated with a 0.22 log10 copies/ml decrease in post-rebound peak and setpoint viral levels. However, delay in initiation of ART beyond 3 weeks of infection is associated with higher post-rebound setpoint viral levels. For animals treated beyond 3 weeks post-infection, viral load at ART initiation was the primary predictor of post-rebound setpoint viral levels. Potential alternative predictors of post-rebound setpoint viral loads including cell-associated DNA or RNA, time from treatment interruption to rebound, and pre-interruption CD8+ T cell responses were also examined in the studies where these data were available. This analysis suggests that optimal timing of treatment initiation may be an important determinant of post-treatment control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Pinkevych
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steffen S. Docken
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Afam A. Okoye
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine; Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Viox EG, Hoang TN, Upadhyay AA, Nchioua R, Hirschenberger M, Strongin Z, Tharp GK, Pino M, Nguyen K, Harper JL, Gagne M, Marciano S, Boddapati AK, Pellegrini KL, Pradhan A, Tisoncik-Go J, Whitmore LS, Karunakaran KA, Roy M, Kirejczyk S, Curran EH, Wallace C, Wood JS, Connor-Stroud F, Voigt EA, Monaco CM, Gordon DE, Kasturi SP, Levit RD, Gale M, Vanderford TH, Silvestri G, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Vaccari M, Douek DC, Sparrer KMJ, Johnson RP, Kirchhoff F, Schreiber G, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M. Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg0033. [PMID: 37506197 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical mediators of innate control of viral infections but also drive the recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of infection, a key feature of severe coronavirus disease 2019. Here, IFN-I signaling was modulated in rhesus macaques (RMs) before and during acute SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection using a mutated IFN-α2 (IFN-modulator; IFNmod), which has previously been shown to reduce the binding and signaling of endogenous IFN-I. IFNmod treatment in uninfected RMs was observed to induce a modest up-regulation of only antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs); however, in SARS-CoV-2-infected RMs, IFNmod reduced both antiviral and inflammatory ISGs. IFNmod treatment resulted in a potent reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral loads both in vitro in Calu-3 cells and in vivo in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), upper airways, lung, and hilar lymph nodes of RMs. Furthermore, in SARS-CoV-2-infected RMs, IFNmod treatment potently reduced inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CD163+ MRC1- inflammatory macrophages in BAL and expression of Siglec-1 on circulating monocytes. In the lung, IFNmod also reduced pathogenesis and attenuated pathways of inflammasome activation and stress response during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using an intervention targeting both IFN-α and IFN-β pathways, this study shows that, whereas early IFN-I restrains SARS-CoV-2 replication, uncontrolled IFN-I signaling critically contributes to SARS-CoV-2 inflammation and pathogenesis in the moderate disease model of RMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise G Viox
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Timothy N Hoang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Zachary Strongin
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Justin L Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shir Marciano
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Arun K Boddapati
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kathryn L Pellegrini
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Arpan Pradhan
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Leanne S Whitmore
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kirti A Karunakaran
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Melissa Roy
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth H Curran
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chelsea Wallace
- Division of Animal Resources, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jennifer S Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Fawn Connor-Stroud
- Division of Animal Resources, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Emily A Voigt
- RNA Vaccines Group, Access to Advanced Health Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christopher M Monaco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David E Gordon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sudhir P Kasturi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rebecca D Levit
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - R Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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4
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Upadhyay AA, Viox EG, Hoang TN, Boddapati AK, Pino M, Lee MYH, Corry J, Strongin Z, Cowan DA, Beagle EN, Horton TR, Hamilton S, Aoued H, Harper JL, Edwards CT, Nguyen K, Pellegrini KL, Tharp GK, Piantadosi A, Levit RD, Amara RR, Barratt-Boyes SM, Ribeiro SP, Sekaly RP, Vanderford TH, Schinazi RF, Paiardini M, Bosinger SE. TREM2 + and interstitial-like macrophages orchestrate airway inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1914. [PMID: 37024448 PMCID: PMC10078029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunopathological mechanisms driving the development of severe COVID-19 remain poorly defined. Here, we utilize a rhesus macaque model of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection to delineate perturbations in the innate immune system. SARS-CoV-2 initiates a rapid infiltration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells into the lower airway, commensurate with IFNA production, natural killer cell activation, and a significant increase of blood CD14-CD16+ monocytes. To dissect the contribution of lung myeloid subsets to airway inflammation, we generate a longitudinal scRNA-Seq dataset of airway cells, and map these subsets to corresponding populations in the human lung. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a rapid recruitment of two macrophage subsets: CD163+MRC1-, and TREM2+ populations that are the predominant source of inflammatory cytokines. Treatment with baricitinib (Olumiant®), a JAK1/2 inhibitor is effective in eliminating the influx of non-alveolar macrophages, with a reduction of inflammatory cytokines. This study delineates the major lung macrophage subsets driving airway inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elise G Viox
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy N Hoang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arun K Boddapati
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Y-H Lee
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Corry
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary Strongin
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Cowan
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Beagle
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tristan R Horton
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sydney Hamilton
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hadj Aoued
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin L Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher T Edwards
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Pellegrini
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca D Levit
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan P Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafick P Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Statzu M, Jin W, Fray EJ, Wong AKH, Kumar MR, Ferrer E, Docken SS, Pinkevych M, McBrien JB, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Liang S, Harper JL, Mutascio S, Franchitti L, Wang H, Cicetti D, Bosinger SE, Carnathan DG, Vanderford TH, Margolis DM, Garcia-Martinez JV, Chahroudi A, Paiardini M, Siliciano J, Davenport MP, Kulpa DA, Siliciano RS, Silvestri G. CD8 + lymphocytes do not impact SIV reservoir establishment under ART. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:299-308. [PMID: 36690860 PMCID: PMC9894752 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Persistence of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) latent reservoir in infected individuals remains a problem despite fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). While reservoir formation begins during acute infection, the mechanisms responsible for its establishment remain unclear. CD8+ T cells are important during the initial control of viral replication. Here we examined the effect of CD8+ T cells on formation of the latent reservoir in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques by performing experimental CD8+ depletion either before infection or before early (that is, day 14 post-infection) ART initiation. We found that CD8+ depletion resulted in slower decline of viremia, indicating that CD8+ lymphocytes reduce the average lifespan of productively infected cells during acute infection and early ART, presumably through SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. However, CD8+ depletion did not change the frequency of infected CD4+ T cells in the blood or lymph node as measured by the total cell-associated viral DNA or intact provirus DNA assay. In addition, the size of the persistent reservoir remained the same when measuring the kinetics of virus rebound after ART interruption. These data indicate that during early SIV infection, the viral reservoir that persists under ART is established largely independent of CTL control.
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Grants
- P30 AI050409 NIAID NIH HHS
- 75N91019D00024 NCI NIH HHS
- P51 OD011132 NIH HHS
- R01 AI143414 NIAID NIH HHS
- UM1 AI164562 NIAID NIH HHS
- UM1 AI164567 NIAID NIH HHS
- R01 AI125064 NIAID NIH HHS
- CU | National Cancer Institute, Cairo University (NCI)
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024/HHSN261201500003I.
- This work was supported by UM1AI164562, co-funded by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (to G.S., D.A.K., M.P.1), and NIH NIAID R01-AI143414 (to G.S. and D.A.K), and R01-AI125064 (to G.S., A.C., D.A.K.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Statzu
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wang Jin
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily J Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Kam Ho Wong
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mithra R Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steffen S Docken
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mykola Pinkevych
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia B McBrien
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shan Liang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin L Harper
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simona Mutascio
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lavinia Franchitti
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Davide Cicetti
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia-Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janet Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert S Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Amand M, Adams P, Schober R, Iserentant G, Servais JY, Moutschen M, Seguin-Devaux C. The anti-caspase 1 inhibitor VX-765 reduces immune activation, CD4 + T cell depletion, viral load, and total HIV-1 DNA in HIV-1 infected humanized mice. eLife 2023; 12:83207. [PMID: 36800238 PMCID: PMC9937651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in the activation of inflammasome that may facilitate viral spread and establishment of viral reservoirs. We evaluated the effects of the caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 on HIV-1 infection in humanized NSG mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Expression of caspase-1, NLRP3, and IL-1β was increased in lymph nodes and bone marrow between day 1 and 3 after HIV-1 infection (mean fold change (FC) of 2.08, 3.23, and 6.05, p<0.001, respectively). IFI16 and AIM2 expression peaked at day 24 and coincides with increased IL-18 levels (6.89 vs 83.19 pg/ml, p=0.004), increased viral load and CD4+ T cells loss in blood (p<0.005 and p<0.0001, for the spleen respectively). Treatment with VX-765 significantly reduced TNF-α at day 11 (0.47 vs 2.2 pg/ml, p=0.045), IL-18 at day 22 (7.8 vs 23.2 pg/ml, p=0.04), CD4+ T cells (44.3% vs 36,7%, p=0.01), viral load (4.26 vs 4.89 log 10 copies/ml, p=0.027), and total HIV-1 DNA in the spleen (1 054 vs 2 889 copies /106 cells, p=0.029). We demonstrated that targeting inflammasome activation early after infection may represent a therapeutic strategy towards HIV cure to prevent CD4+ T cell depletion and reduce immune activation, viral load, and the HIV-1 reservoir formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Amand
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Philipp Adams
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Rafaela Schober
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Gilles Iserentant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Jean-Yves Servais
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Michel Moutschen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, CHU de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
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7
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Hoang TN, Viox EG, Upadhyay AA, Strongin Z, Tharp GK, Pino M, Nchioua R, Hirschenberger M, Gagne M, Nguyen K, Harper JL, Marciano S, Boddapati AK, Pellegrini KL, Tisoncik-Go J, Whitmore LS, Karunakaran KA, Roy M, Kirejczyk S, Curran EH, Wallace C, Wood JS, Connor-Stroud F, Kasturi SP, Levit RD, Gale M, Vanderford TH, Silvestri G, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Vaccari M, Douek DC, Sparrer KM, Kirchhoff F, Johnson RP, Schreiber G, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M. Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.10.21.512606. [PMID: 36324810 PMCID: PMC9628196 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.21.512606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are critical mediators of innate control of viral infections, but also drive recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of infection, a key feature of severe COVID-19. Here, and for the first time, IFN-I signaling was modulated in rhesus macaques (RMs) prior to and during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection using a mutated IFNα2 (IFN-modulator; IFNmod), which has previously been shown to reduce the binding and signaling of endogenous IFN-I. In SARS-CoV-2-infected RMs, IFNmod reduced both antiviral and inflammatory ISGs. Notably, IFNmod treatment resulted in a potent reduction in (i) SARS-CoV-2 viral load in Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), upper airways, lung, and hilar lymph nodes; (ii) inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CD163+MRC1-inflammatory macrophages in BAL; and (iii) expression of Siglec-1, which enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection and predicts disease severity, on circulating monocytes. In the lung, IFNmod also reduced pathogenesis and attenuated pathways of inflammasome activation and stress response during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study, using an intervention targeting both IFN-α and IFN-β pathways, shows that excessive inflammation driven by type 1 IFN critically contributes to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in RMs, and demonstrates the potential of IFNmod to limit viral replication, SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, and COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N. Hoang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Elise G. Viox
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Zachary Strongin
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shir Marciano
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Arun K. Boddapati
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Pellegrini
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, and the Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Leanne S. Whitmore
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, and the Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kirti A. Karunakaran
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Melissa Roy
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shannon Kirejczyk
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Curran
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chelsea Wallace
- Division of Animal Resources, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Fawn Connor-Stroud
- Division of Animal Resources, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sudhir P. Kasturi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Levit
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, and the Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Thomas H. Vanderford
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Emory NPRC Genomics Core Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Correspondence to: (M.P; Lead Contact); (S.E.B.)
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Correspondence to: (M.P; Lead Contact); (S.E.B.)
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8
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Limited impact of fingolimod treatment during the initial weeks of ART in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5055. [PMID: 36030289 PMCID: PMC9420154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative due to the persistence of a reservoir of HIV-infected cells, particularly in tissues such as lymph nodes, with the potential to cause viral rebound after treatment cessation. In this study, fingolimod (FTY720), a lysophospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator is administered to SIV-infected rhesus macaques at initiation of ART to block the egress from lymphoid tissues of natural killer and T-cells, thereby promoting proximity between cytolytic cells and infected CD4+ T-cells. When compared with the ART-only controls, FTY720 treatment during the initial weeks of ART induces a profound lymphopenia and increases frequencies of CD8+ T-cells expressing perforin in lymph nodes, but not their killing capacity; FTY720 also increases frequencies of cytolytic NK cells in lymph nodes. This increase of cytolytic cells, however, does not limit measures of viral persistence during ART, including intact proviral genomes. After ART interruption, a subset of animals that initially receives FTY720 displays a modest delay in viral rebound, with reduced plasma viremia and frequencies of infected T follicular helper cells. Further research is needed to optimize the potential utility of FTY720 when coupled with strategies that boost the antiviral function of T-cells in lymphoid tissues.
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9
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Lv T, Cao W, Xue J, Wei Q, Qiu Z, Han Y, Li T. Therapeutic effect of (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) in SIV infected rhesus monkeys. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108932. [PMID: 35716483 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections induce robust, generalized inflammatory responses and lead to pathological systemic immune activation. This abnormal immune status persists despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). Immune modulating strategies in conjunction with ART were tried to reduce abnormal immune activation. Previously, we demonstrated that Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F has been shown immunosuppressive activity in HIV patients. (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a new analog of triptolide, and the most active ingredient of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F, has been shown to have lower cytotoxicity. However, the role of LLDT-8 in HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) needs to be explored. METHODS Six male adult Chinese rhesus monkeys were enrolled in our study. All of them were healthy and negative for SIV, and chronically SIVmac239 infected macaques were treated with LLDT-8 combined with ART (n = 4) or ART only (n = 2) after 14 weeks of infection. ART was determined at week 33, and LLDT-8 was continued until week 48. T cell immune activation and inflammation were compared during the period, and viral rebound time and reservoir were supervised after stopping ART. RESULTS The RNA level of the two groups continued to decline after initiating ART, RNA of 4 rhesus monkeys declined to the lower limit of detection at week 20. LLDT-8 administration combined with ART did not affect T cell activation and plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP. The viral load of all the macaques in both groups was rebounded 2 weeks after ART discontinuation. Furthermore, no significant decrease of SIV DNA was observed in the LLDT-8 treatment group. CONCLUSIONS LLDT-8 administration during chronic SIV infection had no effect on T cell activation and plasma levels; Furthermore, LLDT-8 may not contribute to suppression of viral rebound and reservoir. These results suggest that LLDT-8 is unlikely to reduce immune activation and viral persistence without additional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxia Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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10
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Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ancuta P. Targeting Th17 cells in HIV-1 remission/cure interventions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:580-594. [PMID: 35659433 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV-1, progress has been made in deciphering the viral replication cycle and mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that has facilitated the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). Major barriers to HIV-1 remission/cure include the persistence of viral reservoirs (VRs) in long-lived CD4+ T cells, residual viral transcription, and lack of mucosal immunity restoration during ART, which together fuel systemic inflammation. Recently, T helper (Th)17-polarized cells were identified as major contributors to the pool of transcriptionally/translationally competent VRs. In this review, we discuss the functional features of Th17 cells that were elucidated by fundamental immunology studies in the context of autoimmunity. We also highlight recent discoveries supporting the possibility of extrapolating this knowledge toward the identification of new putative Th17-targeted HIV-1 remission/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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11
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Harper J, Ribeiro SP, Chan CN, Aid M, Deleage C, Micci L, Pino M, Cervasi B, Raghunathan G, Rimmer E, Ayanoglu G, Wu G, Shenvi N, Barnard RJ, Del Prete GQ, Busman-Sahay K, Silvestri G, Kulpa DA, Bosinger SE, Easley KA, Howell BJ, Gorman D, Hazuda DJ, Estes JD, Sekaly RP, Paiardini M. Interleukin-10 contributes to reservoir establishment and persistence in SIV-infected macaques treated with antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e155251. [PMID: 35230978 PMCID: PMC9012284 DOI: 10.1172/jci155251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunosuppressive cytokine that signals through STAT3 to regulate T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation and germinal center formation. In SIV-infected macaques, levels of IL-10 in plasma and lymph nodes (LNs) were induced by infection and not normalized with antiretroviral therapy (ART). During chronic infection, plasma IL-10 and transcriptomic signatures of IL-10 signaling were correlated with the cell-associated SIV-DNA content within LN CD4+ memory subsets, including Tfh cells, and predicted the frequency of CD4+ Tfh cells and their cell-associated SIV-DNA content during ART, respectively. In ART-treated rhesus macaques, cells harboring SIV-DNA by DNAscope were preferentially found in the LN B cell follicle in proximity to IL-10. Finally, we demonstrated that the in vivo neutralization of soluble IL-10 in ART-treated, SIV-infected macaques reduced B cell follicle maintenance and, by extension, LN memory CD4+ T cells, including Tfh cells and those expressing PD-1 and CTLA-4. Thus, these data support a role for IL-10 in maintaining a pool of target cells in lymphoid tissue that serve as a niche for viral persistence. Targeting IL-10 signaling to impair CD4+ T cell survival and improve antiviral immune responses may represent a novel approach to limit viral persistence in ART-suppressed people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan P. Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chi Ngai Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Eric Rimmer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gulesi Ayanoglu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neeta Shenvi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard J.O. Barnard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deanna A. Kulpa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirk A. Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bonnie J. Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Titov A, Kaminskiy Y, Ganeeva I, Zmievskaya E, Valiullina A, Rakhmatullina A, Petukhov A, Miftakhova R, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Knowns and Unknowns about CAR-T Cell Dysfunction. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041078. [PMID: 35205827 PMCID: PMC8870103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The primary issue of adoptive cell therapy is the poor in vivo persistence. In this context, it is necessary to clarify the fundamental mechanisms of T cell dysfunction. Here we review common dysfunctional states, including exhaustion and senescence, and discuss the challenges associated with phenotypical characterization of these T cell subsets. We overview the heterogeneity among exhausted T cells as well as mechanisms by which T cells get reinvigorated by checkpoint inhibitors. We emphasize that some cancers not responding to such treatment may activate distinct T cell dysfunction programs. Finally, we describe the dysfunction-promoting mechanisms specific for CAR-T cells and the ways to mitigate them. Abstract Immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a promising option for cancer treatment. However, T cells and CAR-T cells frequently become dysfunctional in cancer, where numerous evasion mechanisms impair antitumor immunity. Cancer frequently exploits intrinsic T cell dysfunction mechanisms that evolved for the purpose of defending against autoimmunity. T cell exhaustion is the most studied type of T cell dysfunction. It is characterized by impaired proliferation and cytokine secretion and is often misdefined solely by the expression of the inhibitory receptors. Another type of dysfunction is T cell senescence, which occurs when T cells permanently arrest their cell cycle and proliferation while retaining cytotoxic capability. The first section of this review provides a broad overview of T cell dysfunctional states, including exhaustion and senescence; the second section is focused on the impact of T cell dysfunction on the CAR-T therapeutic potential. Finally, we discuss the recent efforts to mitigate CAR-T cell exhaustion, with an emphasis on epigenetic and transcriptional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Titov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Centre for Hematology, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yaroslav Kaminskiy
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Centre for Hematology, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aygul Rakhmatullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Regina Miftakhova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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14
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Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Raymond Marchand L, Moreira Gabriel E, Tastet O, Goulet JP, Zhang Y, Vlad D, Touil H, Routy JP, Bego MG, El-Far M, Chomont N, Landay AL, Cohen ÉA, Tremblay C, Ancuta P. IL-17A reprograms intestinal epithelial cells to facilitate HIV-1 replication and outgrowth in CD4+ T cells. iScience 2021; 24:103225. [PMID: 34712922 PMCID: PMC8531570 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells is critical for mucosal homeostasis, with HIV-1 causing significant alterations in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). In a model of IEC and T cell co-cultures, we investigated the effects of IL-17A, the Th17 hallmark cytokine, on IEC ability to promote de novo HIV infection and viral reservoir reactivation. Our results demonstrate that IL-17A acts in synergy with TNF to boost IEC production of CCL20, a Th17-attractant chemokine, and promote HIV trans-infection of CD4+ T cells and viral outgrowth from reservoir cells of ART-treated PLWH. Importantly, the Illumina RNA-sequencing revealed an IL-17A-mediated pro-inflammatory and pro-viral molecular signature, including a decreased expression of type I interferon (IFN-I)-induced HIV restriction factors. These findings point to the deleterious features of IL-17A and raise awareness for caution when designing therapies aimed at restoring the paucity of mucosal Th17 cells in ART-treated PLWH. IL-17A acts in synergy with TNF to enhance CCL20 production in IEC exposed to HIV IL-17A/TNF-activated IEC efficiently promote HIV trans-infection of CD4+ T cells IL-17A reprograms IEC to boost HIV outgrowth from CD4+ T cells of ART-treated PLWH IL-17A decreases the expression of IFN-I-induced HIV restriction factors in IEC
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Etiene Moreira Gabriel
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Yuwei Zhang
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dragos Vlad
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hanane Touil
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariana G. Bego
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Corresponding author
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15
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Silveira ELV, Hong JJ, Amancha PK, Rogers KA, Ansari AA, Byrareddy SN, Villinger F. Viremia controls Env-specific antibody-secreting cell responses in simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaques pre and post-antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2021; 35:2085-2094. [PMID: 34148985 PMCID: PMC8490307 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of Env (gp140)-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) during acute and early chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, and prior to and postantiretroviral therapy (ART) in rhesus macaques. DESIGN AND METHODS At week 0, rhesus macaques were inoculated intravenously with SIVmac239 and the viral loads were allowed to develop. Daily ART was initiated at week 5 post infection until week 18, though the animals were monitored until week 28 for the following parameters: enumeration of SIV gp140-specific ASCs by ELISPOT; quantification of viremia and SIV gp140-specific IgG titres through qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively; estimation of monocytes, follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and memory B cell frequencies using polychromatic flow cytometry. RESULTS Direct correlations were consistently found between blood SIV gp140-specific ASC responses and viremia or SIV Env-specific IgG titres. In contrast, SIV gp140-specific ASC responses showed inverse correlations with the percentage of total memory B cells in the blood. In lymph nodes, the magnitude of the SIV gp140-specific ASC responses also followed the viral load kinetics. In contrast, the number of SIV gp140-specific ASCs presented did not correlate with frequencies of circulating activated monocyte (CD14+CD16+) or Tfh cells. CONCLUSION Blood and/or lymph node viral loads may regulate the onset and magnitude of SIV gp140-specific ASCs during SIV infection and following ART in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L. V. Silveira
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Praveen K. Amancha
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Kenneth A Rogers
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 – USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 – USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
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16
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Interests of the Non-Human Primate Models for HIV Cure Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090958. [PMID: 34579195 PMCID: PMC8472852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models are important for vaccine development and also contribute to HIV cure research. Although none of the animal models are perfect, NHPs enable the exploration of important questions about tissue viral reservoirs and the development of intervention strategies. In this review, we describe recent advances in the use of these models for HIV cure research and highlight the progress that has been made as well as limitations using these models. The main NHP models used are (i) the macaque, in which simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) infection displays similar replication profiles as to HIV in humans, and (ii) the macaque infected by a recombinant virus (SHIV) consisting of SIVmac expressing the HIV envelope gene serving for studies analyzing the impact of anti-HIV Env broadly neutralizing antibodies. Lessons for HIV cure that can be learned from studying the natural host of SIV are also presented here. An overview of the most promising and less well explored HIV cure strategies tested in NHP models will be given.
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17
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Bricker KM, Chahroudi A, Mavigner M. New Latency Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Cure: Insights from Nonhuman Primate Models. Viruses 2021; 13:1560. [PMID: 34452425 PMCID: PMC8402914 DOI: 10.3390/v13081560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) controls human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication and prevents disease progression but does not eradicate HIV-1. The persistence of a reservoir of latently infected cells represents the main barrier to a cure. "Shock and kill" is a promising strategy involving latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate HIV-1 from latently infected cells, thus exposing the infected cells to killing by the immune system or clearance agents. Here, we review advances to the "shock and kill" strategy made through the nonhuman primate (NHP) model, highlighting recently identified latency reversing agents and approaches such as mimetics of the second mitochondrial activator of caspase (SMACm), experimental CD8+ T cell depletion, immune checkpoint blockade (ICI), and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. We also discuss the advantages and limits of the NHP model for HIV cure research and methods developed to evaluate the efficacy of in vivo treatment with LRAs in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Bricker
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.C.)
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Emory + Children’s Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.C.)
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18
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Lee MYH, Upadhyay AA, Walum H, Chan CN, Dawoud RA, Grech C, Harper JL, Karunakaran KA, Nelson SA, Mahar EA, Goss KL, Carnathan DG, Cervasi B, Gill K, Tharp GK, Wonderlich ER, Velu V, Barratt-Boyes SM, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Estes JD, Bosinger SE. Tissue-specific transcriptional profiling of plasmacytoid dendritic cells reveals a hyperactivated state in chronic SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34181694 PMCID: PMC8270445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV associated immune activation (IA) is associated with increased morbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy, and remains a barrier for strategies aimed at reducing the HIV reservoir. The underlying mechanisms of IA have not been definitively elucidated, however, persistent production of Type I IFNs and expression of ISGs is considered to be one of the primary factors. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are a major producer of Type I IFN during viral infections, and are highly immunomodulatory in acute HIV and SIV infection, however their role in chronic HIV/SIV infection has not been firmly established. Here, we performed a detailed transcriptomic characterization of pDCs in chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques, and in sooty mangabeys, a natural host non-human primate (NHP) species that undergoes non-pathogenic SIV infection. We also investigated the immunostimulatory capacity of lymph node homing pDCs in chronic SIV infection by contrasting gene expression of pDCs isolated from lymph nodes with those from blood. We observed that pDCs in LNs, but not blood, produced high levels of IFNα transcripts, and upregulated gene expression programs consistent with T cell activation and exhaustion. We apply a novel strategy to catalogue uncharacterized surface molecules on pDCs, and identified the lymphoid exhaustion markers TIGIT and LAIR1 as highly expressed in SIV infection. pDCs from SIV-infected sooty mangabeys lacked the activation profile of ISG signatures observed in infected macaques. These data demonstrate that pDCs are a primary producer of Type I IFN in chronic SIV infection. Further, this study demonstrated that pDCs trafficking to LNs persist in a highly activated state well into chronic infection. Collectively, these data identify pDCs as a highly immunomodulatory cell population in chronic SIV infection, and a putative therapeutic target to reduce immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y.-H. Lee
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hasse Walum
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chi N. Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Reem A. Dawoud
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Grech
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirti A. Karunakaran
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sydney A. Nelson
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ernestine A. Mahar
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kyndal L. Goss
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kiran Gill
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Rosenkrantz JL, Gaffney JE, Roberts VHJ, Carbone L, Chavez SL. Transcriptomic analysis of primate placentas and novel rhesus trophoblast cell lines informs investigations of human placentation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:127. [PMID: 34154587 PMCID: PMC8218487 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper placentation, including trophoblast differentiation and function, is essential for the health and well-being of both the mother and baby throughout pregnancy. Placental abnormalities that occur during the early stages of development are thought to contribute to preeclampsia and other placenta-related pregnancy complications. However, relatively little is known about these stages in humans due to obvious ethical and technical limitations. Rhesus macaques are considered an ideal surrogate for studying human placentation, but the unclear translatability of known human placental markers and lack of accessible rhesus trophoblast cell lines can impede the use of this animal model. RESULTS Here, we performed a cross-species transcriptomic comparison of human and rhesus placenta and determined that while the majority of human placental marker genes (HPGs) were similarly expressed, 952 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two species. Functional enrichment analysis of the 447 human-upregulated DEGs, including ADAM12, ERVW-1, KISS1, LGALS13, PAPPA2, PGF, and SIGLEC6, revealed over-representation of genes implicated in preeclampsia and other pregnancy disorders. Additionally, to enable in vitro functional studies of early placentation, we generated and thoroughly characterized two highly pure first trimester telomerase (TERT) immortalized rhesus trophoblast cell lines (iRP-D26 and iRP-D28A) that retained crucial features of isolated primary trophoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings help elucidate the molecular translatability between human and rhesus placenta and reveal notable expression differences in several HPGs and genes implicated in pregnancy complications that should be considered when using the rhesus animal model to study normal and pathological human placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi L. Rosenkrantz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - Jessica E. Gaffney
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - Victoria H. J. Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - Lucia Carbone
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Shawn L. Chavez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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20
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Tabana Y, Moon TC, Siraki A, Elahi S, Barakat K. Reversing T-cell exhaustion in immunotherapy: a review on current approaches and limitations. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:347-363. [PMID: 34056985 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1937123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:T cell functions are altered during chronic viral infections and tumor development. This is mainly manifested by significant changes in T cells' epigenetic and metabolic landscapes, pushing them into an 'exhausted' state. Reversing this T cell exhaustion has been emerging as a 'game-changing' therapeutic approach against cancer and chronic viral infection.Areas covered:This review discusses the cellular pathways related to T cell exhaustion, and the clinical development and possible cellular targets that can be exploited therapeutically to reverse this exhaustion. We searched various databases (e.g. Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other scientific database sites) using the keywords T cell exhaustion, T cell activation, co-inhibitory receptors, and reversing T cell exhaustion.Expert opinion:The discovery of the immune checkpoints pathways represents a significant milestone toward understanding and reversing T cell exhaustion. Antibodies that target these pathways have already demonstrated promising activities in reversing T cell exhaustion. Nevertheless, there are still many associated limitations. In this context, next-generation alternatives are on the horizon. This includes the use of small molecules to block the immune checkpoints' receptors, combining them with other treatments, and identifying novel, safer and more effective immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tae Chul Moon
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arno Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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21
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Harper J, Huot N, Micci L, Tharp G, King C, Rascle P, Shenvi N, Wang H, Galardi C, Upadhyay AA, Villinger F, Lifson J, Silvestri G, Easley K, Jacquelin B, Bosinger S, Müller-Trutwin M, Paiardini M. IL-21 and IFNα therapy rescues terminally differentiated NK cells and limits SIV reservoir in ART-treated macaques. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2866. [PMID: 34001890 PMCID: PMC8129202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike HIV infection, which progresses to AIDS absent suppressive anti-retroviral therapy, nonpathogenic infections in natural hosts, such African green monkeys, are characterized by a lack of gut microbial translocation and robust secondary lymphoid natural killer cell responses resulting in an absence of chronic inflammation and limited SIV dissemination in lymph node B-cell follicles. Here we report, using the pathogenic model of antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques that sequential interleukin-21 and interferon alpha therapy generate terminally differentiated blood natural killer cells (NKG2a/clowCD16+) with potent human leukocyte antigen-E-restricted activity in response to SIV envelope peptides. This is in contrast to control macaques, where less differentiated, interferon gamma-producing natural killer cells predominate. The frequency and activity of terminally differentiated NKG2a/clowCD16+ natural killer cells correlates with a reduction of replication-competent SIV in lymph node during antiretroviral therapy and time to viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. These data demonstrate that African green monkey-like natural killer cell differentiation profiles can be rescued in rhesus macaques to promote viral clearance in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Tharp
- Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Neeta Shenvi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cristin Galardi
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steven Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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22
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Byrareddy SN. Meet Our Editorial Board Member. Curr HIV Res 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1903210401104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, United States
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23
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Hoang TN, Pino M, Boddapati AK, Viox EG, Starke CE, Upadhyay AA, Gumber S, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Strongin Z, Harper JL, Tharp GK, Pellegrini KL, Kirejczyk S, Zandi K, Tao S, Horton TR, Beagle EN, Mahar EA, Lee MY, Cohen J, Jean SM, Wood JS, Connor-Stroud F, Stammen RL, Delmas OM, Wang S, Cooney KA, Sayegh MN, Wang L, Filev PD, Weiskopf D, Silvestri G, Waggoner J, Piantadosi A, Kasturi SP, Al-Shakhshir H, Ribeiro SP, Sekaly RP, Levit RD, Estes JD, Vanderford TH, Schinazi RF, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M. Baricitinib treatment resolves lower-airway macrophage inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques. Cell 2021; 184:460-475.e21. [PMID: 33278358 PMCID: PMC7654323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-induced hypercytokinemia and inflammation are critically associated with COVID-19 severity. Baricitinib, a clinically approved JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, is currently being investigated in COVID-19 clinical trials. Here, we investigated the immunologic and virologic efficacy of baricitinib in a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viral shedding measured from nasal and throat swabs, bronchoalveolar lavages, and tissues was not reduced with baricitinib. Type I interferon (IFN) antiviral responses and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses remained similar between the two groups. Animals treated with baricitinib showed reduced inflammation, decreased lung infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced NETosis activity, and more limited lung pathology. Importantly, baricitinib-treated animals had a rapid and remarkably potent suppression of lung macrophage production of cytokines and chemokines responsible for inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. These data support a beneficial role for, and elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying, the use of baricitinib as a frontline treatment for inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N. Hoang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Arun K. Boddapati
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elise G. Viox
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Carly E. Starke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Zachary Strongin
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Pellegrini
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shannon Kirejczyk
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tristan R. Horton
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Beagle
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ernestine A. Mahar
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michelle Y.H. Lee
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joyce Cohen
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sherrie M. Jean
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Fawn Connor-Stroud
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rachelle L. Stammen
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Olivia M. Delmas
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shelly Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Cooney
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael N. Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peter D. Filev
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jesse Waggoner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sudhir P. Kasturi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hilmi Al-Shakhshir
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Susan P. Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rafick P. Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Levit
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Thomas H. Vanderford
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Corresponding author
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24
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Th22 cells are efficiently recruited in the gut by CCL28 as an alternative to CCL20 but do not compensate for the loss of Th17 cells in treated HIV-1-infected individuals. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:219-228. [PMID: 32346082 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut CD4+ T cells are incompletely restored in most HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy, notably Th17 cells, a key subset in mucosal homeostasis. By contrast, gut Th22 cells are usually restored at normal frequencies. Th22 cells display a CCR6+CCR10+ phenotype and could thus respond to CCL20- and CCL28-mediated chemotaxis, while Th17 cells, which express CCR6 but not CCR10, depend on CCL20. Herein, we found that CCL28 is normally expressed by duodenal enterocytes of treated HIV-1-infected individuals, while CCL20 expression is blunted. Ex vivo, we showed that Th22 cells contribute to the reduction of CCL20 production by enterocytes through an IL-22- and IL-18-dependent mechanism. Th22 cells preferentially migrate via CCL20- rather than CCL28-mediated chemotaxis when both chemokines are available in the microenvironment. However, when the CCL20/CCL28 ratio drops, as in treated HIV-1-infected individuals, Th22 cells can migrate via the CCR10-CCL28 axis, as an alternative to CCR6-CCL20. This could explain the better reconstitution of gut Th22 compared with Th17 cells on antiretroviral therapy. Lastly, we assessed the relationships between the frequencies of gut Th17 and Th22 cells and inflammatory markers related to microbial translocation, and showed that Th22 cells do not compensate for the loss of Th17 cells in treated HIV-1-infected individuals.
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25
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Le Hingrat Q, Sereti I, Landay AL, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4 + T-Cell Depletion in Lentiviral Infection. A Critical Review of the Dynamics of the CD4 + T Cells in SIV and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695674. [PMID: 34367156 PMCID: PMC8336601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is pathognomonic for AIDS in both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. It occurs early, is massive at mucosal sites, and is not entirely reverted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly if initiated when T-cell functions are compromised. HIV/SIV infect and kill activated CCR5-expressing memory and effector CD4+ T-cells from the intestinal lamina propria. Acute CD4+ T-cell depletion is substantial in progressive, nonprogressive and controlled infections. Clinical outcome is predicted by the mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery during chronic infection, with no recovery occurring in rapid progressors, and partial, transient recovery, the degree of which depends on the virus control, in normal and long-term progressors. The nonprogressive infection of African nonhuman primate SIV hosts is characterized by partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration, despite high viral replication. Complete, albeit very slow, recovery of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs in controllers. Early ART does not prevent acute mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion, yet it greatly improves their restoration, sometimes to preinfection levels. Comparative studies of the different models of SIV infection support a critical role of immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL), in addition to viral replication, in CD4+ T-cell depletion, with immune restoration occurring only when these parameters are kept at bay. CD4+ T-cell depletion is persistent, and the recovery is very slow, even when both the virus and IA/INFL are completely controlled. Nevertheless, partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery is sufficient for a healthy life in natural hosts. Cell death and loss of CD4+ T-cell subsets critical for gut health contribute to mucosal inflammation and enteropathy, which weaken the mucosal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, a major driver of IA/INFL. In turn, IA/INFL trigger CD4+ T-cells to become either viral targets or apoptotic, fueling their loss. CD4+ T-cell depletion also drives opportunistic infections, cancers, and comorbidities. It is thus critical to preserve CD4+ T cells (through early ART) during HIV/SIV infection. Even in early-treated subjects, residual IA/INFL can persist, preventing/delaying CD4+ T-cell restoration. New therapeutic strategies limiting mucosal pathology, microbial translocation and IA/INFL, to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the overall HIV prognosis are needed, and SIV models are extensively used to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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26
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Jochems SP, Jacquelin B, Tchitchek N, Busato F, Pichon F, Huot N, Liu Y, Ploquin MJ, Roché E, Cheynier R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Stahl-Henning C, Le Grand R, Tost J, Müller-Trutwin M. DNA methylation changes in metabolic and immune-regulatory pathways in blood and lymph node CD4 + T cells in response to SIV infections. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:188. [PMID: 33298174 PMCID: PMC7724887 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-induced inflammation, which persists even during effective long-term treatment, remain incompletely defined. Here, we studied pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in macaques and African green monkeys, respectively. We longitudinally analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation changes in CD4 + T cells from lymph node and blood, using arrays. DNA methylation changes after SIV infection were more pronounced in lymph nodes than blood and already detected in primary infection. Differentially methylated genes in pathogenic SIV infection were enriched for Th1-signaling (e.g., RUNX3, STAT4, NFKB1) and metabolic pathways (e.g., PRKCZ). In contrast, nonpathogenic SIVagm infection induced DNA methylation in genes coding for regulatory proteins such as LAG-3, arginase-2, interleukin-21 and interleukin-31. Between 15 and 18% of genes with DNA methylation changes were differentially expressed in CD4 + T cells in vivo. Selected identified sites were validated using bisulfite pyrosequencing in an independent cohort of uninfected, viremic and SIV controller macaques. Altered DNA methylation was confirmed in blood and lymph node CD4 + T cells in viremic macaques but was notably absent from SIV controller macaques. Our study identified key genes differentially methylated already in primary infection and in tissues that could contribute to the persisting metabolic disorders and inflammation in HIV-infected individuals despite effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jochems
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Fabien Pichon
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Mickaël J Ploquin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Roché
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- UMR8104, CNRS, U1016, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jorg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France.
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27
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McLaughlin MM, Ma Y, Scherzer R, Rahalkar S, Martin JN, Mills C, Milush J, Deeks SG, Hsue PY. Association of Viral Persistence and Atherosclerosis in Adults With Treated HIV Infection. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2018099. [PMID: 33119103 PMCID: PMC7596582 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Persons living with HIV (PLWH) have increased risk for cardiovascular disease, and inflammation is thought to contribute to this excess risk. Production of HIV during otherwise effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been associated with inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine whether higher levels of viral persistence are associated with atherosclerosis as assessed by changes in carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, intima-media thickness, a validated marker of atherosclerosis, was assessed over time in a cohort of treated PLWH with viral suppression. Cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA and change in IMT, adjusted for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and HIV-related factors, were examined, as well as which factors were associated with viral persistence. One hundred fifty-two PLWH with undetectable viral loads for at least 6 months before study enrollment were recruited from HIV clinics affiliated with 2 hospitals in San Francisco, California, from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2012. Data were analyzed from February 7, 2018, to May 12, 2020. EXPOSURES Cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA were measured using enriched CD4+ T cells from cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Carotid IMT was measured at baseline and the last visit, with a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.2 (2.7) years, using high-resolution B mode ultrasonography. The main study outcomes were baseline IMT, annual IMT progression, and incident plaque, defined as a focal region of carotid IMT of greater than 1.5 mm. RESULTS The analysis included 152 PLWH (140 [92.1%] male; median age, 48.5 [interquartile range {IQR}, 43.3-53.7] years). Older age, smoking, medications for hypertension, higher low-density lipoprotein levels, and higher interleukin 6 levels were associated with higher baseline mean IMT, whereas cell-associated HIV DNA (estimate, -0.07% [95% CI, -6.1% to 6.4%]; P = .98), and HIV RNA levels (estimate, -0.8% [95% CI, -5.9% to 4.4%]; P = .75) were not. Levels of HIV RNA (0.017 [95% CI, 0.000-0.034] mm/y; P = .047) and HIV DNA (0.022 [95% CI, 0.001-0.044] mm/y; P = .042) were significantly associated with annual carotid artery IMT progression in unadjusted models only. Both HIV RNA (incidence risk ratio [IRR], 3.05 [95% CI, 1.49-6.27] per IQR; P = .002) and HIV DNA (IRR, 3.15 [95% CI, 1.51-6.57] per IQR; P = .002) were significantly associated with incident plaque, which remained significant after adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and HIV-related factors (IRR for HIV RNA, 4.05 [95% CI, 1.44-11.36] per IQR [P = .008]; IRR for HIV DNA, 3.35 [95% CI, 1.22-9.19] per IQR [P = .02]). Higher C-reactive protein levels were associated with higher cell-associated HIV RNA (estimate, 20.7% [95% CI, 0.9%-44.4%] per doubling; P = .04), whereas higher soluble CD14 levels were associated with HIV DNA (estimate, 18.6% [95% CI, 3.5%-35.8%] per 10% increase; P = .01). Higher soluble CD163 levels were associated with a higher HIV RNA:DNA ratio (difference, 63.8% [95% CI, 3.5%-159.4%]; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that measurements of viral persistence in treated HIV disease are independently associated with incident carotid plaque development. The size and transcriptional activity of the HIV reservoir may be important contributors to HIV-associated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifei Ma
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, UCSF
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, UCSF
| | - Smruti Rahalkar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF
| | | | - Claire Mills
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, UCSF
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Priscilla Y. Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF
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28
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Planas D, Fert A, Zhang Y, Goulet JP, Richard J, Finzi A, Ruiz MJ, Marchand LR, Chatterjee D, Chen H, Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Cohen EA, Routy JP, Chomont N, Ancuta P. Pharmacological Inhibition of PPARy Boosts HIV Reactivation and Th17 Effector Functions, While Preventing Progeny Virion Release and de novo Infection. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:177-239. [PMID: 33089034 PMCID: PMC7556414 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency and functions of Th17-polarized
CCR6+RORyt+CD4+ T cells are rapidly
compromised upon HIV infection and are not restored with long-term viral
suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). In line with this, Th17 cells
represent selective HIV-1 infection targets mainly at mucosal sites, with
long-lived Th17 subsets carrying replication-competent HIV-DNA during ART.
Therefore, novel Th17-specific therapeutic interventions are needed as a
supplement of ART to reach the goal of HIV remission/cure. Th17 cells express
high levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
(PPARy), which acts as a transcriptional repressor of the HIV provirus and the
rorc gene, which encodes for the Th17-specific master
regulator RORyt. Thus, we hypothesized that the pharmacological inhibition of
PPARy will facilitate HIV reservoir reactivation while enhancing Th17 effector
functions. Consistent with this prediction, the PPARy antagonist T0070907
significantly increased HIV transcription (cell-associated HIV-RNA) and
RORyt-mediated Th17 effector functions (IL-17A). Unexpectedly, the PPARy
antagonism limited HIV outgrowth from cells of ART-treated people living with
HIV (PLWH), as well as HIV replication in vitro.
Mechanistically, PPARy inhibition in CCR6+CD4+ T cells
induced the upregulation of transcripts linked to Th17-polarisation (RORyt,
STAT3, BCL6 IL-17A/F, IL-21) and HIV transcription (NCOA1-3, CDK9, HTATIP2).
Interestingly, several transcripts involved in HIV-restriction were upregulated
(Caveolin-1, TRIM22, TRIM5α, BST2, miR-29), whereas HIV permissiveness
transcripts were downregulated (CCR5, furin), consistent with the decrease in
HIV outgrowth/replication. Finally, PPARy inhibition increased intracellular
HIV-p24 expression and prevented BST-2 downregulation on infected T cells,
suggesting that progeny virion release is restricted by BST-2-dependent
mechanisms. These results provide a strong rationale for considering PPARy
antagonism as a novel strategy for HIV-reservoir purging and restoring
Th17-mediated mucosal immunity in ART-treated PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Augustine Fert
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Julia Ruiz
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Debashree Chatterjee
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Huicheng Chen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service; Division of Hematology; McGill University Health Centre-Glen site; Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
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29
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Hoang TN, Pino M, Boddapati AK, Viox EG, Starke CE, Upadhyay AA, Gumber S, Busman-Sahay K, Strongin Z, Harper JL, Tharp GK, Pellegrini KL, Kirejczyk S, Zandi K, Tao S, Horton TR, Beagle EN, Mahar EA, Lee MY, Cohen J, Jean SM, Wood JS, Connor-Stroud F, Stammen RL, Delmas OM, Wang S, Cooney KA, Sayegh MN, Wang L, Weiskopf D, Filev PD, Waggoner J, Piantadosi A, Kasturi SP, Al-Shakhshir H, Ribeiro SP, Sekaly RP, Levit RD, Estes JD, Vanderford TH, Schinazi RF, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M. Baricitinib treatment resolves lower airway inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.09.16.300277. [PMID: 32995780 PMCID: PMC7523106 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.16.300277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapeutics aimed at mitigating COVID-19 symptoms are urgently needed. SARS-CoV-2 induced hypercytokinemia and systemic inflammation are associated with disease severity. Baricitinib, a clinically approved JAK1/2 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory properties is currently being investigated in COVID-19 human clinical trials. Recent reports suggest that baricitinib may also have antiviral activity in limiting viral endocytosis. Here, we investigated the immunologic and virologic efficacy of baricitinib in a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viral shedding measured from nasal and throat swabs, bronchoalveolar lavages and tissues was not reduced with baricitinib. Type I IFN antiviral responses and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses remained similar between the two groups. Importantly, however, animals treated with baricitinib showed reduced immune activation, decreased infiltration of neutrophils into the lung, reduced NETosis activity, and more limited lung pathology. Moreover, baricitinib treated animals had a rapid and remarkably potent suppression of alveolar macrophage derived production of cytokines and chemokines responsible for inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. These data support a beneficial role for, and elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying, the use of baricitinib as a frontline treatment for severe inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Hoang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arun K Boddapati
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elise G Viox
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carly E Starke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Zachary Strongin
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin L Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathryn L Pellegrini
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shannon Kirejczyk
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tristan R Horton
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Beagle
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ernestine A Mahar
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Yh Lee
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joyce Cohen
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sherrie M Jean
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer S Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fawn Connor-Stroud
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachelle L Stammen
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Olivia M Delmas
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelly Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly A Cooney
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael N Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter D Filev
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse Waggoner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sudhir P Kasturi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hilmi Al-Shakhshir
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susan P Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rafick P Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca D Levit
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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30
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Therapeutic Vaccines for the Treatment of HIV. Transl Res 2020; 223:61-75. [PMID: 32438074 PMCID: PMC8188575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in transforming HIV into a manageable disease, it has become evident that long-term ART will not eliminate the HIV reservoir and cure the infection. Alternative strategies to eradicate HIV infection, or at least induce a state of viral control and drug-free remission are therefore needed. Therapeutic vaccination aims to induce or enhance immunity to alter the course of a disease. In this review we provide an overview of the current state of therapeutic HIV vaccine research and summarize the obstacles that the field faces while highlighting potential ways forward for a strategy to cure HIV infection.
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31
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Sharan R, Bucşan AN, Ganatra S, Paiardini M, Mohan M, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. Chronic Immune Activation in TB/HIV Co-infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:619-632. [PMID: 32417227 PMCID: PMC7390597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV co-infection is the most critical risk factor for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). While CD4+ T cell depletion has been considered the major cause of HIV-induced reactivation of LTBI, recent work in macaques co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) suggests that cytopathic effects of SIV resulting in chronic immune activation and dysregulation of T cell homeostasis correlate with reactivation of LTBI. This review builds on compelling data that the reactivation of LTBI during HIV co-infection is likely to be driven by the events of HIV replication and therefore highlights the need to have optimum translational interventions directed at reactivation due to co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Allison N Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shashank Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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32
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Pino M, Uppada SB, Pandey K, King C, Nguyen K, Shim I, Rogers K, Villinger F, Paiardini M, Byrareddy SN. Safety and Immunological Evaluation of Interleukin-21 Plus Anti-α4β7 mAb Combination Therapy in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1275. [PMID: 32765488 PMCID: PMC7379916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections compromise gut immunological barriers, inducing high levels of inflammation and a severe depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Expression of α4β7 integrin promotes homing of activated T cells to intestinal sites where they become preferentially infected; blockade of α4β7 with an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) prior to infection has been reported to reduce gut SIV viremia in rhesus macaques (RMs). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) administration in antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected RMs reduces gut inflammation and improves gut integrity. We therefore hypothesized that the combination of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb therapies could synergize to reduce inflammation and HIV persistence. We co-administered two intravenous doses of rhesus anti-α4β7 mAb (50 mg/kg) combined with seven weekly subcutaneous infusions of IL-21-IgFc (100 μg/kg) in four healthy, SIV-uninfected RMs to evaluate the safety and immunological profiles of this intervention in blood and gut. Co-administration of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb showed no toxicity at the given dosages as assessed by multiple hematological and chemical parameters and did not alter the bioavailability of the therapeutics or result in the generation of antibodies against the anti-α4β7 mAb or IL-21-IgFc. Upon treatment, the frequency of CD4 memory T cells expressing β7 increased in blood and decreased in gut, consistent with an inhibition of activated CD4 T-cell homing to the gut. Furthermore, the frequency of T cells expressing proliferation and immune activation markers decreased in blood and, more profoundly, in gut. The combined IL-21 plus anti-α4β7 mAb therapy is well-tolerated in SIV-uninfected RMs and reduces the gut homing of α4β7+ CD4 T cells as well as the levels of gut immune activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Biomarkers
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Humans
- Immunity/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/adverse effects
- Interleukins/pharmacokinetics
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Isoantibodies/blood
- Isoantibodies/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Macaca mulatta
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Srijayaprakash Babu Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inbo Shim
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kenneth Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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33
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Virologic and Immunologic Features of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Control Post-ART Interruption in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00338-20. [PMID: 32350073 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot eradicate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and a rapid rebound of virus replication follows analytical treatment interruption (ATI) in the vast majority of HIV-infected individuals. Sustained control of HIV replication without ART has been documented in a subset of individuals, defined as posttreatment controllers (PTCs). The key determinants of post-ART viral control remain largely unclear. Here, we identified 7 SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), defined as PTCs, who started ART 8 weeks postinfection, continued ART for >7 months, and controlled plasma viremia at <104 copies/ml for up to 8 months after ATI and <200 copies/ml at the latest time point. We characterized immunologic and virologic features associated with post-ART SIV control in blood, lymph node (LN), and colorectal (RB) biopsy samples compared to 15 noncontroller (NC) RMs. Before ART initiation, PTCs had higher CD4 T cell counts, lower plasma viremia, and SIV-DNA content in blood and LN compared to NCs, but had similar CD8 T cell function. While levels of intestinal CD4 T cells were similar, PTCs had higher frequencies of Th17 cells. On ART, PTCs had significantly lower levels of residual plasma viremia and SIV-DNA content in blood and tissues. After ATI, SIV-DNA content rapidly increased in NCs, while it remained stable or even decreased in PTCs. Finally, PTCs showed immunologic benefits of viral control after ATI, including higher CD4 T cell levels and reduced immune activation. Overall, lower plasma viremia, reduced cell-associated SIV-DNA, and preserved Th17 homeostasis, including at pre-ART, are the main features associated with sustained viral control after ATI in SIV-infected RMs.IMPORTANCE While effective, antiretroviral therapy is not a cure for HIV infection. Therefore, there is great interest in achieving viral remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Posttreatment controllers represent a small subset of individuals who are able to control HIV after cessation of antiretroviral therapy, but characteristics associated with these individuals have been largely limited to peripheral blood analysis. Here, we identified 7 SIV-infected rhesus macaques that mirrored the human posttreatment controller phenotype and performed immunologic and virologic analysis of blood, lymph node, and colorectal biopsy samples to further understand the characteristics that distinguish them from noncontrollers. Lower viral burden and preservation of immune homeostasis, including intestinal Th17 cells, both before and after ART, were shown to be two major factors associated with the ability to achieve posttreatment control. Overall, these results move the field further toward understanding of important characteristics of viral control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy.
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34
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Shen S, Sckisel G, Sahoo A, Lalani A, Otter DD, Pearson J, DeVoss J, Cheng J, Casey SC, Case R, Yang M, Low R, Daris M, Fan B, Agrawal NJ, Ali K. Engineered IL-21 Cytokine Muteins Fused to Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Can Improve CD8+ T Cell Function and Anti-tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:832. [PMID: 32457754 PMCID: PMC7225340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors that block the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway can potentiate endogenous antitumor immunity and have markedly improved cancer survival rates across a broad range of indications. However, these treatments work for only a minority of patients. The efficacy of anti-PD-1 inhibitors may be extended by cytokines, however, the incorporation of cytokines into therapeutic regimens has significant challenges. In their natural form when administered as recombinant proteins, cytokine treatments are often associated with low response rates. Most cytokines have a short half-life which limits their exposure and efficacy. In addition, cytokines can activate counterregulatory pathways, in the case of immune-potentiating cytokines this can lead to immune suppression and thereby diminish their potential efficacy. Improving the drug-like properties of natural cytokines using protein engineering can yield synthetic cytokines with improved bioavailability and tissue targeting, allowing for enhanced efficacy and reduced off-target effects. Using structure guided engineering we have designed a novel class of antibody-cytokine fusion proteins consisting of a PD-1 targeting antibody fused together with an interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine mutein. Our bifunctional fusion proteins can block PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction whilst simultaneously delivering IL-21 cytokine to PD-1 expressing T cells. Targeted delivery of IL-21 can improve T cell function in a manner that is superior to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Fusion of engineered IL-21 variants to anti-PD1 antibodies can improve the drug-like properties of IL-21 cytokine leading to improved cytokine serum half-life allowing for less frequent dosing. In addition, we show that targeted delivery of IL-21 can minimize any potential detrimental effect on local antigen-presenting cells. A highly attenuated IL-21 mutein variant (R9E:R76A) fused to a PD-1 antibody provides protection in a humanized mouse model of cancer that is refractory to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Collectively, our preclinical data demonstrate that this approach may improve upon and extend the utility of anti-PD-1 therapeutics currently in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanling Shen
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gail Sckisel
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Almin Lalani
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Doug Den Otter
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Josh Pearson
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jay Cheng
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Casey
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Case
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Yang
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Ray Low
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Mark Daris
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Bin Fan
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Neeraj J. Agrawal
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Khaled Ali
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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Shytaj IL, Lucic B, Forcato M, Penzo C, Billingsley J, Laketa V, Bosinger S, Stanic M, Gregoretti F, Antonelli L, Oliva G, Frese CK, Trifunovic A, Galy B, Eibl C, Silvestri G, Bicciato S, Savarino A, Lusic M. Alterations of redox and iron metabolism accompany the development of HIV latency. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102209. [PMID: 32157726 PMCID: PMC7196916 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists in a latent form during antiretroviral therapy, mainly in CD4+ T cells, thus hampering efforts for a cure. HIV-1 infection is accompanied by metabolic alterations, such as oxidative stress, but the effect of cellular antioxidant responses on viral replication and latency is unknown. Here, we show that cells survive retroviral replication, both in vitro and in vivo in SIVmac-infected macaques, by upregulating antioxidant pathways and the intertwined iron import pathway. These changes are associated with remodeling of promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs), an important constituent of nuclear architecture and a marker of HIV-1 latency. We found that PML NBs are hyper-SUMOylated and that PML protein is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in productively infected cells, before latency establishment and after reactivation. Conversely, normal numbers of PML NBs were restored upon transition to latency or by decreasing oxidative stress or iron content. Our results highlight antioxidant and iron import pathways as determinants of HIV-1 latency and support their pharmacologic inhibition as tools to regulate PML stability and impair latency establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iart Luca Shytaj
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Bojana Lucic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - James Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mia Stanic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Laura Antonelli
- Institute for High Performance Computing and NetworkingICAR‐CNRNaplesItaly
| | - Gennaro Oliva
- Institute for High Performance Computing and NetworkingICAR‐CNRNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Bruno Galy
- Division of Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research CentreHeidelbergGermany
| | - Clarissa Eibl
- Leibniz‐Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
- Institute of BiologyCellular BiophysicsHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - Marina Lusic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
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36
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Hashemi P, Sadowski I. Diversity of small molecule HIV-1 latency reversing agents identified in low- and high-throughput small molecule screens. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:881-908. [PMID: 31608481 PMCID: PMC7216841 DOI: 10.1002/med.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The latency phenomenon produced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) prevents viral clearance by current therapies, and consequently development of a cure for HIV-1 disease represents a formidable challenge. Research over the past decade has resulted in identification of small molecules that are capable of exposing HIV-1 latent reservoirs, by reactivation of viral transcription, which is intended to render these infected cells sensitive to elimination by immune defense recognition or apoptosis. Molecules with this capability, known as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) could lead to realization of proposed HIV-1 cure strategies collectively termed "shock and kill," which are intended to eliminate the latently infected population by forced reactivation of virus replication in combination with additional interventions that enhance killing by the immune system or virus-mediated apoptosis. Here, we review efforts to discover novel LRAs via low- and high-throughput small molecule screens, and summarize characteristics and biochemical properties of chemical structures with this activity. We expect this analysis will provide insight toward further research into optimized designs for new classes of more potent LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pargol Hashemi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Harper J, Gordon S, Chan CN, Wang H, Lindemuth E, Galardi C, Falcinelli SD, Raines SLM, Read JL, Nguyen K, McGary CS, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Schawalder J, King C, Pino M, Micci L, Cervasi B, Jean S, Sanderson A, Johns B, Koblansky AA, Amrine-Madsen H, Lifson J, Margolis DM, Silvestri G, Bar KJ, Favre D, Estes JD, Paiardini M. CTLA-4 and PD-1 dual blockade induces SIV reactivation without control of rebound after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Nat Med 2020; 26:519-528. [PMID: 32284611 PMCID: PMC7790171 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is composed of resting memory CD4+ T cells, which often express the immune checkpoint receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which limit T cell activation via synergistic mechanisms. Using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected, long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated rhesus macaques, we demonstrate that PD-1, CTLA-4 and dual CTLA-4/PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies is well tolerated, with evidence of bioactivity in blood and lymph nodes. Dual blockade was remarkably more effective than PD-1 blockade alone in enhancing T cell cycling and differentiation, expanding effector-memory T cells and inducing robust viral reactivation in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In lymph nodes, dual CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade, but not PD-1 alone, decreased the total and intact SIV-DNA in CD4+ T cells, and SIV-DNA and SIV-RNA in B cell follicles, a major site of viral persistence during ART. None of the tested interventions enhanced SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses during ART or viral control after ART interruption. Thus, despite CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade inducing robust latency reversal and reducing total levels of integrated virus, the degree of reservoir clearance was still insufficient to achieve viral control. These results suggest that immune checkpoint blockade regimens targeting PD-1 and/or CTLA-4, if performed in people living with HIV with sustained aviremia, are unlikely to induce HIV remission in the absence of additional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shari Gordon
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chi Ngai Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cristin Galardi
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shane D Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel L M Raines
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenna L Read
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen S McGary
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - James Schawalder
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sherrie Jean
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brian Johns
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Alicia Koblansky
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Heather Amrine-Madsen
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Favre
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights current knowledge on the dichotomous role played by T helper 17 cells (Th17)-polarized CD4 T cells in maintaining mucosal immunity homeostasis versus fueling HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication/persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. RECENT FINDING Th17 cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens at mucosal barrier surfaces. Th17 cells are located at portal sites of HIV/SIV entry, express a unique transcriptional/metabolic status compatible with viral replication, and represent the first targets of infection. The paucity of Th17 cells during HIV/SIV infection is caused by infection itself, but also by an altered Th17 differentiation, survival, and trafficking into mucosal sites. This causes major alterations of mucosal barrier integrity, microbial translocation, and disease progression. Unless initiated during the early acute infection phases, ART fails to restore the frequency/functionality of mucosal Th17 cells. A fraction of Th17 cells is long-lived and carry HIV reservoir during ART. Recent studies identified Th17-specific host factors controlling HIV transcription, a step untargeted by current ART. SUMMARY The identification of molecular mechanisms contributing to HIV replication/persistence in mucosal Th17 cells paves the way toward the design of new Th17-specific therapeutic strategies aimed at improving mucosal immunity in HIV-infected individuals.
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Innate Lymphoid Cells: Their Contributions to Gastrointestinal Tissue Homeostasis and HIV/SIV Disease Pathology. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:181-190. [PMID: 31104270 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) over the past decade has reformed principles that were once thought to be exclusive to adaptive immunity. Here, we describe ILC nomenclature and function, and provide a survey of studies examining these cells in the context of HIV/SIV infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the ILC3 subset, important for proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract barrier. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have found ILCs to be rapidly and durably depleted in untreated HIV/SIV infections. Their depletion is most likely due to a number of bystander effects induced by viral replication. Given the number of associations observed between loss of ILCs and HIV-related GI damage, their impact on the GI tract is likely important. It may be informative to examine this subset in parallel with other immune cell types when assessing overall health of the GI tract in future studies.
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40
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Luján JA, Rugeles MT, Taborda NA. Contribution of the Microbiota to Intestinal Homeostasis and its Role in the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:13-25. [PMID: 30854974 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190311114808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During HIV infection, massive destruction of CD4+ T cells ensues, preferentially depleting the Th17 subset at the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), leading to a loss of mucosal integrity and an increase in cell permeability. This process favors microbial translocation between the intestinal lumen and the circulatory system, contributing to persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation characteristic of HIV infection. Thus, the gut microbiota plays an integral role in maintaining the structure and function of the mucosal barrier, a critical factor for immune homeostasis. However, in the context of HIV infection, changes in the gut microbiota have been reported and have been linked to disease progression. Here, we review evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in intestinal homeostasis, its contribution to HIV pathogenesis, as well as its use in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Luján
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
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41
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Impact of analytical treatment interruption on the central nervous system in a simian-HIV model. AIDS 2019; 33 Suppl 2:S189-S196. [PMID: 31789818 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) studies are often used to evaluate potential HIV cure strategies. This study was conducted to determine the impact of ATI on simian-HIV (SHIV) infection in the central nervous system. DESIGN Animal study. METHODS Nine rhesus macaques were inoculated with SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was administered from week 2 to 18. At week 18, four animals were euthanized (no-ATI-group) and five underwent ATI (ATI-group) and were euthanized at 12 weeks post viral rebound. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SHIV-RNA, markers of inflammation and brain CD3+, CD68+/CD163+ and RNA+ cells were measured. RESULTS All nine animals were SHIV-infected, with median pre-ART plasma and CSF SHIV-RNA of 6.2 and 3.6 log10copies/ml. Plasma and CSF IL-15, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IFN-γ-induced protein-10 and neopterin increased postinfection. ART initiation was associated with rapid and complete suppression of plasma viremia and reductions in plasma and CSF IL-15, IFN-γ-induced protein-10, neopterin and CSF monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Median time to plasma viral rebound was 21 days post-ATI. At 12 weeks postrebound, CSF SHIV-RNA was undetectable and no increases in plasma and CSF markers of inflammation were found. Higher numbers of CD3+ and CD68+/CD163+ cells were seen in the brains of 3/5 and 1/5 animals, respectively, in the ATI-group when compared with no-ATI-group. SHIV-RNA+ cells were not identified in the brain in either group post-ATI. CONCLUSION ATI in macaques that initiated ART during early SHIV-1157ipd3N4 infection was associated with mild, localized T-cell infiltrate in the brain without detectable SHIV-RNA in the brain or CSF, or elevation in CSF soluble markers of inflammation.
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Fingolimod retains cytolytic T cells and limits T follicular helper cell infection in lymphoid sites of SIV persistence. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008081. [PMID: 31626660 PMCID: PMC6834281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LN) and their resident T follicular helper CD4+ T cells (Tfh) are a critical site for HIV replication and persistence. Therefore, optimizing antiviral activity in lymphoid tissues will be needed to reduce or eliminate the HIV reservoir. In this study, we retained effector immune cells in LN of cART-suppressed, SIV-infected rhesus macaques by treatment with the lysophospholipid sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 (fingolimod). FTY720 was remarkably effective in reducing circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, including those with cytolytic potential, and in increasing the number of these T cells retained in LN, as determined directly in situ by histocytometry and immunohistochemistry. The FTY720-induced inhibition of T cell egress from LN resulted in a measurable decrease of SIV-DNA content in blood as well as in LN Tfh cells in most treated animals. In conclusion, FTY720 administration has the potential to limit viral persistence, including in the critical Tfh cellular reservoir. These findings provide rationale for strategies designed to retain antiviral T cells in lymphoid tissues to target HIV remission. FTY720 (fingolimod), a drug approved by the FDA for treatment of multiple sclerosis, blocks the egress of lymphocytes from the lymph node (LN). To determine whether FTY720 retention activity could improve cytolytic responses in the LN and affect SIV persistence, we studied for the first time tolerability and biological activity of two doses of FTY720 in cART-suppressed, SIV-infected rhesus macaques. FTY720 was remarkably effective in reducing circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, including those with cytolytic potential, and in increasing the number of cytolytic T cells in LN. FTY720 administration reduced SIV-DNA content in blood as well as in LN Tfh cells in most of the animals. These results suggest that FTY720 limits viral persistence, including Tfh cellular reservoir, by increasing the number of cytolytic cells in the LN, critical site for HIV/SIV replication and persistence.
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43
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Frank I, Acharya A, Routhu NK, Aravantinou M, Harper JL, Maldonado S, Sole Cigoli M, Semova S, Mazel S, Paiardini M, Derby N, Byrareddy SN, Martinelli E. A Tat/Rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay to Measure Viral Reservoirs in Non-Human Primate Models of HIV Infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12078. [PMID: 31427605 PMCID: PMC6700126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of latent infection and poorly characterized viral reservoirs in tissues represent major obstacles to a definitive cure for HIV. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV infection are critical to elucidate pathogenic processes and an essential tool to test novel therapeutic strategies. Thus, the availability of novel assays to measure residual viral replication and reservoirs in NHP models may increase their utility in the search for an HIV cure. We developed a tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay to measure the frequency of CD4+ T cells that express multiply-spliced(ms)_SIV RNA in presence and absence of stimulation. We validated the assay using cell lines and cells from blood and lymph nodes of SIV infected macaques. In vitro, SIV/SHIV TILDA detects only cells expressing viral proteins. In SIV/SHIV-infected macaques, CD4+ T cells that express msSIV/SHIV RNA (TILDA data) were detected also in the setting of very low/undetectable viremia. TILDA data were significantly higher after stimulation and correlated with plasma viral load (pVL). Interestingly, TILDA data from early cART initiation correlated with peak and AUC pVL post-cART interruption. In summary, we developed an assay that may be useful in characterizing viral reservoirs and determining the effect of HIV interventions in NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Nanda K Routhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | | | - Justin L Harper
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Maria Sole Cigoli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanka Semova
- Flow Cytometry Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Mazel
- Flow Cytometry Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the present review is to describe the major barriers to HIV eradication and assess the most promising cure strategies under investigation. RECENT FINDINGS There are significant challenges to achieve HIV eradication. These include the establishment of persistent latently infected cells, systemic chronic immune activation, and immune dysfunction. Since the announcement of the first HIV cure involving the Berlin patient, several attempts to reproduce these results have failed. Thus, it is widely accepted that long-term HIV remission would be a more feasible approach. Optimization of ART, immune-based therapies, therapeutic vaccinations, and gene editing, amongst others, are strategies aimed at controlling HIV in the absence of ART. These new strategies alone or in combination are being developed in preclinical studies and clinical trials and will provide further insight into whether long-term HIV remission is possible. SUMMARY The present review discusses several mechanisms that mediate the persistence of the HIV reservoir, clinical cases that provide hope in finding a functional cure of HIV, and promising interventional strategies being tested in preclinical studies and clinical trials that attempt to reduce the HIV reservoirs and/or boost the immune responses to control HIV in the absence of ART.
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45
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Pitman MC, Lau JSY, McMahon JH, Lewin SR. Barriers and strategies to achieve a cure for HIV. Lancet HIV 2019; 5:e317-e328. [PMID: 29893245 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
9 years since the report of a cure for HIV after C-C chemokine receptor type 5 Δ32 stem cell transplantation, no other case of HIV cure has been reported, despite much research. However, substantial progress has been made in understanding the biology of the latent HIV reservoir, and in measuring the amount of virus that persists after antiretroviral therapy (ART) with increasingly sophisticated approaches. This knowledge is being translated into a long pipeline of clinical trials seeking to reduce viral persistence in participants on suppressive treatment and ultimately to allow safe cessation of ART. In this Review, we discuss the main barriers preventing the development of an HIV cure, methods used to measure HIV persistence in individuals on ART, clinical strategies that aim to cure HIV, and future directions for studies in the field of HIV cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Pitman
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jillian S Y Lau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James H McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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46
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Yamamoto T, Kanuma T, Takahama S, Okamura T, Moriishi E, Ishii KJ, Terahara K, Yasutomi Y. STING agonists activate latently infected cells and enhance SIV-specific responses ex vivo in naturally SIV controlled cynomolgus macaques. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5917. [PMID: 30976083 PMCID: PMC6459902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve a functional cure for HIV, treatment regimens that eradicate latently HIV-infected cells must be established. For this, many groups have attempted to reactivate latently-infected cells to induce cytopathic effects and/or elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)/NK cell-mediated immune responses to kill these cells. We believe that not only the reactivation of latently-infected cells, but also the induction of strong CTL responses, would be required for this. Here, we used typical immune activators that target pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). For our experimental model, we identified eight SIV-infected cynomolgus monkeys that became natural controllers of viremia. Although plasma viral loads were undetectable, we could measure SIV-DNA by qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Using these PBMCs, we screened 10 distinct PRR ligands to measure IFN-α and IFN-γ production. Among these, STING ligands, cGAMP and c-di-AMP, and the TLR7/8 agonist R848 markedly increased cytokine levels. Both R848 and STING ligands could reactivate latently-infected cells in both cynomolgus monkeys and human PBMCs in vitro. Furthermore, c-di-AMP increased the frequency of SIV Gag-specific CD8+ T cells including polyfunctional CD8+ T cells, as compared to that in untreated control or R848-treated cells. Together, STING ligands might be candidates for HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan. .,Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Kanuma
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Shokichi Takahama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okamura
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Eiko Moriishi
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article describes the current status of the use of cytokines and immune-checkpoint inhibitors as therapeutic strategies toward HIV remission. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials using IL-2 and IL-7 showed increased levels of circulating T cells, although no reduction to the viral reservoir was observed. Studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) demonstrated that experimental IL-15 administration increased proliferation and cytotoxicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8 T cells, and promoted their localization to the lymph node (LN) B cell follicles. Immune checkpoint modulators targeting programed cell death-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, successfully used in oncologic diseases, have shown potential to restore HIV-specific function in early stage clinical trials, while also transiently increasing plasma and cell-associated viral RNA. Due to the complexity of the mechanisms regulating HIV persistence, it is very likely that combinatorial approaches, including cytokines with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), will be needed to achieve HIV remission. SUMMARY The present review covers approaches based on cytokine agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors that have shown promise toward therapeutic pathways for HIV remission. These strategies have been tested preclinically in animal models of HIV infection to determine their safety, activity, and mechanisms of action, with the goal to inform the design of the most synergistic combinatorial strategies. Several of these interventions are included in ongoing or planned clinical trials in HIV infection; these trials will elucidate the clinical efficacy of these innovative immunotherapy approaches toward HIV remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N. Hoang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory Vaccine Center (EVC), Emory University
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory Vaccine Center (EVC), Emory University
- Emory University School of Medicine
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48
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Early T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Germinal Center Reactions Are Associated with Viremia Control in Immunized Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01687-18. [PMID: 30463978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01687-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are fundamental in germinal center (GC) maturation and selection of antigen-specific B cells within secondary lymphoid organs. GC-resident TFH cells have been fully characterized in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the role of GC TFH cells in GC B cell responses following various simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques (RMs) has not been fully investigated. We characterized GC TFH cells of RMs over the course of a mucosal/systemic vaccination regimen to elucidate GC formation and SIV humoral response generation. Animals were mucosally primed twice with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-SIV recombinants and systemically boosted with ALVAC-SIVM766Gag/Pro/gp120-TM and SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum hydroxide (ALVAC/Env) or DNA encoding SIVenv/SIVGag/rhesus interleukin 12 (IL-12) plus SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum phosphate (DNA&Env). Lymph nodes were biopsied in macaque subgroups prevaccination and at day 3, 7, or 14 after the 2nd Ad5hr-SIV prime and the 2nd vector/Env boost. Evaluations of GC TFH and GC B cell dynamics including correlation analyses supported a significant role for early GC TFH cells in providing B cell help during initial phases of GC formation. GC TFH responses at day 3 post-mucosal priming were consistent with generation of Env-specific memory B cells in GCs and elicitation of prolonged Env-specific humoral immunity in the rectal mucosa. GC Env-specific memory B cell responses elicited early post-systemic boosting correlated significantly with decreased viremia postinfection. Our results highlight the importance of early GC TFH cell responses for robust GC maturation and generation of long-lasting SIV-specific humoral responses at mucosal and systemic sites. Further investigation of GC TFH cell dynamics should facilitate development of an efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The modest HIV protection observed in the human RV144 vaccine trial associated antibody responses with vaccine efficacy. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are CD4+ T cells that select antibody secreting cells with high antigenic affinity in germinal centers (GCs) within secondary lymphoid organs. To evaluate the role of TFH cells in eliciting prolonged virus-specific humoral responses, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with a combined mucosal prime/systemic boost regimen followed by repeated low-dose intrarectal challenges with SIV, mimicking human exposure to HIV-1. Although the vaccine regimen did not prevent SIV infection, decreased viremia was observed in the immunized macaques. Importantly, vaccine-induced TFH responses elicited at day 3 postimmunization and robust GC maturation were strongly associated. Further, early TFH-dependent SIV-specific B cell responses were also correlated with decreased viremia. Our findings highlight the contribution of early vaccine-induced GC TFH responses to elicitation of SIV-specific humoral immunity and implicate their participation in SIV control.
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49
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Abstract
Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, metabolic dysregulation, poor memory recall and homeostatic self-renewal, and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs. The ability to reinvigorate Tex cells through inhibitory receptor blockade, such as αPD-1, highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting this population. Emerging insights into the mechanisms of exhaustion are informing immunotherapies for cancer and chronic infections. However, like other immune cells, Tex cells are heterogeneous and include progenitor and terminal subsets with unique characteristics and responses to checkpoint blockade. Here, we review our current understanding of Tex cell biology, including the developmental paths, transcriptional and epigenetic features, and cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to exhaustion and how this knowledge may inform therapeutic targeting of Tex cells in chronic infections, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McLane
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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50
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Giacomelli A, de Rose S, Rusconi S. Clinical pharmacology in HIV cure research - what impact have we seen? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:17-29. [PMID: 30570410 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1561272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed an inexorably fatal disease into a chronic pathology, shifting the focus of research from the control of viral replication to the possibility of HIV cure. Areas covered: The present review assesses the principal pharmacological strategies that have been tested for an HIV cure starting from the in vitro proof of concept and the potential rationale of their in vivo applicability. We evaluated the possible pharmacological procedures employed during the early-stage HIV infection and the possibility of cART-free remission. We then analyzed the shock and kill approach from the single compounds in vitro mechanism of action, to the in vivo application of single or combined actions. Finally, we briefly considered the novel immunological branch through the discovery and development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in regard to the current and future in vivo therapeutic strategies aiming to verify the clinical applicability of these compounds. Expert opinion: Despite an incredible effort in HIV research cure, the likelihood of completely eradicating HIV is unreachable within our current knowledge. A better understanding of the mechanism of viral latency and the full characterization of HIV reservoir are crucial for the discovery of new therapeutic targets and novel pharmacological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giacomelli
- a Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Sonia de Rose
- a Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- a Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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