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Fanarraga I, Celinska K. Gender-responsive Classification of Women in Prison: A Typology Based on Mental Health Symptoms and Coping Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024:306624X241246652. [PMID: 38622830 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x241246652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increase in the incarceration rates of women, most correctional practices are still normed on male samples, including prison classification. Moreover, those classifications do not take into account women's particular experiences, needs, and unique pathways to criminality. The current research proposes a typology based on female prisoners' mental health symptoms and coping strategies. The data was derived from a survey conducted with 194 women housed in a Northeastern prison. A two-step clustering analysis was used to obtain three classification types-each with different symptomatology, coping mechanisms, demographic, and background characteristics. The results suggest that identifying and relying on needs-based typologies has important correctional policy implications in terms of the management and the treatment of incarcerated women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Fanarraga
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice / The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katarzyna Celinska
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Law, Police Science & Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Stearns DR, Moore A, Myers QWO, Carmichael H, Velopulos CG. Sex Differences in Violent Death During Incarceration and Legal Intervention. J Surg Res 2023; 289:90-96. [PMID: 37086601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study clarifies the differences in death during incarceration and legal intervention between males and females, delineating the differences in demographic features and the circumstances of the violent death including location, injury pattern, and perpetrator. METHODS The data used are from the National Violent Death Reporting System database from 2003 to 2019. All victims were either in custody, in the process of custody, or in prison. Sex was coded as female or male and as assigned at birth. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 software using chi-square tests, with an alpha of 0.05 to test significant differences in the circumstances of mortality and demographic characteristics for each group. RESULTS Our findings show that suicide was the most common cause of death during incarceration for both females and males (89.8% versus 77.4%; P < 0.001). Homicide was less common in females (1.6% versus 14.8%; P < 0.001) and legal intervention only occurred in males (2.2%; P < 0.001). Male victims were more likely to be of non-White race/ethnicity compared to females, while females were more likely to be experiencing homelessness, have documented mental illness, and comorbid substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS Victim sex is significantly associated with circumstances of violent death among the incarcerated and highlights the need for appropriate mental health and substance abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy R Stearns
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Allison Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Quintin W O Myers
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Heather Carmichael
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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3
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Darivemula S, Knittel A, Flowers L, Moore S, Hall B, Kelecha H, Li X, Ramaswamy M, Kelly PJ. Menstrual Equity in the Criminal Legal System. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:927-931. [PMID: 37535828 PMCID: PMC10510683 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Menstrual equity, that is, access to menstrual products and safe menstruating environments, is a basic human right not available to many vulnerable populations. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample of women involved in the criminal legal system to document experiences with access to hygiene and menstrual products while incarcerated. Results: Of the 156 respondents, 62.6% had to trade or barter to receive even basic hygiene products such as soap or shampoo; food and personal favors were used as the common currency. More than half (53.8%) received less than five menstrual products at intake/initial processing; 29.5% had to trade or barter menstrual hygiene products. Almost one-quarter (23.1%) suffered negative health consequences from prolonged use of products because of limited supply. Discussion: Findings document the lack of menstrual equity among women involved in the criminal legal system. Assuring the human right of menstrual equity in this population requires changes at the legal, the policy, the institutional, and the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Darivemula
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea Knittel
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Flowers
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shawana Moore
- Emory University School of Nursing, Doctor of Nursing Practice Program, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bianca Hall
- Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hebron Kelecha
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Sociology, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Sociology, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Patricia J. Kelly
- Thomas Jefferson University School of Nursing, Department of Research Development, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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White HR, Frisch-Scott NE. Childhood Victimization and Adult Incarceration: A Review of the Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1543-1559. [PMID: 35354348 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211073841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of work estimates the prevalence of childhood victimization among incarcerated people. The present study seeks to descriptively and quantitatively summarize this abundant literature by reviewing studies that report childhood victimization prevalence among people incarcerated in the United States. The review includes any study of childhood victimization that uses a sample of incarcerated adults (age eighteen or older) and that reports the proportion of the sample that experienced child abuse and/or neglect. Sixty-seven studies met these criteria and were analyzed, encompassing 1,187,044 incarcerated individuals. The studies vary in sample characteristics, methodological features, and employ an exceedingly wide range of victimization measures. Meta-analyses for pooled prevalence rates revealed that the inter-study heterogeneity was too great to draw conclusive summary estimates of childhood victimization from this literature, even when disaggregating by victimization type. Exploratory t-tests and correlation analyses suggest that a study's sample size, racial, ethnic, and gender composition, and variation in victimization measurement can influence reported child abuse and neglect, but more research is needed to fully assess how study characteristics influence reported victimization prevalence. Understanding the extensiveness of childhood victimization histories among incarcerated people emphasizes the need for robust screening and treatment for people within correctional facilities, as well as improved community prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R White
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nicole E Frisch-Scott
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
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Nowotny KM, Valdez A, Cepeda A. Syndemic Profiles for HIV, Hepatitis C, and Sextually Transmitted Infections Among Mexican American Women Formerly Affiliated with Youth Street Gangs. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:388-399. [PMID: 35840855 PMCID: PMC9286305 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We examine syndemic profiles of intimate partner violence, mental health, drug use, incarceration, and infectious diseases (HIV, HCV, and STIs) among a sample of adult Mexican American women who were affiliated with youth street gangs during adolescence through their relationships to boys and men. Latent class analysis included multiple factors along the following dimensions: intimate partner violence, drug use, mental illness, and incarceration. Five unique syndemic profiles were found with varying associations to HIV, HCV, and STI: (1) no syndemic, (2) intimate partner violence, no syndemic, (3) drug use, mental health, and incarceration syndemic, (4) intimate partner violence, drug use (without injection drug use), and mental health syndemic, and (5) intimate partner violence, drug use with injection drug use, mental health, and incarceration syndemic. To successfully prevent HIV, HCV, and STI among gang-involved girls and women, it is necessary to address syndemic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Nowotny
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Miami, 5202 University Dr., Merrick 120, FL, 33146, Coral Gables, USA.
| | - Avelardo Valdez
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alice Cepeda
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA, Los Angeles, USA
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6
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Almeida TC, Fernandes RM, Cunha O. The role of positive childhood experiences in the link between childhood maltreatment and affective lability in a sample of incarcerated men and women. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 135:105969. [PMID: 36436298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with a history of child maltreatment (CM) tend to show high affective lability (AL) and criminal behavior. However, positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may act as a protective factor even in the presence of child maltreatment. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between CM, PCEs, and AL in adulthood, identify the predictors of AL and analyze the moderating role of PCEs in the relationship between CM and AL in a sample of 424 incarcerated men (n = 343) and women (n = 81), aged between 18 and 73 years (M = 37.88). METHODS Participants responded to an online protocol consisting of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale (BCEs), and the Affective Lability Scale - Short Version (ALS-18). RESULTS CM was positively associated with AL and negatively associated with PCEs, and PCEs are negatively associated with AL. Regression analyses, after controlling for age, sex, and education, confirmed the role of PCEs on AL, above and beyond CM. However, moderation analysis showed that PCEs did not moderate the relationship between CM and AL for either men or women. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the complexity of human development and behavior from early childhood into adulthood. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of PCEs in the relationship between ACEs and AL among inmates in order to develop more appropriate prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Catarina Almeida
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica, Portugal; CiiEM - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, IUEM, Portugal; LabPSI - Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, IUEM, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Margarida Fernandes
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica, Portugal; LabPSI - Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, IUEM, Portugal
| | - Olga Cunha
- Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Portugal; Hei-Lab, Portugal
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7
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Khatiwada J, Isono M, Ogawa T. Factors Associated With Impeding the Reintegration of Incest Survivors: A Qualitative Study in Selected Safe Homes in Nepal. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP539-NP564. [PMID: 35343302 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221082736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incest is a globally prevalent phenomenon and is defined as sexual relations between closely related family members. Despite being a criminal offense irrespective to the gender and age incest is a prevalent issue in Nepal. Incest survivors are sheltered in safe homes for specific periods and reintegrated into their families following their healing. This research aims to explore the challenges and issues involved in the reintegration of incest survivors and investigate how the interconnected perceptions of families and individuals relate to the incest survivors' successful reintegration. METHODS This qualitative study was conducted in three districts of Nepal. Fourteen incest survivors, five service providers from safe homes, and 22 community members were purposefully and theoretically selected. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to collect the study data, which were subsequently coded and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS The results indicate the importance of the reintegration of incest survivors, as staying in a safe home may not offer a long-term solution for these individuals. However, reintegration is challenging without acceptance and support from the survivors' families and communities, the survivors' readiness to reintegrate, and agreement from the survivors' safe homes. Factors found to influence the unsuccessful reintegration of survivors included family fragmentation, socio-economic status, family resistance, the survivor-perpetrator relationship, survivors' interests, fears, and the possibility of repeated incidents, harmful social norms and cultural practices, community intervention, and negative perceptions. CONCLUSION This study found that factors associated with impeding the reintegration of incest survivors are found in survivors, their families, and their communities. Creating harmonious family systems, providing education on gender equality, empowering women to fight against all sorts of abuse, and governmental assurances on the implementation of legal aid, human rights, ratified conventions on child rights and women's rights may help prevention of incest, and address the reintegration challenges of incest victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Januka Khatiwada
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, 548893International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Maho Isono
- Graduate School of Health Management, 12869Keio University, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Toshio Ogawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
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Kirubarajan A, Tsang J, Dong S, Hui J, Sreeram P, Mohmand Z, Leung S, Ceccacci A, Sobel M. Pregnancy and childbirth during incarceration: A qualitative systematic review of lived experiences. BJOG 2022; 129:1460-1472. [PMID: 35274810 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated individuals who experience pregnancy or childbirth in correctional facilities face unique considerations for obstetric care and consequently are at greater risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. OBJECTIVES To characterise patient experiences regarding pregnancy and childbirth during incarceration via qualitative synthesis. SEARCH STRATEGY Medline-OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, Social Work Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycInfo were systematically searched from inception to 24 December 2020. Supplementary searches were performed using the Scopus database. SELECTION CRITERIA Only original, peer-reviewed literature was examined. Eligible studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. RESULTS After screening 4173 original database citations, 24 studies that met inclusion criteria were included and analysed via thematic analysis. The 24 studies included perspectives from 645 female patients who had experienced incarceration, 69 healthcare providers and 70 prison staff. Key patient-reported concerns for the well-being of pregnant individuals during incarceration included mental health challenges, dehumanisation of prenatal care and delivery, lack of privacy, stigma, psychological trauma, lack of emotional support and shackle usage during pregnancy and/or labour. The studies reported a lack of support for patients to access female correctional officers or guards, privacy during intimate examinations, timely medical care and support for breastfeeding. Above all, the psychological trauma of separation from one's newborn after birth was of utmost devastation. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review highlights the dire need for accountability and interventions to improve pregnancy and childbirth care for incarcerated individuals. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT This systematic review describes lived experiences of pregnancy & childbirth during incarceration, including dehumanisation, psychological trauma, and use of shackles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Kirubarajan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jackie Tsang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Dong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeanette Hui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Padmaja Sreeram
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuhal Mohmand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Leung
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mara Sobel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zaller N, Barry L, Dorotik J, James J, Knittel AK, Murillo F, Prost SG, Williams B. Guest editorial. Int J Prison Health 2022; 18:117-123. [PMID: 38899604 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2022-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Zaller
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lisa Barry
- Psychiatry, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA, and UConn Center on Aging, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane Dorotik
- California Coalition of Women Prisoners, Valley Center, California, USA
| | - Jennifer James
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea K Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fernando Murillo
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Grace Prost
- Raymond A. Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brie Williams
- UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Hoff E, Rutledge R, Gibson BA, Price CR, Gallagher C, Maurer K, Meyer JP. Preexposure Prophylaxis for Women Across the Criminal Justice System: Implications for Policy and Practice. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2022; 28:22-31. [PMID: 34762498 PMCID: PMC8825570 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.19.11.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Data that inform preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation for women involved in criminal justice (WICJ) systems are scarce. In a survey of PrEP attitudes, acceptability, and barriers across the criminal justice system, incarcerated women (n = 48) were more likely than WICJ on probation (n = 125) to be eligible for PrEP (29% vs. 15%; p = .04) and willing to take PrEP if offered (94% vs. 78%; p = .01). In multivariate models, PrEP eligibility directly correlated with being incarcerated (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76-13.1) and inversely correlated with Hispanic/Latina ethnicity (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.10-0.96). Recent partner violence exposure was associated with PrEP eligibility (aOR 3.29; 95% CI 1.54-7.02) and discordant risk perception (aOR 2.36; 95% CI 1.18-4.70). Findings demonstrate high potential for PrEP for all WICJ, though implementation efforts will need to address partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hoff
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ronnye Rutledge
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Britton A. Gibson
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Colleen Gallagher
- Health and Addiction Services Quality Improvement Program, Connecticut Department of Correction, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathleen Maurer
- Health and Addiction Services Quality Improvement Program, Connecticut Department of Correction, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jaimie P. Meyer
- AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,*Address correspondence to: Jaimie P. Meyer, MD, AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, 135 College Street, Suite 323 New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Kirby A, Williams WH, Clasby B, Hughes N, Cleaton MAM. Understanding the complexity of neurodevelopmental profiles of females in prison. Int J Prison Health 2021; 17:425-438. [PMID: 38902901 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-12-2019-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to examine the relationship between patterns of functioning in four domains (attention and concentration; social and communication; coordination and organisation; and literacy and numeracy) in women in prison. Also, to consider potential associations between functioning and previous Neurodevelopmental Disorder (NDD) diagnoses, previous mental health diagnoses and history of head injury, self-harm and attempted suicide. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Women in one Scottish prison were invited to participate; 87 consented. Women were screened for functional difficulties and asked about their relevant educational and medical history. FINDINGS Half of participants reported difficulties in one or more domains. All possible combinations of functional difficulties were found. Only eight women reported previous NDD diagnoses. Functional difficulties were significantly associated with history of self-harm, history of attempted suicide and mental health diagnoses. In total, 32% of women reported at least one head injury, but this was not significantly associated with functional difficulties. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS The sample was comparatively small and questions were self-report. Analyses were based on within-cohort comparisons due to a lack of appropriate general population data. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS There is a clear need for timely, practical and comprehensive profiling of females in the Justice System. Current systems do not appear to adequately identify women with functional difficulties or other adversity. Greater use of interdisciplinary working and shared training is indicated, as is a move from categorical diagnostic systems towards dimensional approaches. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study is the first to investigate associations between difficulties associated with NDDs, mental health difficulties and head injury in women in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Huw Williams
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Betony Clasby
- Department of Sociological Studies, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK and Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Department of Sociological Studies, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK and Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of severe mental illness (SMI) in correctional settings is alarmingly high. Some correctional facilities have developed mental health units (MHUs) to treat incarcerated individuals with SMI. OBJECTIVE To identify existing MHUs in the United States and collate information on these units. DATA SOURCES A systematic review using Criminal Justice Abstracts, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SocINDEX, plus an exploratory review using the Google search engine were conducted. MHUs were included if they were located within an adult correctional facility in the United States, specifically catered to SMI populations, and were in active operation as of June 2019. RESULTS Eleven articles were identified through the peer-reviewed literature, but there were still major gaps in the information on MHUs. The Google search identified 317 MHUs. The majority of units were located within prisons (79.5%) and served only men (76%). The Google search found information indicating that 169 (53.3%) offered groups or programming to inmates; 104 (32.8%) offered individual therapy; and 89 (23%) offered both. One hundred sixty-six units (52.4%) had dedicated mental health staff, and 75 (23.7%) provided mental health training to correctional officers. Information on funding and outcomes of the MHUs is presented. LIMITATIONS Use of the Google search engine and sources that have not been peer reviewed limits the robustness of conclusions about the MHUs. CONCLUSIONS Standards for developing and implementing MHUs are not widespread. The shortcomings of current MHUs are discussed in the context of desired criteria for size, staffing, and programming.
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Lawyer SR, Smith K, Thomas B, Pemberton S. Reactions to Laboratory-Based Trauma Research in a Sample of Incarcerated Women. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2021; 17:52-62. [PMID: 34541962 DOI: 10.1177/15562646211043632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based approach to research ethics is critical to ethical research but little is known about how trauma survivors-especially those from vulnerable populations-respond to laboratory-based trauma research. One hundred four incarcerated women (N = 64 rape survivors) reported their traumatic life experiences, listened to and responded to an audio recording of a dating interaction that culminates in a completed rape, and then reported their responses to their participation. Compared to the control group (N = 40), rape survivors (N = 64) had more posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and these symptoms were associated with more emotional responding. Both groups showed a positive benefit-cost ratio with regard to their participation did not differ on their overall reactions to research participation. These findings suggest that laboratory-based trauma research methods are associated with consistently positive experiences, which can help inform researchers and institutional review boards about the risks and benefits of such research.
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Myers K, Dalessandro C, Geist C, Sufrin C. Jail as a Point of Contraceptive Care Access: Needs and Preferences Among Women in an Urban Jail. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:787-794. [PMID: 34463421 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals who are incarcerated in the United States often struggle to access family planning care because of the common practice of jails not providing contraceptives on site. However, less is known about the contraceptive needs and preferences, including the desirability of intrauterine devices and implants, among those who are incarcerated. METHODS Cross-sectional, in-person surveys were administered to 148 reproductive-age women (aged 18-48) incarcerated at an urban jail in Utah to identify women's contraceptive needs and preferences while incarcerated. We used summary statistics and logistic regression to investigate relationships between demographic characteristics, the desire to access contraceptive services while incarcerated, and interest in specific contraceptive methods. RESULTS Surveys indicate a high interest in accessing contraceptives while in jail (73%). Participants who were more likely to prefer access to contraceptive services in jail were also more likely to be interested in the injectable (odds ratio [OR], 4.75; 95% CI, 1.03-21.94), the implant (OR, 8.44; 95% CI, 1.70-41.99), and intrauterine devices (OR, 10.04; 95% CI, 3.46-29.20) than participants indicating no desire to access contraceptive services while in jail. DISCUSSION Jails could be an access point for contraceptive methods requiring health care provider intervention in the state of Utah. However, care must be taken due to broader historical legacies of reproductive coercion in carceral settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyl Myers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cristen Dalessandro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Claudia Geist
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carolyn Sufrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Moore KE, Siebert S, Brown G, Felton J, Johnson JE. Stressful life events among incarcerated women and men: Association with depression, loneliness, hopelessness, and suicidality. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 34427798 PMCID: PMC8386053 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Justice-involved populations report a higher than average number of pre-incarceration stressful life events. However, few studies have described stressful life events which occur during incarceration, explored gender differences in these events, or evaluated the effect of these events on well-being. METHOD This study draws from a sample of male and female adults incarcerated in 6 prison facilities across two states (n = 160) to identify the number and type of stressful life events they experienced during incarceration, gender differences in stressful events, and the relationship between stressful life events and markers of well-being (i.e., depression, hopelessness, loneliness, suicidality). We also examined whether perceived social support would buffer the relationship between stressful events and well-being outcomes. RESULTS Participants on average reported experiencing 4 stressful life events during their current incarceration, the most common being relocation to another cell and being made fun of/insulted by someone in the prison. There were few gender differences in types of events experienced. Regression analyses showed that stressful life events were associated with more loneliness, as well as suicidality, but only when participants had low perceived social support. CONCLUSIONS Stressful life events, and drawing on social support networks to cope with stress, should be addressed in the context of correctional treatments to reduce suicide risk during incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Moore
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers-Stout Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
| | - Shania Siebert
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers-Stout Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Garrett Brown
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, USA
| | - Julia Felton
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, USA
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Gottlieb A, Mahabir M. The Effect of Multiple Types of Intimate Partner Violence on Maternal Criminal Justice Involvement. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:6797-6820. [PMID: 30600751 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518820705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although men make up a large majority of the U.S. incarcerated population, in recent years, incarceration rates have increased faster for women. As a result, scholarship has increasingly sought to hone in on the causes and correlates of women's criminal behavior and criminal justice involvement. One factor that has been consistently found to be associated with criminal behavior and criminal justice involvement is exposure to intimate partner violence. This existing scholarship has largely focused on physical and sexual abuse and has not examined whether exposure to multiple types of abuse places women at a particularly great risk for criminal justice involvement. In this study, we begin to address these gaps by examining two questions: (a) is there an independent association between different types of intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, emotional, and economic) and a mother's risk of experiencing criminal justice involvement; and (b) is the exposure to multiple types of intimate partner violence particularly detrimental to mothers? To address these questions, we use longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and logistic regression models. First, we find evidence that mothers who have experienced any abuse type are at greater risk of criminal justice involvement. Second, once co-occurrence of abuse types is accounted for, only physical and economic abuse are independently associated with a greater risk of criminal justice involvement. Third, we find that being exposed to multiple types of intimate partner violence places women at particularly great risk for criminal justice involvement. These findings point to the need for criminal justice actors to take intimate partner violence into account when they are making decisions that impact women. These results also highlight the importance of legal advocacy for domestic violence counselors in their work with women.
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17
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Anderson VR, Rubino LL, McKenna NC. Family-based Intervention for Legal System-involved Girls: A Mixed Methods Evaluation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 67:35-49. [PMID: 33150983 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increased proportion of juvenile court-involved girls has spurred interest to implement and evaluate services to reduce girls' system involvement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a family-based intervention by using a dominant sequential mixed methods evaluation approach. First, we examined quantitative data using a quasi-experimental design to determine whether the family-based intervention reduced recidivism among court-involved girls. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to construct statistically equivalent groups to compare one-year recidivism outcomes for girls who received the court-run family-based intervention (n = 181) to a group of girls on probation who did not receive the intervention (n = 803). Qualitative interviews (n = 39) were conducted to contextualize the quantitative findings and highlighted the circumstances that family-focused interventions for court-involved girls. Girls who received the program had slightly lower recidivism rates following the intervention. The qualitative findings contextualized the quasi-experimental results by providing an explanation as to the girls' family circumstances and insights into the mechanisms of the intervention. Results highlighted the importance of family-focused interventions for juvenile justice-involved girls. These findings have practical and policy implications for the use interventions-beyond the individual level-with adjudicated girls and offer suggestions for ways to improve their effectiveness using a community psychology lens. In addition, this paper includes a discussion of evaluating of juvenile court programming from a community psychology perspective including strengths, challenges, and considerations for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Anderson
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura L Rubino
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole C McKenna
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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18
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Hoff E, Adams ZM, Grimshaw A, Goddard-Eckrich DA, Dasgupta A, Sheth SS, Meyer JP. Reproductive Life Goals: A Systematic Review of Pregnancy Planning Intentions, Needs, and Interventions Among Women Involved in U.S. Criminal Justice Systems. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:412-428. [PMID: 32589492 PMCID: PMC7957381 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Women involved in criminal justice systems (WICJ) are affected by multilevel biological and sociocultural factors that result in adverse health outcomes and health disparities. Criminal justice systems (CJS) must be appropriately resourced to address these issues. Materials and Methods: We developed a systematic review to understand the intentions and needs for pregnancy prevention and planning among WICJ to inform future reproductive health services. We conducted a systematic literature review of epidemiologic and interventional studies that addressed the pregnancy prevention and planning needs of U.S. WICJ (2000-2019). An initial screen identified 7061 articles and 3 independent reviewers determined that 28 articles (16 descriptive studies in adults, 7 descriptive studies in adolescents, and 5 interventional studies) met inclusion criteria. Results: The literature review identified high rates of contraception underutilization and negative attitudes toward pregnancy among WICJ in a wide variety of settings. WICJ described minimal access to reproductive health services, including evidence-based contraception, and experienced high rates of unplanned and undesired pregnancies. Results were interpreted in the context of the reproductive justice (RJ) framework. Conclusions: The CJS, although not designed to provide health care, should dedicate resources to address the multilevel barriers to care experienced by women. WICJ require targeted, gender-responsive, trauma-informed pregnancy prevention and planning interventions that acknowledge the history of reproductive coercion in this population and address key aspects of RJ, including the right to and to not have a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hoff
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zoe M. Adams
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alyssa Grimshaw
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dawn A. Goddard-Eckrich
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anindita Dasgupta
- Social Intervention Group, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sangini S. Sheth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jaimie P. Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Golembeski CA, Sufrin CB, Williams B, Bedell PS, Glied SA, Binswanger IA, Hylton D, Winkelman TNA, Meyer JP. Improving Health Equity for Women Involved in the Criminal Legal System. Womens Health Issues 2020; 30:313-319. [PMID: 32739132 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Golembeski
- Rutgers University School of Law and School of Public Affairs and Administration, Newark, New Jersey.
| | - Carolyn B Sufrin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brie Williams
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Geriatrics and Amend at UCSF, Francisco, California
| | - Precious S Bedell
- University of Rochester College of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering, Turning Points Resource Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Sherry A Glied
- New York University Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York, New York
| | - Ingrid A Binswanger
- Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Research and Chemical Dependency Treatment Services, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Tyler N A Winkelman
- General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare; Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jaimie P Meyer
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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20
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Karlsson ME, Zielinski MJ. Sexual Victimization and Mental Illness Prevalence Rates Among Incarcerated Women: A Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:326-349. [PMID: 29661117 PMCID: PMC6761034 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018767933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Incarcerated women evidence high rates of both interpersonal trauma and mental illness. In particular, the rates of sexual violence victimization are so high that some researchers have suggested that sexual abuse may be a pathway to prison for women, likely through the development of mental illness, including substance abuse. This review article summarizes the literature on sexual victimization (n = 32 articles; 28 independent studies) and mental illness (n = 11 articles; 8 independent studies) prevalence among samples of incarcerated women (Ns ≥ 100) in context of methodological choices within included articles. Best estimates for sexual victimization from studies using established survey methods were as follows: 50-66% for child sexual abuse, 28-68% for adult sexual abuse, and 56-82% for lifetime sexual assault. Although data directly comparing prevalence of sexual victimization among incarcerated women to prevalence for other groups are limited, the existing data indicate that incarcerated women have significantly greater exposure than incarcerated men and community samples of women. Moreover, compared to findings from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, incarcerated women evidence greater prevalence of most lifetime and current mental illnesses, especially depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. Surprisingly, only two independent studies have investigated the overlap between sexual victimization and mental illness in samples of incarcerated women. Both studies found disproportionally high rates of mental illness among victims of sexual violence. Suggestions and implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa J. Zielinski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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21
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Clark CB, Reiland SA, Armstrong JD, Ewy R, Cropsey KL. Characteristics Associated with a History of Physical and Sexual Abuse in a Community Corrections Sample. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:512-518. [PMID: 31724472 PMCID: PMC7012502 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1686023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Most predictors of future criminal justice involvement are gender neutral. However, recent research has stressed the importance of physical and sexual abuse as a precursor of incarceration for women. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of a history of physical and sexual abuse on mental health, substance use, and criminal justice history for men and women under community corrections supervision. Methods: A sample of 613 (203 women and 410 men) participants completed structured clinical interviews and questionnaires assessing demographics, mental health and abuse history (physical vs. sexual), substance use, and criminal justice involvement. Results: Results of multivariate analyses indicated that for men, physical abuse was linked to White race, a higher number of arrests, history of a person offense, family problems, and suicidality; while sexual abuse was linked to White race, family problems, suicidality, and antisocial personality disorder. For women, physical abuse was only associated with meeting criteria for an anxiety or depressive disorder; while sexual abuse was linked to reporting a history of a substance offense, meeting criteria for an anxiety or depressive disorder, and increased suicidality. Substance use was not associated with any form of abuse in either gender. Conclusions: In general, abuse was associated with worse mental health and more severe criminal justice involvement. Women reported much greater rates of abuse and our results provide some support for the idea that a history of abuse may be an important precursor to criminal justice involvement for individuals under community corrections supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brendan Clark
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Sarah A Reiland
- Department of Psychology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob D Armstrong
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Ryley Ewy
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Karen L Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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22
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Deckert A. Daughters Inside: Toward a Theory of Structural Sexual Violence Against Girls Through Male Mass Incarceration. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:1897-1918. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801219886379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous women constitute the fastest growing segment of the prison population. Women inside have disproportionately experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA). A key protective factor against CSA is living with both biological parents. Imprisonment removes fathers from daughters’ homes. Yet, the link between male incarceration and girls’ risk of CSA remains unexamined. A quantitative exploration of this risk in Aotearoa New Zealand, indicates that the disproportionate incarceration of Māori fathers in the 1980s exposed Māori daughters to a 5.5 times greater CSA risk. A theory of sexual structural violence through male mass incarceration may help explain high CSA victimization rates among Māori girls and incarcerated women, and the sudden increase of young Indigenous women behind bars. More qualitative research is required to verify this empirical exploration.
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23
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Dishon-Brown A, Golder S, Renn T, Logan TK, Higgins GE. The Effects of Child and Adult Victimization on Psychological Distress: A Mediated Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Violence Against Women 2019; 27:143-166. [PMID: 31752623 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219885183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Justice-involved women experience significantly higher rates of victimization and psychological distress, and these experiences place women at greater risk of initial and ongoing involvement in the criminal justice system. This research explored the relationship between victimization, the hypothesized mediators (social support and coping), and psychological distress among a sample of 406 victimized women on probation/parole. Results of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were significant and indicated a partial mediation model (74%) with both direct and indirect effects. Based upon the results of this research, implications and future research are explored regarding gender-responsive practices for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanya Renn
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - T K Logan
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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24
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Narrative Identity Development and Desistance from Illegal Behavior among Substance-Using Female Offenders: Implications for Narrative Therapy and Creating Opportunity. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McLeod DA, Sharp SF, Gatlin L, Jones MS. No Idle Threat: Coercive Control and Enacted Violence in the Pre-Prison Relationships of Incarcerated Women. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2019; 34:452-473. [PMID: 31171728 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While much research documents physical and sexual abusive experiences in the lives of women prisoners, less is known about their experiences with coercive control. Utilizing Dutton, Goodman, and Schmidt's (2008) measures of coercive control and framed by a feminist pathways approach, this study examines the connections between experiences of coercive control and physical and sexual violence in adult intimate relationships, including how women perceive and respond to experiences of coercion. Findings demonstrate how incarcerated women experience significant levels of control, manipulation, threats, and demands from their partners in relation to personal activities, financial resources, interpersonal interactions, illegal activities, and other areas. Moreover, findings show these threats and demands to be aggressively enforced and directly related to physical and sexual violence against these women, as well as threats to the safety and security of their family, friends, and children. Additional findings and details are discussed.
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26
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Johnson JE, Stout RL, Miller TR, Zlotnick C, Cerbo LA, Andrade JT, Nargiso J, Bonner J, Wiltsey-Stirman S. Randomized cost-effectiveness trial of group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for prisoners with major depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2019; 87:392-406. [PMID: 30714749 PMCID: PMC6482450 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for major depressive disorder (MDD) among prisoners. It is the first fully powered randomized trial of any treatment (pharmacological or psychosocial) targeting MDD among incarcerated individuals. METHOD One hundred eighty-one male (n = 117) and female (n = 64) prisoners from prison facilities in 2 states were randomized to group IPT (delivered by master's-level and nonspecialist prison counselors) for MDD plus prison treatment as usual (TAU) or to TAU alone. Participants' average age was 39 (range = 20-61); 20% were African American and 19% were Hispanic. Outcomes assessed at posttreatment and 3-month follow-up included depressive symptoms (primary; assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), suicidality (assessed with the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation and Beck Hopelessness Scale), in-prison functioning (i.e., enrollment in correctional programs; discipline reports; aggression/victimization; and social support), remission from MDD, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. RESULTS IPT reduced depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and increased rates of MDD remission relative to prison TAU alone. Effects on hopelessness were particularly strong. Cost per patient was $2,054 including costs for IPT training and supervision or $575 without these costs. For providers running their second or subsequent IPT group, cost per additional week in remission from MDD (relative to TAU alone) was $524 ($148 excluding training and supervision costs, which would not be needed for established programs). CONCLUSIONS IPT is effective and cost-effective and we recommend its use for MDD among prisoners. It is currently the only treatment for MDD evaluated among incarcerated individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Johnson
- National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division, 795 Willow Road (NC-PTSD 334), Menlo Park, CA 94025.
| | - Robert L. Stout
- Decision Sciences Institute, 1005 Main Street Unit 8120, Pawtucket, RI 02860.
| | - Ted R. Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, MD 20705; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Caron Zlotnick
- Butler Hospital and Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906; University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Louis A. Cerbo
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections, 39 Howard Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920.
| | - Joel T. Andrade
- MHM Services, Inc. 110 Turnpike Road, Suite 308, Westborough, MA 01581.
| | - Jessica Nargiso
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 6th floor, 151 Merrimac St, Boston MA 02114.
| | - Joseph Bonner
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 200 East 1st St, Flint, MI 48502.
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Smith KE, Bunting AM, Golder S, Hall MT, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Prevalence and Correlates of Disability Among a Sample of Victimized Women on Probation and Parole. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2019; 25:143-161. [PMID: 30866703 DOI: 10.1177/1078345819833387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory study was to establish the prevalence of disability as measured by self-reported Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) receipt among a sample of women on probation and parole who have experienced interpersonal victimization in childhood and/or adulthood. Women receiving SSDI were more likely to be older, White, to live alone, and to score lower on measures of social support compared to women not receiving SSDI. SSDI recipients were also more likely to report poorer health, chronic pain, and more frequent health care service utilization. High rates of adverse childhood experiences, rape, adult victimization, and an overall greater severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology were observed for women receiving SSDI. Groups had similar overall mental health profiles and diverged primarily on trauma variables. Findings support the need for trauma-informed care and highlight the possibility that some criminal justice system-involved women likely qualify for SSDI, yet are not receiving it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Smith
- 1 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Amanda M Bunting
- 2 Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Seana Golder
- 1 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Martin T Hall
- 1 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - George E Higgins
- 3 Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - T K Logan
- 4 Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,5 Center on Drug and Alcohol and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Sered SS, Norton-Hawk M. Women on the Institutional Circuit: A 9-Year Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2019; 25:25-36. [PMID: 30616433 DOI: 10.1177/1078345818819811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a mixed-method approach of interviews and ethnographic observations, the authors followed a cohort of women postincarceration in Massachusetts for a period of 9 years. The women repeatedly cycled through health care and other institutions, yet very few moved into stable housing, jobs, and family situations. Nearly all continue to suffer multiple physical and mental health challenges despite high levels of access to health care. This article is intended to provide those who work in correctional institutions a broader view of the lives of justice-involved women outside of those institutions. In light of the short sentences and frequent breaks in continuity of care experienced by these women, the authors call for expansion of the roles of community health center providers inside jails and prisons.
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Jones MS, Worthen MGF, Sharp SF, McLeod DA. Life as she knows it: The effects of adverse childhood experiences on intimate partner violence among women prisoners. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 85:68-79. [PMID: 30126661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most incarcerated women suffer from adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse (e.g., physical, sexual, emotional), neglect, (e.g., physical, emotional), and chaotic home environments (e.g., witnessing domestic violence), and adult intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet the majority of research on the relationship between ACEs and IPV has been limited to non-incarcerated populations. Using data from a stratified random sample of all incarcerated women in Oklahoma (n = 355), we explore the relationships between individual, cumulative, and clusters of ACEs as they relate to multiple forms of IPV in adulthood utilizing a feminist life course theory approach. Our findings indicate that individual ACEs, high accumulation of ACEs (five or more), and clusters of ACEs are linked to simple assault, aggravated assault, sexual abuse, and psychological abuse in adult intimate relationships in the pre-prison lives of women prisoners suggesting strong support for the use of a feminist life course theory approach in understanding these relationships.
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30
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Knittel A, Ti A, Schear S, Comfort M. Evidence-based recommendations to improve reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women. Int J Prison Health 2018; 13:200-206. [PMID: 28914121 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-07-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe standards for evidence-based reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women. Design/methodology/approach The literature on reproductive healthcare in the US criminal justice system and recommendations from professional organizations were reviewed and critical areas of concern were identified. Within these areas, studies and expert opinion were synthesized and policy recommendations were formulated through an iterative process of group discussion and document revision. This brief specifically addresses women's incarceration in the USA, but the recommendations are grounded in a human rights framework with global relevance. Findings Women who are incarcerated have health needs that are distinct from those of men, and there is a clear need for gender-responsive reproductive healthcare within the criminal justice system. This brief identifies five core domains of reproductive healthcare: routine screening, menstruation-related concerns, prenatal and postpartum care, contraception and abortion, and sexually transmitted infections. The recommendations emphasize the continuity between the criminal justice system and the community, as well as the dignity and self-determination of incarcerated women. Originality/value This brief provides a unique synthesis of the available evidence with concrete recommendations for improving the reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Knittel
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angeline Ti
- University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Schear
- School of Public Health, UC Berkeley - UC San Francisco Joint Medical Program, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
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31
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Hall MT, Ball D, Sears J, Higgins GE, Logan TK, Golder S. Past-year nonmedical use of prescription drugs among women on probation and parole: A cross-sectional study. Subst Abus 2018; 39:280-285. [PMID: 29452065 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2018.1442382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription drug-related overdose deaths have increased dramatically in recent years. Women in the justice system experience high rates of drug use, victimization, trauma symptoms, and other health problems and would appear to be at high risk for nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD). This study will be among the first to describe prevalence and correlates of NMUPD among this population. METHODS This cross-sectional study collected data from 406 victimized women on probation and parole between 2010 and 2012. In a multiple logistic regression model, we differentiated women who reported past-year NMUPD from those who did not using demographic, health, other drug use, substance use treatment, and trauma symptom severity variables. RESULTS Past-year NMUPD was reported by 26.8% (n = 109) of the overall sample. Women reporting NMUPD were significantly younger and more likely to be white. Past-year use of alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-6.1), marijuana (AOR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.8-7.0), methamphetamines (AOR: 6.1; 95% CI: 1.7-21.3), and heroin (AOR: 8.4; 95% CI: 2.0-35.2) were significantly associated with NMUPD. Additionally, each unit increase in the measure assessing bodily pain was associated with a 40% increase (AOR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7) in the odds of NMUPD. Finally, meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder almost doubled (AOR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.4) the odds of reporting past-year NMUPD. CONCLUSIONS Victimized women on probation and parole report high rates of NMUPD, and this behavior intersects with other complex social, behavioral, psychological, and physical needs. The authors recommend increased access to trauma-informed correctional care among women in the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Hall
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| | - Diana Ball
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| | - Jeanelle Sears
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| | - George E Higgins
- b Department of Justice Administration , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - T K Logan
- c Department of Behavioral Science and Center on Drug and Alcohol Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Seana Golder
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
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Evaluation of childhood trauma with respect to criminal behavior, dissociative experiences, adverse family experiences and psychiatric backgrounds among prison inmates. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:100-107. [PMID: 29455144 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate childhood trauma in relation to criminal behavior, dissociative experiences, adverse family experiences during childhood and psychiatric backgrounds among prison inmates. METHODS In total, 200 prison inmates were included in this questionnaire-based study. Data on demographic characteristics, adverse family experiences during childhood and psychiatric backgrounds were collected via face-to-face interviews, and a psychometric evaluation was conducted using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). RESULTS Several historical items were more common in females than in males including family history of psychiatric disease (23.0% vs. 13.0%, p = 0.048), a personal history of psychiatric disease (51.0% vs. 29.0%, p < 0.001), and previous suicide attempts (49.0% vs. 25.0%, p < 0.001). In male inmates, in contrast, there were higher rates of substance abuse (48.0% vs. 29.0%, p < 0.001) and previous convictions (50.0% vs. 25.0%, p < 0.001). Males had a younger age at first crime (24.9 ± 8.9 years vs. 30.3 ± 9.2 years, p < 0.001), whereas females had higher rates of violent crimes (69.2% vs. 30.8% p < 0.001) and higher CTQ total scores (51.9 ± 20.9 vs. 46.2 ± 18.9, p = 0.04). A significant relationship of CTQ total score was noted with age at first offense (β = 0.772, p < 0.001) but not with sentence length (β = 0.075, p = 0.292). There were also possible mediating roles of psychiatric problems, adverse family experiences and DES in the relationship between CTQ and age at first offense. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings revealed a high prevalence of and significant associations among childhood trauma, dissociative experiences, adverse family experiences and psychiatric problems in a cohort of incarcerated females and males. A psychiatric background, childhood trauma characterized by sexual abuse and violent crimes were found to be predominant in female prison inmates, whereas a criminal background with a younger age at first offense and frequent previous convictions, substance use and sexual crimes were more prevalent among male prison inmates. Our findings indicate a potential link between childhood traumatization and criminal behavior in terms of subsequent offending but not in terms of severity of the subsequent offense.
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DeCou CR, Lynch SM, Cole TT. Physical and Sexual Victimization Predicts Suicidality among Women in Prison: Understanding Ethnic and Trauma-Specific Domains of Risk. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dewey S, Wesely JK, Epler R, Connolly C, Zare B, Bratton R. Ontologies of Blame and the Cultural Value of Accountability. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684317733284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Burgess-Proctor A, Comartin EB, Kubiak SP. Comparing Female- and Male-Perpetrated Child Sexual Abuse: A Mixed-Methods Analysis. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2017; 26:657-676. [PMID: 28836929 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2017.1336504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This mixed-methods study compares experiences of female- and male-perpetrated child sexual abuse using self-report data from a correctional subsample of 26 women and 25 men currently incarcerated for a sex crime against a child. First, we use bivariate and logistic regression analyses to determine whether there are differences in offender, victim, and offense characteristics between women and men who commit child sexual abuse. Second, we examine participants' open-ended responses eliciting details about their offenses. Quantitative results reveal some differences between women and men in victim characteristics, presence of a co-offender, and adulthood experiences with violence but no differences between women and men in experiences of childhood adversity, including prior child sexual abuse victimization. Qualitative results, however, suggest marked differences in the way women and men characterize their offenses. Overall, findings indicate that women and men report unique experiences with child sexual abuse perpetration and therefore would benefit from gender-specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin B Comartin
- b School of Social Work, Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan , USA
| | - Sheryl P Kubiak
- c School of Social Work, Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
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Dishon-Brown A, Golder S, Renn T, Winham K, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Childhood Victimization, Attachment, Coping, and Substance Use Among Victimized Women on Probation and Parole. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2017; 32:431-451. [PMID: 28516830 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Justice-involved women report high rates of victimization across their life span, and these experiences contribute to their involvement in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Within this population, research has identified an overlap among victimization and substance use, a high-risk coping mechanism. Furthermore, research indicates attachment style is related to coping and high-risk behaviors. Research is needed to understand the relationship among these mechanisms as they relate to intimate partner violence (IPV). To address this gap, this study investigated the relationship between attachment, coping, childhood victimization, substance use, and IPV among 406 victimized women on probation/parole. Results of 6 multivariate regression analyses were statistically significant, accounting for 8%-13% of the variance in IPV. Particularly, childhood sexual victimization and negative coping were significant in all analyses. Findings provide practitioners, administrators, and policymakers information about the specific needs of justice-involved women.
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Radatz DL, Wright EM. Does Polyvictimization Affect Incarcerated and Non-Incarcerated Adult Women Differently? An Exploration Into Internalizing Problems. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2017; 32:1379-1400. [PMID: 26063790 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515588921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used data from life histories of 424 non-incarcerated ( n = 266) and incarcerated ( n = 158) women to examine the extent to which women are exposed to multiple forms of victimization, including child abuse, intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and traumatic life events. We assessed the effects of polyvictimization (e.g., multiple victimizations) on women's health-related outcomes (e.g., attempted suicide, drug and alcohol problems) as well as whether the prevalence rates and effects of victimization were significantly different between the subsamples of women. Results indicate that incarcerated women experience significantly more victimization than non-incarcerated women, and while polyvictimization was associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol problems, drug problems, and attempted suicide among non-incarcerated women, it was only marginally associated with an increased likelihood of alcohol problems among incarcerated women. Finally, low levels of polyvictimization affected alcohol and drug problems among incarcerated and non-incarcerated women differently.
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Renn T, Golder S, Higgins G, Logan TK, Winham KM. Examining the Relationship Between Childhood Victimization, High-Risk Behaviors, and Health Among Criminal Justice-Involved Women. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2017; 23:104-121. [PMID: 28100146 DOI: 10.1177/1078345816685847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and test a conceptual model of the pathways through which childhood victimization influences adult health outcomes. Specifically, measures of high-risk behaviors, tobacco use, alcohol use, illegal substance use, and HIV risk behaviors were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between childhood victimization and adult physical health. The sample consisted of 406 women on probation and parole with a history of childhood victimization in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationship between childhood victimization, high-risk behaviors, and physical health outcomes. The findings indicate partial mediation, with health risk behaviors accounting for 12.5% of the variance in the relationship between childhood victimization and health outcomes. Implications for policy and treatment practice in the health and criminal justice arena are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Renn
- 1 Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seana Golder
- 2 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - George Higgins
- 3 University of Louisville, Criminal Justice, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - T K Logan
- 4 University of Kentucky, Behavioral Science, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katherine M Winham
- 2 Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Mollard E, Brage Hudson D. Nurse-Led Trauma-Informed Correctional Care for Women. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2016; 52:224-30. [PMID: 25980434 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Incarcerated women are a vulnerable and unique population of special concern to nurses as they have high rates of mental illness. In this article, the authors discuss how trauma exposure contributes to mental illness in incarcerated women through abuse, socioeconomic factors, and the prison environment, how this trauma exposure manifests in the inmate survivor, and the related implications for practice. CONCLUSIONS A history of trauma and victimization is related to complex mental health issues which affect the majority of justice-involved women. The correctional environment can exacerbate these issues. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nursing implications include discussion of the trauma-informed care model. The authors recommend a model of trauma-informed care named "the 4 Es" that can guide nurses in preparing a trauma-informed correctional environment and discuss the importance of nurse-led policy change in finding alternatives to incarceration for women with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mollard
- Bryan College of Health Sciences, Lincoln, Nebraska.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing-Lincoln Division, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Diane Brage Hudson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing-Lincoln Division, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Otis MD, Oser CB, Staton-Tindall M. Violent Victimization and Substance Dependency: Comparing Rural Incarcerated Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Women. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE IN THE ADDICTIONS 2016; 16:176-201. [PMID: 27660590 PMCID: PMC5027961 DOI: 10.1080/1533256x.2016.1143372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study examines the relationship between sexual identity and violent victimization experiences as predictors of differences in illicit substance and alcohol use and substance use problems among a sample of incarcerated women in rural Appalachia (N = 400). Results indicated that, compared to heterosexual women, sexual minority women were more likely to have a lifetime history of weapon, physical, and sexual assault, and were younger at the time of their first violent victimization. Sexual minority women were younger than heterosexual women at the age of onset for intravenous drug use and at the time they first got drunk, and were more likely to report having overdosed. Multivariate analysis found violent victimization to be the strongest predictor of a history of overdose and substance use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Otis
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carrie B Oser
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
Gender differences in the relationship between mental health problems and childhood abuse have long been of interest to researchers. The purpose of the present study was to examine gender differences in the relationship between childhood abuse and mental health problems among 110 Israeli inmates (50 women and 60 men). The findings indicated that female inmates reported higher prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and were more likely to suffer from mental health problems, compared with the male inmates. Additionally, the findings revealed that more female than male inmates had parents with mental health problems. Female inmates who reported mental health problems in their families also reported higher rates of child abuse relative to male inmates with a similar family history.
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42
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Scott CK, Lurigio AJ, Dennis ML, Funk RR. Trauma and Morbidities Among Female Detainees in a Large Urban Jail. THE PRISON JOURNAL 2016; 96:102-125. [PMID: 35983575 PMCID: PMC9385127 DOI: 10.1177/0032885515605490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using data from 810 women entering the Department of Women's Justice Services in the Cook County Jail (Chicago) from 2010 to 2013, this study examines patterns of trauma exposure and the relationship between trauma exposure and mental disorders. Female detainees averaged 6.1 (SD = 4.90) types of trauma in their lifetimes, with greater trauma exposure associated with earlier age of trauma onset, more recent trauma exposure, and higher rates of fear for life or injury. Higher rates of trauma exposure were also correlated with higher rates of past-year symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as well as other internalizing, externalizing, and substance use disorders. Behavioral health programming for female detainees in jail settings should include more trauma-sensitive mental health and substance use disorder treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rod R Funk
- Chestnut Health Systems, Chicago, IL, USA
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43
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Chen G, Gueta K. Child abuse, drug addiction and mental health problems of incarcerated women in Israel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2015; 39:36-45. [PMID: 25660063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mental health problems and pathways to drug addiction and crime among female inmates have long been of interest to researchers and practitioners. The purpose of the current study was to examine the possible association between multiple types of childhood abuse, mental health problems, and drug addiction and the incarceration of 50 Israeli women in prison. The findings indicated that female inmates come from risky families with a high prevalence of family mental health problems, parental drug addiction and crime, and sibling drug addiction and crime. Furthermore, they revealed that incarcerated women from risky families were victims of multiple types of childhood abuse and neglect by their parents, as well as their siblings. Overall, the results suggest that the adverse consequences of a family's mental health problems are much more dramatic than we assumed to date, and that women are more likely than men to be the victims of multiple types of childhood abuse and neglect, as well as suffering more severe psychiatric problems, depression, and drug addiction. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Chen
- Department of Criminology, Ashkelon Academic College, Israel.
| | - Keren Gueta
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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Colantonio A, Kim H, Allen S, Asbridge M, Petgrave J, Brochu S. Traumatic brain injury and early life experiences among men and women in a prison population. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2014; 20:271-9. [PMID: 25033995 DOI: 10.1177/1078345814541529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the proportion of men and women reporting previous traumatic brain injury (TBI) in an Ontario (Canada) prison sample by demographic characteristics; adverse life experiences; and criminal, drug, and alcohol use history. Using data from The Cost of Substance Abuse in Canada study based on a random sample from four Ontario prisons, this study found 50.4% of males and 38% of females reporting previous TBI. More TBIs occurred before the first crime for women than for men. Women with TBI experienced more early physical and sexual abuse than those without TBI. Additionally, this study shows high prevalence of early life experiences among persons, particularly women, with a history of TBI. Prisoners and prison staff should be educated on TBI and best practice for rehabilitation of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Colantonio
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hwan Kim
- Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefan Allen
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | - Serge Brochu
- Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Tripodi SJ, Onifade E, Pettus-Davis C. Nonfatal suicidal behavior among women prisoners: the predictive roles of childhood victimization, childhood neglect, and childhood positive support. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:394-411. [PMID: 23315427 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12472879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Women entering prison report high rates of childhood victimization. Women in prison also report higher rates of nonfatal suicidal behavior (self-reported suicide attempts) than women in the general population and similar rates to their male counterparts despite having significantly lower suicide rates than males in the general population. Yet, there is a dearth of research that addresses the relationship between childhood victimization and suicidality for women prisoners in the United States. The purpose of this study is (a) to assess the relationship between childhood victimization and nonfatal suicidal behavior for a random sample of women prisoners; (b) to investigate predictive differences between childhood physical victimization, childhood sexual victimization, childhood neglect, and childhood support; and (c) to determine whether women prisoners with higher frequencies of childhood victimization and neglect are more likely to have attempted suicide than women prisoners with lower frequencies. Results indicate that childhood victimization, neglect, and lack of support are all significantly associated with nonfatal suicidal behavior among women prisoners. Frequency of childhood neglect had a larger effect size than frequency of childhood physical victimization, childhood sexual victimization, and lack of support. The results of this study add to the growing body of literature on childhood victimization and suicidality in general, and nonfatal suicidal behavior for prisoner populations in particular. The article ends with a discussion on clinical implications; particularly the finding that frequency of childhood victimization, childhood neglect, and lack of childhood support matters when determining the risk of suicidality.
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Baltieri DA. Predictors of drug use in prison among women convicted of violent crimes. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2014; 24:113-128. [PMID: 24038391 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, some prisoners consume illicit drugs while in prison. There is now some recognition of risk factors for this among male but not female prisoners. AIM The aim was to identify variables associated with drug use by women in prison after conviction for violent crimes. METHOD Data were obtained from 315 women serving a sentence for robbery or homicide in the Penitentiary of Sant'Ana, São Paulo State, Brazil. Mainly self-report assessments of alcohol and drug misuse, sexual and general impulsiveness, depression, and psychosocial and criminological features were completed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Thirty-five (11%) women reported illicit drug use in prison. Younger age, history of childhood sexual abuse, having committed robbery (rather than homicide), earlier onset of criminal activities, higher scores on sexual impulsiveness, drug-related problems prior to incarceration and having same-sex relationships inside prison were associated with a higher risk of using drugs in prison. In a multiple logistic regression, only prior drug history and having same-sex relationships in prison were independently associated with in-prison drug use. CONCLUSIONS Illicit drug use in prison impairs rehabilitative goals. Identification of risk factors for this can help to recognise people with high treatment needs. We found that in-prison drug users seemed to be an exceptionally needy group, likely to have more wide ranging historical problems than their similar offending peers. It is essential to check for history of drug use outside prison. The strong association with active sexual behaviour in the prison highlighted another area of vulnerability, requiring sensitive in-prison attention to safeguard these women. Further research to understand the reasons for this relationship is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Antonio Baltieri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Ambulatory for the Treatment of Sexual Disorders, ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Greenberg GA, Rosenheck RA. Psychiatric correlates of past incarceration in the national co-morbidity study replication. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2014; 24:18-35. [PMID: 23881907 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental illness and substance abuse have been increasingly linked to criminal justice system involvement, but this relationship has mostly been by survey of prison populations and inferences of excess rates of disorder made by noting how these rates compare with national population-based surveys of mental disorders. AIMS The aim of this study is to examine associations between history of mental disorders, including substance misuse, with incarceration history within a single population-based data set. METHODS Data were from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative household survey of respondents 18 years and older conducted between 5 February 2001 and 7 April 2003. RESULTS Multivariate regression analysis showed the strongest independent risk factors for a history of incarceration were being male [odds ratio (OR) = 6.3; p < 0.001], past receipt of welfare payments (OR = 2.1; p < 0.001), longer than 1 week of past homelessness (OR = 2.1; p < 0.001), not being from the northeast of the USA (OR = 0.31; p < 0.001) and a lifetime substance abuse or dependence diagnosis (OR = 4.9; p < 0.001). With the exception of welfare payments, these measures were also independently associated with longer (27 + days) incarceration. CONCLUSIONS The socioeconomic associates of incarceration history were unexpected, and in line with other, differently conducted studies. The fact that only substance misuse disorders of all those assessed were independently associated with incarceration history was a surprise, given the multiplicity of prison surveys, which have shown higher rates of other serious mental disorders. Although we were unable to include measures of schizophrenia or similar psychosis and used impulse control disorders as surrogates for personality disorder, absence of a relationship between depression and incarceration when measured in the same way and over the same time among those previously incarcerated and those not, raises questions about the weight that should be put on the existing epidemiological perspective of mental disorder among prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Greenberg
- VA New England Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VAMC West Haven, CT; Lecturer, Yale University Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
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Asberg K, Renk K. Perceived stress, external locus of control, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment among female inmates with or without a history of sexual abuse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:59-84. [PMID: 23070955 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12461477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the growing number of women who are incarcerated across the United States, the current study investigated the relationships among female inmates' perceptions of their own stress, external locus of control (LOC), social support adequacy, and various aspects of psychological functioning. Generally, female inmates with a self-reported history of childhood sexual abuse did not differ from their nonabused counterparts on the variables of interest. Results suggested that female inmates' perceptions of higher stress, a higher degree of external LOC, and inadequate social support correlated with greater symptoms of depression and hopelessness as well as lower self-esteem. In regression analyses, stress and social support were significant predictors for depression and anxiety. In contrast, stress was the only significant predictor of hopelessness and self-esteem. Finally, none of the predictors examined here was significant in the prediction of traumatic stress. Overall, findings suggested the importance of stress and social support in the prediction of female inmates' adjustment, specifically their symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Asberg
- Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
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Kuo C, Johnson J, Rosen R, Wechsberg W, Gobin RL, Reddy MK, Peabody M, Zlotnick C. Emotional dysregulation and risky sex among incarcerated women with a history of interpersonal violence. Women Health 2014; 54:796-815. [PMID: 24965256 PMCID: PMC4074246 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2013.850143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Incarcerated women, in comparison to nonincarcerated women, are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and many have experienced interpersonal violence. The psychological construct of emotional dysregulation-which includes heightened intensity of emotions, poor understanding of emotions, negative reactivity to emotion state, inability to control behaviors when experiencing emotional distress, and maladaptive emotion management responses-is a possible pathway to explain the link between interpersonal violence exposure and STI risk. The present study examined maladaptive emotion management responses for emotional dysregulation (i.e., avoidance and numbing, and dissociation) occurring in the context of risky sexual behavior. We collected qualitative data from 4 focus groups with a sample of n = 21 incarcerated women (aged 18+ years) from urban facilities in New England. Qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Findings indicated that incarcerated women reported engaging in a variety of maladaptive responses for emotion management during sexual encounters. These maladaptive responses for emotion management appear to increase sexual risk behaviors and alter women's ability to implement STI protective behaviors, such as sexual negotiation and condom use. Preventive interventions to reduce sexual risk behaviors should incorporate strategies to promote emotional regulation among incarcerated women with histories of interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kuo
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Rochelle Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
- The Miriam Hospital
| | - Wendee Wechsberg
- Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluations and Interventions, Research Triangle Institute
| | - Robyn L. Gobin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
| | - Madhavi K. Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
- Butler Hospital
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Caron Zlotnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
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Sutherland MA. Incarceration during pregnancy: implications for women, newborns and health care providers. Nurs Womens Health 2013; 17:225-30. [PMID: 23773195 DOI: 10.1111/1751-486x.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Women are now the fastest growing group among incarcerated persons in the United States. With approximately 6 percent to 10 percent of incarcerated women pregnant, the intersection of pregnancy and incarceration is an important issue. Incarcerated women are more likely to experience illness and serious diseases, and pregnant incarcerated women are particularly vulnerable, reporting late or less than optimal prenatal care. Nurses working in labor and delivery, postpartum units and correctional facilities are at the forefront of assessment, education and advocacy for pregnant women who are incarcerated. This column takes a second look at two recent studies in which researchers examined the health of pregnant incarcerated women (and their newborns) and discusses the importance of advocacy for this at-risk population.
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