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Martínez-García MÁ, Quintero-Tobar A, de Lope Quiñones S, Insenser M, Fernández-Durán E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Luque-Ramírez M. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome influence on intestinal permeability at fasting, and modify the effect of diverse macronutrients on the gut barrier. Food Res Int 2024; 186:114338. [PMID: 38729719 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Women with the extremely prevalent polycystic ovary syndromegather multiple cardiovascular risk factors and chronic subclinical inflammation. Interactions between diet, adiposity, and gut microbiota modulate intestinal permeabilityand bacterial product translocation, and may contribute to the chronic inflammation process associated with the polycystic ovary syndrome. In the present study, we aimed to address the effects of obesity, functional hyperandrogenism, and diverse oral macronutrients on intestinal permeabilityby measuring circulating markers of gut barrier dysfunction and endotoxemia. Participants included 17 non-hyperandrogenic control women, 17 women with polycystic ovary syndrome, and 19 men that were submitted to glucose, lipid, and protein oral loads. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, plasma soluble CD14, succinate, zonulin family peptide, and glucagon-like peptide-2 were determined at fasting and after oral challenges. Macronutrient challenges induced diverse changes on circulating intestinal permeabilitybiomarkers in the acute postprancial period, with lipids and proteins showing the most unfavorable and favorable effects, respectively. Particularly, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, zonulin family peptide, and glucagon-like peptide-2 responses were deregulated by the presence of obesity after glucose and lipid challenges. Obese subjects showed higher fasting intestinal permeabilitybiomarkers levels than non-obese individuals, except for plasma soluble CD14. The polycystic ovary syndromeexacerbated the effect of obesity further increasing fasting glucagon-like peptide-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and succinate concentrations. We observed specific interactions of the polycystic ovary syndromewith obesity in the postprandial response of succinate, zonulin family peptide, and glucagon-like peptide-2. In summary, obesity and polycystic ovary syndromemodify the effect of diverse macronutrients on the gut barrier, and alsoinfluence intestinal permeabilityat fasting,contributing to the morbidity of functional hyperandrogenism by inducing endotoxemia and subclinical chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles Martínez-García
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Quintero-Tobar
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara de Lope Quiñones
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Insenser
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Durán
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Francisco Escobar-Morreale
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Luque-Ramírez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain.
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Carpenter CM, Gillenwater L, Bowler R, Kechris K, Ghosh D. TreeKernel: interpretable kernel machine tests for interactions between -omics and clinical predictors with applications to metabolomics and COPD phenotypes. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:398. [PMID: 37880571 PMCID: PMC10601228 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we are interested in interactions between a high-dimensional -omics dataset and clinical covariates. The goal is to evaluate the relationship between a phenotype of interest and a high-dimensional omics pathway, where the effect of the omics data depends on subjects' clinical covariates (age, sex, smoking status, etc.). For instance, metabolic pathways can vary greatly between sexes which may also change the relationship between certain metabolic pathways and a clinical phenotype of interest. We propose partitioning the clinical covariate space and performing a kernel association test within those partitions. To illustrate this idea, we focus on hierarchical partitions of the clinical covariate space and kernel tests on metabolic pathways. RESULTS We see that our proposed method outperforms competing methods in most simulation scenarios. It can identify different relationships among clinical groups with higher power in most scenarios while maintaining a proper Type I error rate. The simulation studies also show a robustness to the grouping structure within the clinical space. We also apply the method to the COPDGene study and find several clinically meaningful interactions between metabolic pathways, the clinical space, and lung function. CONCLUSION TreeKernel provides a simple and interpretable process for testing for relationships between high-dimensional omics data and clinical outcomes in the presence of interactions within clinical cohorts. The method is broadly applicable to many studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie M Carpenter
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Lucas Gillenwater
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Russell Bowler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
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Wasiak J, Gawlik-Kotelnicka O. Intestinal permeability and its significance in psychiatric disorders - a narrative review and future perspectives. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114459. [PMID: 37121278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The topic of increased intestinal permeability and its impact on the human body is. increasingly being addressed by researchers. It is associated with disruption of the. intestinal barrier, leading to the "leaky gut" syndrome. This can be assessed by. classical methods, determining the concentration of orally administered tracer. molecules in urine or by using biomarkers such as LPS, LBP or zonulin in blood. plasma. The presence of bacterial endotoxins in the body causes inflammation. In this. article, we review research on increased intestinal permeability in psychiatric illness. mood disorders, schizophrenia, alcohol dependence, anxiety disorders,. neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. The results of the studies used. to assess intestinal permeability in different disease entities are presented. Possible. mechanisms for these interactions are the effects of chronic, low-grade inflammation. on the human brain, causing interruption of the brain blood barrier and dysfunction of. astrocytes and microglia. This affects brain function by reducing the number of. dopaminergic neurons, disrupting tryptophan metabolism and altering the amount of. GABA and glutamate. The links and mechanisms found may, in the future, allow earlier. detection of diseases and their targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wasiak
- Medical University of Lodz, Kosciuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
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Green tea extract exhibits antidiabetic effects partly through regulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 expression in adipose tissue. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109173. [PMID: 36228975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The antidiabetic effects of green tea have been demonstrated in clinical trials and epidemiological studies. This study investigated the antidiabetic effects of green tea extract (GTE) and its underlying molecular mechanisms using a leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse model (Leprdb/db). Treatment with GTE for 2 weeks improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in Leprdb/db mice. In addition, GTE treatment reduced the body weight and adiposity of Leprdb/db mice. Furthermore, GTE treatment reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in white adipose tissue (WAT), and also reduced dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) expression levels in WAT as well as in the serum. The promoter region of Dpp4 contains the NF-κB binding site, and DPP4 was found to be a direct target of NF-κB. Consistently, in vitro treatment of cells with GTE or its main constituent epigallocatechin gallate reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB/DPP4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 cells. Overall, our data demonstrated that GTE exerts an anti-diabetic effect by regulating the expression levels of NF-κB and DPP4 in WAT.
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Tong Y, Yu C, Chen S, Zhang X, Yang Z, Wang T. Trans-anethole exerts protective effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute jejunal inflammation of broilers via repressing NF-κB signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102397. [PMID: 36565631 PMCID: PMC9801195 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of trans-anethole (TA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute jejunal inflammation model of broilers. A total of 160 one-day-old broilers (male; Arbor Acres) were randomly allocated into four treatment groups with 8 replicates of 5 birds each. On d 20, the dose of 5 mg/kg body weight LPS solution and the equal amount of sterile saline were intraperitoneally injected into LPS-challenged and unchallenged broilers, respectively. Compared with the control group, LPS decreased (P < 0.05) the villus height (VH) and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VCR) but increased (P < 0.05) the crypt depth (CD), meanwhile, enhanced (P < 0.01) the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) but decreased (P < 0.01) the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10). The group supplemented with 600 mg/kg of TA had lower (P < 0.01) CD and higher (P < 0.01) VCR than the LPS group. TA increased (P < 0.01) the level of IL-10 and decreased (P < 0.01) the level of IL-1β. The mRNA expression levels of IL-6, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), TNF-α were up-regulated (P < 0.05) and the levels of IL-10 and inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) were down-regulated (P < 0.05) by LPS as compared with the control group. TA down-regulated (P < 0.05) the increased mRNA expression levels of genes caused by LPS, as well as up-regulated (P < 0.05) the levels of IL-10 and IκBα. Furthermore, LPS down-regulated (P < 0.05) and up-regulated (P < 0.05) the protein expression levels of IκBα and NF-κB p65, respectively. TA up-regulated (P < 0.05) the level of IκBα and down-regulated (P < 0.05) the level of NF-κB p65. The conclusion of this study is that TA could exert protective effect on the LPS-induced acute jejunal inflammation of broilers via repressing the activation of NF-κB and the 600 mg/kg is the optimal dose against LPS-induced acute jejunal inflammation of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Tong
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Caiyun Yu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shun Chen
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zaibin Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018 Shandong, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, PR China,Corresponding author:
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6
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de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Tarling EJ. mInd the gAP: Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Puts the Breaks on Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2021; 128:1660-1662. [PMID: 34043422 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Biological Chemistry (T.Q.d.A.V.), University of California Los Angeles.,Department of Medicine (T.Q.d.A.V., E.J.T.), University of California Los Angeles.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (T.Q.d.A.V., E.J.T.), University of California Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (T.Q.d.A.V., E.J.T.), University of California Los Angeles
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Medicine (T.Q.d.A.V., E.J.T.), University of California Los Angeles.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (T.Q.d.A.V., E.J.T.), University of California Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (T.Q.d.A.V., E.J.T.), University of California Los Angeles
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Carpenter CM, Frank DN, Williamson K, Arbet J, Wagner BD, Kechris K, Kroehl ME. tidyMicro: a pipeline for microbiome data analysis and visualization using the tidyverse in R. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:41. [PMID: 33526006 PMCID: PMC7852128 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-03967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The drive to understand how microbial communities interact with their environments has inspired innovations across many fields. The data generated from sequence-based analyses of microbial communities typically are of high dimensionality and can involve multiple data tables consisting of taxonomic or functional gene/pathway counts. Merging multiple high dimensional tables with study-related metadata can be challenging. Existing microbiome pipelines available in R have created their own data structures to manage this problem. However, these data structures may be unfamiliar to analysts new to microbiome data or R and do not allow for deviations from internal workflows. Existing analysis tools also focus primarily on community-level analyses and exploratory visualizations, as opposed to analyses of individual taxa. Results We developed the R package “tidyMicro” to serve as a more complete microbiome analysis pipeline. This open source software provides all of the essential tools available in other popular packages (e.g., management of sequence count tables, standard exploratory visualizations, and diversity inference tools) supplemented with multiple options for regression modelling (e.g., negative binomial, beta binomial, and/or rank based testing) and novel visualizations to improve interpretability (e.g., Rocky Mountain plots, longitudinal ordination plots). This comprehensive pipeline for microbiome analysis also maintains data structures familiar to R users to improve analysts’ control over workflow. A complete vignette is provided to aid new users in analysis workflow. Conclusions tidyMicro provides a reliable alternative to popular microbiome analysis packages in R. We provide standard tools as well as novel extensions on standard analyses to improve interpretability results while maintaining object malleability to encourage open source collaboration. The simple examples and full workflow from the package are reproducible and applicable to external data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie M Carpenter
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kayla Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jaron Arbet
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Miranda E Kroehl
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Cansell C, Stobbe K, Sanchez C, Le Thuc O, Mosser CA, Ben-Fradj S, Leredde J, Lebeaupin C, Debayle D, Fleuriot L, Brau F, Devaux N, Benani A, Audinat E, Blondeau N, Nahon JL, Rovère C. Dietary fat exacerbates postprandial hypothalamic inflammation involving glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and microglia in male mice. Glia 2020; 69:42-60. [PMID: 32659044 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, obesity is associated with brain inflammation, glial reactivity, and immune cells infiltration. Studies in rodents have shown that glial reactivity occurs within 24 hr of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption, long before obesity development, and takes place mainly in the hypothalamus (HT), a crucial brain structure for controlling body weight. Here, we sought to characterize the postprandial HT inflammatory response to 1, 3, and 6 hr of exposure to either a standard diet (SD) or HFD. HFD exposure increased gene expression of astrocyte and microglial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and Iba1, respectively) compared to SD-treated mice and induced morphological modifications of microglial cells in HT. This remodeling was associated with higher expression of inflammatory genes and differential regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in energy balance regulation. DREADD and PLX5622 technologies, used to modulate GFAP-positive or microglial cells activity, respectively, showed that both glial cell types are involved in hypothalamic postprandial inflammation, with their own specific kinetics and reactiveness to ingested foods. Thus, recurrent exacerbated postprandial inflammation in the brain might promote obesity and needs to be characterized to address this worldwide crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cansell
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Katharina Stobbe
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Clara Sanchez
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Ophélia Le Thuc
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Coralie-Anne Mosser
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Selma Ben-Fradj
- CSGA, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Joris Leredde
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Delphine Debayle
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Lucile Fleuriot
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Frédéric Brau
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Nadège Devaux
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- CSGA, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, IPMC, CNRS, Valbonne, France
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Association between yogurt consumption and plasma soluble CD14 in two prospective cohorts of US adults. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:929-938. [PMID: 32548645 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although evidence suggests an inverse association between yogurt consumption and the risk of disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and certain cancers, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. We aimed to examine the association between yogurt consumption and concentrations of plasma soluble CD14, a marker of gut barrier dysfunction. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from 632 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1989-1990) and 444 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1993-1994) with soluble CD14 concentrations. We estimated yogurt consumption from food frequency questionnaires. We used multivariable-adjusted linear regression models to estimate the percentage difference (95% CI) of soluble CD14 concentrations by yogurt consumption. RESULTS Among men, higher consumption was associated with a lower soluble CD14 concentration (at least 2 cups/week vs. non-consumers; unadjusted % difference: - 7.6%; 95% CI - 13.0%, - 2.1%; Ptrend = 0.003). The inverse association was slightly attenuated following multivariable adjustment (% difference: - 5.8%; 95% CI - 11.0%, - 0.1%; Ptrend = 0.01). For the same comparison, yogurt consumption was inverse, but not statistically significant associated with soluble CD14 concentration in women (% difference: - 1.2%; 95% CI - 5.6%, 3.5%; Ptrend = 0.64). In stratified analyses, the inverse association between yogurt consumption and the concentrations of soluble CD14 was slightly stronger in men who consumed alcohol at least 20 g/day. CONCLUSIONS Higher yogurt consumption was associated with lower soluble CD14 concentrations, especially in men. Our findings suggest the strengthening of gut barrier function as a plausible mechanism for the observed inverse associations of yogurt consumption with gastrointestinal diseases and disorders involving other systems.
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Jobira B, Frank DN, Pyle L, Silveira LJ, Kelsey MM, Garcia-Reyes Y, Robertson CE, Ir D, Nadeau KJ, Cree-Green M. Obese Adolescents With PCOS Have Altered Biodiversity and Relative Abundance in Gastrointestinal Microbiota. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5709658. [PMID: 31970418 PMCID: PMC7147870 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alterations in gut microbiota relate to the metabolic syndrome, but have not been examined in at-risk obese youth with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). OBJECTIVE Compare the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota and associations with metabolic and hormonal measures between 2 groups of female adolescents with equal obesity with or without PCOS. DESIGN Prospective, case-control cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary-care center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 58 obese female adolescents (n = 37 with PCOS; 16.1 ± 0.3 years of age; body mass index [BMI] 98.5th percentile) and (n = 21 without PCOS; 14.5 ± 0.4 years of age; BMI 98.7th percentile). OUTCOMES Bacterial diversity, percent relative abundance (%RA), and correlations with hormonal and metabolic measures. RESULTS Participants with PCOS had decreased α-diversity compared with the non-PCOS group (Shannon diversity P = 0.045 and evenness P = 0.0052). β-diversity, reflecting overall microbial composition, differed between groups (P < 0.001). PCOS had higher %RA of phyla Actinobacteria (P = 0.027), lower Bacteroidetes (P = 0.004), and similar Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. PCOS had lower %RA of families Bacteroidaceae (P < 0.001) and Porphyromonadaceae (P = 0.024) and higher Streptococcaceae (P = 0.047). Lower bacterial α-diversity was strongly associated with higher testosterone concentrations. Several individual taxa correlated with testosterone and metabolic measures within PCOS and across the entire cohort. Receiver operative curve analysis showed 6 taxa for which the %RA related to PCOS status and lower Bacteroidaceae conferred a 4.4-fold likelihood ratio for PCOS. CONCLUSION Alterations in the gut microbiota exist in obese adolescents with PCOS versus obese adolescents without PCOS and these changes relate to markers of metabolic disease and testosterone. Further work is needed to determine if microbiota changes are reflective of, or influencing, hormonal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beza Jobira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lori J Silveira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Megan M Kelsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Center for Women’s Health Research; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yesenia Garcia-Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Center for Women’s Health Research; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Center for Women’s Health Research; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Correspondence: Melanie Cree-Green, MD, PhD, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, PO Box 265, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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12
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Mo Z, Huang S, Burnett DJ, Rutledge JC, Hwang DH. Endotoxin May Not Be the Major Cause of Postprandial Inflammation in Adults Who Consume a Single High-Fat or Moderately High-Fat Meal. J Nutr 2020; 150:1303-1312. [PMID: 32040591 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic endotoxemia is considered a cause for high-fat diet (HFD)-induced inflammation. However, convincing experimental evidence in humans is scant. OBJECTIVE We determined whether a HFD or moderately HFD increases LPS and LPS-mediated cytokine production in the postprandial blood (PPB). METHODS Ninety-eight volunteers (age: 37.3 ± 1.5 y) from the cross-sectional phenotyping study (PS) and 62 volunteers (age: 26.8 ± 1.2 y) from the intervention study (IS) consumed a breakfast containing 60% kcal fat (HF) and 36% kcal fat (moderately HF), respectively. For the IS, only the results from the placebo group are presented. Blood samples were probed for LPS-mediated cytokine production by incubating them with LPS inhibitor polymyxin B (PMB) for 24 h at 37°C besides the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the temporal changes of metabolic profiles and treatment outcomes. RESULTS At least 87.5% of the plasma LPS measurements in 32 PS volunteers from each time point were below the LAL assay sensitivity (0.002 EU/mL). PMB suppressed IL-1β (P = 0.035) and IL-6 (P = 0.0487) production in the 3 h PPB of the PS after 24 h incubation at 37°C compared to the vehicle control, suggesting the presence of LPS. However, the amount of LPS did not increase the cytokine concentrations in the 3 h PPB above the fasting concentrations. Such suppression was not detected in the PPB of the IS. Treating whole blood with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) significantly (P < 0.05) increased FFA and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) concentrations in both studies. CONCLUSION LPS may not be the major cause of postprandial inflammation in healthy adults consuming a moderately HF meal (36% kcal fat, similar to the typical American diet) or a HF meal (60% kcal fat). Plasma FFAs may modulate postprandial inflammation. The prevailing concept of HFD-induced metabolic endotoxemia requires careful re-evaluation. The PS was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02367287 and the IS as NCT02472171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Mo
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shurong Huang
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dustin J Burnett
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John C Rutledge
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel H Hwang
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Mendez R, Watane A, Farhangi M, Cavuoto KM, Leith T, Budree S, Galor A, Banerjee S. Gut microbial dysbiosis in individuals with Sjögren's syndrome. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:90. [PMID: 32293464 PMCID: PMC7158097 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome. In this study, the gut microbiome was evaluated in individuals with dry eye and bacterial compositions were correlated to dry eye (DE) measures. We prospectively included 13 individuals with who met full criteria for Sjögren's (SDE) and 8 individuals with features of Sjögren's but who did not meet full criteria (NDE) for a total of 21 cases as compared to 21 healthy controls. Stool was analyzed by 16S pyrosequencing, and associations between bacterial classes and DE symptoms and signs were examined. RESULTS Results showed that Firmicutes was the dominant phylum in the gut, comprising 40-60% of all phyla. On a phyla level, subjects with DE (SDE and NDE) had depletion of Firmicutes (1.1-fold) and an expansion of Proteobacteria (3.0-fold), Actinobacteria (1.7-fold), and Bacteroidetes (1.3-fold) compared to controls. Shannon's diversity index showed no differences between groups with respect to the numbers of different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) encountered (diversity) and the instances these unique OTUs were sampled (evenness). On the other hand, Faith's phylogenetic diversity showed increased diversity in cases vs controls, which reached significance when comparing SDE and controls (13.57 ± 0.89 and 10.96 ± 0.76, p = 0.02). Using Principle Co-ordinate Analysis, qualitative differences in microbial composition were noted with differential clustering of cases and controls. Dimensionality reduction and clustering of complex microbial data further showed differences between the three groups, with regard to microbial composition, association and clustering. Finally, differences in certain classes of bacteria were associated with DE symptoms and signs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, individuals with DE had gut microbiome alterations as compared to healthy controls. Certain classes of bacteria were associated with DE measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mendez
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Arjun Watane
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Monika Farhangi
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
- Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL USA
| | - Kara M. Cavuoto
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | | | | | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
- Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL USA
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14
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Ghosh SS, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Sandhu YK, Korzun WJ, Ghosh S. Dietary Supplementation with Galactooligosaccharides Attenuates High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance and Disruption of Colonic Mucin Layer in C57BL/6 Mice and Reduces Atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:285-293. [PMID: 31586202 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Western-type diet (WD), rich in fat and cholesterol but deficient in fiber, induces development of diabetes and atherosclerosis. Colonic bacteria use the gut's mucous lining as an alternate energy source during periods of fiber deficiency, resulting in intestinal barrier erosion. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that supplementing a WD with galactooligosaccharide (GOS) fiber would attenuate WD-induced mucin layer disruption and attenuate development of metabolic diseases. METHODS C57BL/6 mice (both sexes, 8-10 wk of age) were fed a standard rodent diet (TD7012, reference) or a high-fat, high-cholesterol-containing WD (TD88137, 21% fat, 0.15% cholesterol, 19.5% caesin) or a WD supplemented with 5% GOS fiber (TD170432, WD + GOS) for 16 wk. WD-fed mice that were gavaged daily with curcumin (100 mg/kg) served as positive controls. Glucose tolerance, colonic mucin layer, gene expression, and circulating macrophage/neutrophil levels were determined. Hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice (both sexes, 8-10 wk of age) fed a WD with or without GOS supplementation (for 16 wk) were used to assess plasma LPS and atherosclerosis. Effects of dietary supplementation on different parameters were compared for each genotype. RESULTS Compared with a WD, glucose tolerance was significantly improved in male C57BL/6 mice fed a WD + GOS (mean ± SEM: AUC = 53.6 ± 43.9 compared with 45.4 ± 33.3 g ⋅ min/dL; P = 0.015). Continuity of colonic mucin layer (MUC-2 expression) was improved in mice receiving GOS supplementation, indicating improved intestinal barrier. GOS supplementation also reduced circulating macrophages (30% decrease) and neutrophils (60% decrease), suggesting diminished systemic inflammation. In Ldlr-/- mice, GOS supplementation significantly reduced plasma LPS concentrations (mean ± SEM: 0.81 ± 0.43 EU/mL compared with 0.32 ± 0.26 EU/mL, P < 0.0001, in females and 0.56 ± 0.24 EU/mL compared with 0.34 ± 0.12 EU/mL, P = 0.036, in males), improved glucose tolerance in male mice, and attenuated atherosclerotic lesion area (mean ± SEM: 54.2% ± 6.19% compared with 43.0% ± 35.12%, P = 0.0006, in females and 54.6% ± 3.99% compared with 43.1% ± 8.11%, P = 0.003, in males). CONCLUSIONS GOS fiber supplementation improves intestinal barrier in C57BL/6 and Ldlr-/- mice and significantly attenuates WD-induced metabolic diseases and, therefore, may represent a novel strategy for management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yashnoor K Sandhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William J Korzun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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15
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Männistö V, Färkkilä M, Pussinen P, Jula A, Männistö S, Lundqvist A, Valsta L, Salomaa V, Perola M, Åberg F. Serum lipopolysaccharides predict advanced liver disease in the general population. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:345-352. [PMID: 32039385 PMCID: PMC7005654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Gut-derived endotoxemia has been implicated in the development of chronic liver disease, but its relevance at the population level remains unclear. We analyzed whether endotoxemia is associated with incident advanced liver disease in the general population. Methods Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured in 6,727 (3,455 male and 3,272 female, mean age 53.4 ± 10.9 years, mean body mass index 27.2 ± 4.5) individuals participating in the Finnish population-based health examination survey FINRISK 1997. Data were linked with electronic health registers for incident advanced liver disease (hospitalization, cancer or death related to liver disease). During a mean follow-up of 16.3 ± 3.8 years (109,282 person-years), 86 liver events occurred. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed. Results Serum LPS predicted incident advanced liver disease with a hazard ratio per 1 SD of 1.41 (95% CI 1.24–1.59; p ≪0.001) when adjusted for age, sex, gamma-glutamyltransferase, metabolic syndrome, alcohol use, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) I148M, waist-hip ratio and type 2 diabetes. This association remained robustly significant in additional multivariate analyses with various levels of adjustment. The association was accentuated among carriers of the PNPLA3 risk variant. The population attributable fraction of the highest LPS tertile for liver events was 29.7%. However, LPS was not associated with all-cause mortality. Conclusion Serum LPS is associated with hospitalization, cancer or death related to liver disease in the general population, with the highest tertile potentially accounting for 30% of the risk of liver disease. Lay summary Lipopolysaccharide, a gut-derived bacterial endotoxin, has been implicated in the development of chronic liver disease, but its relevance at the population level remains unclear. We found that serum lipopolysaccharide levels were associated with incident advanced liver disease in the general population, with the highest tertile accounting for up to 30% of the risk of hospitalization, cancer or death related to liver disease. Serum LPS was associated with incident advanced liver disease in the general population. LPS was associated with liver-related risk of hospitalization, cancer or death. The highest LPS tertile may account for up to 30% of the risk of incident liver disease. The risk of liver disease was accentuated among carriers of the PNPLA3 I143M. Serum LPS was not associated with all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Männistö
- Departments of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Martti Färkkilä
- Department of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | | | | | - Liisa Valsta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | | | | | - Fredrik Åberg
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery Clinic, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Abboud KY, Reis SK, Martelli ME, Zordão OP, Tannihão F, de Souza AZZ, Assalin HB, Guadagnini D, Rocha GZ, Saad MJA, Prada PO. Oral Glutamine Supplementation Reduces Obesity, Pro-Inflammatory Markers, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in DIO Wistar Rats and Reduces Waist Circumference in Overweight and Obese Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030536. [PMID: 30832230 PMCID: PMC6471297 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether chronic oral glutamine (Gln) supplementation may alter metabolic parameters and the inflammatory profile in overweight and obese humans as well as whether Gln may modulate molecular pathways in key tissues linked to the insulin action in rats. Thirty-nine overweight/obese volunteers received 30 g of Gln or alanine (Ala-control) for 14 days. Body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), hormones, and pro-inflammatory markers were evaluated. To investigate molecular mechanisms, Gln or Ala was given to Wistar rats on a high-fat diet (HFD), and metabolic parameters, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp with tracers, and Western blot were done. Gln reduced WC and serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in overweight volunteers. In the obese group, Gln diminished WC and serum insulin. There was a positive correlation between the reduction on WC and LPS. In rats on HFD, Gln reduced adiposity, improved insulin action and signaling, and reversed both defects in glucose metabolism in the liver and muscle. Gln supplementation increased muscle glucose uptake and reversed the increased hepatic glucose production, in parallel with a reduced glucose uptake in adipose tissue. This insulin resistance in AT was accompanied by enhanced IRS1 O-linked-glycosamine association in this tissue, but not in the liver and muscle. These data suggest that Gln supplementation leads to insulin resistance specifically in adipose tissue via the hexosamine pathway and reduces adipose mass, which is associated with improvement in the systemic insulin action. Thus, further investigation with Gln supplementation should be performed for longer periods in humans before prescribing as a beneficial therapeutic approach for individuals who are overweight and obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlile Youssef Abboud
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350 SP, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Karen Reis
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350 SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eduarda Martelli
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350 SP, Brazil.
| | - Olivia Pizetta Zordão
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887 SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Tannihão
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350 SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Heloisa Balan Assalin
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887 SP, Brazil.
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887 SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Zweig Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887 SP, Brazil.
| | - Mario Jose Abdalla Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887 SP, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Oliveira Prada
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350 SP, Brazil.
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887 SP, Brazil.
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17
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Stefani S, Ngatidjan S, Paotiana M, Sitompul KA, Abdullah M, Sulistianingsih DP, Shankar AH, Agustina R. Dietary quality of predominantly traditional diets is associated with blood glucose profiles, but not with total fecal Bifidobacterium in Indonesian women. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208815. [PMID: 30576336 PMCID: PMC6303024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A high quality modern diet is associated with reduced risk of metabolic disease and diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether the quality of predominantly traditional ethnic diets is associated with such conditions. Moreover, the relationship between dietary quality and microbiota, a potential mediator of metabolic disease, has not been studied. Objective We investigated the relationship of dietary quality of traditional ethnic diets in Indonesia with fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and the number of fecal Bifidobacterium. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts with predominantly animal- or plant-based traditional diets of West Sumatera and West Java provinces, respectively. A total of 240 apparently healthy women aged 19–50 years were randomly selected from 360 women screened by a cluster sampling design. Dietary quality was assessed by 2-day repeated 24-hour food recall, and scored using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010. FBG was quantified with the enzymatic colorimetric method, and HbA1c by using hexokinase and high-performance liquid chromatography, and total fecal Bifidobacterium by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results The HEI scores of 99% of women were <51, indicating a low-quality diet. In adjusted multivariate regression, HEI was inversely associated with FBG (ß = -0.403; 95% CI = -0.789 to -0.016; p = 0.041) and HbA1c (ß = -0.018; 95% CI = -0.036 to 0.000; p = 0.048) but was not significantly associated with total levels of Bifidobacterium (ß = -0.007, p = 0.275). Bifidobacterium count was not significantly associated with either FBG or HbA1c levels. Conclusion Low dietary quality is clearly associated with risk of increased markers of blood glucose. However, any mediating role of Bifidobacterium between dietary quality and glucose outcomes was not apparent. Innovative interventions for healthy eating should be implemented to increase dietary quality of populations transitioning from predominantly traditional to modern diets, to reduce the risk of diabetes, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela Stefani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sanny Ngatidjan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Monica Paotiana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kurnia A. Sitompul
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Murdani Abdullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dyah P. Sulistianingsih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anuraj H. Shankar
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rina Agustina
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON)/ Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR), Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- * E-mail: ,
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18
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Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Wilson SJ, Bailey ML, Andridge R, Peng J, Jaremka LM, Fagundes CP, Malarkey WB, Laskowski B, Belury MA. Marital distress, depression, and a leaky gut: Translocation of bacterial endotoxin as a pathway to inflammation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:52-60. [PMID: 30098513 PMCID: PMC6260591 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marital distress and depression work in tandem to escalate risks for inflammation-related disorders. Translocation of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) from the gut microbiota to blood circulation stimulates systemic inflammatory responses. METHODS To investigate increased gut permeability (a "leaky gut") as one potential mechanistic pathway from marital distress and depression to heightened inflammation, this secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized crossover study examined serial assessments of two endotoxin biomarkers, LPS-binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14), as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) during two separate 9.5 h visits. The 43 (N = 86) healthy married couples, ages 24-61 (mean = 38.22), discussed a marital disagreement during both visits; behavioral coding of these interactions provided data on hostile marital behaviors, a hallmark of marital distress. The Structured Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV assessed participants' mood disorder history. RESULTS Participants with more hostile marital interactions had higher LBP than those who were less hostile. Additionally, the combination of more hostile marital interactions with a mood disorder history was associated with higher LBP/sCD14 ratios. Higher LBP and LBP/sCD14 were associated with greater CRP production; for example, only 21% of low LBP participants (lowest quartile) had average CRP across the day > 3, compared to 79% of those in the highest quartile. Higher sCD14 was associated with higher IL-6. CONCLUSIONS These bacterial LPS translocation data illustrate how a distressed marriage and a mood disorder history can promote a proinflammatory milieu through increased gut permeability, thus fueling inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K Kiecolt-Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Stephanie J Wilson
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Bailey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State College of Medicine and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Andridge
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Juan Peng
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa M Jaremka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Christopher P Fagundes
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William B Malarkey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bryon Laskowski
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Martha A Belury
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Buford TW, Carter CS, VanDerPol WJ, Chen D, Lefkowitz EJ, Eipers P, Morrow CD, Bamman MM. Composition and richness of the serum microbiome differ by age and link to systemic inflammation. GeroScience 2018; 40:257-268. [PMID: 29869736 PMCID: PMC6060185 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age has been associated with alterations to the microbiome within the intestinal tract as well as intestinal permeability (i.e., “leaky gut”). Prior studies suggest that intestinal permeability may contribute to increases in systemic inflammation—an aging hallmark—possibly via microorganisms entering the circulation. Yet, no studies exist describing the state of the circulating microbiome among older persons. To compare microbiota profiles in serum between healthy young (20–35 years, n = 24) and older adults (60–75 years, n = 24) as well as associations between differential microbial populations and prominent indices of age-related inflammation. Unweighted Unifrac analysis, a measure of β-diversity, revealed that microbial communities clustered differently between young and older adults. Several measures of α-diversity, including chao1 (p = 0.001), observed species (p = 0.001), and phylogenetic diversity (p = 0.002) differed between young and older adults. After correction for false discovery rate (FDR), age groups differed (all p values ≤ 0.016) in the relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes, SR1, Spirochaetes, Bacteria_Other, TM7, and Tenericutes. Significant positive correlations (p values ≤ 0.017 after FDR correction) were observed between IGF1 and Bacteroidetes (ρ = 0.380), Spirochaetes (ρ = 0.528), SR1 (ρ = 0.410), and TM7 (ρ = 0.399). Significant inverse correlations were observed for IL6 with Bacteroidetes (ρ = − 0.398) and TM7 (ρ = − 0.423), as well as for TNFα with Bacteroidetes (ρ = − 0.344). Similar findings were observed at the class taxon. These data are the first to demonstrate that the richness and composition of the serum microbiome differ between young and older adults and that these factors are linked to indices of age-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Buford
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Christy S Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - William J VanDerPol
- Biomedical Informatics, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Biomedical Informatics, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elliot J Lefkowitz
- Biomedical Informatics, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peter Eipers
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casey D Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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20
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Carrera-Bastos P, Picazo Ó, Fontes-Villalba M, Pareja-Galeano H, Lindeberg S, Martínez-Selles M, Lucia A, Emanuele E. Serum Zonulin and Endotoxin Levels in Exceptional Longevity versus Precocious Myocardial Infarction. Aging Dis 2018; 9:317-321. [PMID: 29896420 PMCID: PMC5963352 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia-induced inflammation has been associated with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, ultimately increasing the risk of coronary heart disease. Increased intestinal permeability is an important event leading to endotoxemia. This study aims to elucidate the possible association between endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and zonulin (a biomarker of intestinal permeability) levels and the risk of coronary heart disease, and thus healthy aging. Serum levels of zonulin, lipopolysaccharide and soluble CD14 (a protein that binds lipopolysaccharide) were measured in disease-free centenarians, young healthy controls and patients with precocious acute myocardial infarction. Disease-free centenarians had significantly lower levels of serum zonulin (P<0.01) and lipopolysaccharide (P<0.001) than young patients with acute myocardial infarction, and had significantly lower concentrations of serum lipopolysaccharide than young healthy controls (P<0.05). No significant differences were found for soluble CD14 between groups. Our findings may stimulate further research into the role played by intestinal permeability and endotoxemia not only in coronary heart disease but also in lifespan modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- 1Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,2NutriScience - Education and Consulting, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Óscar Picazo
- 2NutriScience - Education and Consulting, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maelán Fontes-Villalba
- 1Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,2NutriScience - Education and Consulting, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- 3European University of Madrid, Spain.,4Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain
| | - Staffan Lindeberg
- 1Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Manuel Martínez-Selles
- 5Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Universidad Europea, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- 3European University of Madrid, Spain.,4Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Pedro MN, Magro DO, da Silva EUPP, Guadagnini D, Santos A, de Jesus Pedro R, Saad MJA. Plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide correlate with insulin resistance in HIV patients. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:5. [PMID: 29434676 PMCID: PMC5793397 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In HIV patients using HAART insulin resistance is a central pathophysiological condition that can contribute to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular complications. To examine the role of adipocyte hormones and LPS in insulin resistance in HIV patients, we investigated the role of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and LPS levels in the insulin resistance of HIV-infected patients treated with HAART. METHODS This study included 67 HIV positive individuals on HAART and ten healthy controls. All participants performed plasma or serum levels of glucose; insulin; lipids, visfatin, leptin, adiponectin, and LPS. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), was used to estimate insulin resistance. RESULTS The levels of visfatin, leptin and adiponectin were similar between controls and HIV patients. However, circulating levels of LPS were higher in HIV patients on HAART than in controls. There was a positive correlation between LPS and TG (r = 0.49, p = 0.0001), between LPS and TG/HDL (r = 0.50, p = 0.0001), between LPS and insulin (r = 0.52, p = 0.0003), and between LPS and HOMA-IR (r = 0.52, p = 0.0005), in HIV patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a clear correlation between plasma LPS and markers of insulin resistance, suggesting a relationship between LPS levels and metabolic alterations, particularly affecting lipids and insulin resistance in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Nardi Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Daniela Oliveira Magro
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Rogerio de Jesus Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
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22
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French AL, Martin JW, Evans CT, Peters M, Kessaye SG, Nowicki M, Kuniholm M, Golub E, Augenbraun M, Desai SN. Macrophage Activation and the Tumor Necrosis Factor Cascade in Hepatitis C Disease Progression Among HIV-Infected Women Participating in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 76:438-444. [PMID: 29077674 PMCID: PMC5679288 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV/hepatitis C-coinfected persons experience more rapid liver disease progression than hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected persons, even in the setting of potent antiretroviral therapy. METHODS We sought to articulate the role of macrophage activation and inflammation in liver disease progression by measuring serial soluble markers in HIV/HCV-coinfected women. We compared markers measured during retrospectively defined periods of rapid liver disease progression to periods where little or no liver disease progression occurred. Liver disease progression was defined by liver biopsy, liver-related death or the serum markers AST-to-platelet ratio index and FIB-4. Soluble CD14, sCD163, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor II, interleukin-6, and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL 2) were measured at 3 time points over 5 years. RESULTS One hundred six time intervals were included in the analysis: including 31 from liver disease progressors and 75 from nonprogressors. LPS, sCD14, interleukin-6, and CCL2 levels did not differ in slope or quantity over time between rapid liver disease progressors and nonprogressors. TNFRII and sCD163 were significantly higher in liver disease progressors at (P = 0.002 and <0.0001 respectively) and preceding (P = 0.01 and 0.003 respectively) the liver fibrosis outcome in unadjusted models, with similar values when adjusted for HIV RNA and CD4 count. CONCLUSIONS In women with HIV/HCV coinfection, higher sCD163 levels, a marker of macrophage activation, and TNFRII levels, implying activation of the TNF-α system, were associated with liver disease progression. Our results provide an addition to the growing body of evidence regarding the relationship between macrophage activation, inflammation, and liver disease progression in HIV/HCV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L French
- *CORE Center/Stroger (Cook County) Hospital, Chicago, IL;†Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL;‡Hines VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL;§Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL;‖University of California, San Francisco, CA;¶Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC;#Mendez National Institute of Transplantation Foundation, Los Angeles, CA;**Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY;††Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; and‡‡Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, NY
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23
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Dietary patterns reflecting healthy food choices are associated with lower serum LPS activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6511. [PMID: 28747701 PMCID: PMC5529547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are associated with various negative health effects. Whether diet is associated with LPS, is an understudied phenomenon. We investigated the association between diet and serum LPS activity in 668 individuals with type 1 diabetes in the FinnDiane Study. Serum LPS activity was determined using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) section of a diet questionnaire and a food record. The food record was used to calculate energy, macronutrient, and fibre intake. In a multivariable model, energy, macronutrient, or fibre intake was not associated with the LPS activity. Using factor analysis, we identified seven dietary patterns from the FFQ data (“Sweet”, “Cheese”, “Fish”, “Healthy snack”, “Vegetable”, “Traditional”, and “Modern”). In a multivariable model, higher factor scores of the Fish, Healthy snack, and Modern patterns predicted lower LPS activity. The validity of the diet questionnaire was also investigated. The questionnaire showed reasonable relative validity against a 6-day food record. The two methods classified participants into the dietary patterns better than expected by chance. In conclusion, healthy dietary choices, such as consumption of fish, fresh vegetables, and fruits and berries may be associated with positive health outcomes by reducing systemic endotoxaemia.
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24
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved health outcomes. A MEDLINE search was performed using PubMed and the terms "intermittent fasting," "fasting," "time-restricted feeding," and "food timing." Modified fasting regimens appear to promote weight loss and may improve metabolic health. Several lines of evidence also support the hypothesis that eating patterns that reduce or eliminate nighttime eating and prolong nightly fasting intervals may result in sustained improvements in human health. Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep. If proven to be efficacious, these eating regimens offer promising nonpharmacological approaches to improving health at the population level, with multiple public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Patterson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; .,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Dorothy D Sears
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; .,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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25
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Fleck AK, Schuppan D, Wiendl H, Klotz L. Gut-CNS-Axis as Possibility to Modulate Inflammatory Disease Activity-Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1526. [PMID: 28708108 PMCID: PMC5536015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade the role of environmental factors as modulators of disease activity and progression has received increasing attention. In contrast to classical environmental modulators such as exposure to sun-light or fine dust pollution, nutrition is an ideal tool for a personalized human intervention. Various studies demonstrate a key role of dietary factors in autoimmune diseases including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In this review we discuss the connection between diet and inflammatory processes via the gut-CNS-axis. This axis describes a bi-directional communication system and comprises neuronal signaling, neuroendocrine pathways and modulation of immune responses. Therefore, the gut-CNS-axis represents an emerging target to modify CNS inflammatory activity ultimately opening new avenues for complementary and adjunctive treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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26
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Age-Associated Microbial Dysbiosis Promotes Intestinal Permeability, Systemic Inflammation, and Macrophage Dysfunction. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:455-466.e4. [PMID: 28407483 PMCID: PMC5392495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Levels of inflammatory mediators in circulation are known to increase with age, but the underlying cause of this age-associated inflammation is debated. We find that, when maintained under germ-free conditions, mice do not display an age-related increase in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. A higher proportion of germ-free mice live to 600 days than their conventional counterparts, and macrophages derived from aged germ-free mice maintain anti-microbial activity. Co-housing germ-free mice with old, but not young, conventionally raised mice increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood. In tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-deficient mice, which are protected from age-associated inflammation, age-related microbiota changes are not observed. Furthermore, age-associated microbiota changes can be reversed by reducing TNF using anti-TNF therapy. These data suggest that aging-associated microbiota promote inflammation and that reversing these age-related microbiota changes represents a potential strategy for reducing age-associated inflammation and the accompanying morbidity. Age-associated inflammation drives macrophage dysfunction and tissue damage Mice under germ-free conditions are protected from age-associated inflammation Co-housing germ-free mice with old, but not young, mice increases age-related inflammation Age-related microbiota changes can be reversed by reducing TNF levels
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27
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Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is an important regulator of body homeostasis, including intestinal and extra-intestinal effects. This review focuses on the GM-bone axis, which we define as the effect of the gut-associated microbial community or the molecules they synthesize, on bone health. While research in this field is limited, findings from preclinical studies support that gut microbes positively impact bone mineral density and strength parameters. Moreover, administration of beneficial bacteria (probiotics) in preclinical models has demonstrated higher bone mineralization and greater bone strength. The preferential bacterial genus that has shown these beneficial effects in bone is Lactobacillus and thus lactobacilli are among the best candidates for future clinical intervention trials. However, their effectiveness is dependent on stage of development, as early life constitutes an important time for impacting bone health, perhaps via modulation of the GM. In addition, sex-specific difference also impacts the efficacy of the probiotics. Although auspicious, many questions regarding the GM-bone axis require consideration of potential mechanisms; sex-specific efficacy; effective dose of probiotics; and timing and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Villa
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Wendy E Ward
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Department of Kinesiology , Brock University , St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada
| | - Elena M Comelli
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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28
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Mirza A, Mao-Draayer Y. The gut microbiome and microbial translocation in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:213-224. [PMID: 28286112 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a distinct intestinal microbial community (microbiota) and increased low-grade translocation of bacteria from the intestines into the circulation. The observed change of intestinal bacteria in MS patients regulate immune functions involved in MS pathogenesis. These functions include: systemic and central nervous system (CNS) immunity (including peripheral regulatory T cell function), the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS-resident cell activity. This review discusses the MS intestinal microbiota implication on MS systemic- and CNS-immunopathology. We introduce the possible contributions of MS low-grade microbial translocation (LG-MT) to the development of MS, and end on a discussion on microbiota therapies for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4258 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4258 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4015 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States.
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29
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Gomes JMG, Costa JDA, Alfenas RDCG. Metabolic endotoxemia and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Metabolism 2017; 68:133-144. [PMID: 28183445 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this systematic review we analyzed studies that assessed serum concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or lipopolysacharide-binding protein (LBP) in diabetic patients compared with healthy people. Articles were selected using PubMed and Scopus. Search terms used were endotoxemia, endotoxins, LPS, LBP, diabetes mellitus (DM), type 1 (T1DM), type 2 (T2DM), insulin resistance, humans, epidemiologic studies, population-based, survey, representative, cross-sectional, case-control studies, observational, and clinical trials. Two authors independently extracted articles using predefined data fields, including study quality indicators. There was a great variability in the estimates of metabolic endotoxemia among the studies. Most of the studies observed higher LPS or LBP concentrations in diabetic subjects than in healthy controls. T1DM and T2DM subjects presented higher mean fasting LPS of 235.7% and 66.4% compared with non-diabetic subjects, respectively. Advanced complications (e.g. macroalbuminuria) and disease onset exacerbate endotoxemia. Antidiabetic medications decrease fasting LPS concentrations. Among these medications, rosiglitazone and insulin present higher and lower effects, respectively, compared with other treatments. T1DM and T2DM seem to increase metabolic endotoxemia. However, some confounders such as diet, age, medication, smoking and obesity influence both diabetes and endotoxemia manifestation. A better understanding of the interaction of these factors is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júnia Maria Geraldo Gomes
- Instituto Federal do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Barbacena, Rua Monsenhor José Augusto, 204, Bairro São José, Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 36205-018.
| | - Jorge de Assis Costa
- Nutrition and Health Department, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa), Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 36570-000
| | - Rita de Cássia Gonçalves Alfenas
- Nutrition and Health Department, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa), Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 36570-000
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30
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Seaman DR. Toxins, Toxicity, and Endotoxemia: A Historical and Clinical Perspective for Chiropractors. JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC HUMANITIES 2016; 23:68-76. [PMID: 27920621 PMCID: PMC5127911 DOI: 10.1016/j.echu.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this commentary is to review the notion of toxicity in the context of chiropractic practice. DISCUSSION The belief that body toxicity is the cause of disease has been promoted for thousands of years. Prior to the emergence of the chiropractic profession, the medical profession embraced the notion that the body becomes "toxic," requiring detoxification interventions or surgery. The legacy of body toxicity within the chiropractic approach to patient care began with Daniel David Palmer. Today, some sectors within the medical and chiropractic professions continue to embrace the concept of body toxicity and the related need to engage in detoxifying treatments. The most common areas of focus for detoxification are the intestines and liver; however, the nature of the toxicity in these organs has yet to be defined or measured. In contrast, diet-induced systemic bacterial endotoxemia is a measureable state that is known to be promoted by a diet rich in sugar, flour, and refined oil. This suggests that bacterial endotoxin may be a candidate toxin to consider in the clinical context, as many common conditions, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, interstitial cystitis, depression, and migraine headache, are known to be promoted by endotoxemia. CONCLUSION A diet rich in refined sugar, flour, and oils may induce proinflammatory changes within intestinal microbiota that lead to systemic, low-grade endotoxemia, which is a common variety of "toxicity" that is measurable and worthy of research consideration. Introducing a diet to reduce endotoxemia, rather than attempting to target a specific organ, appears to be a rational clinical approach for addressing the issue of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Seaman
- National University of Health Sciences, Pinellas Park, FL
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31
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Wasko MK, Goodman SB. Emperor's new clothes: Is particle disease really infected particle disease? J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1497-504. [PMID: 27175824 PMCID: PMC5529039 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening remains the most significant long-term complication of total hip replacement. The current paradigm points to an inflammatory response to wear particles as its main trigger. Recently, there have been increasing numbers of positive bacterial isolates reported among patients with clinically absent infection. This paper reviews existing evidence on possible involvement of bacteria and microbial-associated molecular patterns in the pathology of so-called "aseptic loosening." © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1497-1504, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin K. Wasko
- Department of Orthopaedic and Rheumoorthopaedic Surgery, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland,Foundation for the Development of Medicine, Slupsk, Poland,SPSK im. Prof. A. Grucy, Konarskiego 13, Otwock 05-400, Poland
| | - Stuart B. Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery Laboratories, Stanford University, Stanford, California,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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32
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Mode of Delivery Determines Neonatal Pharyngeal Bacterial Composition and Early Intestinal Colonization. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:320-8. [PMID: 27035381 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bacterial colonization and succession of the human intestine shape development of immune function and risk for allergic disease, yet these processes remain poorly understood. We investigated the relations between delivery mode, initial bacterial inoculation of the infant oropharynx (OP), and intestinal colonization. METHODS We prospectively collected maternal rectal and vaginal swabs, infant OP aspirates, and infant stool from 23 healthy mother/infant pairs delivering by cesarean (CS) or vaginal delivery (VD) in an academic hospital. Bacterial abundance (16S rRNA sequencing) and community similarity between samples were compared by delivery mode. Shotgun DNA metagenomic sequencing of infant stool was performed. RESULTS VD infants had higher abundance of Firmicutes (mainly lactobacilli) in OP aspirates whereas CS OP aspirates were enriched in skin bacteria. OP aspirates were more similar to maternal vaginal and rectal microbiomes in VD compared with CS. Bacteroidetes were more abundant through 6 weeks in stool of VD infants. Infant fecal microbiomes in both delivery groups did not resemble maternal rectal or vaginal microbiomes. Differences in fecal bacterial gene potential between CS and VD at 6 weeks clustered in metabolic pathways and were mediated by abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. CONCLUSIONS CS infants exhibited different microbiota in the oral inoculum, a chaotic pattern of bacterial succession, and a persistent deficit of intestinal Bacteroidetes. Pioneer OP bacteria transferred from maternal vaginal and intestinal communities were not prominent constituents of the early infant fecal microbiome. Oral inoculation at birth may impact the intestinal microenvironment, thereby modulating early succession of intestinal bacteria.
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33
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Logan AC, Jacka FN, Prescott SL. Immune-Microbiota Interactions: Dysbiosis as a Global Health Issue. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:13. [PMID: 26768621 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-015-0590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, microbial genes and metabolites have become integral to virtually all aspects of host physiology, metabolism and even behaviour. New technologies are revealing sophisticated ways in which microbial communities interface with the immune system, and how modern environmental changes may be contributing to the rapid rise of inflammatory noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) through declining biodiversity. The implications of the microbiome extend to virtually every branch of medicine, biopsychosocial and environmental sciences. Similarly, the impact of changes at the immune-microbiota interface are directly relevant to broader discussions concerning rapid urbanization, antibiotics, agricultural practices, environmental pollutants, highly processed foods/beverages and socioeconomic disparities--all implicated in the NCD pandemic. Here, we make the argument that dysbiosis (life in distress) is ongoing at a micro- and macro-scale and that as a central conduit of health and disease, the immune system and its interface with microbiota is a critical target in overcoming the health challenges of the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network, Perth, Australia.,International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network, Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.,International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan L Prescott
- International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network, Perth, Australia. .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, GPO Box D 184, Perth, WA, 6840, Australia.
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34
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Kavanagh K, Brown RN, Davis AT, Uberseder B, Floyd E, Pfisterer B, Shively CA. Microbial translocation and skeletal muscle in young and old vervet monkeys. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:58. [PMID: 27194407 PMCID: PMC5005918 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction leads to microbial translocation (MT) and inflammation in vertebrate and invertebrate animal models. Age is recently recognized as a factor leading to MT, and in some human and animal model studies, MT was associated with physical function. We evaluated sarcopenia, inflammation, MT biomarkers, and muscle insulin sensitivity in healthy female vervet monkeys (6-27 years old). Monkeys were fed consistent diets and had large and varied environments to facilitate physical activity, and stable social conditions. Aging led to sarcopenia as indicated by reduced walking speeds and muscle mass, but general metabolic health was similar in older monkeys (n = 25) as compared to younger ones (n = 26). When older monkeys were physically active, their MT burden approximated that in young monkeys; however, when older monkeys were sedentary, MT burden was dramatically increased. MT levels were positively associated with inflammatory burden and negatively associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Time spent being active was positively associated with insulin sensitivity as expected, but this relationship was specifically modified by the individual monkey's MT, not inflammatory burden. Our data supports clinical observations that MT interacts with physical function as a factor in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Richelle N Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Ashley T Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Beth Uberseder
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Edison Floyd
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Bianca Pfisterer
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Carol A Shively
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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Bernini LJ, Simão ANC, Alfieri DF, Lozovoy MAB, Mari NL, de Souza CHB, Dichi I, Costa GN. Beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile and cytokines in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial. Effects of probiotics on metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2016; 32:716-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Distinct NF-κB and MAPK Activation Thresholds Uncouple Steady-State Microbe Sensing from Anti-pathogen Inflammatory Responses. Cell Syst 2016; 2:378-90. [PMID: 27237739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system distinguishes low-level homeostatic microbial stimuli from those of invasive pathogens, yet we lack understanding of how qualitatively similar microbial products yield context-specific macrophage functional responses. Using quantitative approaches, we found that NF-κB and MAPK signaling was activated at different concentrations of a stimulatory TLR4 ligand in both mouse and human macrophages. Above a threshold of ligand, MAPK were activated in a switch-like manner, facilitating production of inflammatory mediators. At ligand concentrations below this threshold, NF-κB signaling occurred, promoting expression of a restricted set of genes and macrophage priming. Among TLR-induced genes, we observed an inverse correlation between MAPK dependence and ligand sensitivity, highlighting the role of this signaling dichotomy in partitioning innate responses downstream of a single receptor. Our study reveals an evolutionarily conserved innate immune response system in which danger discrimination is enforced by distinct thresholds for NF-κB and MAPK activation, which provide sequential barriers to inflammatory mediator production.
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Logan AC, Jacka FN, Craig JM, Prescott SL. The Microbiome and Mental Health: Looking Back, Moving Forward with Lessons from Allergic Diseases. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 14:131-47. [PMID: 27121424 PMCID: PMC4857870 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between gastrointestinal viscera and human emotions have been documented by virtually all medical traditions known to date. The focus on this relationship has waxed and waned through the centuries, with noted surges in interest driven by cultural forces. Here we explore some of this history and the emerging trends in experimental and clinical research. In particular, we pay specific attention to how the hygiene hypothesis and emerging research on traditional dietary patterns has helped re-ignite interest in the use of microbes to support mental health. At present, the application of microbes and their structural parts as a means to positively influence mental health is an area filled with promise. However, there are many limitations within this new paradigm shift in neuropsychiatry. Impediments that could block translation of encouraging experimental studies include environmental forces that work toward dysbiosis, perhaps none more important than westernized dietary patterns. On the other hand, it is likely that specific dietary choices may amplify the value of future microbial-based therapeutics. Pre-clinical and clinical research involving microbiota and allergic disorders has predated recent work in psychiatry, an early start that provides valuable lessons. The microbiome is intimately connected to diet, nutrition, and other lifestyle variables; microbial-based psychopharmacology will need to consider this contextual application, otherwise the ceiling of clinical expectations will likely need to be lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research (ISNPR), Geelong, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research (ISNPR), Geelong, Australia.,The Centre for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,Group of Early Life Epigenetics, Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan L Prescott
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Geelong, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Hersoug LG, Møller P, Loft S. Gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide uptake and trafficking to adipose tissue: implications for inflammation and obesity. Obes Rev 2016; 17:297-312. [PMID: 26712364 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiota and excessive ingestion of high-fat diets (HFD) are considered to be important factors for development of obesity. In this review we describe a coherent mechanism of action for the development of obesity, which involves the composition of gut microbiota, HFD, low-grade inflammation, expression of fat translocase and scavenger receptor CD36, and the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI). SR-BI binds to both lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, which may promote incorporation of LPS in chylomicrons (CMs). These CMs are transported via lymph to the circulation, where LPS is transferred to other lipoproteins by translocases, preferentially to HDL. LPS increases the SR-BI binding, transcytosis of lipoproteins over the endothelial barrier,and endocytosis in adipocytes. Especially large size adipocytes with high metabolic activity absorb LPS-rich lipoproteins. In addition, macrophages in adipose tissue internalize LPS-lipoproteins. This may contribute to the polarization from M2 to M1 phenotype, which is a consequence of increased LPS delivery into the tissue during hypertrophy. In conclusion, evidence suggests that LPS is involved in the development of obesity as a direct targeting molecule for lipid delivery and storage in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-G Hersoug
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1-Based Therapies beyond Glucose Control. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3094642. [PMID: 27110066 PMCID: PMC4823510 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3094642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone mainly secreted from intestinal L cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP-1 has beneficial effects for glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells, delaying gastric emptying, decreasing plasma glucagon, reducing food intake, and stimulating glucose disposal. Therefore, GLP-1-based therapies such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which is a GLP-1 inactivating enzyme, have been developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes. In addition to glucose-lowering effects, emerging data suggests that GLP-1-based therapies also show anti-inflammatory effects in chronic inflammatory diseases including type 1 and 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, diabetic nephropathy, asthma, and psoriasis. This review outlines the anti-inflammatory actions of GLP-1-based therapies on diseases associated with chronic inflammation in vivo and in vitro, and their molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action.
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Tilves CM, Zmuda JM, Kuipers AL, Nestlerode CS, Evans RW, Bunker CH, Patrick AL, Miljkovic I. Association of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein With Aging-Related Adiposity Change and Prediabetes Among African Ancestry Men. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:385-91. [PMID: 26721818 PMCID: PMC4764043 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional studies suggest that lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) may be associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. However, prospective studies examining LBP are lacking. This prospective study investigated the association between LBP and metabolic abnormalities in 580 African ancestry men (mean age, 59.1 ± 10.5 years). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured fasting serum LBP at baseline. Changes in adiposity and glucose homeostasis as well as case subjects with new type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were assessed at a follow-up visit ~6 years later. Baseline LBP values were tested across quartiles for linear trend with metabolic measures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the odds of new cases of IFG or diabetes per 1-SD greater baseline LBP. RESULTS LBP was significantly associated with baseline BMI, waist circumference, whole-body and trunk fat, skeletal muscle density, fasting serum insulin, and HOMA-insulin resistance (IR) (all P < 0.01). Greater baseline LBP was significantly associated with longitudinal increases in the percentage of trunk fat (P = 0.025) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.034), but only borderline so with a decrease in skeletal muscle density (P = 0.057). In men with normal glucose, baseline LBP was associated with increased odds of having IFG at follow-up after adjustment for age, baseline trunk fat, and lifestyle factors (odds ratio per 1-SD LBP: 1.51; 95% CI 1.02-2.21). This association was attenuated after additional adjustment for change in trunk fat (P = 0.067). CONCLUSIONS LBP may be a marker of prediabetes. Some of this association appears to be mediated through increased central and ectopic skeletal muscle adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis M Tilves
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Allison L Kuipers
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cara S Nestlerode
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rhobert W Evans
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Clareann H Bunker
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan L Patrick
- Tobago Health Studies Office, Scarborough, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Gnauck A, Lentle RG, Kruger MC. Chasing a ghost?--Issues with the determination of circulating levels of endotoxin in human blood. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:197-215. [PMID: 26732012 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1123215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reliable quantification of bacterial products such as endotoxin is important for the diagnosis of Gram-negative infection and for the monitoring of its treatment. Further, it is important to identify patients with persistent subclinical level of bacterial products in their systemic circulation as data from animal studies also suggest this may be correlated with the onset of metabolic syndrome. In this review, we first aim to describe the principles of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test, an assay that is used to quantify endotoxin, and the various shortcomings that must be addressed before it can become a reliable means of quantifying endotoxin in samples derived from blood. We then review published data regarding endotoxin levels in healthy subjects and those with sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disorders and metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. We also review the evidence regarding influence of macronutrients in augmenting the levels of systemic endotoxin. The results of this review show that reported mean levels of endotoxin in the systemic circulation of healthy humans and of those with various clinical disorders vary over a wide range. Further, this review shows that a significant proportion of this variation can be related to the method that was used to prepare plasma and serum samples prior to assay and its ability to reduce the effect of various blood borne factors that interfere with the LAL assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gnauck
- a Physiology Group, School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Roger Graham Lentle
- a Physiology Group, School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Marlena Cathorina Kruger
- a Physiology Group, School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Dudele A, Fischer CW, Elfving B, Wegener G, Wang T, Lund S. Chronic exposure to low doses of lipopolysaccharide and high-fat feeding increases body mass without affecting glucose tolerance in female rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12584. [PMID: 26537342 PMCID: PMC4673625 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related inflammation may have a causal role in the development of diabetes and insulin resistance, and studies using animal models of chronic experimental endotoxemia have shown the link. However, many studies use only males, and much less is known about the role of obesity-related inflammation in females. Therefore, we addressed how experimentally induced chronic inflammation affects body mass, energy intake, and glucose metabolism in female rats. Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were instrumented with slow release pellets that delivered a constant daily dose of 53 or 207 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per rat for 60 days. Control rats were instrumented with vehicle pellets. Due to inflammatory nature of high-fat diet (HFD) half of the rats received HFD (60% of calories from lard), while the other half remained on control diet to detect possible interactions between two modes of induced inflammation. Our results showed that chronic LPS administration increased female rat body mass and calorie intake in a dose-dependent manner, and that HFD further exacerbated these effects. Despite these effects, no effects of LPS and HFD were evident on female rat glucose metabolism. Only LPS elevated expression of inflammatory markers in the hypothalamus. To conclude, female rats respond to experimentally induced chronic inflammation by increasing body mass, but do not develop glucose intolerance in the given period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Dudele
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christina W Fischer
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sten Lund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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43
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Wieland A, Frank DN, Harnke B, Bambha K. Systematic review: microbial dysbiosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:1051-63. [PMID: 26304302 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human intestinal microbiota is a key regulator of host metabolic and immune functions and alterations in the microbiome ('dysbiosis') have been implicated in several human diseases. Because of the anatomical links between the intestines and the liver, dysbiosis may also disrupt hepatic function and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). AIM To perform a comprehensive review of the medical literature investigating associations between intestinal dysbiosis and NAFLD, with a particular emphasis on studies that characterise the microbiome in NAFLD. METHODS We conducted a search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using multiple search terms including: 'NAFLD, NASH, fatty liver, steatohepatitis' combined with 'metagenome, microbiom*, microbiota*, fecal flora, intestinal flora, gut bacteria'. Results were manually reviewed and studies selected based on relevance to intestinal microbiota and NAFLD. We also included studies that addressed potential mechanistic models of pathways linking the dysbiosis to NAFLD. RESULTS Nine studies (five human and four animal models) were identified in our search that assessed associations between specific intestinal microbiota composition and NAFLD. We reviewed and summarised the results of additional investigations that more broadly addressed the mechanisms by which the microbiome may impact NAFLD pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Investigations in humans and animals demonstrate associations between intestinal dysbiosis and NAFLD; however, causality has not been proven and mechanistic links require further delineation. As the field of microbiome research matures in techniques and study design, more detailed insights into NAFLD pathogenesis and its associations with the intestinal microbiota will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wieland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - D N Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Consortium, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B Harnke
- University of Colorado Health Science Library, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - K Bambha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Fitton JH, Stringer DN, Karpiniec SS. Therapies from Fucoidan: An Update. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5920-46. [PMID: 26389927 PMCID: PMC4584361 DOI: 10.3390/md13095920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are a class of sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides found in brown marine algae and echinoderms. Fucoidans have an attractive array of bioactivities and potential applications including immune modulation, cancer inhibition, and pathogen inhibition. Research into fucoidan has continued to gain pace over the last few years and point towards potential therapeutic or adjunct roles. The source, extraction, characterization and detection of fucoidan is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Helen Fitton
- Marinova Pty Ltd., 249 Kennedy Drive, Cambridge, Tasmania 7170, Australia.
| | - Damien N Stringer
- Marinova Pty Ltd., 249 Kennedy Drive, Cambridge, Tasmania 7170, Australia.
| | - Samuel S Karpiniec
- Marinova Pty Ltd., 249 Kennedy Drive, Cambridge, Tasmania 7170, Australia.
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45
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Frank DN, Bales ES, Monks J, Jackman MJ, MacLean PS, Ir D, Robertson CE, Orlicky DJ, McManaman JL. Perilipin-2 Modulates Lipid Absorption and Microbiome Responses in the Mouse Intestine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131944. [PMID: 26147095 PMCID: PMC4493139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its co-morbidities, such as fatty liver disease, are increasingly prevalent worldwide health problems. Intestinal microorganisms have emerged as critical factors linking diet to host physiology and metabolic function, particularly in the context of lipid homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that deletion of the cytoplasmic lipid drop (CLD) protein Perilipin-2 (Plin2) in mice largely abrogates long-term deleterious effects of a high fat (HF) diet. Here we test the hypotheses that Plin2 function impacts the earliest steps of HF diet-mediated pathogenesis as well as the dynamics of diet-associated changes in gut microbiome diversity and function. WT and perilipin-2 null mice raised on a standard chow diet were randomized to either low fat (LF) or HF diets. After four days, animals were assessed for changes in physiological (body weight, energy balance, and fecal triglyceride levels), histochemical (enterocyte CLD content), and fecal microbiome parameters. Plin2-null mice had significantly lower respiratory exchange ratios, diminished frequencies of enterocyte CLDs, and increased fecal triglyceride levels compared with WT mice. Microbiome analyses, employing both 16S rRNA profiling and metagenomic deep sequencing, indicated that dietary fat content and Plin2 genotype were significantly and independently associated with gut microbiome composition, diversity, and functional differences. These data demonstrate that Plin2 modulates rapid effects of diet on fecal lipid levels, enterocyte CLD contents, and fuel utilization properties of mice that correlate with structural and functional differences in their gut microbial communities. Collectively, the data provide evidence of Plin2 regulated intestinal lipid uptake, which contributes to rapid changes in the gut microbial communities implicated in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Microbiome Research Consortium, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elise S. Bales
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jenifer Monks
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- The Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- The Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Diana Ir
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Microbiome Research Consortium, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James L. McManaman
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- The Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 26029209 PMCID: PMC4432792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. Most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. One way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intestinal barrier permeability through activation of various components of the stress system. Although beneficial to meet the demands necessary during stress, increased intestinal barrier permeability also raises the possibility of the translocation of bacteria and their toxins across the intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. In combination with modern life-style factors, the increase in bacteria/bacterial toxin translocation arising from a more permeable intestinal wall causes a low-grade inflammatory state. We support this hypothesis with numerous studies finding associations with NCDs and markers of endotoxemia, suggesting that this process plays a pivotal and perhaps even a causal role in the development of low-grade inflammation and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany ; Natura Foundation , Numansdorp , Netherlands
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47
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Saeedi BJ, Kao DJ, Kitzenberg DA, Dobrinskikh E, Schwisow KD, Masterson JC, Kendrick AA, Kelly CJ, Bayless AJ, Kominsky DJ, Campbell EL, Kuhn KA, Furuta GT, Colgan SP, Glover LE. HIF-dependent regulation of claudin-1 is central to intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2252-62. [PMID: 25904334 PMCID: PMC4462943 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a critical link between hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and claudin-1 (CLDN1). HIF1β-deficient intestinal epithelial cells develop abnormal tight junction (TJ) structure and have striking barrier defects. CLDN1 is an HIF target gene, and overexpression of CLDN1 in HIF1β-deficient cells restores TJ structure and function. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are exposed to profound fluctuations in oxygen tension and have evolved adaptive transcriptional responses to a low-oxygen environment. These adaptations are mediated primarily through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) complex. Given the central role of the IEC in barrier function, we sought to determine whether HIF influenced epithelial tight junction (TJ) structure and function. Initial studies revealed that short hairpin RNA–mediated depletion of the HIF1β in T84 cells resulted in profound defects in barrier and nonuniform, undulating TJ morphology. Global HIF1α chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis identified claudin-1 (CLDN1) as a prominent HIF target gene. Analysis of HIF1β-deficient IEC revealed significantly reduced levels of CLDN1. Overexpression of CLDN1 in HIF1β-deficient cells resulted in resolution of morphological abnormalities and restoration of barrier function. ChIP and site-directed mutagenesis revealed prominent hypoxia response elements in the CLDN1 promoter region. Subsequent in vivo analysis revealed the importance of HIF-mediated CLDN1 expression during experimental colitis. These results identify a critical link between HIF and specific tight junction function, providing important insight into mechanisms of HIF-regulated epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bejan J Saeedi
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Daniel J Kao
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - David A Kitzenberg
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kayla D Schwisow
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Joanne C Masterson
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Agnieszka A Kendrick
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Amanda J Bayless
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eric L Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Louise E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Kallio KAE, Hätönen KA, Lehto M, Salomaa V, Männistö S, Pussinen PJ. Endotoxemia, nutrition, and cardiometabolic disorders. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:395-404. [PMID: 25326898 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Circulating lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), associated with both infection and inflammation, may arise from the gastrointestinal tract microbiota, and the levels may be affected by daily nutrition. We investigated whether nutrient intake affects the association of serum LPS activity with prevalent obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD) and with the risk of incident CHD events. METHODS The nutrition cohort (n = 2,452, mean age ± SD, 52.2 ± 10.1 years) of the FINRISK 1997 Study was followed up for 10 years. Information on macronutrient intake at baseline was collected from 24-h dietary recall. Serum endotoxin activities were determined by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. RESULTS LPS activity was associated directly with the total energy intake and indirectly with carbohydrate intake in lean, healthy subjects. High LPS was significantly associated with prevalent obesity, MetS, diabetes, and CHD events, independently of established risk factors, CRP, and total energy or nutrient intake. The ORs (95 % CI) were 1.49 (1.21-1.85, p < 0.001, Q2-4 vs. Q1) for obesity, 2.56 (1.97-3.32, p < 0.001, Q2-4 vs. Q1) for MetS, 1.94 (1.06-3.52, p = 0.031, Q2-4 vs. Q1) for CHD, and 1.01 (1.00-1.01, p = 0.032, LPS unit) for diabetes. In the follow-up, high LPS was significantly associated with the risk of CHD events with a hazard ratio of 1.88 (1.13-3.12, p = 0.013, Q2-4 vs. Q1). This association was independent of baseline established risk factors, diet, obesity, MetS, and diabetes. CONCLUSION A high serum LPS activity is strongly associated with cardiometabolic disorders, which supports the role of bacterial infections and immune response in their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Elisa Kallio
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 1, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Fogarty CL, Nieminen JK, Peräneva L, Lassenius MI, Ahola AJ, Taskinen MR, Jauhiainen M, Kirveskari J, Pussinen P, Hörkkö S, Mäkinen VP, Gordin D, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Vaarala O, Lehto M. High-fat meals induce systemic cytokine release without evidence of endotoxemia-mediated cytokine production from circulating monocytes or myeloid dendritic cells. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:315-22. [PMID: 25182144 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dietary fats have been shown to promote the translocation of bacterial endotoxins from the gut into circulation, which may induce systemic inflammation and modulate the inflammatory response of circulating immune cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the postprandial milieu on inflammation and the inflammatory response of antigen presenting cells in the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven patients with T1D and eleven nondiabetic controls were recruited as part of the FinnDiane study and given two fatty meals during 1 day. Cytokine responses in monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) as well as serum lipopolysaccharide activity levels, triglyceride concentrations and cytokine concentrations were measured from fasting and postprandial blood samples. RESULTS Postprandially, patients with T1D and controls showed significant increases in eight inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-12 and MIP-1β) without concomitant increase in serum LPS activity. Serum cytokine production was similar in both groups. No postprandial change was seen in the IL-6, TNF-α or IL-1β production of mDCs or monocytes. At fasting, diabetic mDCs exhibited higher LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-1β production than controls. CONCLUSIONS Acute high-fat meals increase circulating cytokines but have no effect on serum lipopolysaccharide activity levels or cytokine production in circulating mDCs or monocytes. Our results suggest that postprandial increase in serum cytokine levels is neither mediated by circulating endotoxins nor the activation of circulating innate cells. The production of high-fat meal-induced inflammatory markers is most likely regulated at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Fogarty
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki (Room C317b), Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
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Flass T, Tong S, Frank DN, Wagner BD, Robertson CE, Kotter CV, Sokol RJ, Zemanick E, Accurso F, Hoffenberg EJ, Narkewicz MR. Intestinal lesions are associated with altered intestinal microbiome and are more frequent in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis and cirrhosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116967. [PMID: 25658710 PMCID: PMC4319904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cirrhosis (CIR) occurs in 5-7% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We hypothesized that alterations in intestinal function in CF contribute to the development of CIR. AIMS Determine the frequency of macroscopic intestinal lesions, intestinal inflammation, intestinal permeability and characterize fecal microbiome in CF CIR subjects and CF subjects with no liver disease (CFnoLIV). METHODS 11 subjects with CFCIR (6 M, 12.8 yrs ± 3.8) and 19 matched with CFnoLIV (10 M, 12.6 yrs ± 3.4) underwent small bowel capsule endoscopy, intestinal permeability testing by urinary lactulose: mannitol excretion ratio, fecal calprotectin determination and fecal microbiome characterization. RESULTS CFCIR and CFnoLIV did not differ in key demographics or CF complications. CFCIR had higher GGT (59±51 U/L vs 17±4 p = 0.02) and lower platelet count (187±126 vs 283±60 p = 0.04) and weight (-0.86 ± 1.0 vs 0.30 ± 0.9 p = 0.002) z scores. CFCIR had more severe intestinal mucosal lesions on capsule endoscopy (score ≥4, 4/11 vs 0/19 p = 0.01). Fecal calprotectin was similar between CFCIR and CFnoLIV (166 μg/g ±175 vs 136 ± 193 p = 0.58, nl <120). Lactulose:mannitol ratio was elevated in 27/28 subjects and was slightly lower in CFCIR vs CFnoLIV (0.08±0.02 vs 0.11±0.05, p = 0.04, nl ≤0.03). Small bowel transit time was longer in CFCIR vs CFnoLIV (195±42 min vs 167±68 p<0.001, nl 274 ± 41). Bacteroides were decreased in relative abundance in CFCIR and were associated with lower capsule endoscopy score whereas Clostridium were more abundant in CFCIR and associated with higher capsule endoscopy score. CONCLUSIONS CFCIR is associated with increased intestinal mucosal lesions, slower small bowel transit time and alterations in fecal microbiome. Abnormal intestinal permeability and elevated fecal calprotectin are common in all CF subjects. Disturbances in intestinal function in CF combined with changes in the microbiome may contribute to the development of hepatic fibrosis and intestinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Flass
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Suhong Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brandie D. Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Vogel Kotter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Edith Zemanick
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Frank Accurso
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Hoffenberg
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Narkewicz
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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