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Zuo G, Kilmer B, Nicosia N. Mortality Disparities Among Arrestees by Race, Sentencing Disposition, and Place. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2024; 5:e241794. [PMID: 38995634 PMCID: PMC11245725 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Understanding mortality disparities among justice system-involved populations is crucial for public health and policy, especially for marginalized racial groups such as American Indian/Alaska Native persons. Objective To examine racial disparities in mortality within the broader justice system-involved population in South Dakota, focusing on different sentencing dispositions and the role of place. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational study used administrative criminal records linked to mortality data from January 2000 to December 2016. The statewide data linked data from South Dakota Attorney General's Office and South Dakota Department of Health. Individuals aged 18 years and older with arrests were analyzed in this population-based sample. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2022, to July 30, 2023. Exposure Sentencing dispositions were categorized as arrest only, fine, probation, jail, and prison. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were mortality rates (both all-cause and cause-specific) calculated using Poisson regression models, adjusted for demographic and county variables. Results Of 182 472 individuals with 422 987 arrests, the study sample included 29 690 American Indian/Alaska Native arrestees (17 900 [60%] male; mean [SD] age, 29.4 [11.0] years) and 142 248 White arrestees (103 471 [73%] male; mean [SD] age, 32.6 [12.9] years). American Indian/Alaska Native persons accounted for 16% of arrestees and 26% of arrests, but only 9% of the population in South Dakota. Across dispositions, mortality risk was greater for White individuals sentenced to probation, jail, and prison relative to White individuals who were arrested only. In terms of racial disparities, all-cause mortality risk was 2.37 (95% CI, 1.95-2.88) times higher for American Indian/Alaska Native than White arrestees in the arrest-only disposition. Disparities persisted across all dispositions but narrowed substantially for probation and prison. Results were similar for cause-specific mortality risk, except for cancer risk. In urban areas, mortality risk was 2.70 (95% CI, 1.29-2.44) times greater for American Indian/Alaska Native individuals relative to White individuals among those with arrest-only dispositions. Conclusions and Relevance In this population-based observational study, mortality risk and associated racial disparities among justice system-involved individuals differed substantially across dispositions and places, underscoring the need for public health interventions tailored to these factors. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which sentencing and place shape these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zuo
- RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Slade K, Justice L, Martijn F, Borschmann R, Baguley T. Deaths among adults under supervision of the England and Wales' probation services: variation in individual and criminal justice-related factors by cause of death. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2024; 12:10. [PMID: 38411785 PMCID: PMC10898034 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate among people under probation supervision in the community is greater than that among incarcerated people and that among the general population. However, there is limited research on the distinct vulnerabilities and risks underlying the causes of death in this population. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined the individual and criminal justice-related factors associated with different causes of death. Factors were assessed in relation to the type of supervision, distinguishing between those under post-custodial release and those serving a community sentence. RESULTS The study utilised the official data held by His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service in England and Wales on the deaths of men and women under probation supervision between 01 April 2019 and 31 March 2021 where the cause of death had been definitively recorded (n = 1770). The high risk of deaths primarily caused by external factors (i.e., suspected suicide (10%), homicide (5%), and drug-related death (26%)) in this population was confirmed. A Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM) demonstrated unique relationships with suspected suicide and drug-related deaths for known suicide risk, history of drug use and recent (< 28 days of death) enforcement action due to a breach of probation conditions. Our findings suggest that that familial violence and abuse may be relevant in suicide and drug-related deaths and that minority groups may experience disproportional risk to certain types of death. CONCLUSIONS This study identified unique risk indicators and modifiable factors for deaths primarily caused by external factors in this population within the health and justice spheres. It emphasised the importance of addressing health inequalities in this population and improved joint-working across health and justice. This involves ensuring that research, policies, training, and services are responsive to the complex needs of those under probation supervision, including those serving community sentences. Only then can we hope to see lower rates of death within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Slade
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Lucy Justice
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Frederica Martijn
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Thom Baguley
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
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Perrett SE, Craddock C, Gray BJ. Dying whilst on probation: a scoping review of mortality amongst those under community justice supervision. Perspect Public Health 2024:17579139231223714. [PMID: 38294342 DOI: 10.1177/17579139231223714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
AIM Data suggest mortality rates of those under community justice services such as probation or parole have been increasing year on year. Little is known about why and how these individuals are dying. This scoping review explores the causes and contributing factors of mortality in those under community justice supervision. METHODS Studies published between 2011 and 2021 were identified across CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, Ovid Medline and PsycINFO. Articles were included if they presented original data on either mortality rates among those under community justice supervision or risk factors associated with the mortality of those under community justice supervision. RESULTS Searches identified 101 unique articles of which 13 were included in the review. Articles were representative of five countries. All articles were either retrospective reviews or retrospective cohort studies. The studies fell into the categories of all-cause mortality, self-inflicted deaths or drug-related deaths. CONCLUSION Mortality rates of those under community justice supervision were found to be consistently higher than mortality rates for the general population regardless of cause of death. Factors identified as affecting mortality included history of drug use, history of self-harm and previous imprisonment including length of time in custody and experience of hospitalisation or solitary confinement while in custody.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Perrett
- Nurse Consultant, Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK
| | - C Craddock
- Senior Nurse for Health and Justice and Sexual Health, Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - B J Gray
- Principal Researcher, Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
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LeMasters K, Ross RK, Edwards JK, Lee H, Robinson WR, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Delamater P, Pence BW. Mass Probation: Effects of Sentencing Severity on Mental Health for Black and White Individuals. Epidemiology 2024; 35:74-83. [PMID: 38032802 PMCID: PMC10683971 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarceration is associated with negative impacts on mental health. Probation, a form of community supervision, has been lauded as an alternative. However, the effect of probation versus incarceration on mental health is unclear. Our objective was to estimate the impact on mental health of reducing sentencing severity at individuals' first adult criminal-legal encounter. METHODS We used the US National Longitudinal Survey on Youth 1997, a nationally representative dataset of youth followed into their mid-thirties. Restricting to those with an adult encounter (arrest, charge alone or no sentence, probation, incarceration), we used parametric g-computation to estimate the difference in mental health at age 30 (Mental Health Inventory-5) if (1) everyone who received incarceration for their first encounter had received probation and (2) everyone who received probation had received no sentence. RESULTS Among 1835 individuals with adult encounters, 19% were non-Hispanic Black and 65% were non-Hispanic White. Median age at first encounter was 20. Under hypothetical interventions to reduce sentencing, we did not see better mental health overall (Intervention 1, incarceration to probation: RD = -0.01; CI = -0.02, 0.01; Intervention 2, probation to no sentence: RD = 0.00; CI = -0.01, 0.01) or when stratified by race. CONCLUSION Among those with criminal-legal encounters, hypothetical interventions to reduce sentencing, including incremental sentencing reductions, were not associated with improved mental health. Future work should consider the effects of preventing individuals' first criminal-legal encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine LeMasters
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rachael K. Ross
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Jessie K. Edwards
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Whitney R. Robinson
- Division of Women’s Community and Population Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Paul Delamater
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Brian W. Pence
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health
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LeMasters K, Camp H, Benson A, Corsi C, Cullins Z, Brinkley-Rubinstein L. "Nothing but a rope to hang yourself:" The toll of mass supervision on mental well-being. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 4:100269. [PMID: 38260174 PMCID: PMC10803075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While incarceration has proven detrimental to mental well-being, it remains unknown if community supervision is better for mental well-being than incarceration. Our objective was to explore the individual- and community-level relationships between community supervision and mental well-being and to examine inequities by race. We conducted 20 in-depth interviews with individuals on community supervision (e.g., probation, parole) in North Carolina and conducted thematic analysis separately by race. For many, criminal legal involvement began at a young age, often due to substance use for White individuals or over-policing for Black participants. The themes were: (1) "It's a Thursday. Move on.": surviving over the life course in the context of the criminal legal system; (2) "Merry go round of death": the criminal legal system as a trap; (3) "I love you, but I have to love you from over here": social support as a double-edged sword while on community supervision; and (4) " [Probation] ain't nothing but a rope to hang yourself": mental health issues created and exacerbated by criminal legal involvement. Individuals' experiences on community supervision were often dehumanizing and difficult, preventing them from achieving well-being. This system must be redesigned to meet individual and community needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine LeMasters
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, United States
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Hannah Camp
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, United States
| | - Angela Benson
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, United States
| | - Christopher Corsi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, United States
| | - Zaire Cullins
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, United States
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Morrison M, Hai AH, Bandaru YS, Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG. Opioid Misuse and Associated Health Risks among Adults on Probation and Parole: Prevalence and Correlates 2015-2020. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:20-28. [PMID: 37735916 PMCID: PMC10754470 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2257319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As state legislatures work to reduce prison populations and increase the use of community-based alternatives, limited knowledge exists about the service needs of those under criminal justice supervision in the community. Preliminary research indicates unusually high rates of disease, disability, and death. Health risks for this population include opioid misuse, a form of substance misuse that has reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. Evidence indicates this may be one of multiple epidemics this population experiences, complicating intervention. METHODS Our study included 5154 individuals on probation or parole. Using 2015-2020 data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), we conducted a series of logistic regressions examining associations between opioid misuse and a range of health risks, controlling for sociodemographic variables and survey year. RESULTS Approximately 17% of those on probation or parole indicated past-year opioid misuse, a rate 4 times higher than in the general population. Compared to those on probation and parole who did not misuse opioids, it was associated with higher odds of other health risk behaviors and mental health problems. For example, the odds of marijuana and cocaine use were 4-6 times higher and the odds of substance use disorder were 10 times higher. Similarly, the odds of experiencing major depressive episodes and serious psychological distress were 2-3 times higher. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a markedly high risk for opioid misuse within this population along with associated risks for behavioral and mental health problems. The complex treatment needs of this population require greater policy attention and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morrison
- Saint Louis University, 1 North Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63103, U.S
| | - Audrey Hang Hai
- Tulane University, 127 Elk Place, New Orleans, LA 70112, U.S
| | | | | | - Michael G. Vaughn
- Saint Louis University, 1 North Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63103, U.S
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LeMasters K, Delamater P, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Edwards JK, Robinson WR, Pence B. Mass probation: Temporal and geographic correlation of county-level probation rates & mental health in North Carolina. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:100189. [PMID: 36936811 PMCID: PMC10022749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High community incarceration rates are associated with worse community mental health. However, it remains unknown whether higher rates of probation, a form of criminal legal community supervision, are similarly associated with worse community mental health. Our objective was to evaluate temporal and geographic correlations of county-level probation and mental health rates separately and to assess the association between county-level probation and mental health rates, measured by self-inflicted injury and suicide. We performed ecological analyses using North Carolina administrative data (2009-2019) and used repeated cross-section, multivariable spatial error models. From 2009 to 2019, probation rates trended downward while self-inflicted injury and suicide remained stable. We found positive spatial autocorrelation suggesting that there are spatial determinants of probation and self-harm, though less so for suicide. Hot spot analyses showed local variation with high self-harm and suicide rates being clustered in rural Western North Carolina and high probation rates being clustered in rural Eastern North Carolina. Probation was positively associated with self-inflicted injury and suicide. For example, in 2018, a 1 percentage point increase in probation was associated with a 0.05 percentage point increase in self-harm in 2019 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.06), meaning that in a county of 100,000 people, an increase in 1000 county residents being on probation would be associated with an increase in 50 self-harm injuries. High county-level probation rates may exert collateral damage on the mental health of those living in areas with much of the population under state control. These findings emphasize that the criminal legal system is not separate from communities and that future public health research and advocacy must consider these collateral consequences of probation on communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine LeMasters
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Paul Delamater
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jesse K. Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Whitney R. Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Division of Women’s Community and Population Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Brian Pence
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
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Yukhnenko D, Blackwood N, Lichtenstein P, Fazel S. Association of substance use and other psychiatric disorders with all-cause and external-cause mortality in individuals given community sentences in Sweden: a national cohort study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 33:100703. [PMID: 37954004 PMCID: PMC10636268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Consistently high rates of premature mortality have been reported in individuals who receive community sentences. However, few studies have explored potential modifiable risk factors for these rates, particularly mental health. We examined the association of substance use and other psychiatric disorders with all-cause and external-cause mortality in individuals convicted of a criminal offence and given a community sentence. Methods We did a longitudinal cohort study of 109,751 individuals given community sentences in Sweden using population-based registers. We calculated mortality rates for all-cause and external-cause mortality, hazard ratios for the association between psychiatric disorders and mortality, and population attributable fractions to quantify the contribution of psychiatric disorders to mortality risk. Findings During the follow-up, 5749 (5.2%) individuals died, including 2709 (2.5%) from external causes. Individuals with pre-existing substance use and other psychiatric disorders had an increased mortality risk from any cause (aHR = 2.28 [95% CI 2.15-2.42]) and from external causes (3.11 [2.85-3.40]) compared to individuals without known psychiatric or substance use disorders. Suicide was the most common cause of death in younger persons. Interpretation In individuals given community sentences, substance use and other psychiatric disorders were associated with an increased risk of premature death with suicide being the leading cause of death. Community supervision represents an opportunity to provide sentenced individuals with access to evidence-based treatment targeting substance misuse and psychiatric disorders to prevent potentially preventable deaths. Funding Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel Blackwood
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Adler JL, Chen W. Jail Conditions And Mortality: Death Rates Associated With Turnover, Jail Size, And Population Characteristics. Health Aff (Millwood) 2023; 42:849-857. [PMID: 37276476 PMCID: PMC10729313 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, there were approximately ten million admissions to more than 3,000 US jails-facilities that had become increasingly deadly in the prior decades. Between 2000 and 2019, jail mortality rose by approximately 11 percent. Although incarceration is widely viewed as a health hazard, relationships between jail conditions and jail deaths are understudied. Using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and Reuters journalists, we assessed mortality rates and conditions in approximately 450 US jails in the period 2008-19. During those years, certain facility characteristics were related to mortality. For example, high turnover rates and high populations were associated with higher death rates. Greater proportions of non-Hispanic Black people in jail populations were associated with more deaths due to illness, and the presence of larger shares of non-US citizens was associated with lower overall mortality rates. Our findings suggest that heavy reliance on incarceration and the prevalence of broad health disparities escalate jail mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Adler
- Jessica L. Adler , Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Weiwei Chen, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
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LeMasters K, Benson A, Corsi C, Krajewski T, Seide K, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Nowotny K. Collateral consequences of COVID-19 for people on probation and parole. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:18. [PMID: 36995422 PMCID: PMC10060932 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the severe detrimental impact of COVID-19 on incarcerated people is well known, little is known about the experience of COVID-19 on those on community supervision. Our objective was to better understand the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and its collateral consequences for those on community supervision (e.g., probation, parole). Beginning in December 2020, we conducted 185 phone surveys about COVID-19 with participants in The Southern Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Study across its three sites - Florida, Kentucky, and North Carolina. We conducted rapid assessment interviews with both closed- and open-ended questions. We calculated descriptive statistics for close-ended questions and conducted a content analysis for open-ended questions. RESULTS The COVID-19 pandemic affected those on community supervision through their experiences in the community and while incarcerated with over one-quarter of participants being reincarcerated during this time. In addition to many (128/185) experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, about half (85/185) of participants reported a diagnosis in their network with 16 of those participants losing loved ones to the pandemic. Participants experienced disruptions to their social network, healthcare, and livelihoods. Though many maintained their support systems, others felt isolated and depressed. Experiences during COVID-19 exacerbated difficulties already faced by those with criminal involvement. CONCLUSIONS The public health community must recognize those experiencing probation and parole, not only those housed in carceral facilities, as disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We must tailor programs and services to meet their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine LeMasters
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, McGavran- Greenberg Hall, CB# 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- School of Social Medicine, Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Angela Benson
- School of Social Medicine, Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Corsi
- School of Social Medicine, Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Taylor Krajewski
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kapriskie Seide
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- School of Social Medicine, Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Nowotny
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Reynolds PP, Nichols T, Kumer MM. Attempting the Impossible: Keeping a Jail COVID-Free. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS 2023; 34:92-97. [PMID: 36940360 DOI: 10.1086/723390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States housed 2.3 million inmates in 7,147 incarceration structures that, because of age, overcrowding, and poor ventilation, exacerbated the spread of airborne infections. The flow of individuals into and out of correctional facilities compounded the challenges in keeping them COVID-free. This article focuses on the work of the health and administrative leadership, in partnership with judicial and police personnel, to prevent COVID-19 inside the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail and to mitigate its spread when the jail population and/or its staff became infected. From the onset, implementing science-based policies and upholding the human right to health and healthcare for all were priorities.
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Dauria EF, Clemenzi-Allen A, Nowotny K, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Williams B, Wurcel A. Increasing availability of COVID-19 vaccine to older adults under community supervision. Int J Prison Health 2022; ahead-of-print:10.1108/IJPH-06-2022-0035. [PMID: 36367307 PMCID: PMC10114607 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vaccinating adults who are involved with the carceral system, particularly those aged 55 or older, is crucial to containing the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA, particularly as variants continue to emerge and spread. In this Viewpoint, the authors discuss the reasons why improving access to COVID-19 vaccine and boosters among community supervised adults, especially the aging population, is critical to mitigating the public health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study concludes by providing recommendations to enhance vaccine and booster uptake in this population, as the pandemic continues. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This is a Viewpoint paper regarding mitigating the spread of COVID-19 by improving access to vaccine and boosters among community supervised adults, especially the aging population. FINDINGS A key population that has been overlooked in vaccination efforts are older adults involved in the carceral system who are living in the community (i.e. "community supervised" or people on probation or parole). Older adults on probation and parole are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and severe disease due to numerous factors at the individual, community, social and structural levels. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Implementation of recommendations presented in this Viewpoint will mitigate COVID-19 risk among a population that has been marginalized and overlooked, yet has been the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Dauria
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angelo Clemenzi-Allen
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn Nowotny
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Social Medicine, Center for Health Equity Research, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brie Williams
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alysse Wurcel
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Phelps MS, Osman IH, Robertson CE, Shlafer RJ. Beyond "pains" and "gains": untangling the health consequences of probation. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:29. [PMID: 36181641 PMCID: PMC9525231 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the health consequences of criminal legal system contact has increasingly looked beyond imprisonment to understand how more routine forms of surveillance and punishment shape wellbeing. One of these sites is probation, the largest form of supervision in the U.S. Drawing on an interview study with 162 adults on probation in Hennepin County, MN, in 2019, we map how adults on probation understand the consequences of supervision for their health and how these self-reported health changes correlate with individual, social, and structural circumstances. RESULTS Roughly half of participants described their health as having improved since starting probation, while the remainder were split between no change and worsened health. Examining both closed-ended survey questions and open-ended interview prompts, we find that the "gains" of supervision were correlated with substance use treatment (often mandated), reduced drug and alcohol use, increased housing and food security, and perceptions of support from their probation officer. However, these potentially health-promoting mechanisms were attenuated for many participants by the significant "pains" of supervision, including the threat of revocation, which sometimes impacted mental health. In addition, participants in the most precarious circumstances were often unable to meet the demands of supervision, resulting in further punishment. CONCLUSIONS Moving beyond the "pains" and "gains" framework, we argue that this analysis provides empirical evidence for the importance of moving social services outside of punishing criminal legal system interventions. People with criminal legal contact often come from deeply marginalized socio-economic contexts and are then expected to meet the rigorous demands of supervision with little state aid for redressing structural barriers. Access to essential services, including healthcare, food, and housing, without the threat of further criminal legal sanctions, can better prevent and respond to many of the behaviors that are currently criminalized in the U.S. legal system, including substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Phelps
- Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 909 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Ave. S, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Ingie H Osman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher E Robertson
- Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 909 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Ave. S, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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14
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Kamis KF, Wyles DL, Minturn MS, Scott T, McEwen D, Hurley H, Prendergast SJ, Gunter J, Rowan SE. A retrospective, descriptive study of hepatitis C testing, prevalence, and care continuum among adults on probation. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:26. [PMID: 35947313 PMCID: PMC9363270 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite constituting the largest segment of the correctional population, individuals on court-ordered probation remain largely unstudied with respect to hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing and linkage-to-care. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive analysis to estimate prevalence of diagnosed HCV and the subsequent HCV care cascade among a cohort of individuals enrolled in an adult probation program over a 25-month period in Denver, Colorado. METHODS We utilized probabilistic matching with first and last name, sex, and birthdate to identify individuals enrolled in probation between July 1, 2016 and July 30, 2018 who had a medical record at the participating safety-net healthcare institution as of December 31, 2019. Electronic medical record data were queried for evidence of HCV testing and care through June 30, 2021. The state HCV registry was also queried for prevalence of reported HCV cases among the cohort. RESULTS This cohort included 8,903 individuals; 6,920 (78%) individuals had a medical record at the participating institution, and of these, 1,037 (15%) had ever been tested for HCV (Ab or RNA) and 308 (4% of those with a medical record, 30% of those tested) had detectable HCV RNA. Of these, 105 (34%) initiated HCV treatment, 89 (29%) had a subsequent undetectable HCV viral load, and 65 (21%) had documentation of HCV cure. Eleven percent of the total cohort had records of positive HCV Ab or RNA tests in the state HCV registry. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of HCV screening and linkage-to-care for individuals enrolled in probation programs. A focus on this population could enhance progress towards HCV elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Kamis
- Public Health Institute at Denver Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 601 Broadway, 8th floor, MC 2800, Denver, CO, 80203-3407, USA.
| | - David L Wyles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Denver Health Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew S Minturn
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tracy Scott
- LGBTQ+ Health Services, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Dean McEwen
- Public Health Institute at Denver Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 601 Broadway, 8th floor, MC 2800, Denver, CO, 80203-3407, USA
| | - Hermione Hurley
- Public Health Institute at Denver Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 601 Broadway, 8th floor, MC 2800, Denver, CO, 80203-3407, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Denver Health Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Jessie Gunter
- Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sarah E Rowan
- Public Health Institute at Denver Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 601 Broadway, 8th floor, MC 2800, Denver, CO, 80203-3407, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Denver Health Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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15
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Camplain R, Williamson HJ, Pinn TA, Shuman S, Robinson BM, Evans M, Luna C. Barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during recreation time among women incarcerated. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:239. [PMID: 35715785 PMCID: PMC9205544 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most women incarcerated in jail are not physically active and do not attend recreation time (rec-time), a time dedicated to being physically active, outside. The purpose of this study was to determine barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during rec-time among women incarcerated in jail. METHODS We recruited and distributed a cross-sectional questionnaire to 100 women incarcerated at the Coconino County Detention Facility (CCDF) in Flagstaff, Arizona from March to July 2020. Women were asked about their experience with rec-time at CCDF, including if they had ever attended, how often they attended, if they exercised at rec-time, activities they participated in, and facilitators, barriers, and benefits to attend rec-time. RESULTS Among 99 women who completed the questionnaire, 89% had ever attended rec-time. Most women identified environmental- and health-related facilitators to attending rec-time including enjoying natural light (74%), getting fresh air (83%), a change in environment (62%), and to move around and exercise (72%). Many women indicated environmental-, equipment-, clothing, and motivation-related barriers to attending rec-time. Specifically, women believed there was a lack of equipment (56%) and limited access to proper footwear (49%). CONCLUSIONS As health and environment are important facilitators and barriers to being physically active among women incarcerated in jail, it is important to identify appropriate environmental and policy interventions to increase the use of rec-time and physical activity. If a correctional facility does not offer rec-time or a similar alternative, one should be established, accessible, and welcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, ARD Building, Suite 140, PO Box 4065, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-4065, USA. .,Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Heather J Williamson
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, ARD Building, Suite 140, PO Box 4065, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-4065, USA.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Travis A Pinn
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, ARD Building, Suite 140, PO Box 4065, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-4065, USA
| | - Sara Shuman
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Bethany M Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Maribeth Evans
- Department of Psychology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Crystal Luna
- Coconino County Sheriff's Office, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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16
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Al Abosy J, Grossman A, Dong KR. Determinants and Consequences of Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Justice-Impacted Populations. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:407-415. [PMID: 35606619 PMCID: PMC9126700 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jude Al Abosy
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Anna Grossman
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly R Dong
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Hawks LC, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Individual and Combined Effect of Diabetes and Lifetime Criminal Justice Involvement on Healthcare Utilization in US Adults, 2015-2019. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:1688-1696. [PMID: 35137299 PMCID: PMC9130376 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and criminal justice involvement (CJI) are both associated with poor health outcomes and increased healthcare utilization. However, little is known about the additive effects of these risk factors when combined. This study examined the individual and combined effects of diabetes and CJI on healthcare utilization. METHODS Data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (2015-2019) was used to create a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of US adults with diabetes, CJI, combination of both, or neither. Negative binomial regression was used to test the association between those with CJI and diabetes (compared to diabetes alone) and three utilization types (outpatient, ED, and inpatient) controlling for relevant sociodemographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS Of 212,079 respondents, representing 268,893,642 US adults, 8.8% report having diabetes alone, 15.2% report having CJI alone, and 1.8 % report both diabetes and lifetime CJI. After adjustment, those with diabetes and CJI had increased acute care utilization compared to those with diabetes alone (ED visits: IRR 1.13; 95% CI 1.00-1.28; nights hospitalized: IRR 1.34; 95% CI 1.08-1.67). There was no difference in outpatient utilization between those with both diabetes and CJI compared to those with diabetes alone (IRR 1.04, 95% CI 0.99-1.10). CONCLUSION Individuals with complex social and health risks such as diabetes and lifetime CJI experience increased acute healthcare utilization but no difference in outpatient utilization. Tailored interventions that target both diabetes and CJI are needed to reduce unnecessary utilization in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3596, USA.,Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebekah J Walker
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3596, USA.,Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leonard E Egede
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3596, USA. .,Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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18
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Laine R, Myrskylä M, Kaskela T, Pitkänen T. Imprisonment, community sanctions and mortality by cause of death among patients with substance use disorder - a 28-year follow-up using Finnish register data. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109327. [PMID: 35123360 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first few weeks' post-imprisonment are associated with high mortality, particularly among individuals with a history of substance use. Excess risk may vary by societal context due to a range of penal systems and substance use patterns. Using data on Finnish individuals who had sought treatment for substance use, we studied the association between criminal sanctions with cause-specific mortality. METHODS The database contained 10887 individuals who had sought treatment between 1990 and 2009. Their treatment data were combined with register data on imprisonments and community sanctions and weekly mortality between 1992 and 2015. Mortality was analysed using discrete-time survival models. We controlled for age and sociodemographic factors, and analysed whether education, type of substance used and the type of latest sentence modified the associations. FINDINGS Mortality was high in the first two weeks after sanctions (all-cause odds ratio [OR] 2.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67-4.07; drug-related deaths OR 8.52, 95% CI 4.64-15.7). Excess risk declined over time (OR after 12 weeks: 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.31). Most of the excess risk was attributable to external causes. Mortality was low during imprisonment, but not during community sanctions. The patterns were similar by level of education, substance use and the type of latest sentence. CONCLUSIONS Community sanctions were not associated with mortality among people with substance use disorders. Mortality was low during imprisonment, but high post-release. Criminal sanctions should be better utilised as intervention touchpoints and follow-up resources should target prisoners with substance use treatment history to reduce post-release mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Laine
- Centre for Social Data Science, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37 (P.O. Box 54), 00014, Finland; A-Clinic Foundation, Ratamestarinkatu 7A, 00520 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Youth Research Society, Kumpulantie 3, 00520 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Centre for Social Data Science, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37 (P.O. Box 54), 00014, Finland; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany; Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37 (P.O. Box 54), 00014, Finland
| | - Teemu Kaskela
- A-Clinic Foundation, Ratamestarinkatu 7A, 00520 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Pitkänen
- A-Clinic Foundation, Ratamestarinkatu 7A, 00520 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Youth Research Society, Kumpulantie 3, 00520 Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Hawks LC, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Association Between Social Adaptability Index Score and Lifetime Criminal Legal Involvement in U.S. Adults. Health Equity 2022; 6:240-247. [PMID: 35402774 PMCID: PMC8985533 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to the criminal legal system is associated with negative health outcomes and profound socioeconomic health disparities. The social adaptability index (SAI) is a validated composite scale based on five indicators of socioeconomic status; a higher score predicts better health outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between cumulative social risk factors as measured by the SAI and lifetime criminal legal involvement (CLI). Methods Using a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, we calculated SAI score by lifetime CLI status, and used logistic regression with predictive margins to calculate risk of lifetime CLI by SAI quartile adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Results A total of 213,678 participants were included, among whom 16.8% reported lifetime CLI. Mean SAI score was lower among those with lifetime CLI compared with those without (7.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.72–7.83 vs. 8.52, 95% CI: 8.50–8.55). There was a linear association between SAI quartile and predicted probability of lifetime CLI: first quartile: 23.9% (95% CI: 23.0–24.7); second quartile: 19.2% (95% CI: 18.6–19.8); third quartile: 17.5% (95% CI: 16.9–18.1); and fourth quartile: 12.5% (95% CI: 12.1–13.0). Conclusion The SAI score is associated in a reverse linear manner with lifetime risk of CLI, suggesting that to successfully improve health outcomes among those with CLI, interventions may need to target multiple SAI components simultaneously. Interventions that successfully position individuals to achieve higher social adaptability by targeting multiple factors may reduce the health-harming effects of exposure to the criminal legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebekah J. Walker
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leonard E. Egede
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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Hawks L, Lopoo E, Puglisi L, Cellini J, Thompson K, Halberstam AA, Tolliver D, Martinez-Hamilton S, Wang EA. Community investment interventions as a means for decarceration: A scoping review. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 8:100150. [PMID: 36778729 PMCID: PMC9903691 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is growing support to reverse mass incarceration in the United States, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Little is known about what types and scale of community investments are most effective to support mass decarceration. Using a public health prevention framework, we conducted a scoping review to examine community-based programs that reduced criminal legal involvement. We searched PubMed, Embase and three EBSCO databases from 1990 through September 2019 for all experimental or quasi-experimental studies testing interventions pertaining to education, housing, healthcare, employment, or social support services and how they affected an individual's criminal legal outcomes. Our review identified 53 studies that demonstrated the efficacy of early childhood educational interventions and nurse-family partnership programs, post-secondary education for incarcerated students, navigation programs linking incarcerated people to community resources, and peer support upon release to reduce criminal legal system exposure. In concert with legislative action to end mass incarceration, additional research is needed to test interventions designed to achieve mass decarceration which cross multiple domains, interrogate community-level impacts and ascertain long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Corresponding Author: Laura Hawks, MD, MPH, Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of General Internal Medicine, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226-3596. Tel: 414-955-7566; Fax: 414-805-0855.
| | - E Lopoo
- Square One Project, Columbia University Justice Lab, New York, NY
| | - L Puglisi
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - J Cellini
- Countway Library, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - K Thompson
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,National Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - D Tolliver
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,National Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - EA Wang
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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21
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Olson M, Shlafer RJ, Bodurtha P, Watkins J, Hougham C, Winkelman TNA. Health profiles and racial disparities among individuals on probation in Hennepin County, Minnesota, 2016: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047930. [PMID: 34475163 PMCID: PMC8413954 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the health characteristics and racial/ethnic health disparities among a probation cohort in Hennepin County. We hypothesised the probation population would have higher health needs compared with the general population as well as significant racial/ethnic health disparities. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using linked administrative records. PARTICIPANTS Of 7992 eligible individuals, 5873 met inclusion criteria of 6 or more months of eligibility for a full-benefit Minnesota healthcare plan. SETTING Probation system in Hennepin County in 2016. OUTCOMES We compared health condition prevalence among our probation cohort with survey data from the general population and analysed by race/ethnicity. We also measured sociodemographic characteristics, including the use of safety-net services. RESULTS Individuals were predominantly male (80.5%), young (mean age: 35.5 years), and disproportionately black or African American (52.9%). A majority of individuals enrolled in Medicaid were eligible via Medicaid expansion (65.9%). Compared with the general population, individuals on probation had higher rates of substance use disorders (66.5% vs 8.1%), mental illness (55.3% vs 14.4%) and many physical conditions (eg, asthma: 17.0% vs 12.5%, chronic kidney disease: 5.8% vs 0.2%). White individuals on probation were significantly more likely than black or African American individuals to have a diagnosed substance use disorder (71.6% vs 62.0%) or mental health disorder (64.9% vs 48.5%), but fewer chronic physical health conditions (average: 0.52 vs 0.73 chronic physical conditions). CONCLUSIONS Individuals on probation have high health needs, which vary substantially by race/ethnicity. Without attention to this variation, interventions to address health conditions in this population could worsen racial/ethnic disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Olson
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rebecca J Shlafer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Bodurtha
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan Watkins
- Center of Innovation and Excellence, Hennepin County, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Courtney Hougham
- Department of Community Corrections and Rehabilitation, Hennepin County, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tyler N A Winkelman
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Liu YE, Lemos EF, Gonçalves CCM, de Oliveira RD, Santos ADS, do Prado Morais AO, Croda MG, de Lourdes Delgado Alves M, Croda J, Walter KS, Andrews JR. All-cause and cause-specific mortality during and following incarceration in Brazil: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003789. [PMID: 34534214 PMCID: PMC8486113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality during and after incarceration is poorly understood in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The need to address this knowledge gap is especially urgent in South America, which has the fastest growing prison population in the world. In Brazil, insufficient data have precluded our understanding of all-cause and cause-specific mortality during and after incarceration. METHODS AND FINDINGS We linked incarceration and mortality databases for the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul to obtain a retrospective cohort of 114,751 individuals with recent incarceration. Between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018, we identified 3,127 deaths of individuals with recent incarceration (705 in detention and 2,422 following release). We analyzed age-standardized, all-cause, and cause-specific mortality rates among individuals detained in different facility types and following release, compared to non-incarcerated residents. We additionally modeled mortality rates over time during and after incarceration for all causes of death, violence, or suicide. Deaths in custody were 2.2 times the number reported by the national prison administration (n = 317). Incarcerated men and boys experienced elevated mortality, compared with the non-incarcerated population, due to increased risk of death from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases, with the highest standardized incidence rate ratio (IRR) in semi-open prisons (2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0 to 2.8), police stations (3.1; 95% CI: 2.5 to 3.9), and youth detention (8.1; 95% CI: 5.9 to 10.8). Incarcerated women experienced increased mortality from suicide (IRR = 6.0, 95% CI: 1.2 to 17.7) and communicable diseases (IRR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.0). Following release from prison, mortality was markedly elevated for men (IRR = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.8 to 3.1) and women (IRR = 2.4; 95% CI: 2.1 to 2.9). The risk of violent death and suicide was highest immediately post-release and declined over time; however, all-cause mortality remained elevated 8 years post-release. The limitations of this study include inability to establish causality, uncertain reliability of data during incarceration, and underestimation of mortality rates due to imperfect database linkage. CONCLUSIONS Incarcerated individuals in Brazil experienced increased mortality from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases. Mortality was heightened following release for all leading causes of death, with particularly high risk of early violent death and elevated all-cause mortality up to 8 years post-release. These disparities may have been underrecognized in Brazil due to underreporting and insufficient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran E. Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Everton Ferreira Lemos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrea da Silva Santos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Garcia Croda
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Delgado Alves
- Division of Prison Health Assistance, Agência Estadual de Administração do Sistema Penitenciário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Katharine S. Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Gutierrez C, Patterson EJ. Risk and implications of COVID-19 among the community supervised population. CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 2021; 20:437-461. [PMID: 34899090 PMCID: PMC8652539 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH SUMMARY Despite growing national awareness that COVID-19 in jails and prisons constitutes a public health emergency in the United States, remarkably little attention has been paid to understanding how the virus affects people under community supervision. We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to explore differences in the extent to which men under community supervision are vulnerable to COVID-19 and have access to care during the pandemic, relative to men who are not involved with the U.S. criminal legal system. Results from this study highlight the greater levels of risk for serious illness or death from COVID-19 and the disproportionate lack of health insurance among men under community supervision. POLICY IMPLICATIONS Jurisdictions across the United States are currently relying on decarceration to contain the spread of COVID-19 in jails and prisons. Decarceration efforts alone, however, are insufficient for addressing the spread of COVID-19 among people involved with the U.S. criminal legal system. People released from jails and prisons or diverted from incarceration during the pandemic must be given the opportunity to receive the COVID-19 vaccination upon their transitions. Likewise, individuals under community supervision must be prioritized for immediate vaccination against COVID-19. People involved with the U.S. criminal legal system should also be eligible for emergency Medicaid during the COVID-19 crisis, and their health insurance coverage should remain available beyond the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gutierrez
- Department of Public PolicyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Puglisi LB, Shavit S. Health Disparities of People Living in the Community on Probation: A Call to Action for Community and Public Health Systems. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1262-1263. [PMID: 32783736 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Puglisi
- Lisa B. Puglisi is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and the VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Shira Shavit is with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Shira Shavit
- Lisa B. Puglisi is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and the VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Shira Shavit is with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Hawks L, Wang EA, Howell B, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, Bor D, McCormick D. Health Status and Health Care Utilization of US Adults Under Probation: 2015-2018. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1411-1417. [PMID: 32673105 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare the health and health care utilization of persons on and not on probation nationally.Methods. Using the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, a population-based sample of US adults, we compared physical, mental, and substance use disorders and the use of health services of persons (aged 18-49 years) on and not on probation using logistic regression models controlling for age, race/ethnicity, gender, poverty, and insurance status.Results. Those on probation were more likely to have a physical condition (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.4), mental illness (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 2.1, 2.8), or substance use disorder (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI = 3.8, 4.5). They were less likely to attend an outpatient visit (AOR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.7, 0.9) but more likely to have an emergency department visit (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.6, 2.0) or hospitalization (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.5, 1.9).Conclusions. Persons on probation have an increased burden of disease and receive less outpatient care but more acute services than persons not on probation.Public Health Implications. Efforts to address the health needs of those with criminal justice involvement should include those on probation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hawks
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Emily A Wang
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Benjamin Howell
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Steffie Woolhandler
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - David U Himmelstein
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - David Bor
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
| | - Danny McCormick
- Laura Hawks, David Bor, and Danny McCormick are with the Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Emily A. Wang and Benjamin Howell are with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Benjamin Howell is also with National Clinician Scholars Program, New Haven, CT, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein are with Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, and Harvard Medical School
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Lorvick J, Hemberg J. Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:539. [PMID: 32348702 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920921815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lorvick
- 6856 RTI International, Community Health and Implementation Research Program, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jordana Hemberg
- 6856 RTI International, Community Health and Implementation Research Program, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Sundaresh R, Yi Y, Roy B, Riley C, Wildeman C, Wang EA. Exposure to the US Criminal Legal System and Well-Being: A 2018 Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:S116-S122. [PMID: 31967880 PMCID: PMC6987921 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To assess the association between exposure to the US criminal legal system and well-being.Methods. We used data from the 2018 Family History of Incarceration Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional study of family incarceration experience (n = 2815), which includes measures of participants' own criminal legal system exposure, including police stops, arrests, and incarceration. We measured well-being across 5 domains-physical, mental, social, spiritual, and overall life evaluation-and analyzed trends in well-being by criminal legal system exposure using logistic regression.Results. Exposure to police stops, arrests, and incarceration were each associated with lower well-being in every domain compared with those not exposed. Longer durations of incarceration and multiple incarcerations were associated with progressively lower well-being. Those who were stopped and frisked by the police had low well-being similar to that of those who had been incarcerated multiple times.Conclusions. Any exposure to police contact or incarceration is associated with lower well-being in every domain. More involved exposure is associated with even lower well-being.Public Health Implications. Jail diversion and broader criminal justice reform may improve population-level well-being by reducing police contact and incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sundaresh
- Ram Sundaresh is a medical student at the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Youngmin Yi is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Brita Roy and Emily A. Wang are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine. Carley Riley is with the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis & Management, Cornell University
| | - Youngmin Yi
- Ram Sundaresh is a medical student at the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Youngmin Yi is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Brita Roy and Emily A. Wang are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine. Carley Riley is with the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis & Management, Cornell University
| | - Brita Roy
- Ram Sundaresh is a medical student at the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Youngmin Yi is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Brita Roy and Emily A. Wang are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine. Carley Riley is with the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis & Management, Cornell University
| | - Carley Riley
- Ram Sundaresh is a medical student at the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Youngmin Yi is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Brita Roy and Emily A. Wang are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine. Carley Riley is with the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis & Management, Cornell University
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Ram Sundaresh is a medical student at the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Youngmin Yi is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Brita Roy and Emily A. Wang are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine. Carley Riley is with the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis & Management, Cornell University
| | - Emily A Wang
- Ram Sundaresh is a medical student at the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Youngmin Yi is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Brita Roy and Emily A. Wang are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine. Carley Riley is with the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis & Management, Cornell University
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