Combined effects of loneliness and diabetes mellitus on disability incidence among older Japanese adults

BACKGROUND

Developed countries worldwide face the challenge of aging populations in which loneliness is problematic, leading to mental and physical health issues. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause decreased physical activity, reduced functioning, and depressive symptoms. However, how interactions between loneliness and DM influence health outcomes remains unclear. We aimed to determine the effects of loneliness and DM-related complications on the incidence of disability among older individuals.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the Japanese National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Study of Geriatric Syndromes for community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years without initial long-term care needs. Loneliness was assessed using the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, and DM status was determined based on medical history obtained through face-to-face interviews. Disability incidence was identified by monthly tracking of certifications under the Japanese long-term care insurance system. The combined effect of DM and loneliness on care needs was examined using Cox proportional hazard regression models.

RESULTS

Among 5,160 participants, 298 (5.8 %) developed incident disabilities within 24 months. Cox models adjusted for potential confounders revealed a significantly increased disability risk among persons with DM and loneliness. Having DM without loneliness and vice versa were not significant risk factors for disability incidence compared with having neither.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of loneliness with DM was a risk factor for disability development among community-dwelling older adults. Loneliness and DM might be interrelated and associated with disability development, suggesting that support along with assessments of mental health and illness might help to avoid disability in this population.

Does the community service environment affect the willingness of older adults people to socialize for older adults care?

Population ageing is a significant trend in social development and will remain a fundamental national condition in China for the foreseeable future. Socialized older adults care has become a crucial strategy for China to address population ageing. However, the current levels of acceptance and willingness to seek socialized older adults care among older adults are relatively low. This study focuses on examining how the community environment and services influence older adults people's willingness to engage in social activities related to older adults care. Using data from the China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey (CLASS) (N = 9,657), this study investigated the impact of the community service environment on older adults people's willingness to participate in social activities related to older adults care through a logit model. The study revealed that 9.15% of older adults (N = 9,657) in China are willing to engage in social activities related to older adults care. Furthermore, the individual characteristics and family support of older adults play a significant role in shaping their willingness to engage in older adults care. The provision of medical services, daily care services, and entertainment venues by the community positively influence older adults people's willingness to participate in social activities related to older adults care (p < 0.01), whereas psychological counselling services have a negative impact (p < 0.01). The impact of community services on older adults people's willingness to engage in social activities related to older adults care varies due to factors such as smoking and chronic diseases. These findings provide valuable insights for improving older adults' social engagement in China.

Which support is provided in which country? Patterns among older adults in Europe

This paper proposes comparative research on support provided outside the household by older adults in Europe. In studying social support, the network perspective is widely used, investigating, in particular, the ego-centered support networks of individuals. The analysis is based on data from Wave 7 of the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). It examines the characteristics of ego-support networks of individuals aged 65 and over in 12 European countries, which are grouped into a novel welfare regime typology. Through Multiple Correspondence Analysis, we jointly looked into the categorical variables describing the recipients (alters) of the support provided by older adults and the welfare regime classification. As a main result, countries grouped in "High degree of familialism by default" category specialized in supporting family-related alters, particularly with childcare or personal care. In contrast, the elders in countries belonging to "High degree of de-familialisation" typology provided a more varied but less demanding support, to non-relatives alters and less oriented to care. The analyses show that the SHARE provides a solid opportunity to face the topic.

Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: the importance of social support in midlife women

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine sex differences in factors associated with mood and anxiety in midlife men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

During a remote visit, 312 adults aged 40-60 years (167 female; 23.6% perimenopausal) from the Human Connectome Project in Aging completed PROMIS measures of depression, anxiety and anger/irritability; perceived stress; and questions about social support, financial stress and menopause stage. Multivariate linear regression models assessed sex differences in mental health and the association of social support, financial stress and menopause stage with mental health.

RESULTS

Anxiety was higher in women than in men (b = 2.39, p = 0.02). For women only, decreased social support was associated with increased anxiety (b = -2.26, p = 0.002), anger/irritability (b = -1.89, p = 0.02) and stress (b = -1.67, p = 0.002). For women only, not having close family was associated with increased depressive symptoms (b = -6.60, p = 0.01) and stress (b = -7.03, p < 0.001). For both sexes, having children was associated with lower depressive symptoms (b = -3.08, p = 0.002), anxiety (b = -1.93, p = 0.07), anger/irritability (b = -2.73, p = 0.02) and stress (b = -1.44, p = 0.07). Menopause stage was unrelated to mental health.

CONCLUSION

Social support, but not financial stress, influenced mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic at midlife, particularly for women.

Understanding Female and Male Insights in Psychology: Who Thinks What?

Evolutionary psychology is the study of human psychological behavior. During childhood, men and women behave similarly; however, as a child approaches puberty, new physical and behavioral changes emerge. Behavioral psychology focuses on understanding the functioning and thought processes of the human mind. The general population lacks knowledge of basic behavioral differences between men and women, leaving them unaware of their role, limitations, societal responsibilities, resulting in an underestimation of their own natural talents and biology. Thus, people tend to follow societal norms rather than exploring and utilizing their natural talents. The current review was designed and conducted to enforce compression on behavioral psychology in both genders as well as to identify variations in hormonal activity and sexual preferences.

Psychological well-being and factors affecting it after the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has enormously impacted human activity worldwide, partly due to many governments issuing stay-at-home orders and limiting the types of social interactions citizens can engage in. Hence, this study investigated psychological well-being and factors affecting it after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A total of 345 participants were recruited in the study. This research was conducted between February and May 2023 in Sarab, East Azerbaijan, Iran. To measure the data, valid and reliable instruments of Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC), interpersonal support evaluation list (ISEL-SF), and health-protective behaviors checklist instrument were used.

Results

According to the results, health locus of control (r = 0.227; p < 0.001), social support (r = 0.339; p < 0.001), and COVID-19 preventive behaviors (r = 0.376; p < 0.001) were positively correlated with psychological well-being. The strongest correlation was observed between psychological well-being and protective behaviors (r = 0.376; p < 0.001). In the hierarchical regression model, total, demographic characteristics along with health locus of control, social support, covid-19 preventive behaviors, and history of COVID-19 infection were able to explain 57.4% of the variation in psychological well-being.

Discussion

Public healthcare providers' and policymakers' preventive and supportive actions are highly advised for promoting health locus of control and social support in adults after the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, it is better to include a community's social and environmental changes.

Social network investment of men: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with mental health problems

Internationally, there is growing attention on links between social isolation and mental health problems. Here, we use unique Australian longitudinal data to investigate associations between adult men's (n = 507; age M = 29.90, SD = 1.31) social network investments and their concurrent and subsequent mental health problems. In linear regressions, using generalised estimating equations (GEEs), we examined associations between social network investment (time with friends, network size and various activities with friends) and mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) across five timepoints. Models were adjusted for waves of outcome and potential confounders. Cross-sectionally, each social network investment variable, except for drinking with friends, was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Men's extended friendship network size and sharing a meal with friends were negatively associated with concurrent anxiety and stress. Time spent and physical activity with friends was also negatively associated with concurrent stress. In longitudinal analyses, after adjusting for prior depressive symptoms, only the number of friends in close and extended networks remained protective against depressive symptoms 1 year later. Results did not differ by fatherhood or relationship status. Programs designed to strengthen men's investment in social networks are recommended to reduce men's depressive symptoms.

Depressive symptoms and social support among Australian men: A 7-year longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

Mental health disorders are ranked globally as the single largest contributor to non-fatal ill-health. Social support can be a means of reducing and managing depression. However, depression can also impact on a person's level of social support.

OBJECTIVE

As men typically have fewer sources of social support than females, this study investigated the bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and perceived levels of social support among Australian males, aged 18-63.

METHODS

Three waves of panel data from Ten to Men: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health collected over 7 years (2013-2020) were used. A random intercept cross-lagged panel analysis with 5112 participants was undertaken. Mediating effects and indirect and total effects for lagged and cross-lagged pathways were also examined.

RESULTS

Over time, greater social support was found to be associated with lower depression levels, and simultaneously greater levels of depression was found to be associated with lower levels of social support. Standardised cross-lagged effects between waves were mostly similar (β = 0.10). However, mediation analyses identified that only the total effect size of the association for depression at wave 1 predicting social support at wave 3 (β = -0.29) was significant. Mediated effects of social support at wave 1 predicting depression at wave 3 were not significant.

LIMITATIONS

These include the number of years between each wave, and data were collected during the COVID pandemic.

CONCLUSION

The study provides robust longitudinal evidence supporting the notion that social support and depression are both a cause and consequence of the other. However, the long-term effects of depression reducing social support were longer lasting than the effects of social support reducing depression.

Differential network interactions between psychosocial factors, mental health, and health-related quality of life in women and men

Psychosocial factors affect mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in a complex manner, yet gender differences in these interactions remain poorly understood. We investigated whether psychosocial factors such as social support and personal and work-related concerns impact mental health and HRQL differentially in women and men during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Between June and October 2020, the first part of a COVID-19-specific program was conducted within the "Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB)" cohort study, a representative age- and gender-stratified sample of the general population of Würzburg, Germany. Using psychometric networks, we first established the complex relations between personal social support, personal and work-related concerns, and their interactions with anxiety, depression, and HRQL. Second, we tested for gender differences by comparing expected influence, edge weight differences, and stability of the networks. The network comparison revealed a significant difference in the overall network structure. The male (N = 1370) but not the female network (N = 1520) showed a positive link between work-related concern and anxiety. In both networks, anxiety was the most central variable. These findings provide further evidence that the complex interplay of psychosocial factors with mental health and HRQL decisively depends on gender. Our results are relevant for the development of gender-specific interventions to increase resilience in times of pandemic crisis.

Gender-specific social support and resilience in nontraditional female college students

Female college students report higher rates of stress than their male peers. Ineffective stress management contributes to a variety of concerning health outcomes. A number of factors have been shown to promote resilience to stress, such as experiencing positive social support. Few studies have examined if gender-specific social support impacts resilience. The present study investigates if gender-specific social support uniquely contributes to resilience among nontraditional college female students. Participants (N = 57) aged 21 to 54 completed an online survey assessing resilience and perceived social support from females and males. Participants with higher levels of perceived female social support reported higher levels of resilience than those with lower levels of perceived female social support. Perceived male social support was not significantly related to resilience when examined in conjunction with perceived female social support. These findings suggest that perceived female social support may uniquely contribute to resilience in nontraditional female students.

Anxiety and depression in thymoma patients in China before surgery

BACKGROUND

The study's goal was to investigate the percentage of anxiety and depression in Chinese thymoma patients before surgery, and also the factors that influence it.

METHODS

The study included patients who had an anterior mediastinal mass discovered by chest CT and were scheduled for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The mental health rating scales were completed by all patients before surgery. Patients were divided into two groups based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): anxiety/depression and non-anxiety/depression. The association between thymoma clinical factors and the HADS score was studied statistically.

RESULTS

The study comprised eighty patients with thymoma. Before the operation, 22.5% (18/80) of the patients had anxiety and/or depression. The resigned coping style characteristics, along with myasthenia gravis (MG), were associated with preoperative anxiety and depression. The greater the score of the resigned dimension, the greater the risk of anxiety and depression, based on the results of logical regression analysis. Thymoma patients with myasthenia gravis have a higher risk of anxiety and depression.

CONCLUSION

Patients with myasthenia gravis and resigned coping style were found to have higher anxiety and depression before surgery for Chinese thymoma patients.

The filial piety paradox: Receiving social support from children can be negatively associated with quality of life

RATIONALE

Despite strong norms of filial obligation in Asian countries, little is known about whether child-provided support promotes older adults' well-being.

OBJECTIVE

This study sought to examine whether and how the source (e.g., child/non-child providers) and the form (e.g., financial, instrumental) of received social support are associated with older adults' quality of life.

METHODS

Data are from two waves of a longitudinal survey of older adults in Singapore (N = 2887). Two-wave mediation analyses were conducted to determine associations of the source and form of received social support with quality of life, and the extent to which personal mastery mediated these associations.

RESULTS

We find that, although receiving financial assistance from more children promotes older men's quality of life, older women's quality of life is eroded when receiving housework help from more children. These relationships are partially mediated through increase (for men) or decline (for women) in personal mastery.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that both the form and source of help provided to older adults matter. Receiving social support from children may not always benefit older adults - more attention is needed on how best to support older adults while giving them sufficient control to maintain a high quality of life.

"Appreciate the Little Things": A Qualitative Survey of Men's Coping Strategies and Mental Health Impacts During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a suite of circumstances that will simultaneously affect mental health and mobilize coping strategies in response. Building on a lack of research specifically exploring men's mental health impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study presents the results of a qualitative survey exploring men's self-reported aspects of the pandemic giving rise to mental health challenges, alongside their diverse coping strategies applied during this time. The sample comprised 555 men from North America (age M = 38.8 years; SD = 13.5 years), who participated via an online survey with two open-ended qualitative questions assessing, respectively, the aspects of the pandemic affecting their mental health, and the strategies used to manage these challenges. Free-text responses were coded using inductive content analysis. Results pertaining to the mental health impacts of COVID-19 were categorized into two overarching themes: far-reaching ramifications of COVID-19 encompassing consequences for lifestyle, work, and functioning, alongside novel anxieties related to health risks and daily uncertainty. In addition, coping strategies reported were categorized into two broad themes: efforts to avoid, dull or distract oneself from distress, alongside adapting and doing things differently, which encompassed largely approach-oriented efforts to flexibly ameliorate distress. Results signal the far-reaching impacts of COVID-19, alongside profound flexibility and diverse enactments of resilience among men in adapting to unprecedented challenges. Findings have implications for mental health promotion that should aim to leverage men's adaptive coping to encourage opportunities for social connectedness in response to the mental health impacts of the various psychosocial challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Psychosocial trajectories before and after spousal loss: Does gender matter?

RATIONALE

Prior studies have suggested that spousal loss can have negative impacts on widowed persons' lives. However, few studies have examined whether time since spousal loss is related to changes in psychosocial outcomes and there are gender differences in psychosocial trajectories in response to spousal loss.

OBJECTIVE

This study examines the psychosocial trajectories (depressive symptoms and social engagement) of widowed individuals before and after spousal death. This study also investigates whether psychosocial adjustment trajectories, among individuals who experienced spousal loss, are gendered.

METHODS

This study uses data from 685 middle- and older-aged adults over seven waves (4284 person-observations) of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing spanning 12 years between 2006 and 2018. This study estimates fixed effects models to account for observed and unobserved individual-level heterogeneity. Gender-stratified fixed effects regression models are used to investigate whether psychosocial changes associated with spousal loss differ by gender.

RESULTS

Psychosocial adjustment to spousal loss is strikingly gendered. Among men, depressive symptoms began to increase within the first year following spousal loss and continued through the fourth and subsequent years. In contrast, depressive symptoms among widows did not change significantly during and after bereavement. Similar patterns were found for social engagement. Among men, a decrease in frequency of social interactions and participation in social activities was found from the first year of spousal loss to the fourth and subsequent years. No such patterns were found for women.

CONCLUSION

Spousal loss is a life event that spurs tremendous psychosocial changes for widowed people. This study suggests that spousal loss-associated psychosocial changes occur over a long period of time and are greater in men than in women.

Non-Spousal Support, Marital Status, and Mortality Risk

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the association between non-spousal support and mortality risk differs by marital status.

METHODS

Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N = 2460), we estimate a series of logistic regression models to assess how non-spousal support moderates the relationship between marital status and mortality across a 5-year period.

RESULTS

Never married respondents who had minimal perceived access to non-spousal support had a greater probability of death compared to married respondents with similar levels of non-spousal support. The disparity in mortality risk between these two groups disappeared when non-spousal support was high.

DISCUSSION

Although family and friends play an important role in mortality risk in later life, these findings suggest that never married older adults exhibit a heightened dependence on support from non-spousal sources. Future research and policies should explore ways in which never married older adults can be integrated into a supportive social environment.

Expressive Flexibility and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Social Support and Gender Differences

Recent research has emphasized the crucial role of expressive flexibility in mental health. This study extended prior studies by further exploring the mediating mechanism and possible gender differences underlying the association between expressive flexibility and mental health indexed by depression and life satisfaction based on the dual-factor model of mental health. Specifically, we explored whether social support mediated the association between expressive flexibility and depression as well as life satisfaction, and whether there were gender differences in these relationships. A total of 711 voluntary college students (mean age = 20.98 years, SD = 2.28; 55.70% women) completed a set of scales assessing expressive flexibility, perceived social support, depression, and life satisfaction. Results showed that expressive flexibility had a positive direct effect on life satisfaction and social support mediated this association. Social support also mediated the relationship between expressive flexibility and depression. The mediation effect of social support was robust and consistent in men and women whereas expressive flexibility had a stronger direct effect on depression in women compared to men. The present study contributes to clarifying the relationship between expressive flexibility and mental health from a more comprehensive perspective. Last, the strengths and limitations of this study were discussed.

Biological and Psychological Stress Correlates Are Linked to Glucose Metabolism, Obesity, and Gender Roles in Women

OBJECTIVES

Psychological stress affects central as well as peripheral metabolism and hormone trafficking via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stress thereby plays a decisive role in the etiology and progression of overweight and obesity, leading to several chronic diseases, such as diabetes, and mental health disorders. The interplay of biological and psychometric correlates of stress, anthropometric, immunological, and metabolic parameters and psychosocial factors such as gender roles, however, remains poorly understood.

METHODS

In this exploratory study, 43 healthy women were assessed for glucose metabolism by an oral glucose tolerance test and computation of functional parameters for insulin secretion, sensitivity, and resistance. Further, the fatty liver index (FLI) and anthropometric parameters body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, and lean mass were assessed. Psychological stress assessment included the "Brief Symptom Inventory" (BSI), the "Burnout Dimensions Inventory" (BODI), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Biological stress response was evaluated with heart rate variability and cortisol levels. Finally, gender role self-identification was assessed with the "Bem Sex-Role Inventory" (BSRI). Generalized linear models were computed for exploratory association with psychometric outcome. Uncorrected p values are reported.

RESULTS

Burnout and PSS scores were associated with insulin secretion, sputum cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anthropometric measures, and gender role. BSI ratings for psychiatric symptom dimensions were associated with insulin resistance, sex hormones, anthropometric measures, and gender role. Female self-identification was associated with higher BMI as well as body fat and a higher FLI.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the increased risk of unfavorable metabolic, cardiovascular, and also mental health outcome in obese women, a higher BMI in women with predominant female gender self-identification may be relevant for clinical risk assessment. The broad range of interacting biological, psychological, and gender-related parameters calls for an integrative management of both mental and endocrinological health. However, the exploratory nature of the study requires replication in larger samples before definite conclusion can be drawn.

Mental well-being and social support perceptions of nurses working in a Covid-19 pandemic hospital

PURPOSE

This study was conducted to determine the mental well-being and social support perceptions of nurses working in a Covid-19 pandemic hospital.

DESIGN AND METHODS

This study used a cross sectional design. The sample included 333 volunteer nurses.

FINDINGS

Based on the marital and income statuses of the nurses, there was a significant difference between the multidimensional scale of perceived social support family subscale (p < 0.05). There was a positive, weakly significant relationship between the nurses' mental well-being and their perception of social support (r = 0.381; p < 0.05).

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

In conclusion, protective measures must be increased and social networks must be promoted to increase the mental well-being and social support levels of nurses.

Consequences of pandemic-associated social restrictions: Role of social support and the oxytocin system

During pandemics, governments take drastic actions to prevent the spreading of the disease, as seen during the present COVID-19 crisis. Sanctions of lockdown, social distancing and quarantine urge people to exclusively work and teach at home and to restrict social contacts to a minimum; lonely people get into further isolation, while families` nerves are strained to the extreme. Overall, this results in a dramatic and chronic increase in the level of psychosocial stress over several months mainly caused by i) social isolation and ii) psychosocial stress associated with overcrowding, social tension in families, and domestic violence. Moreover, pandemic-associated social restrictions are accompanied by loss of an essential stress buffer and important parameter for general mental and physical health: social support. Chronic psychosocial stress and, in particular, social isolation and lack of social support affect not only mental health, but also the brain oxytocin system and the immune system. Hence, pandemic-associated social restrictions are expected to increase the risk of developing psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety-related and posttraumatic stress disorders, on the one hand, but also to induce a general inflammatory state and to impair the course of infectious disorders on the other. Due to its pro-social and stress-buffering effects, resulting in an anti-inflammatory state in case of disease, the role of the neuropeptide oxytocin will be discussed and critically considered as an emerging treatment option in cases of pandemic-induced psychosocial stress, viral infection and during recovery. In this review, we aim to critically focus on possible short- and long-term consequences of social restrictions on mental health and the immune system, while discussion oxytocin as a possible treatment option.

Factors Affecting Aggressiveness among Young Teenage Girls: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Adolescence is a period of transition for developmental and social domains that may also be accompanied by behavioral problems. Aggressive behavior may be a mental health concern for young teens and is defined as a behavioral and emotional trait that may be distressing for others. This study aimed to understand the factors associated with aggressiveness among young teenage girls. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 707 female middle school-aged students using multistage random sampling in Tabriz, Iran. The variables of interest were aggressiveness, general health status, happiness, social acceptance, and feelings of loneliness. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. Low parental support, low satisfaction with body image, high sense of loneliness, and lower perceived social acceptance were found to be the factors influencing aggressiveness. The current study found that the school environment, home environment, individual and interpersonal factors all play a part in aggressiveness. As a result, the contributing elements must be considered when creating and executing successful interventions to improve this population's psychological well-being.

Predictors of Depressive Symptoms and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Women Engaged in Commercial Sex Work in Southern Uganda

This study examined the factors associated with depressive symptoms and post traumatic depressive disorder (PTSD) among economically vulnerable women engaged in commercial sex work (WESW) in southern Uganda. Baseline data from a longitudinal cluster randomized study involving 542 self-identified WESW (18-55 years), recruited from 19 HIV hotspots were analyzed. Hierarchical linear regression modelling was utilized to estimate individual, family-level and economic-level predictors of depressive symptoms and PTSD. Family cohesion, sex work stigma, HIV status, financial distress, household assets, number of children and number of household income earners, were associated with PTSD. Similarly, family cohesion, number of people in the household, HIV status, sex work stigma, financial distress, and household assets, were associated with depressive symptoms. Women engaged in commercial sex work are at a higher risk of HIV and poor mental health outcomes. Sex work stigma and financial distress elevate levels of depressive symptoms and PTSD, over and above an individual's HIV status. Family and economic-level factors have the potential to mitigate the risk of poor mental health outcomes. As such, integrating stigma reduction and economic strengthening components in the programming targeting WESW-a key population, may be critical to address their mental health outcomes.

The Interaction of Personality and Social Support on Prospective Suicidal Ideation in Men and Women With Late-Life Depression

OBJECTIVE

Evidence suggests a cross-sectional association between personality traits and suicidal ideation in LLD. Yet, it is unclear how personality may influence suicidal ideation over time in LLD, or whether such an association would be moderated by psychosocial and biological individual differences. The present study had three aims: 1) to examine whether personality traits increase suicidal ideation in LLD over time, 2) to understand whether this relationship is influenced by subjective social support, and 3) to determine whether the potential relationship between social support, personality, and suicidal ideation is different for men and women.

DESIGN

Participants were enrolled in the Duke University Neurocognitive Outcomes of Depression in the Elderly (NCODE), a longitudinal investigation of the predictors of poor illness course in LLD. Patients were initially enrolled in the NCODE study between December 1994 and June 2000 and were followed for an average of six years.

SETTING

NCODE operates in a naturalistic treatment milieu.

PARTICIPANTS

One hundred twelve participants aged 60 and older with a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder.

MEASUREMENTS

Annual assessments of depression, suicidal ideation, and social support (measured with the Duke Social Support Index). Participants also completed the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) providing measures of the five major personality dimensions (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness).

RESULTS

Univariate logistic generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) analyses revealed that higher levels of depression at baseline, less subjective social support, higher neuroticism, and lower extraversion were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal ideation over time. While the relationship between these dimensions and suicidal ideation were no longer significant in multivariate analyses, there was a significant moderating effect of social support on the association between suicidal ideation and certain neuroticism and extraversion personality facets. Decreased subjective social support was associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal ideation in LLD patients with high (but not low) impulsiveness and low (but not high) gregariousness and positive emotions. Across all models, social support was beneficial to women, but not men, in decreasing the likelihood of future suicidal ideation.

CONCLUSION

Changes in social support may contribute to suicidal ideation in older depressed adults with certain personality traits. Irrespective of personality traits, changes in social support had a significant effect on the suicidal ideation of women but not men. These relationships were apparent even when controlling for depression severity, age, and history of suicide attempt.

Gender Differences in the Impact of Intergenerational Support on Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults in Korea

Background: This study examined the relationship between intergenerational support patterns and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Korea. Methods: A nationally representative survey of non-institutionalized, community-dwelling older adults in Korea was used. A total of 7531 older adults (3592 men and 3939 women) was included in the analysis. Results: We observed gender differences in the impact of financial support exchanges on depressive symptoms. A lack of mutual financial support significantly increased the risk of depressive symptoms by 3.83 times (95% CI 2.34–6.24) in men and 1.73 times (95% CI 1.06–2.83) in women. Men who received financial support were more likely to experience depressive symptoms (OR (Odds Ratio), 1.81, 95% CI 1.36–2.42), whereas women who provided financial support were more likely to experience depressive symptoms (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.21–6.56). The lack of an exchange of emotional support was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in both men (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.17–1.90) and women (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.50–2.34). Conclusions: We discuss the evidence of gender differences in intergenerational support exchange patterns and their impact on depressive symptoms within the context of Korean cultures and suggest that future research should be conducted on gender differences in the impact of intergenerational support on mental health across diverse societies.

Social support and mental health among health care workers during Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak: A moderated mediation model

Purposes

During the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) all over the world, the mental health conditions of health care workers are of great importance to ensure the efficiency of rescue operations. The current study examined the effect of social support on mental health of health care workers and its underlying mechanisms regarding the mediating role of resilience and moderating role of age during the epidemic.

Methods

Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) were administrated among 1472 health care workers from Jiangsu Province, China during the peak period of COVID-19 outbreak. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the mediation effect of resilience on the relation between social support and mental health, whereas moderated mediation analysis was performed by Hayes PROCESS macro.

Results

The findings showed that resilience could partially mediate the effect of social support on mental health among health care workers. Age group moderated the indirect relationship between social support and mental health via resilience. Specifically, compared with younger health care workers, the association between resilience and mental health would be attenuated in the middle-aged workers.

Conclusions

The results add knowledge to previous literature by uncovering the underlying mechanisms between social support and mental health. The present study has profound implications for mental health services for health care workers during the peak period of COVID-19.

Developing the perceived social support scale for older adults: A mixed-method study

Social support has an important impact on the well-being of the elderly. Some studies have shown that perceived social support is more important than received social support. Perceived social support has different definitions across different age groups and cultures. So, this sequential exploratory mixed-method study was designed to develop and validate a perceived social support scale for community-dwelling elderly. In the qualitative phase, the perspectives of the elderly on perceived social support were defined through directed content analysis. Then, an extensive item pool was designed based on the elderly's perception and review of the literature. In the quantitative phase, the validity (content, face, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency, stability) of the newly developed scale was assessed using the sampling of five hundred elderly. The final scale consists of 34 items with domains of “emotional support”, “practical support”, “spiritual support”, “negative interactions” and “satisfaction with support received” that explained 58% of the total variance of the scale. The internal consistency varied from Cronbach's α = 0.70 to 0.87 for the subscales and as 0.92 for the whole scale. The study showed that the scale as a valid and reliable instrument can be used for the proper measurement of perceived social support among the elderly.

Factors Associated With HIV Disclosure and HIV-Related Stigma Among Adolescents Living With HIV in Southwestern Uganda

HIV-related stigma has been documented as one of the greatest obstacles to reducing HIV spread, engagement in HIV treatment, and poor mental health functioning among people living with HIV (PLWH). Although disclosure is important for people to receive social support, the fear of stigma and discrimination prevents PLWH from disclosing their status. For children and adolescents growing up with HIV -with no opportunity for normal transition through adolescence due to stigma, it is important to identify additional family and community support systems, to improve their acceptance and health outcomes, including mental health functioning. This study examined family communication and social support factors associated with HIV disclosure and HIV-related stigma among children and adolescents living with HIV in Uganda. Baseline data from an NICHD-funded Suubi+Adherence study (N=702) were analyzed. Adolescents (10-16 years) were eligible to participate if they were: 1) HIV positive and knew their HIV status, 2) prescribed antiretroviral therapy, 3) lived within a family, not an institution, and 4) enrolled in one of the 39 health centers in the study area. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine family communication (frequency and level of comfort communicating with caregiver), social support (perceived child-caregiver support and social support from classmates, close friends, teachers, and caregivers), associated with HIV disclosure, disclosure comfort, and HIV internalized and anticipated stigma. Results show that level of comfort communicating with a caregiver was significantly associated with how often children discussed their HIV status with other people (B = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.03, p = 0.04), and level of HIV disclosure comfort (B = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.13, p < 0.01). In addition, support from within the school environment, i.e., from teachers and classmates, was uniquely associated with both HIV disclosure and HIV-related stigma. Findings point to schools as potential for implementing HIV stigma-reduction programs. In addition, programming aimed at improving HIV care and treatment outcomes for adolescents living with HIV should consider incorporating both family communication strengthening and HIV-stigma reduction strategies in their efforts, in order to improve HIV health-related outcomes, including overall mental health functioning of HIV positive adolescents.

Social support and depression among community dwelling older adults in Asia: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

This review aims to: (1) explore the social support measures in studies examining the association between social support and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Asia and (2) the evidence of association.

DESIGN

A systematic review was conducted using electronic databases of CINAHL, PubMed, PsychINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, SocINDEX and Web of Science for articles published until the 11th of January 2018.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

All observational studies investigating the association between social support and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Asia were included.

PARTICIPANTS

Older adults aged 60 years and more who are living in the community.

EXPOSURE MEASURES

Social support.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Depression.

RESULTS

We retrieved16 356 records and screened 66 full-text articles. Twenty-four observational studies were included in the review. They consisted of five cohort studies and 19 cross-sectional studies. Social support was found to be measured by multiple components, most commonly through a combination of structural and functional constructs. Perceived social support is more commonly measured compared with received social support. Good overall social support, having a spouse or partner, living with family, having a large social network, having more contact with family and friends, having emotional and instrumental support, good support from family and satisfaction with social support are associated with less depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults in Asia.

CONCLUSIONS

There were 20 different social support measures and we applied a framework to allow for better comparability. Our findings emphasised the association between good social support and decrease depression among older adults. Compared with western populations, family support has a greater influence on depression among community-dwelling older adults in Asia. This indicates that the family institution needs to be incorporated into designed programmes and interventions when addressing depression in the Asian context. TRIAL : registration number : CRD42017074897.

Social Network Position Moderates the Relationship between Late-life Depressive Symptoms and Memory Differently in Men and Women

Late-life depression has been considered to be associated with memory deficits and hippocampal volume reduction. Considering that not all depression patients undergo the same amount of cognitive impairment or regional brain volume loss, moderating factors such as complex mental activity and social activity have been examined to assess whether these factors attenuate the detrimental impact of depressive symptoms on cognitive function and regional brain volume. However, the premise that a cognitively stimulating experience may modify the association between depressive symptoms and memory or hippocampal volume has not been investigated using social network data, which would reflect individuals' concrete characteristic of everyday social activity. In a social network, a brokerage position which connects two otherwise unconnected others demands mental and physical efforts. Using complete social network data in an entire village in South Korea, we examined whether opportunities for brokerage in social networks alter the negative association between depressive symptoms and episodic memory function or hippocampal volume in older adults. Initially, 125 participants were included in the analysis involving episodic memory function. Then, of which 65 participants completed the MRI scan, and were included in the subsequent analysis containing the hippocampal volume. Furthermore, we investigated the gender-specific effect of brokerage based on the previously reported gender difference in the effect of social networks. We found a gender-specific moderating effect of brokerage. For men, a large opportunity for brokerage weakened the negative association between depressive symptoms and memory performance and left hippocampal volume. In contrast, women showed that a large opportunity for brokerage was not beneficial for assuaging the impact of depressive symptoms on memory performance and hippocampal volume. In women, the opportunity for brokerage was positively associated with the detrimental impact of depressive symptoms on memory performance and hippocampal volume. Our findings suggest that occupying a bridging position in a social network may minimize the impact of depressive symptoms on memory function and hippocampal volume among older men, whereas the opposite holds true for older women.

The differential effects of type and frequency of social participation on IADL declines of older people

BACKGROUND

Although social participation (SP) is valid in active aging, it is vague which types and the frequency of SP are effective in maintaining instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). We conducted a community-based prospective cohort study and investigated the association of the types and frequency for SP with IADL decline in community-dwelling older adults.

METHODS

The target population were all individuals aged ≥65 living in a commuter town in Nara, Japan. A total of 6,013 participants with independent IADL at baseline were analyzed. IADL was assessed using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. Six SP types were assessed: volunteer groups, sports groups, hobby clubs, senior citizens' clubs, neighborhood community associations, and cultural clubs. The frequency of SP was categorized into frequent (i.e., weekly or more), moderate (i.e., monthly or yearly), and non-participation. Using multiple logistic regression models, the odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for IADL decline were calculated. Covariates included age, marital status, education, subjective economic status, work status, body mass index, chronic medical conditions (i.e., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease), lifestyle factors (i.e., alcohol, smoking, and exercise), self-rated health, depression, and cognitive functioning. To examine gender differences, stratified analyses by gender were performed.

RESULTS

During the 33-month follow-up, 16.4% of men and 8.7% of women exhibited IADL decline. After adjustment for all covariates, compared to those who never participated, women with moderate participation had significantly lower odds of IADL decline in volunteer groups (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31-0.88), hobby clubs (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.38-0.79), neighborhood community associations (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42-0.81), and cultural clubs (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.31-0.82), and women with frequent participation had lower odds of IADL decline in hobby clubs (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43-0.93). In contrast, among men, the significant association between SP and less risk of IADL decline was limited to moderate participation in neighborhood community associations (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63-0.99), and there were no differences between frequent participation and non-participation in all types of SP. Regarding volunteer groups, compared to women with frequent participation, women with moderate participation had a significantly lower risk of IADL decline (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.18-0.77). The results of additional stratified analyses by self-rated health, depression, and cognitive functioning showed that the associations of the type and frequency of SP with IADL decline varied according to physical and mental functioning.

CONCLUSIONS

Several types of SP have a favorable effect on IADL through moderate participation rather than frequent participation, and women with moderate participation in volunteer groups have a more beneficial effect on IADL than women with frequent participation. When advising community-dwelling older adults on SP for IADL maintenance, health professionals may need to take into account plateau effects, gender differences, and physical and mental functioning.

Masculinity, Social Connectedness, and Mental Health: Men's Diverse Patterns of Practice

Men’s mental health has remained undertheorized, particularly in terms of the gendered nature of men’s social relations. While the importance of social connections and strong supportive networks for improving mental health and well-being is well documented, we know little about men’s social support networks or how men go about seeking or mobilizing social support. An in-depth understanding of the gendered nature of men’s social connections and the ways in which the interplay between masculinity and men’s social connections can impact men’s mental health is needed. Fifteen life history interviews were undertaken with men in the community. A theoretical framework of gender relations was used to analyze the men’s interviews. The findings provide rich insights into men’s diverse patterns of practice in regards to seeking or mobilizing social support. While some men differentiated between their social connections with men and women, others experienced difficulties in mobilizing support from existing connections. Some men maintained a desire to be independent, rejecting the need for social support, whereas others established support networks from which they could actively seek support. Overall, the findings suggest that patterns of social connectedness among men are diverse, challenging the social science literature that frames all men’s social relationships as being largely instrumental, and men as less able and less interested than women in building emotional and supportive relationships with others. The implications of these findings for promoting men’s social connectedness and mental health are discussed.

Associations between the structural and functional aspects of social relations and poor mental health: a cross-sectional register study

Background

Social relations influence mental health through different pathways. To capture the complexity of social relations, it is beneficial to consider both the structural (e.g., reachability of social network and social integration) and functional (e.g., instrumental and emotional support) aspects of the concept. Both aspects are rarely investigated simultaneously. This study aimed to examine the association between the structural and functional aspects of social relations and poor mental health.

Methods

The study was designed as a cross-sectional register study. We used data on mental health and social relations from 15,839 individuals aged 16–92 years with a mean age of 49.0 years (SD 17.9) who responded to The North Denmark Region Health Survey 2013 among residents in Northern Jutland, Denmark. The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey measured mental health; a cut-off point of 44.5 was used to dichotomize participants into poor and good mental health. The categorization of social relations was inspired by Berkman et al.’s conceptual model of social relations and health. The analyses were performed with survey logistic regression.

Results

We found that 21.6% (n = 3422) of participants reported poor mental health, and 59% (n = 2020) of these were women. Being in contact with family and friends less than once a month statistically significantly increased the risk for poor mental health (Family OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.51–2.10 and Friends OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 2.30–3.06). The individuals who were not in contact with their network as often as they liked had a significantly higher risk for poor mental health (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 2.20–2.62). Lack of instrumental support was associated with a higher risk for poor mental health (OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 2.26–3.48). We found an interaction between age and emotional support; the youngest population had the highest risk for poor mental health when they did not have access to emotional support (Young OR = 5.26, 95% CI = 3.91–7.09; Adult OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 3.17–4.30; and Elderly OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 2.23–3.34).

Conclusions

Both structural and functional aspects of social relations were associated with poor mental health in our study. Rarely being in contact with friends and a lack of network reachability were associated with poor mental health. Likewise, low levels of emotional and instrumental support were associated with poor mental health.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4871-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Views on ageing in place from relocated low‑income housing residents in the US

BACKGROUND

Ageing in place (AIP) is the ability to live in one's home and community independently, despite age, ability level or income.

AIM

To elicit knowledge and feelings about AIP from low-income older adults relocated to low-income housing.

METHOD

Nursing students, supervised by nursing faculty trained in research, conducted semi-structured interviews about AIP with volunteer residents living in a low-income apartment complex in the southern US.

FINDINGS

Seven participants discussed common fears and worries as well as needs for AIP in low-income housing. Mental health issues were prominent.

CONCLUSION

Mental health warrants consideration along with physical, social and emotional well-being in beginning to identify and address the needs of older people ageing anywhere, perhaps especially in relocated low-income older adults. This information could inform future interventions to encourage AIP in the US and potentially in other countries.

The Longitudinal Effects of Network Characteristics on the Mental Health of Mothers of Children with ASD: The Mediating Role of Parent Cognitions

Employing a cohort sequential design, the effects of network characteristics on maternal cognitions (perceived social support and parenting self-efficacy) and mental health (depression and well-being) were assessed over 7 years when children with ASD of mothers in the study were age 7-14. Findings indicated that network size, network emotional support, and network instrumental support were positively related to perceived support, while network availability and emotional support were positively linked to self-efficacy. In addition, network support exerted direct and indirect effects on maternal depression and well-being, with cognitive resources mediating the social network-mental health relationship. Finally, consistent with the support-efficacy model, parenting efficacy partially mediated the effects of perceived support on maternal mental health outcomes. Study findings and implications are discussed.

Social relationships, loneliness, and mental health among older men and women in Ireland: A prospective community-based study

BACKGROUND

Data is lacking on the association of interpersonal stressors and social isolation with mental disorders and the mediating role of loneliness. Thus, we examined this association prospectively using community-based data.

METHODS

Data on 6105 adults aged ≥50 years from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) was analyzed. Mental health outcomes were assessed 2 years after baseline. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated with validated scales. Multivariable linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

Higher levels of spousal support, less strain from spouse and better social network integration were protective against depressive symptoms in men. Social support from friends and children was protective against depressive symptoms in both genders. Higher levels of social strain from children were positively associated with depressive symptoms in women. Loneliness was a significant mediator in the majority of these associations.

CONCLUSION

Interventions aimed at increasing relationship quality and strengthening existing social network structures, with a specific focus on reducing feelings of loneliness, may be beneficial in the prevention of depressive symptoms among older adults.

Association Between Social Participation and 3-Year Change in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Community-Dwelling Elderly Adults

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether social participation (SP) in older adults is associated with ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs).

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Two local municipalities of Nara, Japan.

PARTICIPANTS

Individuals aged 65 to 96 (n = 2,774 male, n = 3,586 female) free of IADL disability at baseline.

MEASUREMENTS

SP and IADLs were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. SP was categorized into five types and assessed using the number and type of social activities. IADLs were evaluated using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. Logistic regression analysis stratified according to sex was used to examine change in IADLs according to SP, with nonparticipation as a reference.

RESULTS

During the 3-year follow-up, 13.6% of men and 9.0% of women reported IADL decline. After adjusting for age, family structure, body mass index, pension, occupation, medical treatment, self-rated health, drinking, smoking, depression, cognitive function, and activities of daily living, participation in various social activities was inversely associated with change in IADLs in women but not men. Participation in the following types of social activities had significant inverse associations with IADL disability: hobby clubs (odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49-0.94) for men and local events (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48-0.95), hobby clubs (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.36-0.79), senior citizen clubs (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56-0.97), and volunteer groups (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.32-0.99) for women.

CONCLUSION

Participation in a variety of different types of social activities was associated with change in IADLs over the 3 years of this study in women, and participation in hobby clubs was associated with change in IADLs in men and women. Recommending that community-dwelling elderly adults participate in social activities appropriate for their sex may promote successful aging.

Sex-specific effects of social networks on the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension among older Korean adults

Background

Hypertension is a common chronic disease among older adults, and is associated with medical complications and mortality. This study aimed to examine the effects of social network characteristics on the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension among older adults.

Methods

The Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP) interviewed 814 ≥ 60-year-old residents and their spouses from a rural township between December 2011 and March 2012 (response rate: 95%). We evaluated the data from 595 participants. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the effects of network characteristics on hypertension.

Results

We observed strong sex-specific network effects on the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. Among older women, network density was associated with hypertension awareness [odds ratio (OR): 2.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–5.37] and control (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 0.94–3.13). Among older men, large networks were associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.58–0.96). Compared to older women, older men with coarse networks exhibited better hypertension awareness (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14–0.95) and control (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.19–0.91). Network size interacted with density for hypertension control (P = 0.051), with controlled hypertension being associated with large and course networks.

Conclusions

A large network was associated with a lower risk for hypertension, and a coarse network was associated with hypertension awareness and control among older men. Older women with dense networks were most likely to exhibit hypertension awareness and control.

Implications of Changes in Family Structure and Composition for the Psychological Well-Being of Filipino Women in Middle and Later Years

The health implications of multigenerational coresidence for older adults is a well-researched topic in the aging literature. Much less is known of its impact for women in midlife. We used data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Study (2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012) to study the influence of transitions in multigenerational household composition on depressive symptoms for women in midlife transitioning into old age. Our initial analysis showed little effect when we use the conventional classification of nuclear versus extended family and transition in and out of extended family. When we described shifts in the family environment by compositional changes, that is, change in the presence and absence of particular family members, we found significant association between depressive symptoms and two types of role transitions: the loss of a spouse in the household and the entry and exit of grandchildren in the household.

Social networks of HIV-positive women and their association with social support and depression symptoms

Social support is important to the mental health and well-being of HIV-positive women. Limited information exists about the specific structure and composition of HIV-positive women's support networks or associations of these network properties with mental health outcomes. In this pilot study, the authors examine whether support network characteristics were associated with depressive symptoms. Survey and network data were collected from HIV-positive women (N = 46) via a web-based survey and an iPad application in August 2012. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models in SAS. Depressive symptoms were positively associated with a greater number of doctors in a woman's network; having more HIV-positive network members was associated with less symptom reporting. Women who reported more individuals who could care for them had more family support. Those who reported feeling loved were less likely to report disclosure stigma. This work highlighted that detailed social network data can increase our understanding of social support so as to identify interventions to support the mental health of HIV-positive women. Most significant is the ongoing need for support from peers.

Association of received social support with depressive symptoms among older males and females in Singapore: Is personal mastery an inconsistent mediator?

RATIONALE

Personal mastery has been shown to be a mediator of the relationship between perceived social support and depressive symptoms. Less is known about its role in the context of received social support. While there is some evidence that received social support may improve one's sense of personal mastery, other studies highlight that received social support may induce dependence and lower one's sense of personal mastery. In addition, less is known about structural factors such as gender that may alter this relationship.

OBJECTIVE

To examine gender differences in how personal mastery mediates the relationship between received social support and depressive symptoms.

METHODS

Using data from a nationally representative study of community dwelling older adults in Singapore, we test the hypothesis that personal mastery is an inconsistent mediator of the received social support-depressive symptoms association using mediation analysis and that gender is associated with this inconsistent mediation.

RESULTS

We find support for our hypothesis of personal mastery as an inconsistent mediator, and observe both the direct and indirect effects of received social support on depressive symptoms to be stronger in females than in males.

CONCLUSION

Depressive symptoms for females may be more sensitive to received social support than males, which may be due to gendered pathways and expectations of support. This study highlights the need to further examine both the beneficial and detrimental effects of received social support on psychological health in tandem, considering the effect of mediating variables such as personal mastery to understand its nuanced pathways.

Intergenerational support and depression among Chinese older adults: do gender and widowhood make a difference?

Using four-wave panel data of 1,327 older adults in rural China, this study examined potential gender and marital status differences in the relationships between three forms of intergenerational support (monetary, instrumental and emotional support) and the level of depression of the older adults. Results from a pooled time-series fixed-effects model showed that receiving and providing monetary support had a comparable beneficial effect on mothers and fathers, but mothers benefited more psychologically than fathers from closer relationships with their children. Exchanges in instrumental support was not related to either mothers' or fathers' level of depression. Widowhood further affected the gendered relationships between support and depression in that recently widowed fathers had a significantly higher level of depression when they received more monetary support from their children. In contrast, providing monetary support to children was associated with a significantly higher level of depression among recently widowed mothers. We explained the findings in the context of familial and gender norms in the Chinese culture and temporal needs for family support that link with bereavement coping stages among older adults. We argued that the gender and marital status patterns observed in this study are attributive to more fundamental differences in men's and women's social positions in the Chinese society.

Receiving Instrumental Support in Late Parent-Child Relationships and Parental Depression

OBJECTIVES

This study investigates the role of gender, functional limitations, and social interaction in the association between instrumental support from adult children and parental depression. We apply self-determination theory to hypothesize about the role of physical needs and social resources on parental depression in a European context.

METHOD

A sample of 6,268 parents older than 65 who have nonresident children from the first wave of Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (2004) is analyzed. We estimate logistic regression models to test for the association between instrumental support and depression. Physical needs, gender, and social interaction are used as moderators.

RESULTS

Net of core factors that contribute to depression, including previous history of depression, there is a U-shaped pattern between receiving instrumental support and depression that persists across country regimes. For respondents with medium physical limitations, too little or too frequent support from children is associated with higher depression. For respondents with severe limitations, receiving at least some support is better than receiving none at all. The receipt of too frequent support from children increases the level of depression more for women than men. All interaction effects are comparable across country regimes.

DISCUSSION

Heterogeneity in physical needs and resources of older individuals must be taken into account when assessing the effects of instrumental support on mental health.

The association between social relationships and depression: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders globally and has implications for various aspects of everyday-life. To date, studies assessing the association between social relationships and depression have provided conflicting results. The aim of this paper was to review the evidence on associations between social relationships and depression in the general population.

METHODS

Studies investigating the association of social support, social networks, or social connectedness with depression were retrieved and summarized (searches using Pubmed, ScienceDirect, PsycNet were conducted in May 2014).

RESULTS

Fifty-one studies were included in this review. The strongest and most consistent findings were significant protective effects of perceived emotional support, perceived instrumental support, and large, diverse social networks. Little evidence was found on whether social connectedness is related to depression, as was also the case for negative interactions.

LIMITATIONS

Due to the strict inclusion criteria relating to study quality and the availability of papers in the domain of interest, the review did not capture 'gray literature' and qualitative studies.

CONCLUSION

Future research is warranted to account for potential bias introduced by the use of subjective measures as compared to objective measures of received support and actual networks. Due to the heterogeneity between available studies on the measure of social relationships, the inclusion of comparable measures across studies would allow for more valid comparisons. In addition, well-designed prospective studies will provide more insight into causality. Future research should address how social support and networks interact and together affect risks for depression. Social connectedness and negative interactions appear to be underutilized as measures in population-based studies.

Solidarity in the Grandparent-Adult Grandchild Relationship and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Grandparent-adult grandchild relationships are becoming longer and more common, and therefore potentially more influential in the lives of individuals. This study examined the influence of solidarity (i.e., affinity, contact, and functional exchange) in the grandparent-adult grandchild relationship upon the depressive symptoms of both members of the dyad.

DESIGN AND METHODS

The study used data from the Longitudinal Study of Generations, a survey of 3- and 4-generation U.S. families that included 7 waves of data collection between 1985 and 2004. The sample was comprised of 374 grandparents and 356 adult grandchildren. We analyzed the data using multilevel growth curve models.

RESULTS

For both grandparents and adult grandchildren, greater affinity reduced depressive symptoms and more frequent contact increased symptoms. For grandparents only, receiving functional support without also providing it increased depressive symptoms.

IMPLICATIONS

The average grandparent-adult grandchild relationship is a source of both support and strain to both generations. These relationships exhibit great diversity, however, with large amounts of variation between dyads and within a single dyad over time. We suggest how policy makers and practitioners can identify the relational contexts that best promote the well-being of members of both generations.

The social brain: neurobiological basis of affiliative behaviours and psychological well-being

The social brain hypothesis proposes that the demands of the social environment provided the evolutionary pressure that led to the expansion of the primate brain. Consistent with this notion, that functioning in the social world is crucial to our survival, while close supportive relationships are known to enhance well-being, a range of social stressors such as abuse, discrimination and dysfunctional relationships can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders. The centrality of the social world to our everyday lives is further exemplified by the fact that abnormality in social behaviour is a salient feature of a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. This paper aims to provide a selective overview of current knowledge of the neurobiological basis of our ability to form and maintain close personal relationships, and of the benefits these relationships confer on our health. Focusing on neurochemical and neuroendocrine interactions within affective and motivational neural circuits, it highlights the specific importance of cutaneous somatosensation in affiliative behaviours and psychological well-being and reviews evidence, in support of the hypothesis, that a class of cutaneous unmyelinated, low threshold mechanosensitive nerves, named c-tactile afferents, have a direct and specific role in processing affiliative tactile stimuli.

Age, gender, social contacts, and psychological distress: findings from the 45 and up study

OBJECTIVE

The study examined the relationships between social contact types and psychological distress among mid-older adults.

METHOD

Self-completed data from 236,490 Australian adults aged 45+ years.

RESULTS

There was a consistent relationship between increased frequency in phone contacts, social visits, and social group contacts and reduced risk of psychological distress adjusted for demographic and health factors. However, stratified analyses by age showed, with one exception, that no significant associations were found between social group contact frequency and risk of psychological distress for those aged 85 years and older. Furthermore, significant interaction terms revealed that women experience a steeper reduction in risk than men at age 65 to 74 years and 75 to 84 years compared with those aged 45 to 64 years.

DISCUSSION

Social contacts have age and gender differential effects on psychological distress of mid-older Australian adults. Interventions addressing social interaction need to be sensitive to gender and age differences.