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Huang B, Deng L, Xu T, Jian Z, Lai S, Ai Y, Xu Z, Zhu L. Isolation and pathogenicity comparison of two novel natural recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses with different recombination patterns in Southwest China. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0407123. [PMID: 38511956 PMCID: PMC11064529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04071-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses in the swine industry. Frequent mutations and recombinations account for PRRSV immune evasion and the emergence of novel strains. In this study, we isolated and characterized two novel PRRSV-2 strains from Southwest China exhibiting distinct recombination patterns. They were designated SCABTC-202305 and SCABTC-202309. Phylogenetic results indicated that SCABTC-202305 was classified as lineage 8, and SCABTC-202309 was classified as lineage 1.8. Amino acid mutation analysis identified unique amino acid substitutions and deletions in ORF5 and Nsp2 genes. The results of the recombination analysis revealed that SCABTC-202305 is a recombinant with JXA1 as the major parental strain and NADC30 as the minor parental strain. At the same time, SCABTC-202309 is identified as a recombinant with NADC30 as the major parental strain and JXA1 as the minor parental strain. In this study, we infected piglets with SCABTC-202305, SCABTC-202309, or mock inoculum (control) to study the pathogenicity of these isolates. Although both isolated strains were pathogenic, SCABTC-202305-infected piglets exhibited more severe clinical signs and higher mortality, viral load, and antibody response than SCABTC-202309-infected piglets. SCABTC-202305 also caused more extensive lung lesions based on histopathology. Our findings suggest that the divergent pathogenicity observed between the two novel PRRSV isolates may be attributed to variations in the genetic information encoded by specific genomic regions. Elucidating the genetic determinants governing PRRSV virulence and transmissibility will inform efforts to control this devastating swine pathogen.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most critical pathogens impacting the global swine industry. Frequent mutations and recombinations have made the control of PRRSV increasingly difficult. Following the NADC30-like PRRSV pandemic, recombination events involving PRRSV strains have further increased. We isolated two novel field PRRSV recombinant strains, SCABTC-202305 and SCABTC-202309, exhibiting different recombination patterns and compared their pathogenicity in animal experiments. The isolates caused higher viral loads, persistent fever, marked weight loss, moderate respiratory clinical signs, and severe histopathologic lung lesions in piglets. Elucidating correlations between recombinant regions and pathogenicity in these isolates can inform epidemiologic tracking of emerging strains and investigations into viral adaptive mechanisms underlying PRRSV immunity evasion. Our findings underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance to curb this economically damaging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Ruedas-Torres I, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Salguero FJ, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Mateu E, Gómez-Laguna J, Rodríguez-Gómez IM. The scene of lung pathology during PRRSV-1 infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1330990. [PMID: 38566751 PMCID: PMC10985324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The disease was firstly reported in 1987 and became endemic in many countries. Since then, outbreaks caused by strains of high virulence have been reported several times in Asia, America and Europe. Interstitial pneumonia, microscopically characterised by thickened alveolar septa, is the hallmark lesion of PRRS. However, suppurative bronchopneumonia and proliferative and necrotising pneumonia are also observed, particularly when a virulent strain is involved. This raises the question of whether the infection by certain strains results in an overstimulation of the proinflammatory response and whether there is some degree of correlation between the strain involved and a particular pattern of lung injury. Thus, it is of interest to know how the inflammatory response is modulated in these cases due to the interplay between virus and host factors. This review provides an overview of the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular pathology of PRRSV-1 strains in the lung, emphasising the differences between strains of different virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ruedas-Torres
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA Porton Down), Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Li S, Qiu M, Li S, Li C, Lin H, Qiu Y, Qi W, Feng B, Cui M, Yang S, Zheng W, Shang S, Tian K, Zhu J, Lu Y, Chen N. A chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 strain containing synthetic ORF2-6 genes can trigger T follicular helper cell and heterologous neutralizing antibody responses and confer enhanced cross-protection. Vet Res 2024; 55:28. [PMID: 38449049 PMCID: PMC10918997 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV1) isolates has continued to increase in Chinese swine herds in recent years. However, no effective control strategy is available for PRRSV1 infection in China. In this study, we generated the first infectious cDNA clone (rHLJB1) of a Chinese PRRSV1 isolate and subsequently used it as a backbone to construct an ORF2-6 chimeric virus (ORF2-6-CON). This virus contained a synthesized consensus sequence of the PRRSV1 ORF2-6 gene encoding all the envelope proteins. The ORF2-6 consensus sequence shared > 90% nucleotide similarity with four representative strains (Amervac, BJEU06-1, HKEU16 and NMEU09-1) of PRRSV1 in China. ORF2-6-CON had replication efficacy similar to that of the backbone rHLJB1 virus in primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and exhibited cell tropism in Marc-145 cells. Piglet inoculation and challenge studies indicated that ORF2-6-CON is not pathogenic to piglets and can induce enhanced cross-protection against a heterologous SD1291 isolate. Notably, ORF2-6-CON inoculation induced higher levels of heterologous neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SD1291 than rHLJB1 inoculation, which was concurrent with a higher percentage of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLNs), providing the first clue that porcine Tfh cells are correlated with heterologous PRRSV nAb responses. The number of SD1291-strain-specific IFNγ-secreting cells was similar in ORF2-6-CON-inoculated and rHLJB1-inoculated pigs. Overall, our findings support that the Marc-145-adapted ORF2-6-CON can trigger Tfh cell and heterologous nAb responses to confer improved cross-protection and may serve as a candidate strain for the development of a cross-protective PRRSV1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuejia Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenhao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Binghui Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Meng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yu Lu
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China.
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Salgado B, Rivas RB, Pinto D, Sonstegard TS, Carlson DF, Martins K, Bostrom JR, Sinebo Y, Rowland RRR, Brandariz-Nuñez A. Genetically modified pigs lacking CD163 PSTII-domain-coding exon 13 are completely resistant to PRRSV infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105793. [PMID: 38184111 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
CD163 expressed on cell surface of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) serves as a cellular entry receptor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The extracellular portion of CD163 contains nine scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) and two proline-serine-threonine (PST) domains. Genomic editing of pigs to remove the entire CD163 or just the SRCR5 domain confers resistance to infection with both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 viruses. By performing a mutational analysis of CD163, previous in vitro infection experiments showed resistance to PRRSV infection following deletion of exon 13 which encodes the first 12 amino acids of the 16 amino acid PSTII domain. These findings predicted that removal of exon 13 can be used as a strategy to produce gene-edited pigs fully resistant to PRRSV infection. In this study, to determine whether the deletion of exon 13 is sufficient to confer resistance of pigs to PRRSV infection, we produced pigs possessing a defined CD163 exon 13 deletion (ΔExon13 pigs) and evaluated their susceptibility to viral infection. Wild type (WT) and CD163 modified pigs, placed in the same room, were infected with PRRSV-2. The modified pigs remained PCR and serologically negative for PRRSV throughout the study; whereas the WT pigs supported PRRSV infection and showed PRRSV related pathology. Importantly, our data also suggested that removal of exon 13 did not affect the main physiological function associated with CD163 in vivo. These results demonstrate that a modification of CD163 through a precise deletion of exon 13 provides a strategy for protection against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Salgado
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rafael Bautista Rivas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Derek Pinto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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Rawal G, Almeida MN, Gauger PC, Zimmerman JJ, Ye F, Rademacher CJ, Armenta Leyva B, Munguia-Ramirez B, Tarasiuk G, Schumacher LL, Aljets EK, Thomas JT, Zhu JH, Trexel JB, Zhang J. In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of the Recently Emergent PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C Variant (L1C.5) in Comparison with Other PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 Isolates. Viruses 2023; 15:2233. [PMID: 38005910 PMCID: PMC10674456 DOI: 10.3390/v15112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) was in vivo and in vitro characterized in this study in comparison with three other contemporary 1-4-4 isolates (L1C.1, L1A, and L1H) and one 1-7-4 L1A isolate. Seventy-two 3-week-old PRRSV-naive pigs were divided into six groups with twelve pigs/group. Forty-eight pigs (eight/group) were for inoculation, and 24 pigs (four/group) served as contact pigs. Pigs in pen A of each room were inoculated with the corresponding virus or negative media. At two days post inoculation (DPI), contact pigs were added to pen B adjacent to pen A in each room. Pigs were necropsied at 10 and 28 DPI. Compared to other virus-inoculated groups, the L1C.5-inoculated pigs exhibited more severe anorexia and lethargy, higher mortality, a higher fraction of pigs with fever (>40 °C), higher average temperature at several DPIs, and higher viremia levels at 2 DPI. A higher percentage of the contact pigs in the L1C.5 group became viremic at two days post contact, implying the higher transmissibility of this virus strain. It was also found that some PRRSV isolates caused brain infection in inoculation pigs and/or contact pigs. The complete genome sequences and growth characteristics in ZMAC cells of five PRRSV-2 isolates were further compared. Collectively, this study confirms that the PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) is highly virulent with potential higher transmissibility, but the genetic determinants of virulence remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Marcelo N. Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Betsy Armenta Leyva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Berenice Munguia-Ramirez
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Grzegorz Tarasiuk
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Loni L. Schumacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Ethan K. Aljets
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Joseph T. Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jin-Hui Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jolie B. Trexel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
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Co-infections of respiratory pathogens and gastrointestinal parasites in smallholder pig production systems in Uganda. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:953-962. [PMID: 36810670 PMCID: PMC10006049 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respiratory pathogens: porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on management practices associated with infections. Ninety (90) farms and 259 pigs were sampled. Sera were screened against 4 pathogens using commercial ELISA tests. The Baerman's method was used to identify parasite species in faecal samples. Logistic regression was done to identify risk factors for infections. Results showed individual animal seroprevalence of PCV2 was 6.9% (95% CI 3.7-11.1), PRRSv 13.8% (95% CI 8.8-19.6), M. hyo 6.4% (95% CI 3.5-10.5), and App 30.4% (95% CI 24.8-36.5). The prevalence of Ascaris spp. was 12.7% (95% CI 8.6-16.8), Strongyles spp was 16.2% (95% CI 11.7-20.7), and Eimeria spp. was 56.4% (95% CI 50.3-62.4). Pigs infested with Ascaris spp. were more likely to test positive to PCV2, odds ratio (OR) 1.86 (CI 1.31-2.60; p = 0.0002). For M. hyo, infection with Strongyles spp. was a risk factor (OR 12.9, p < 0.001). Pigs that had Strongyles and Ascaris spp. Infections (ORs 3.5 and 3.4, p < 0.001 respectively) were likely to have co-infections. The model showed that use of cement, elevated floor, and limiting contacts with outside pigs were protective while using mud and helminth infestations increased risks of co-infections. This study provided evidence that improved housing and biosecurity are critical in reducing pathogen incidence in herds.
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Beuckelaere L, Haspeslagh M, Biebaut E, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Krejci R, Meyer E, Gleerup D, De Spiegelaere W, Devriendt B, Maes D. Different local, innate and adaptive immune responses are induced by two commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins and an adjuvant alone. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015525. [PMID: 36569943 PMCID: PMC9768447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enzootic pneumonia still causes major economic losses to the intensive pig production. Vaccination against its primary pathogen, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is carried out worldwide to control the disease and minimize clinical signs and performance losses. Nonetheless, the effects of both infection with, and vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on the innate and adaptive immune responses remain largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study in which piglets were injected once with a commercial bacterin V1 or V2, or the adjuvant of V1 (A) to investigate their effect on local, innate and adaptive immune responses. Methods Three weeks after vaccination, piglets were challenge infected with M. hyopneumoniae and euthanized four weeks later to assess vaccine efficacy via macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of lung lesions. Blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) samples were collected to measure antibody responses, cellular immunity, BAL cytokine levels and BAL M. hyopneumoniae DNA load as well as cytokine secretion by monocytes. Results After vaccination, proliferation of antigen-specific CD3+ T cells and a higher percentage of TNF-α+ CD8+, and TNF-α+ and TNF-α+IFN-γ+ CD4+CD8+ T cells was seen in V1, while proliferation of or a significant increase in cytokine production by different T cell subsets could not be observed for animals from V2. Interestingly, LPS-stimulated blood monocytes from V1 and A secreted less IL-10 on D7. After challenge, higher levels of IgA, more IL-10 and less IL-1β was detected in BAL from V1, which was not observed in V2. Animals from A had significantly more IL-17A in BAL. The macroscopic lung lesion score and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load at euthanasia was lower in V1, but the microscopic lung lesion score was lower in both vaccinated groups. Discussion In conclusion, these results indicate that the two commercial bacterins induced different local and adaptive immune responses, that the adjuvant alone can reduce anti-inflammatory innate immune responses, and that both vaccines had a different efficacy to reduce Mycoplasma-like lung lesions and M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium,*Correspondence: Lisa Beuckelaere,
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Evelyne Meyer
- Deparment of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - David Gleerup
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Madapong A, Saeng-chuto K, Tantituvanont A, Nilubol D. Using a concurrent challenge with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to compare swine vaccination programs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15524. [PMID: 36109529 PMCID: PMC9477171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the immune response of six commercial vaccines against PRRSV-2 and PCV2, administered as monovalent or combined products via intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) routes. Seventy-two, 3-week-old pigs were randomly allocated into 8 treatments with 9 pigs each: IMPP0/PCVMH7, IDPP0/PCVMH7, IMING0/PCVMH7, IMPP0/PCVMH0, IDPP0/PCVMH0, IMTRF0, NV/CH, and NV/NC. IMPP0/PCVMH0 and IMPP0/PCVMH7 groups were IM vaccinated once with Prime Pac PRRS (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) at 0 days post-vaccination (DPV), followed by single IM vaccination with Porcilis PCV M Hyo (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) either at 0 or 7 DPV, respectively. IDPP0/PCVMH0 and IDPP0/PCVMH7 groups were ID vaccinated once with Prime Pac PRRS (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) at 0 DPV, followed by a single concurrent ID injection of Porcilis PCV ID (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) and Porcilis M Hyo ID ONCE (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) either at 0 or 7 DPV, respectively. The IMING0/PCVMH7 group was IM vaccinated once with Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) at 0 DPV, and subsequently IM vaccinated with Ingelvac CircoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) and Ingelvac MycoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) at 7 DPV. The IMTRF0 group was IM vaccinated once with combined products of Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany), Ingelvac CircoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany), and Ingelvac MycoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) at 0 DPV. The NV/CH and NV/NC groups were left unvaccinated. At 28 DPV (0 days post-challenge, DPC), pigs were intranasally inoculated with a 4 ml of mixed cell culture inoculum containing HP-PRRSV-2 (105.6 TCID50/ml) and PCV2d (105.0 TCID50/ml). Antibody response, IFN-γ-secreting cells (SC), and IL-10 secretion in supernatants of stimulated PBMC were monitored. Sera were collected and quantified for the PRRSV RNA and PCV2 DNA using qPCR. Three pigs from each group were necropsied at 7 DPC, lung lesions were evaluated. Tissues were collected and performed immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our study demonstrated that concurrent vaccination via the ID or the IM route did not introduce additional reactogenicity. We found no interference with the induction of immune response between vaccination timing. In terms of an immune response, ID vaccination resulted in significantly lower IL-10 levels and higher IFN-γ-SC values compared to the IM-vaccinated groups. In terms of clinical outcomes, only one IM-vaccinated group showed significantly better efficacy when antigens were injected separately compared with concurrently. While the vaccines were ID delivered, these effects disappeared. Our findings confirm that concurrent vaccination of PRRSV-2 MLV and PCV2 via either the IM or the ID routes could be a viable immunization strategy to assist with the control of PRDC. In situations where maximal efficacy is required, over all other factors, concurrent vaccination is possible with the ID route but might not be an ideal strategy if using the IM route.
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Garcia-Morante B, Maes D, Sibila M, Betlach AM, Sponheim A, Canturri A, Pieters M. Improving Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the infection dynamics. Vet J 2022; 288:105877. [PMID: 35901923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae remains one of the most problematic bacterial pathogens for pig production. Despite an abundance of observational and laboratory testing capabilities for this organism, diagnostic interpretation of test results can be challenging and ambiguous. This is partly explained by the chronic nature of M. hyopneumoniae infection and its tropism for lower respiratory tract epithelium, which affects diagnostic sensitivities associated with sampling location and stage of infection. A thorough knowledge of the available tools for routine M. hyopneumoniae diagnostic testing, together with a detailed understanding of infection dynamics, are essential for optimizing sampling strategies and providing confidence in the diagnostic process. This study reviewed known information on sampling and diagnostic tools for M. hyopneumoniae and summarized literature reports of the dynamics of key infection outcomes, including clinical signs, lung lesions, pathogen detection, and humoral immune responses. Such knowledge could facilitate better understanding of the performance of different diagnostic approaches at various stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Swine Vet Center, 1608 S Minnesota Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Amanda Sponheim
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA
| | - Albert Canturri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, 55108 MN, USA; Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Xu Y, Ji X, Fu C, Hu D, Pang H, Wang T, Li C, Wang G, Peng J. Evolution Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolate from a Pig Farm in Shandong Province, China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061194. [PMID: 35746666 PMCID: PMC9228802 DOI: 10.3390/v14061194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains have been experiencing extensive recombination in Chinese swine farms. This recombination usually happens in NADC30/34 strains and highly pathogenic (HP) PRRSV strains. This study identified a new PRRSV isolate that shared 99% and 99.1% nucleotide identity with CH-1a and CH-1R at the genomic level, respectively. After purification by viral plaque assay, this isolate was named PRRSV CSR1801. The isolate did not experience any recombination with other PRRSV strains common in swine herd epidemics in China, which means it still maintains the stable features of the classical PRRSV strain and did not easily recombine with other PRRSV strains. Further analysis of the pathogenicity of the PRRSV isolate CSR1801 was performed in piglets. The results indicated that none of the inoculated piglets showed the typical clinical manifestations of PRRS, which presented with runny noses, rough back hair, rectal temperatures always below 40.5 °C, and no deaths. Additionally, no obvious histopathological lesions such as severe interstitial pneumonia could be observed in the lungs of the piglets. Hence, the PRRSV isolate CSR1801 should be classified as a classical-like PRRSV strain. This classical PRRSV strain showed genetic stability and maintained low pathogenicity. This study may provide new clues for further understanding the genetic evolution and pathogenicity of PRRSV and may also be an important reference for the prevention and control of PRRS in swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiaojing Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunyu Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Dong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Heng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Chuangang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention of China, East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Tai’an 271000, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.P.); Tel./Fax: +86-538-824-2478 (G.W. & J.P.)
| | - Jun Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (X.J.); (C.F.); (D.H.); (H.P.); (T.W.); (C.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention of China, East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Tai’an 271000, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.P.); Tel./Fax: +86-538-824-2478 (G.W. & J.P.)
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11
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Yi H, Yu Z, Wang Q, Sun Y, Peng J, Cai Y, Ma J, Chen Y, Qin C, Cai M, Ji C, Zhang G, Wang H. Panax Notoginseng Saponins Suppress Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication in vitro and Enhance the Immune Effect of the Live Vaccine JXA1-R in Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:886058. [PMID: 35619609 PMCID: PMC9127999 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.886058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) suppresses the innate immune response in the host, reducing and delaying neutralizing antibody production against PRRSV infection and promoting viral infection. Here, we aimed to assess the potential of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) for improving the immune response exerted upon PRRSV-2-modified live virus (MLV) vaccine administration. Thirty piglets were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 piglets were injected with medium 0 days post vaccination (dpv). Group 2 piglets were fed PNS 0–28 dpv. Group 3 and group 4 piglets were administered the JXA1-R vaccine 0 dpv. Group 4 piglets were also fed PNS 0–28 dpv. Group 1–4 piglets were challenged intranasally with the PRRSV JXA1 strain 28 dpv. Group 5 piglets were fed with PNS without challenge. Group 6 piglets served as controls. During the experiment, the samples were collected regularly for 49 days. Compared with group 1 piglets, group 3 piglets showed significantly reduced viremia and clinical scores, and significantly increased average daily gain (ADWG). Compared with group 3 piglets, group 4 piglets showed significantly improved neutralizing antibody titers, IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA expression, and significantly decreased viremia and viral load in the lungs and lymph nodes, but did not demonstrate any further improvement in PRRSV-specific antibody titer, rectal temperature, ADWG, or clinical scores. PNS upregulates neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV-2 and enhances the expression of IFN-α and IFN-β, which may reduce PRRSV viremia upon PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine administration. PNS may serve as an effective immunomodulator for boosting the immune defense against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyou Yi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Beijing Veterinary Peptide Vaccine Design and Preparation, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qiumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenxiao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou, China
| | - Chihai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guihong Zhang
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Heng Wang
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12
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Time-series transcriptomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from virulent and low virulent PRRSV-1-infected piglets. J Virol 2021; 96:e0114021. [PMID: 34851149 PMCID: PMC8826917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has evolved to escape the immune surveillance for a survival advantage leading to a strong modulation of host’s immune responses and favoring secondary bacterial infections. However, limited data are available on how the immunological and transcriptional responses elicited by virulent and low-virulent PRRSV-1 strains are comparable and how they are conserved during the infection. To explore the kinetic transcriptional signature associated with the modulation of host immune response at lung level, a time-series transcriptomic analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon experimental in vivo infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence, virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low-virulent subtype 1 3249 strain. The time-series analysis revealed overlapping patterns of dysregulated genes enriched in T-cell signaling pathways among both virulent and low-virulent strains, highlighting an upregulation of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory immune checkpoints that were disclosed as Hub genes. On the other hand, virulent Lena infection induced an early and more marked “negative regulation of immune system process” with an overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors genes related to T-cell and NK cell functions, in association with more severe lung lesion, lung viral load, and BAL cell kinetics. These results underline a complex network of molecular mechanisms governing PRRSV-1 immunopathogenesis at lung level, revealing a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints in the pulmonary disease, which may have an impact on T-cell activation and related pathways. These immune checkpoints, together with the regulation of cytokine-signaling pathways, modulated in a virulence-dependent fashion, orchestrate an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major threats to swine health and global production, causing substantial economic losses. We explore the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host immune response at lung level performing a time-series transcriptomic analysis upon experimental infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. A complex network of molecular mechanisms was revealed to control the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV-1 infection, highlighting an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses as a potential mechanism to restrict inflammation-induced lung injury. Moreover, a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints was evidenced, which may lead to progressive dysfunction of T cells, impairing viral clearance and leading to persistent infection, favoring as well secondary bacterial infections or viral rebound. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the functional role of immune checkpoints in advanced stages of PRRSV infection and explore a possible T-cell exhaustion state.
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Opriessnig T, Rawal G, McKeen L, Filippsen Favaro P, Halbur PG, Gauger PC. Evaluation of the intranasal route for porcine reproductive and respiratory disease modified-live virus vaccination. Vaccine 2021; 39:6852-6859. [PMID: 34706840 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pigs, modified live virus (MLV) vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are commonly used and administered by intramuscular (IM) injection. In contrast, PRRSV, as a primary respiratory pathogen, is mainly transmitted via the intranasal (IN) route. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commonly used commercial PRRSV MLV delivered IN compared to the IM route. METHODS Fifty-four pigs were divided into five treatment groups. All vaccinated groups received the same MLV vaccine but administered via different routes. Group IN-JET-VAC was vaccinated with an automated high pressure prototype nasal jet device (IN-JET-VAC, n = 12), group IN-MAD-VAC was vaccinated with a mucosal atomization device (IN-MAD-VAC, n = 12), group IM-VAC was vaccinated intramuscularly (IM-VAC; n = 12) according to label instructions, while the NEG-CONTROL (n = 6) and the POS-CONTROL (n = 12) groups were both unvaccinated. At 28 days post vaccination all vaccinated groups and the POS-CONTROL pigs were challenged with a pathogenic US PRRSV isolate. Blood and nasal swabs were collected at regular intervals, and all pigs were necropsied at day 10 post challenge (dpc) when gross and microscopic lung lesions were assessed. RESULTS Prior to challenge most vaccinated pigs had seroconverted to PRRSV. Clinical signs (fever, inappetence) were most obvious in the POS-CONTROL group from dpc 7 onwards. The vaccinated groups were not different for PRRSV viremia, seroconversion, or average daily weight gain. However, IN-JET-VAC and IN-MAD-VAC had significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against the vaccine virus at challenge. CONCLUSIONS Comparable vaccine responses were obtained in IN and IM vaccinated pigs, suggesting the intranasal administration route as an alternative option for PRRSV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Patrick G Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Ruedas-Torres I, Carrasco L, Pallarés FJ, Mateu E, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of regulated cell death in the lung of piglets infected with virulent PRRSV-1 Lena strain occurs earlier and mediated by cleaved Caspase-8. Vet Res 2021; 52:12. [PMID: 33482914 PMCID: PMC7821682 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRSV-1 virulent strains cause high fever, marked respiratory disease and severe lesions in lung and lymphoid organs. Regulated cell death (RCD), such as apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, is triggered by the host to interrupt viral replication eliminating infected cells, however, although it seems to play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV, there are significant gaps regarding their sequence and activation upon PRRSV-infection. The present study evaluated RCD events by means of caspases expression in the lung of PRRSV-1-infected pigs and their impact on pulmonary macrophage subpopulations and lung lesion. Conventional piglets were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 dpi. Lena-infected piglets showed severe and early lung damage with a high frequency of PRRSV-N-protein+ cells, depletion of CD163+ cells and high viral load in the lung. The number of TUNEL+ cells was significantly higher than cCasp3+ cells in Lena-infected piglets during the first week post-infection. cCasp8 and to a lesser extent cCasp9 were activated by both PRRSV-1 strains after one week post-infection together with a replenishment of both CD163+ and Arg-1+ pulmonary macrophages. These results highlight the induction of other forms of RCD beyond apoptosis, such as, necroptosis and pyroptosis during the first week post-infection followed by the activation of, mainly, extrinsic apoptosis during the second week post-infection. The recovery of CD163+ macrophages at the end of the study represents an attempt to restore pulmonary macrophage subpopulations lost during the early stages of the infection but also a macrophage polarisation into M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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Wang R, Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Bai L, Wang W, Zhao S, Liu E. Upregulation of HMGB1 secretion in lungs of pigs infected by highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108922. [PMID: 33221069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a major driver for substantial economic losses to the swine industry across the world. Pulmonary inflammatory injury is a common manifestation in infected pigs. Previous studies reported that PRRS virus (PRRSV) induces secretion of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a proinflammatory factor, in cultured cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether HMGB1 secretion is associated with PRRSV-induced pulmonary inflammatory responses in the early stage of infection in vivo. Three-week-old piglets were inoculated with either HuN4, a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain, or CH1R, an avirulent PRRSV vaccine strain. Necropsy was performed at 7 days post-infection. The results showed that HuN4 significantly induced the secretion of HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). HuN4 infection induced severe interstitial pneumonia in the pigs. In contrast, pigs infected by CH1R had mild lung inflammation with minimal HMGB1 secretion. In addition, high viral load of HuN4 was detected in both pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and lung tissue, whereas viral RNA of CH1R was confined to PAMs. In consistent with the pneumonia development, HuN4 induced inflammatory cytokines in both PAMs and lung tissue, while their expression in CH1R-infected pigs confined only to PAMs. These results indicate that the HuN4-induced HMGB1 secretion into BALF may enhance the pulmonary inflammatory response and exacerbate the lung injury. This finding provides insights to the inflammatory response and pathogenesis of the HP-PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yueqiang Xiao
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weirong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Lim B, Kim S, Lim KS, Jeong CG, Kim SC, Lee SM, Park CK, Te Pas MFW, Gho H, Kim TH, Lee KT, Kim WI, Kim JM. Integrated time-serial transcriptome networks reveal common innate and tissue-specific adaptive immune responses to PRRSV infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:128. [PMID: 33050948 PMCID: PMC7552595 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is the most important viral disease causing severe economic losses in the swine industry. However, mechanisms underlying gene expression control in immunity-responsible tissues at different time points during PRRSV infection are poorly understood. We constructed an integrated gene co-expression network and identified tissue- and time-dependent biological mechanisms of PRRSV infection through bioinformatics analysis using three tissues (lungs, bronchial lymph nodes [BLNs], and tonsils) via RNA-Seq. Three groups with specific expression patterns (i.e., the 3-dpi, lung, and BLN groups) were discovered. The 3 dpi-specific group showed antiviral and innate-immune signalling similar to the case for influenza A infection. Moreover, we observed adaptive immune responses in the lung-specific group based on various cytokines, while the BLN-specific group showed down-regulated AMPK signalling related to viral replication. Our study may provide comprehensive insights into PRRSV infection, as well as useful information for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghwi Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Haesu Gho
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tai Lee
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Papatsiros V, Stylianaki I, Papakonstantinou G, Tsekouras N, Bitchava D, Christodoulopoulos G, Papaioannou N. Histopathological Lesions Accompanied with First-Time Isolation of a PRRSV-2 Strain in Greece. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:565-570. [PMID: 33001795 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype 2 strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2) have been reported sporadically in Europe. Even if, PRRSV-2 reported to be genetically homogenous in Europe due to the introduction of an MLV vaccine strain, independent introductions of PRRSV-2 field strains have been reported. The aim of the present study was to report the complete genome sequence and evaluate the histopathological lesions of a PRRSV-2 strain, isolated for the first time in Greece. During a routine blood sampling in a commercial pig farm, the results revealed positive samples in weaners of 40-60 days for the PRRSV-2, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The clinical picture was characterized from respiratory symptoms in weaners, as well as coughing and poor performance at finishing stage and less than 3% mortality rate from weaning stage to finishing stage. The use of ORF5 for PRRSV phylogenetic analysis of the isolated PRRSV strain, named "x1544-1 strain", was successfully determined, belonging to the genotype PRRSV-2. Comparison of the obtained sequence revealed nucleotide sequence identity >98% with PRRSV-2 strain VR2332 and other related strains from Denmark and China. The histopathological evaluation revealed diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal interstitial nephritis, while in the lymphoid organs, follicular and paracortical hyperplasia, coexisting with necrosis and depletion of germ cells were detected. The results of current study undersign the importance for veterinary practitioners to have up-to-date access to phylogenetic data linked to phenotypic information to follow-up the control and prevention strategies against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Ioanna Stylianaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsekouras
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Xie S, Liang W, Wang X, Chen H, Fan J, Song W, Hua L, Tang X, Chen H, Peng Z, Wu B. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus 2 in mainland China, 2017-2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1621-1632. [PMID: 32409873 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV2) is a major threat to the global pig industry, particularly in China, the world's largest pig-rearing and pork-production country. Continuously monitoring the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of PRRSV epidemic strains is beneficial for prevention and control of infection. Previously, we reported the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of PRRSV2 in China from 2012 to 2016. Here, the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of PRRSV2 in China from 2017 to 2018 are reported. During these two years, we collected different types of porcine samples from 2428 pig farms in 27 provinces in China. Of the 7980 samples collected, 2080 (26.07%) were positive for PRRSV2 ORF5 by RT-PCR. The positive rate of PRRSV detection between different regions of China ranged from 8.12% to 29.33%, and from 7.96% to 55.50% between different months. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF5 gene revealed that the PRRSV2 strains currently circulating in China belong to five clades, and most of the PRRSVs detected are highly pathogenic PRRSVs (HP-PRRSVs; clade IV) and PRRSV NADC30-like strains (clade I). Sequence analysis revealed multiple amino acid mutation types, including amino acid changes and deletions in both the GP5 and Nsp2 proteins. The presence of these mutations may have an effect on the evolution of the virus by altering the viral titer and/or affecting the antibody response against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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19
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Ruedas-Torres I, Larenas-Muñoz F, Díaz I, Revilla C, Mateu E, Domínguez J, Martín-Valls G, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lung tissue injury during the acute phase of PRRSV-1 infection with the virulent strain Lena. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108744. [PMID: 32605751 PMCID: PMC7265841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lena virulent strain caused an increase in sera levels of IFN-γ and IL-6. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were inversely correlated with CD163+ macrophages in the lung. CD14+ cells infiltrated interstitium to possibly replenish macrophages subsets. Lena-induced microscopic lung injury was linked to an increase of iNOS+ cells. The increase of CD200R1+ and FoxP3+ cells was associated with the course of lung injury.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) plays a key role in porcine respiratory disease complex modulating the host immune response and favouring secondary bacterial infections. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the main cells supporting PRRSV replication, with CD163 as the essential receptor for viral infection. Although interstitial pneumonia is by far the representative lung lesion, suppurative bronchopneumonia is described for PRRSV virulent strains. This research explores the role of several immune markers potentially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response and sensitisation of lung to secondary bacterial infections by PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Conventional pigs were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6 and 8 dpi. Lena-infected pigs exhibited more severe clinical signs, macroscopic lung score and viraemia associated with an increase of IL-6 and IFN-γ in sera compared to 3249-infected pigs. Extensive areas of lung consolidation corresponding with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in Lena-infected pigs. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were always higher in Lena-infected animals. PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were linked to a marked drop of CD163+ macrophages. The number of CD14+ and iNOS+ cells gradually increased along PRRSV-1 infection, being more evident in Lena-infected pigs. The frequency of CD200R1+ and FoxP3+ cells peaked late in both PRRSV-1 strains, with a strong correlation between CD200R1+ cells and lung injury in Lena-infected pigs. These results highlight the role of molecules involved in the earlier and higher extent of lung lesions in piglets infected with the virulent Lena strain, pointing out the activation of routes potentially involved in the restraint of the local inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - I M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Díaz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - C Revilla
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mateu
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Martín-Valls
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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20
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Iseki H, Kawashima K, Takagi M, Shibahara T, Mase M. Studies on heterologous protection between Japanese type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:935-942. [PMID: 32448816 PMCID: PMC7399305 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cross-protective immunity between type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in
growing pigs. Japanese type 1 PRRSV, first isolated from a pig with respiratory disorders in a farm in 2009, exhibits unique genetic characteristics. The pathogenicity of a
Japanese standard strain of type 2 PRRSV, EDRD1, in pigs immunized by the type 1 PRRSV isolate, Jpn EU 4-37 was determined by evaluating clinical signs, viremia, antibody response,
and pathological lesions. Similarly, we evaluated the pathogenicity of Jpn EU 4-37 in pigs immunized by EDRD1 and compared the cross-protective immunity between these isolates. The
EDRD1 challenge after Jpn EU 4-37 inoculation reduced viral clearance and shedding in pigs, compared to those treated with the EDRD1 single infection. On the other hand, the
pathogenicity of Jpn EU 4-37 after EDRD1 infection did not differ significantly compared to non-immunized pigs treated with Jpn EU 4-37. Therefore, exposure to Jpn EU 4-37 could
not induce enough immunity to reduce the viremia against subsequent infection by type 2 PRRSV. However, the immunity induced by Jpn EU 4-37 infection may play a role in reducing
viremia caused by type 2 PRRSV. Moreover, the immunity induced by the EDRD1 and other genetically related viruses, which are broadly distributed in Japan, may not contribute to
cross-protection against Jpn EU 4-37 as an emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iseki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawashima
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Michihiro Takagi
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masaji Mase
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Chase-Topping M, Xie J, Pooley C, Trus I, Bonckaert C, Rediger K, Bailey RI, Brown H, Bitsouni V, Barrio MB, Gueguen S, Nauwynck H, Doeschl-Wilson A. New insights about vaccine effectiveness: Impact of attenuated PRRS-strain vaccination on heterologous strain transmission. Vaccine 2020; 38:3050-3061. [PMID: 32122719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the main tool for controlling infectious diseases in livestock. Yet current vaccines only provide partial protection raising concerns about vaccine effectiveness in the field. Two successive transmission trials were performed involving 52 pigs to evaluate the effectiveness of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) vaccinal strain candidate against horizontal transmission of a virulent heterologous strain. PRRS virus, above the specified limit of detection, was observed in serum and nasal secretions for all but one pig (the exception only tested positive for serum), indicating that vaccination did not protect pigs from becoming infected and shedding the heterologous strain. However, vaccination delayed the onset of viraemia, reduced the duration of shedding and significantly decreased viral load throughout infection. Serum antibody profiles indicated that 4 out of 13 (31%) vaccinates in one trial had no serological response (NSR). A Bayesian epidemiological model was fitted to the data to assess the impact of vaccination and presence of NSRs on PRRS virus transmission dynamics. Despite little evidence for reduction in the transmission rate, vaccinated animals were on average slower to become infectious, experienced a shorter infectious period and recovered faster. The overall PRRSV transmission potential, represented by the reproductive ratio R0 was lower for the vaccinated animals, although there was substantial overlap in the credibility intervals for both groups. Model selection suggests that transmission parameters of vaccinated pigs with NSR were more similar to those of unvaccinated animals. The presence of NSRs in a population, however, seemed to only marginally affect the transmission dynamics. The results suggest that even when vaccination can't prevent infection, it can still have beneficial impacts on the transmission dynamics and contribute to reducing a herd's R0. However, biosecurity and other measures need to be considered to decrease contact rates and lower R0 below 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Chase-Topping
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland, UK.
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christopher Pooley
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BIOSS), The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Scotland, UK
| | - Ivan Trus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bonckaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kelly Rediger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard I Bailey
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | | | - Maria Belén Barrio
- INRAE Département Santé Animale, UAR 0564 - ISP Bât 213, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Gueguen
- Biological Development Department, VIRBAC, 13ème rue, LID, BP27, 06511 Carros cedex, France
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Broad Protection of Pigs against Heterologous PRRSV Strains by a GP5-Mosaic DNA Vaccine Prime/GP5-Mosaic rVaccinia (VACV) Vaccine Boost. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010106. [PMID: 32121277 PMCID: PMC7157218 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) viruses are a major cause of disease and economic loss in pigs worldwide. High genetic diversity among PRRSV strains is problematic for successful disease control by vaccination. Mosaic DNA and vaccinia (VACV) vaccines were developed in order to improve protection against heterologous PRRSV strains. METHODS Piglets were primed and boosted with GP5-Mosaic DNA vaccine and recombinant GP5-Mosaic VACV (rGP5-Mosaic VACV), respectively. Pigs vaccinated with rGP5-WT (VR2332) DNA and rGP5-WT VACV, or empty vector DNA and empty VACV respectively, served as controls. Virus challenge was given to separate groups of vaccinated pigs with VR2332 or MN184C. Necropsies were performed 14 days after challenge. RESULTS Vaccination with the GP5-Mosaic-based vaccines resulted in cellular reactivity and higher levels of neutralizing antibodies to both VR2332 and MN184C PRRSV strains. In contrast, vaccination of animals with the GP5-WT vaccines induced responses only to VR2332. Furthermore, vaccination with the GP5-Mosaic based vaccines resulted in protection against challenge with two heterologous virus strains, as demonstrated by the significantly lower viral loads in serum, tissues, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, and less severe lung lesions after challenge with either MN184C or VR2332, which have only 85% identity. In contrast, significant protection by the GP5-WT based vaccines was only achieved against the VR2332 strain. Conclusions: GP5-Mosaic vaccines, using a DNA-prime/VACV boost regimen, conferred protection in pigs against heterologous viruses.
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Park C, Baek JH, Cho SH, Jeong J, Chae C, You SH, Cha SH. Field porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) attenuated by codon pair deoptimization (CPD) in NSP1 protected pigs from heterologous challenge. Virology 2019; 540:172-183. [PMID: 31928999 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two type 2 field porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) isolated from PRRS-affected swine farms were attenuated by de-optimization of codon pair bias in NSP1. In 3-week-old pigs infection, the attenuated viruses showed significantly lower replication ability than the original viruses without distinct clinical sign and pathological lesions, which were observed in pig infected with the original viruses. Regarding induction of PRRSV specific immunity, the level of the neutralizing antibodies as well as secretion of IFN-γ-SCs in PBMCs was not different between the attenuated viruses and the original viruses. More importantly, pigs infected with the attenuated viruses exhibited significant reduction in respiratory scores, viremia, macroscopic and microscopic lung lesion scores, and PRRSV-antigen with interstitial pneumonia against a heterologous challenge with a type 2 virulent strain. Conclusively, the viruses attenuated by CPD in this study demonstrated potential usefulness as vaccine strains to provide protective immunity against diverse virulent PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Park
- Department of Animal Vaccine Development, BioPOA, 593-26 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Baek
- Department of Animal Vaccine Development, BioPOA, 593-26 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Cho
- Department of Animal Vaccine Development, BioPOA, 593-26 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- PRRS research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cha
- PRRS research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Ginsenoside Rg1 Suppresses Type 2 PRRSV Infection via NF-κB Signaling Pathway In Vitro, and Provides Partial Protection against HP-PRRSV in Piglet. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111045. [PMID: 31717616 PMCID: PMC6893584 DOI: 10.3390/v11111045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a huge threat to the modern pig industry, and current vaccine prevention strategies could not provide full protection against it. Therefore, exploring new anti-PRRSV strategies is urgently needed. Ginsenoside Rg1, derived from ginseng and notoginseng, is shown to exert anti-inflammatory, neuronal apoptosis-suppressing and anti-oxidant effects. Here we demonstrate Rg1-inhibited PRRSV infection both in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in a dose-dependent manner. Rg1 treatment affected multiple steps of the PRRSV lifecycle, including virus attachment, replication and release at concentrations of 10 or 50 µM. Meanwhile, Rg1 exhibited broad inhibitory activities against Type 2 PRRSV, including highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) XH-GD and JXA1, NADC-30-like strain HNLY and classical strain VR2332. Mechanistically, Rg1 reduced mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α, and decreased NF-κB signaling activation triggered by PRRSV infection. Furthermore, 4-week old piglets intramuscularly treated with Rg1 after being challenged with the HP-PRRSV JXA1 strain display moderate lung injury, decreased viral load in serum and tissues, and an improved survival rate. Collectively, our study provides research basis and supportive clinical data for using Ginsenoside Rg1 in PRRSV therapies in swine.
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25
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Matthijs AMF, Auray G, Boyen F, Schoos A, Michiels A, García-Nicolás O, Barut GT, Barnier-Quer C, Jakob V, Collin N, Devriendt B, Summerfield A, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Efficacy of three innovative bacterin vaccines against experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Res 2019; 50:91. [PMID: 31703726 PMCID: PMC6842239 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New vaccine formulations that include novel strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and innovative adjuvants designed to induce cellular immunity could improve vaccine efficacy against this pathogen. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the efficacy of three experimental bacterin formulations based on M. hyopneumoniae field strain F7.2C which were able to induce cellular immunity. The formulations included a cationic liposome formulation with the Mincle receptor ligand trehalose 6,6-dibehenate (Lipo_DDA:TDB), a squalene-in-water emulsion with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands targeting TLR1/2, TLR7/8 and TLR9 (SWE_TLR), and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro-particle formulation with the same TLR ligands (PLGA_TLR). Four groups of 12 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were primo- (day (D) 0; 39 days of age) and booster vaccinated (D14) intramuscularly with either one of the three experimental bacterin formulations or PBS. The pigs were endotracheally inoculated with a highly and low virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain on D28 and D29, respectively, and euthanized on D56. The main efficacy parameters were: respiratory disease score (RDS; daily), macroscopic lung lesion score (D56) and log copies M. hyopneumoniae DNA determined with qPCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (D42, D56). All formulations were able to reduce clinical symptoms, lung lesions and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung, with formulation SWE_TLR being the most effective (RDSD28–D56 −61.90%, macroscopic lung lesions −88.38%, M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in BAL fluid (D42) −67.28%). Further experiments raised under field conditions are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effect of the vaccines on performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Marguerite Filip Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Schoos
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Güliz Tuba Barut
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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26
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Vinson H, Singh G, Pillatzki A, Webb B, Nelson E, Ramamoorthy S. Delivery of a thermo-enzymatically treated influenza vaccine using pulmonary surfactant in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108492. [PMID: 31767065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) infections are a major cause of economic losses for the swine industry. The vast genetic and antigenic diversity often results in mismatch between the vaccine and field strains, necessitating frequent updates of vaccines. Inactivated IAV-S vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Intra-nasally administered live vaccines are more effective but are associated with safety concerns. The objective of this study was to develop a first-generation vaccine which combines the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated vaccines respectively. The approach targeted fragmentation of viral nucleic acids while preserving structure. Hence, cultures of influenza A/CA/04/09 H1N1 were exposed to 44 °C for 10 min. to reversibly denature the capsid, followed by RNase treatment to digest the genomic RNA and then refolded at lower temperatures. As targeted, treated virions retained an intact structure and were not detected in the first passage in infected cells. To improve intra-nasal delivery of the vaccine antigen, the vaccine antigen was delivered in porcine lung surfactant. Both the treated vaccine alone or vaccine in combination with the surfactant elicited strong anti-HA and virus neutralizing antibodies, protection against viral shedding and lung lesions in 3-week-old piglets. There were no significant differences between the groups. Vaccine viral replication was not detected in the vaccinated pigs. The described approach can advance current immunization practices against swine influenza viruses due to the relative simplicity, high efficacy and safety and ease of adaptation to newly emerging field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Vinson
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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27
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Wei C, Dai A, Fan J, Li Y, Chen A, Zhou X, Luo M, Yang X, Liu J. Efficacy of Type 2 PRRSV vaccine against challenge with the Chinese lineage 1 (NADC30-like) PRRSVs in pigs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10781. [PMID: 31346199 PMCID: PMC6658503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the cross-protection of Ingelvac PRRS MLV against challenge with the new lineage 1 PRRSV emerged in China in pigs. Two lineage 1 PRRSV strains (FJZ03 and FJWQ16 originated from recombination event between NADC30 and JXA1-like strain). We found that pigs vaccinated with the vaccine were protected against challenge with the FJZ03 as shown by fewer days of clinical fever, reduced lung pathology scores, lower PRRS virus load in the blood and developed broadly neutralizing antibodies with high titers to FJZ03. In contrast, vaccine provided limited protection against challenge with FJWQ16 with higher fever, lower antibody titers, lower neutralizing antibodies and higher viral loads in blood. These results demonstrate PRRSV-MLV provides incomplete protection against new lineage 1 PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Wei
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China
| | - Ailing Dai
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China
| | - Jialin Fan
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China
| | - Anni Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Manlin Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankui Liu
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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28
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Wang H, Shen L, Chen J, Liu X, Tan T, Hu Y, Bai X, Li Y, Tian K, Li N, Hu X. Deletion of CD163 Exon 7 Confers Resistance to Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Viruses on Pigs. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1993-2005. [PMID: 31523199 PMCID: PMC6743298 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.34269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is a severe infectious disease in the swine industry. PRRSV infection is mediated by porcine CD163 (pCD163). Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain 5 coded by exon 7 of pCD163 is essential for PRRSV infection. In this study, we generated CD163 exon 7 deleted (CD163E7D) pigs using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homologous recombination and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The deletion of exon 7 had no adverse effects on CD163-associated functions. Pigs were further challenged with a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain. The CD163E7D pigs exhibited mild clinical symptoms and had decreased viral loads in blood. All CD163E7D pigs survived the viral challenge, while all the WT pigs displayed severe symptoms, and 2 out of 6 WT pigs died during the challenge. Our results demonstrated that CD163 exon 7 deletion confers resistance to HP-PRRSV infection without impairing the biological functions of CD163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangcai Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuexin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Henan Province, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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29
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Zhou L, Kang R, Zhang Y, Yu J, Xie B, Chen C, Li X, Chen B, Liang L, Zhu J, Tian Y, Yang X, Wang H. Emergence of two novel recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses 2 (lineage 3) in Southwestern China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 232:30-41. [PMID: 31030842 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lineage 3 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) was first reported in mainland China in 2010 and it has spread rapidly in recent years. Here, two novel lineage 3 strains of PRRSV-2 were isolated from diseased pigs in Southwestern China during 2017-2018, and were designated as GZgy17 and SCya18. The complete genomes of the two isolates were then determined, and sequence alignment revealed that GZgy17 had the same discontinuous 30-amino acid (aa) deletion in NSP2 as JXA1, while SCya18 contained the discontinuous 131-aa deletion in NSP2 identical to that of NADC30, when compared to the strain VR-2332. Notably, GZgy17 contained an additional 19-aa deletion in NSP2, and SCya18 had a unique 3-nt deletion in its 3'UTR. Homology and phylogenetic analysis showed that GZgy17 and SCya18 shared low nucleotide homology (91.2-92.0%) with QYYZ and were classified into a new cluster of lineage 3 strains based on ORF5 genotyping. Recombination analyses revealed that GZgy17 and SCya18 both originated from a SH/CH/2016-like (lineage 3) strain and had recombined with a JXA1-like (lineage 8) and a NADC30-like (lineage 1) strain, respectively. Furthermore, we compared the virulence of the two strains in 4-week-old piglets. The results showed that GZgy17 caused mortality rates of 20% and exhibited higher pathogenicity in piglets compared to SCya18. Our findings suggest that recombination might be responsible for the variations in pathogenicity of lineage 3 strains of PRRSV-2 and highlight the importance of surveillance of this lineage in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 7# Niusha Road, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 7# Niusha Road, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food Co.,ltd, Animal Healthy Disease Service, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Changying Chen
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food Co.,ltd, Animal Healthy Disease Service, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 7# Niusha Road, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luqi Liang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Institute of Animal science, Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiming Tian
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
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30
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Song Z, Bai J, Nauwynck H, Lin L, Liu X, Yu J, Jiang P. 25-Hydroxycholesterol provides antiviral protection against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:63-70. [PMID: 30955825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe respiratory disease that leads to huge economic losses in the pig industry throughout the world. Although there are several vaccines available, the protective efficacy is limited. Therefore, new control strategies to prevent PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection are urgently required. We have previously reported that CH25H and 25HC can significantly inhibit the replication of PRRSV by preventing viral entry. In the present study, we found that 25HC with a low IC50 value significantly decreased the replication of different PRRSV strains, and increased the production of IL-1β and IL-8 in porcine primary alveolar macrophages and the lung tissue. In pigs challenged with highly pathogenic PRRSV, treatment with 25HC was associated with an obvious reduction in the level of viremia and viral load in lung samples and nasal swabs, as well as decreased lung injury and an increased survival rate. These findings suggest that 25HC could be a promising antiviral drug against PRRSV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lv Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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31
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Kwon T, Yoo SJ, Park JW, Kang SC, Park CK, Lyoo YS. Genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of natural recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 harboring genes of a Korean field strain and VR-2332-like strain. Virology 2019; 530:89-98. [PMID: 30798067 PMCID: PMC7172094 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), an economically-important disease caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), has become endemic to most pig-producing countries. Point mutation and recombination are responsible for genetic heterogeneity, resulting in circulation of genetically-diverse strains. However, no natural recombinant PRRSV has yet been identified in Korea. Here, we successfully isolated natural recombinant PRRSV-2 (KU-N1202) using cell culture, investigated its genomic characteristics, and further evaluated its pathogenicity. KU-N1202 is a recombinant strain between Korean MN184-like and VR-2332-like strains. Specifically, ORF5 to partial ORF7 of the VR-2332-like strain was inserted into the backbone of a CP07-626-2-like strain. KU-N1202 induced mild-to-moderate clinical signs and mild histopathological changes with low viral loads in challenged pigs. Contact pigs showed minimal clinical signs and lower viral loads than those in the challenge group. This study demonstrates the genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of natural recombinant PRRSV-2, illustrating the potential importance of recombination in the field. A natural recombinant PRRSV-2 virus (KU-N1202) was isolated using cell culture. The virus harbored the genes from field strain and VR-2332-like strain. KU-N1202 induced mild-to-moderate clinical signs with low viral loads in challenged pig. Contact pigs showed minimal clinical signs with relatively low viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung J Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Woo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Cui J, O’Connell CM, Costa A, Pan Y, Smyth JA, Verardi PH, Burgess DJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Garmendia AE. A PRRSV GP5-Mosaic vaccine: Protection of pigs from challenge and ex vivo detection of IFNγ responses against several genotype 2 strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208801. [PMID: 30703122 PMCID: PMC6354972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is a highly mutable RNA virus that affects swine worldwide and its control is very challenging due to its formidable heterogeneity in the field. In the present study, DNA vaccines constructed with PRRSV GP5-Mosaic sequences were complexed to cationic liposomes and administered to experimental pigs by intradermal and intramuscular injection, followed by three boosters 14, 28 and 42 days later. The GP5-Mosaic vaccine thus formulated was immunogenic and induced protection from challenge in vaccinated pigs comparable to that induced by a wild type (VR2332) GP5 DNA vaccine (GP5-WT). Periodic sampling of blood and testing of vaccine-induced responses followed. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression by virus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of GP5-Mosaic-vaccinated pigs was significantly higher compared to pigs vaccinated with either GP5-WT or empty vector at 21, 35 and 48 days after vaccination. Cross-reactive cellular responses were also demonstrated in GP5-Mosaic vaccinated pigs after stimulation of PBMCs with divergent strains of PRRSV. Thus, significantly higher levels of IFN-γ mRNA were detected when PBMCs from GP5-Mosaic-vaccinated pigs were stimulated by four Genotype 2 strains (VR2332, NADC9, NADC30 and SDSU73), which have at least 10% difference in GP5 amino acid sequences, while such responses were recorded only upon VR2332 stimulation in GP5-WT-vaccinated pigs. In addition, the levels of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies were higher in GP5-Mosaic or GP5-WT vaccinated pigs than those in vector-control pigs. The experimental pigs vaccinated with either the GP5-Mosaic vaccine or the GP5-WT vaccine were partially protected from challenge with VR2332, as measured by significantly lower viral loads in sera and tissues and lower lung lesion scores than the vector control group. These data demonstrate that the GP5-Mosaic vaccine can induce cross-reactive cellular responses to diverse strains, neutralizing antibodies, and protection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Cui
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Caitlin M. O’Connell
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yan Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and New Technology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Joan A. Smyth
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paulo H. Verardi
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Diane J. Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Herbert J. Van Kruiningen
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Antonio E. Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen J, Wang H, Bai J, Liu W, Liu X, Yu D, Feng T, Sun Z, Zhang L, Ma L, Hu Y, Zou Y, Tan T, Zhong J, Hu M, Bai X, Pan D, Xing Y, Zhao Y, Tian K, Hu X, Li N. Generation of Pigs Resistant to Highly Pathogenic-Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus through Gene Editing of CD163. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:481-492. [PMID: 30745836 PMCID: PMC6367541 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease and the most economically important disease of the swine industry worldwide. Highly pathogenic-PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV) is a variant of PRRSV, which caused high morbidity and mortality. Scavenger receptor CD163, which contains nine scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains, is a key entry mediator for PRRSV. A previous study demonstrated that SRCR domain 5 (SRCR5), encoded by exon 7, was essential for PRRSV infection in vitro. Here, we substituted exon 7 of porcine CD163 with the corresponding exon of human CD163-like 1 (hCD163L1) using a CRISPR/Cas9 system combined with a donor vector. In CD163Mut/Mut pigs, modifying CD163 gene had no adverse effects on hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complex clearance or erythroblast growth. In vitro infection experiments showed that the CD163 mutant strongly inhibited HP-PRRSV replication by inhibiting virus uncoating and genome release. Compared to wild-type (WT) pigs in vivo, HP-PRRSV-infected CD163Mut/Mut pigs showed a substantially decreased viral load in blood and relief from PRRSV-induced fever. While all WT pigs were dead, there of four CD163Mut/Mut pigs survived and recovered at the termination of the experiment. Our data demonstrated that modifying CD163 remarkably inhibited PRRSV replication and protected pigs from HP-PRRSV infection, thus establishing a good foundation for breeding PRRSV-resistant pigs via gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- College of animal science and technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Dengke Pan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Henan Province, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Liu P, Bai Y, Jiang X, Zhou L, Yuan S, Yao H, Yang H, Sun Z. High reversion potential of a cell-adapted vaccine candidate against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:133-142. [PMID: 30473344 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccine (MLV) based on highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is prone to quick reversion of virulence upon circulating in host animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the virulence reversion potential of HP-PRRSV MLV and to identify elements within the HP-PRRSV genome contributing to this phenomenon. A blind passage, cell-adaptation strategy was attempted to attenuate a HP-PRRSV strain JX143, which was isolated during the atypical PRRS outbreak in 2006. Two attenuated candidates passage 87 (JXM87) and passage 105 (JXM105) used as MLVs showed the best balance of safety and efficacy in 4 week-old piglets (unpublished data). Two studies were performed during which the candidates were assessed for reversion to virulence through five back passages in susceptible piglets (21 ± 3 days of age). Both study results showed increase in clinical signs, pyrexia and lung lesions as well as decreased average daily weight gain as of passage 3 in susceptible pigs clearly, and it indicated that both candidates regained virulence, irrespective of the passage level. Increase in respective parameters was accompanied by increase in viremia in piglets: JXM87 virus titer increased from Passage 1 (P1) 4.40 Lg TCID50/mL to P4 5.75 Lg TCID50/mL, and JXM105 virus titer increased from P1 3.78 Lg TCID50/mL to P4 6.42 Lg TCID50/mL. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on clinical samples (serum, lung tissue) from P4 animals. Sequence analysis comparing P4 materials with their parental strains revealed 10 amino acid mutations in 4 proteins for JXM87 and 14 amino acid mutations in 9 proteins for JXM105, respectively. Interestingly, five amino acid mutations were identical for the two candidates, which were located in nsp1β, GP5a and nsp10 coding regions, suggesting nsp1β, GP5a and nsp10 could contribute to virulence in HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210095, China; Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shishan Yuan
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhi Sun
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Michiels A, Arsenakis I, Matthijs A, Boyen F, Haesaert G, Audenaert K, Eeckhout M, Croubels S, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Clinical impact of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:190. [PMID: 29914486 PMCID: PMC6006720 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is highly prevalent in cereals in moderate climates and therefore pigs are often exposed to a DON-contaminated diet. Pigs are highly susceptible to DON and intake of DON-contaminated feed may lead to an altered immune response and may influence the pathogenesis of specific bacterial diseases. Therefore, the maximum guidance level in feed is lowest in this species and has been set at 900 μg/kg feed by the European Commission. This study aimed to determine the effect of in-feed administration of a moderately high DON concentration (1514 μg/kg) on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infection in weaned piglets. Fifty M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were assigned at 30 days of age [study day (D)0] to four different groups: 1) negative control group (NCG; n = 5), 2) DON-contaminated group (DON; n = 15), 3) DON-contaminated and M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (DONMHYO; n = 15), 4) M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (MHYO; n = 15). The piglets were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for five weeks and were monitored during this period and euthanized at day 35 [27 days post infection (DPI)] or 36 (28 DPI). The main parameters under investigation were macroscopic lung lesions (MLL) at euthanasia, respiratory disease score (RDS) from day 8 until day 35, histopathologic lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA detected by qPCR, determined at the day of euthanasia. Results No significant difference was obtained for MLL at euthanasia, RDS (8–35), histopathologic lung lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA in the DONMHYO and MHYO group and consequently, no enhancement of the severity of the M. hyopneumoniae infection could be detected in the DONMHYO compared to the MHYO group. Conclusions Under present conditions, the findings imply that feed contaminated with DON (1514 μg/kg) provided to weaned pigs for five weeks did not increase the severity of an experimental M. hyopneumoniae infection. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of DON on M. hyopneumoniae infections in a multi-mycotoxin and multi-pathogen environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Expressing Membrane-Bound Interleukin-15 as an Immunomodulatory Adjuvant Enhances NK and γδ T Cell Responses and Confers Heterologous Protection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00007-18. [PMID: 29643245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00007-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are often used as adjuvants to improve vaccine immunogenicity, since they are important in initiating and shaping the immune response. The available commercial modified live-attenuated vaccines (MLVs) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are unable to mount sufficient heterologous protection, as they typically induce weak innate and inadequate T cell responses. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of recombinant PRRSV MLVs incorporated with the porcine cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) or IL-18 gene fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification signal that can anchor the cytokines to the cell membrane. We demonstrated that both cytokines were successfully expressed on the cell membrane of porcine alveolar macrophages after infection with recombinant MLVs. Pigs vaccinated with recombinant MLVs or the parental Suvaxyn MLV had significantly reduced lung lesions and viral RNA loads in the lungs after heterologous challenge with the PRRSV NADC20 strain. The recombinant MLVs SUV-IL-15 and SUV-IL-18 recovered the inhibition of the NK cell response seen with Suvaxyn MLV. The recombinant MLV SUV-IL-15 significantly increased the numbers of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing cells in circulation at 49 days postvaccination (dpv), especially for IFN-γ-producing CD4- CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, compared to the Suvaxyn MLV and SUV-IL-18. Additionally, MLV SUV-IL-15-vaccinated pigs also had elevated levels of γδ T cell responses observed at 7 dpv, 49 dpv, and 7 days postchallenge. These data demonstrate that the recombinant MLV expressing membrane-bound IL-15 enhances NK and T cell immune responses after vaccination and confers improved heterologous protection, although this was not statistically significant compared to the parental MLV.IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has arguably been the most economically important global swine disease, causing immense economic losses worldwide. The available commercial modified live-attenuated vaccines (MLVs) against PRRS virus (PRRSV) are generally effective against only homologous or closely related virus strains but are ineffective against heterologous strains, partially due to the insufficient immune response induced by the vaccine virus. To improve the immunogenicity of MLVs, in this study, we present a novel approach of using porcine IL-15 or IL-18 as an adjuvant by directly incorporating its encoding gene into a PRRSV MLV and expressing it as an adjuvant. Importantly, we directed the expression of the incorporated cytokines to the cell membrane surface by fusing the genes with a membrane-targeting signal from CD59. The recombinant MLV virus expressing the membrane-bound IL-15 cytokine greatly enhanced NK cell and γδ T cell responses and also conferred improved protection against heterologous challenge with the PRRSV NADC20 strain.
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An Attenuated Highly Pathogenic Chinese PRRS Viral Vaccine Confers Cross Protection to Pigs against Challenge with the Emerging PRRSV NADC30-Like Strain. Virol Sin 2018; 33:153-161. [PMID: 29594909 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel PRRSV strain was isolated in China that was genetically similar to the NADC30 strain which is reported to have spread throughout China. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cross-protective efficacy of the live vaccine TJM-F92 in young pigs against challenge with a NADC30-like strain, HN201605. Twenty-five PRRSV- and antibody-free pigs were randomly divided into the following five groups: Vac/ChA, Unvac/ChA, Vac/ChB, Unvac/ChB and the mock. The pigs in groups Vac/ChA and Vac/ChB were inoculated intramuscularly with 1 mL TJM-F92 (105.0 TCID50/mL). At 28 days post vaccination (0 days post challenge), groups Vac/ChA and Unvac/ChA were inoculated intranasally with 104.5 TCID50/mL PRRSV strain TJ F3 (2 mL/pig), while groups Vac/ChB and Unvac/ChB were inoculated, using the same route, with the same dose of the NADC30-like strain HN201605 F3. Protective effects of the PRRSV strain were observed in all pigs in the Vac/ChA and Vac/ChB groups. Neither high fever nor signs of clinical disease were observed through the experiment in these groups, whereas pigs in Unvac/ChA group exhibited serious clinical symptoms, pathological lesions, and weight loss. In Unvac/ChB group, pigs developed milder clinical symptoms, which demonstrated that the NADC30-like strain HN201605 had moderate pathogenicity. The results suggest that the MLV vaccine strain TJM-F92 is an effective and safe vaccine candidate for use in China.
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Genotype 2 Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Dysregulate Alveolar Macrophage Cytokine Production via the Unfolded Protein Response. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01251-17. [PMID: 29070690 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01251-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects alveolar macrophages (AMϕ), causing dysregulated alpha interferon (IFN-α) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production through a mechanism(s) yet to be resolved. Here, we show that AMϕ infected with PRRSV secreted a reduced quantity of IFN-α following exposure of the cell to synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). This reduction did not correlate with reduced IFNA1 gene transcription. Rather, it coincided with two events that occurred late during infection and that were indicative of translational attenuation, specifically, the activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and the appearance of stress granules. Notably, the typical rapid production of TNF-α by AMϕ exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was suppressed or enhanced by PRRSV, depending on when the LPS exposure occurred after virus infection. If exposure was delayed until 6 h postinfection (hpi) so that the development of the cytokine response coincided with the time in which phosphorylation of eIF2α by the stress sensor PERK (protein kinase RNA [PKR]-like ER kinase) occurred, inhibition of TNF-α production was observed. However, if LPS exposure occurred at 2 hpi, prior to a detectable onset of eIF2α phosphorylation, a synergistic response was observed due to the earlier NF-κB activation via the stress sensor IRE1α (inositol-requiring kinase 1α). These results suggest that the asynchronous actions of two branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR), namely, IRE1α, and PERK, activated by ER stress resulting from the virus infection, are associated with enhancement or suppression of TNF-α production, respectively.IMPORTANCE The activation of AMϕ is controlled by the microenvironment to deter excessive proinflammatory cytokine responses to microbes that could impair lung function. However, viral pneumonias frequently become complicated by secondary bacterial infections, triggering severe inflammation, lung dysfunction, and death. Although dysregulated cytokine production is considered an integral component of the exacerbated inflammatory response in viral-bacterial coinfections, the mechanism responsible for this event is unknown. Here, we show that PRRSV replication in porcine AMϕ triggers activation of the IRE1α branch of the UPR, which causes a synergistic TNF-α response to LPS exposure. Thus, the severe pneumonias typically observed in pigs afflicted with PRRSV-bacterial coinfections could result from dysregulated, overly robust TNF-α production in response to opportunistic pathogens that is not commensurate with the typical restrained reaction by uninfected AMϕ. This notion could help in the design of therapies to mitigate the severity of viral and bacterial coinfections.
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Efficacy of an inactivated Mycoplasma hyorhinis vaccine in pigs. Vaccine 2018; 36:408-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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van Geelen AGM, Anderson TK, Lager KM, Das PB, Otis NJ, Montiel NA, Miller LC, Kulshreshtha V, Buckley AC, Brockmeier SL, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Harmon KM, Faaberg KS. Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus: Evolution and recombination yields distinct ORF5 RFLP 1-7-4 viruses with individual pathogenicity. Virology 2017; 513:168-179. [PMID: 29096159 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent cases of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in United States swine-herds have been associated with high mortality in piglets and severe morbidity in sows. Analysis of the ORF5 gene from such clinical cases revealed a unique restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) of 1-7-4. The genome diversity of seventeen of these viruses (81.4% to 99.8% identical; collected 2013-2015) and the pathogenicity of 4 representative viruses were compared to that of SDSU73, a known moderately virulent strain. Recombination analyses revealed genomic breakpoints in structural and nonstructural regions of the genomes with evidence for recombination events between lineages. Pathogenicity varied between the isolates and the patterns were not consistent. IA/2014/NADC34, IA/2013/ISU-1 and IN/2014/ISU-5 caused more severe disease, and IA/2014/ISU-2 did not cause pyrexia and had little effect on pig growth. ORF5 RFLP genotyping was ineffectual in providing insight into isolate pathogenicity and that other parameters of virulence remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G M van Geelen
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phani B Das
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Otis
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nestor A Montiel
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laura C Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Vikas Kulshreshtha
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Susan L Brockmeier
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.
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Genetic and biological characterization of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (PRRSV-2) causing significant clinical disease in the field. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:74-83. [PMID: 29102125 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is the cause of severe reproductive and respiratory disease in swine worldwide. In Denmark, both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 are circulating and approximately 35% of pig herds are seropositive for PRRSV. In November 2010, a pig herd in the Northern part of Denmark experienced an infection with PRRSV-2 with clinical signs that were much more severe than normally reported from current Danish PRRSV-2 affected herds. Due to the clinical observations of reproductive failure in sows and high mortality in piglets, it was speculated that a new, more pathogenic or vaccine evading PRRSV strain had emerged in Denmark. The overall aim of the present study was to perform a genetic and biological characterization of the virus isolated from the diseased herd. Complete genome sequencing of isolates from this herd revealed that although the case strain had some unique genetic features including a deduced 3 amino acid deletion, it was in overall very similar to the other PRRS-2 viruses circulating in Denmark. In an experimental trial in growing pigs, no overt clinical signs or pathology were observed following intranasal inoculation with the new virus isolate. Virus shedding, acute phase protein responses and serological responses were comparable to those seen after experimental challenge with a Danish PRRSV-2 reference strain isolated in 1997. Vaccination with a commercial modified live PRRSV-2 vaccine had a clear reducing effect on virus shedding, magnitude, and duration of viremia and viral load in the lungs. Overall, the results indicate that the severe disease observed in the field was contributed by additional factors in combination with the PRRS virus infection.
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Martinson B, Minion F, Kroll J, Hermann J. Age susceptibility of caesarian derived colostrum deprived pigs to Mycoplasma hyorhinis challenge. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Michiels A, Arsenakis I, Boyen F, Krejci R, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Efficacy of one dose vaccination against experimental infection with two Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:274. [PMID: 28851359 PMCID: PMC5576127 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. Pigs are often infected with different M. hyopneumoniae strains. This study assessed the efficacy of vaccination against experimental infection with two genetically different M. hyopneumoniae strains in weaned piglets. At 33 days of age (D0), 45 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were randomly assigned to three different groups: 1) negative control group (NCG; n = 5): not vaccinated, not infected, 2) positive control group (PCG; n = 20): not vaccinated, infected, and 3) vaccination group (VG; n = 20): single vaccination with an inactivated whole-cell M. hyopneumoniae vaccine (Hyogen®, Ceva) (D1), infected. The PCG and VG were endotracheally inoculated with 7 × 107 CCU in 7 ml of the highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain F7.2C (D24) and 7 × 107 CCU in 7 ml low virulent strain F1.12A (D25). A respiratory disease score (RDS) was assessed from D24 until D53. At D53 (euthanasia), macroscopic lung lesions (MLL) were scored, log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA (qPCR) and IL-1 and IL-6-concentrations (ELISA) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. Results The RDS and MLL at euthanasia were respectively 0, 1.20 and 0.55 (P < 0.001) and 0, 7.56 and 0.68 (P < 0.001) for NCG, PCG and VG, respectively. The qPCR results for PCG and VG were 3.99 and 1.78 log copies (P < 0.001), respectively, with a significant difference between PCG and VG. The IL-1 and IL-6 results at euthanasia for NCG, PCG and VG were 17.61, 1283.39 and 53.04 pg/ml (P < 0.001) and 148.10, 493.35 and 259.80 pg/ml (P = 0.004), respectively with a significant difference between PCG and VG. Conclusions Vaccination with Hyogen® in pigs was efficacious against an experimental challenge with both a low and highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain as the vaccinated pigs coughed significantly less, and showed significantly less lung lesions compared to the non-vaccinated challenged pigs: the vaccinated animals showed a 52.9% lower RDS and 91.0% lower MLL compared to the PCG. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected at the necropsy of the vaccinated pigs, a significantly lower amount of M. hyopneumoniae-DNA and a significantly lower IL-1 and IL-6 concentration was found compared to the pigs of the PCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ma Z, Yu Y, Xiao Y, Opriessnig T, Wang R, Yang L, Nan Y, Samal SK, Halbur PG, Zhang YJ. The middle half genome of interferon-inducing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain A2MC2 is essential for interferon induction. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1720-1729. [PMID: 28699875 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to antagonize the innate immune response. An atypical PRRSV strain A2MC2 is capable of inducing synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) in cultured cells. Here, we show that the middle half of the A2MC2 genome is needed for triggering the IFN synthesis. First, a cDNA infectious clone of this atypical strain was constructed as a DNA-launched version. Virus recovery was achieved from the infectious clone and the recovered virus, rA2MC2, was characterized. The rA2MC2 retained the feature of IFN induction in cultured cells. Infection of pigs with the rA2MC2 virus caused viremia similar to that of the wild-type virus. Chimeric infectious clones were constructed by swapping genomic fragments with a cDNA clone of a moderately virulent strain VR-2385 that antagonizes IFN induction. Analysis of the rescued chimeric viruses demonstrated that the middle two fragments, ranging from nt4545 to nt12709 of the A2MC2 genome, were needed for the IFN induction, whereas the chimeric viruses containing any one of the two A2MC2 fragments failed to do so. The results and the cDNA infectious clone of the IFN-inducing A2MC2 will facilitate further study of its biology, ultimately leading towards the development of an improved vaccine against PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexu Ma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yueqiang Xiao
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Rong Wang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Patrick G Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Recombination in JXA1-R vaccine and NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:110-120. [PMID: 28532789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered one of the most devastating swine diseases worldwide, resulting in immense economic losses. PRRS virus (PRRSV) has undergone rapid evolution since its first recognition in 1990s. In the present study, a PRRSV strain named FJXS15 causing high morbidity and mortality was isolated from piglets and sows from a farm participating in vaccination in China. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses revealed that FJXS15 was highly similar to the JXA1-R vaccine strain (a live attenuated virus vaccine strain derived from the highly pathogenic PRRSV JXA1) in the ORF1a (nt 901-)-ORF4 (-nt 419) coding regions, as well as to FJZ03 (lineage 1, NADC30-like) in the 5'-UTR, ORF5a-ORF7 coding regions, and 3'-UTR, suggestive of a natural recombination event. Recombination analyses showed that recombination events occurred in two inter-lineage recombination events between Lineages 1 and 8 based on based on classification system (Shi et al., 2010), and two recombination breakpoints at positions 1-1092 and 13771-15537 of the sequence alignment (with reference to the VR-2332 strain). Animal experiments demonstrated that FJXS15-infected animals had more severe histopathological lung lesions than did JXA1-R-infected and control groups. A 25% mortality rate was found in FJXS15-infected piglets, which was similar to that found with other Chinese HP-PRRSV strains. Thus, the recombinant virus is a highly virulent PRRSV. Moreover, this report provides evidence for inter-subgenotypic recombination between the JXA1-R vaccine virus and a circulating Lineage 1 virus.
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King SJ, Ooi PT, Phang LY, Allaudin ZNB, Loh WH, Tee CY, How SP, Yip LS, Choo PY, Lim BK. Phylogenetic characterization of genes encoding for viral envelope glycoprotein (ORF5) and nucleocapsid protein (ORF7) of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome virus found in Malaysia in 2013 and 2014. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:3. [PMID: 28056965 PMCID: PMC5217455 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most expensive diseases of modern swine production & results in annual economic losses and cost the industry over 600 million USD in U.S. alone and billions of dollars worldwide. Two atypical PRRS cases were observed in 2013 and 2014 characterized by late-term abortion, fever and sudden increase in sow mortality which persisted for a prolonged period of time. Methods Lungs, lymph nodes and other samples were collected for disease investigation. Sequencing of the viral envelope glycoprotein (ORF5) and nucleocapsid protein (ORF7) of PRRSV was done using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit chemistry. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using the Maximum Likelihood method, generated by Mega 6.06®. Results Analysis of the ORF5 and ORF7 showed high degree of sequence homology to PRRSV parent vaccine strain VR-2332, RespPRRSV and other mutant/chimeric virus strains. Conclusions Our study suggests that recombination events between vaccine strains and field isolates may contribute to PRRSV virulence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetha Jaganathan King
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.,Asia-Pacific Special Nutrients Sdn. Bhd, Lot 18B, Jalan 241, Section 51A, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46100, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Molecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | | | - Wei Hoong Loh
- Vet Food Agro Diagnostic (M) Sdn. Bhd, Lot 18B, Jalan 241, Section 51A, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46100, Malaysia
| | - Chiou Yan Tee
- Vet Food Agro Diagnostic (M) Sdn. Bhd, Lot 18B, Jalan 241, Section 51A, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46100, Malaysia
| | - Shiao Pau How
- Vet Food Agro Diagnostic Sdn. Bhd, Lot 18B, Jalan 241, Section 51A, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46100, Malaysia
| | - Lai Siong Yip
- Vet Food Agro Diagnostic (M) Sdn. Bhd, Lot 18B, Jalan 241, Section 51A, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46100, Malaysia
| | - Pow Yoon Choo
- Vet Food Agro Diagnostic (M) Sdn. Bhd, Lot 18B, Jalan 241, Section 51A, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46100, Malaysia
| | - Ban Keong Lim
- Vet Food Agro Diagnostic (M) Sdn. Bhd, Lot 18B, Jalan 241, Section 51A, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46100, Malaysia
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Ma Z, Yu Y, Xiao Y, Opriessnig T, Wang R, Yang L, Nan Y, Samal SK, Halbur PG, Zhang YJ. Sustaining Interferon Induction by a High-Passage Atypical Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36312. [PMID: 27805024 PMCID: PMC5090871 DOI: 10.1038/srep36312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain A2MC2 induces type I interferons in cultured cells. The objective of this study was to attenuate this strain by serial passaging in MARC-145 cells and assess its virulence and immunogenicity in pigs. The A2MC2 serially passaged 90 times (A2MC2-P90) retains the feature of interferon induction. The A2MC2-P90 replicates faster with a higher virus yield than wild type A2MC2 virus. Infection of primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) also induces interferons. Sequence analysis showed that the A2MC2-P90 has genomic nucleic acid identity of 99.8% to the wild type but has a deletion of 543 nucleotides in nsp2. The deletion occurred in passage 60. The A2MC2-P90 genome has a total of 35 nucleotide variations from the wild type, leading to 26 amino acid differences. Inoculation of three-week-old piglets showed that A2MC2-P90 is avirulent and elicits immune response. Compared with Ingelvac PRRS® MLV strain, A2MC2-P90 elicits higher virus neutralizing antibodies. The attenuated IFN-inducing A2MC2-P90 should be useful for development of an improved PRRSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexu Ma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yueqiang Xiao
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Patrick G Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Sinn LJ, Klingler E, Lamp B, Brunthaler R, Weissenböck H, Rümenapf T, Ladinig A. Emergence of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 strain in Lower Austria. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:28. [PMID: 28405454 PMCID: PMC5382404 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spring 2015, an outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) struck Lower Austria caused by a PRRS virus (PRRSV) strain spreading rapidly among both previously PRRSV negative and vaccinated pig herds. This case report describes the first well-documented emergence of the PRRSV strain responsible for this outbreak. CASE PRESENTATION A PRRSV seronegative piglet-producing farm in Lower Austria encountered losses in foetuses and suckling piglets of up to 90 %; clinical signs in sows and nursery piglets included fever and reduced feed intake. Additionally, high percentages of repeat breeders and losses of up to 40 % in nursery piglets occurred. An infection with PRRSV was suggested by the detection of antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by quantitative real time PCR. The underlying PRRSV strain, termed AUT15-33, was isolated by passage on porcine alveolar macrophages, partially sequenced (ORF2-7) and grouped as PRRSV-1, subtype 1. In phylogenetic analysis of the genome region coding for the structural proteins, ORF2-7, AUT15-33 clustered with Belgian strains but identities were as low as 88 %. In contrast, analysis of ORF7 sequences revealed a close relationship to Croatian strains from 2012 with an identity of 94 - 95 %. CONCLUSIONS In the year following the outbreak, the same PRRSV strain was identified repeatedly in different regions of Austria. It can be speculated that the new strain has novel advantageous properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J Sinn
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Li Z, He Y, Xu X, Leng X, Li S, Wen Y, Wang F, Xia M, Cheng S, Wu H. Pathological and immunological characteristics of piglets infected experimentally with a HP-PRRSV TJ strain. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:230. [PMID: 27733150 PMCID: PMC5062860 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a major threat to swine industry all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis and immune responses caused by a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV). RESULTS All piglets experimentally infected with a HP-PRRSV TJ strain virus developed typical clinical signs of PRRS. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes significantly decreased in the infected group as compared to the uninfected control animals (p < 0.01). Total WBC dropped in the infected animals during the experiment. The level of ELISA antibody against PRRSV increased in 7-10 days after infection and then started to decline. Pathological observations demonstrated various degree lesions, bleeding and necrosis in the lungs of the infected piglets. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicated that HP-PRRSV TJ strain infection would activate host humoral immune response at the early period post infection and cause severe pathological damages on lungs and inhibit cellular immune response after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Li
- Sinovet (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaituo Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.,State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Yanliang He
- Sinovet (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaituo Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Jiangyan Animal Health Inspection Institute, Jiangguan Road 251, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225529, China
| | - Xue Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Shufen Li
- Sinovet (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaituo Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongjun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Fengxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Mingqi Xia
- Sinovet (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaituo Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Sinovet (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaituo Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China.
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Piñeyro PE, Subramaniam S, Kenney SP, Heffron CL, Giménez-Lirola LG, Meng XJ. Modulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Through Interaction with the Porcine Intercellular-Adhesion-Molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:546-556. [PMID: 27643915 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important global swine pathogen. PRRSV infects porcine dendritic cells (DCs), but the effects of the interactions with DCs are largely unknown. Current research focuses on the production and regulation of interferons and selected inflammatory cytokines in DCs, which may play key roles in immune modulation. In addition, PRRSV also downregulates swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I), SLA-II, and CD80/86 costimulatory molecules in DCs. In this study, we aim to evaluate the PRRSV immunomodulatory effects on monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) through interactions with porcine DC-SIGN (pDC-SIGN) receptor. We demonstrated that blocking the PRRSV and pDC-SIGN interactions in MoDCs with recombinant hICAM-3 did not affect the regulatory effects of PRRSV on SLA-I, SLA-II, or CD80/86 molecules. The hICAM-3 did not affect the morphological changes on MoDCs associated with their activation and maturation after PRRSV infection, and did not impair the virus infectivity in these cells either. The mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-12p35, IL-1β, and IL-6 were upregulated after hICAM-3 treatment or PRRSV infection, but in the presence of the blockage of pDC-SIGN in MoDCs with hICAM-3, PRRSV did not modulate the expression of these genes. However, in the presence of an anti-pDC-SIGN monoclonal antibody (mAb), we showed that PRRSV infection significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1α, but enhanced the expression of IL-12p35 in MoDCs. Both hICAM-3-Fc and pDC-SIGN mAb treatments did not modulate proinflammatory cytokine protein levels in the culture supernatants of PRRSV-infected MoDCs. The results indicate that blocking the PRRSV-pDC-SIGN interactions by recombinant hICAM-3-Fc did not significantly affect virus infectivity, DC maturation, and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in infected MoDCs. However, blocking the PRRSV-pDC-SIGN interactions on MoDCs with an anti-pDC-SIGN mAb revealed differential regulatory effects on specific proinflammatory gene expressions in those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Piñeyro
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia.,2 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Ames, Iowa
| | - Sakthivel Subramaniam
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Scott P Kenney
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - C Lynn Heffron
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- 2 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Ames, Iowa
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia
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