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Boursaw B, FitzGerald CA, Taylor LM, Landrau-Cribbs E, Caswell L, Cruz TH. Improving Health and Reducing Chronic Disease Disparities with Latinx Communities: Evaluating the Role of Documented Community-Based Intervention Participation. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02078-x. [PMID: 38969922 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited evidence exists on the impact of participation in community-based chronic disease self-management and prevention programs on health disparities. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of participation in the Healthy Here Wellness Referral System on existing disparities in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (BP), and diastolic BP among Hispanic/Latinx adults compared with non-Hispanic White adults. METHODS We merged administrative clinical and referral data from 2018 through 2022 for adult patients in six focus ZIP codes in New Mexico resulting in a sample of 1331 patients and used regression models to examine predictors of intervention participation as well as propensity-adjusted impacts of participation on HbA1c and BP outcomes. RESULTS Non-Hispanic White patients who were referred to community-based programming but did not participate saw statistically significant increases in HbA1c. Hispanic/Latinx patients saw statistically significant decreases in HbA1c with referral alone, with no added benefit from program participation. The impact of participation differed statistically significantly (t(683) = 3.55, p < .001) between these two groups for HbA1c levels, as well as for systolic (t(958) = 2.11, p = .04) and diastolic BP outcomes (t(958) = 2.96, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study support the promise of using centralized referral systems to co-produce health improvement in community settings. Mixed findings highlight the need for further uptake of theory-informed measurement in evaluations seeking to understand heterogeneous program impacts by race and ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Boursaw
- Transdisciplinary Research, Equity and Engagement (TREE) Center, College of Population Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Courtney A FitzGerald
- Prevention Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lisa M Taylor
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Erica Landrau-Cribbs
- Epidemiology and Response Division, New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Leigh Caswell
- Community and Health Equity, Presbyterian Healthcare Services, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Theresa H Cruz
- Prevention Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Nielsen VM, Ursprung WWS, Song G, Hirsch G, Mason T, Santarelli C, Guimaraes E, Marshall E, Allen CG, Lei PP, Brown D, Behl-Chadha B. The Launch of Massachusetts Community Health Worker Certification: Findings From the Massachusetts Community Health Worker Workforce Surveys. Public Health Rep 2024:333549241253419. [PMID: 38807371 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241253419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The launch of state certification for community health workers (CHWs) in Massachusetts in 2018 aimed to promote and champion this critical workforce. However, concerns exist about unintentional adverse effects of certification. Given this, we conducted 2 cross-sectional surveys to evaluate this certification policy. METHODS We conducted surveys of CHW employers and CHWs in 3 sample frames: community health centers and federally qualified health centers, acute-care hospitals, and community-based organizations. We administered the surveys in 2016 (before certification launch) and 2021 (after certification launch) to answer the following questions: Was certification associated with positive outcomes among CHWs after its launch? Did harmful shifts occur among the CHW workforce and employers after certification launch? Was certification associated with disparities among CHWs after its launch? RESULTS Certification was associated with higher pay among certified (vs noncertified) CHWs, better perceptions of CHWs among certified (vs noncertified) CHWs, and better integration of certified (vs noncertified) CHWs into care teams. We found no adverse shifts in CHW workforce by sociodemographic variables or in CHW employer characteristics (most notably CHW employer hiring requirements) after certification launch. After certification launch, certified and uncertified CHWs had similar demographic and educational characteristics. However, certified CHWs more often worked in large, clinical organizations while uncertified CHWs most often worked in medium-sized community-based organizations. CONCLUSIONS Our evaluation of Massachusetts CHW certification suggests that CHW certification was not associated with workforce disparities and was associated with positive outcomes. Our study fills a notable gap in the research literature and can guide CHW research agendas, certification efforts in Massachusetts and other states, and program efforts to champion this critical, grassroots workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Nielsen
- Office of Population Health, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W W Sanouri Ursprung
- Office of Statistics and Evaluation, Bureau of Community Health and Prevention, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glory Song
- Office of Statistics and Evaluation, Bureau of Community Health and Prevention, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail Hirsch
- Office of Community Health Workers, Bureau of Community Health and Prevention, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Mason
- Office of Community Health Workers, Bureau of Community Health and Prevention, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Santarelli
- Bureau of Community Health and Prevention, Division of Health Protection and Promotion, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica Guimaraes
- ForHealth Consulting, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erica Marshall
- Bureau of Community Health and Prevention, Division of Community-Based Prevention and Care, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin G Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pei-Pei Lei
- Office of Survey Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
| | - Diane Brown
- Office of Survey Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
| | - Bittie Behl-Chadha
- Office of Survey Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
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Zhong Y, Hahne J, Wang X, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Liu X. Telehealth Care Through Internet Hospitals in China: Qualitative Interview Study of Physicians' Views on Access, Expectations, and Communication. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e47523. [PMID: 38551618 PMCID: PMC11015369 DOI: 10.2196/47523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet hospitals in China are an emerging medical service model similar to other telehealth models used worldwide. Internet hospitals are currently in a stage of rapid development, giving rise to a series of new opportunities and challenges for patient care. Little research has examined the views of chronic disease physicians regarding internet hospitals in China. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the experience and views of chronic disease physicians at 3 tertiary hospitals in Changsha, China, regarding opportunities and challenges in internet hospital care. METHODS We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with physicians (n=26) who had experience working in internet hospitals affiliated with chronic disease departments in 3 tertiary hospitals in Changsha, Hunan province, south central China. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by content analysis using NVivo software (version 11; Lumivero). RESULTS Physicians emphasized that internet hospitals expand opportunities to conduct follow-up care and health education for patients with chronic illnesses. However, physicians described disparities in access for particular groups of patients, such as patients who are older, patients with lower education levels, patients with limited internet or technology access, and rural patients. Physicians also perceived a gap between patients' expectations and the reality of limitations regarding both physicians' availability and the scope of services offered by internet hospitals, which raised challenges for doctor-patient boundaries and trust. Physicians noted challenges in doctor-patient communication related to comprehension and informed consent in internet hospital care. CONCLUSIONS This study explored the experience and views of physicians in 3 tertiary hospitals in Changsha, China, regarding access to care, patients' expectations versus the reality of services, and doctor-patient communication in internet hospital care. Findings from this study highlight the need for physician training in telehealth communication skills, legislation regulating informed consent in telehealth care, public education clarifying the scope of internet hospital services, and design of internet hospitals that is informed by the needs of patient groups with barriers to access, such as older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Zhong
- School of Humanities, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jessica Hahne
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Medical Ethics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuxi Wang
- School of Humanities, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Humanities, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Humanities Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Medical Humanities Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Office of International Cooperation and Exchanges, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Leong S, Medina K, Peretz PJ, Olmeda-Jenkins MI, Oliver MA, Kuhlmey M, Bernstein SA, Ferrer F, Matiz LA, Lalwani AK. Community Health Worker Intervention for Newborns Not Passing Initial Universal Hearing Screening. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2024; 133:129-135. [PMID: 37583099 DOI: 10.1177/00034894231191314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) is effective in identifying newborns with possible hearing loss (HL). Outpatient follow-up for newborns referred after hospital-based screening remains a potential area of improvement. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of a community health worker (CHW) intervention in promoting adherence to outpatient rescreening for newborns referred after initial UNHS. METHODS A mixed prospective-retrospective cohort study was performed to evaluate a CHW intervention at an academic medical center. Caregivers of referred newborns were contacted by CHWs prior to discharge and educated about HL and the importance of follow-up screening. The CHW outreach intervention was performed for 297 referred newborns between May 2020 and June 2021 and compared to a cohort of 238 newborns without the CHW intervention between March 2019 and June 2021. Statistical analyses were conducted using 2 × 2 Chi-square tests, two-tailed unpaired t-tests, multinomial logistic regression, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS In the intervention group, 236 of 297 newborns (79.5%) completed their outpatient follow-up rescreening; in the comparison group, 170 of 238 newborns (71.4%) completed their follow-up rescreening (P = .031, OR = 1.55 with regression P = .04). In the intervention group, the average time to follow-up was 13.4 days versus 12.5 days for the comparison group (P = .449, multiple R2 = .02 with P = .78). CONCLUSIONS CHW outreach intervention may increase adherence to outpatient follow-up rescreening for newborns referred after initial, hospital-based UNHS. Expansion of nursery teams to include CHWs may thus improve completion of recommended follow-up hearing screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Leong
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristy Medina
- Division of Community and Population Health, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia J Peretz
- Division of Community and Population Health, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria I Olmeda-Jenkins
- Early Hearing Detection & Intervention, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa A Oliver
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Kuhlmey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stacey A Bernstein
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fajah Ferrer
- Northern Manhattan Perinatal Partnership, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luz Adriana Matiz
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anil K Lalwani
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Odwe G, Liambila W, K’Oduol K, Nyangacha Z, Gwaro H, Kamberos AH, Hirschhorn LR. Factors influencing community-facility linkage for case management of possible serious bacterial infections among young infants in Kenya. Health Policy Plan 2024; 39:56-65. [PMID: 38029322 PMCID: PMC10775218 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence showing the feasibility and acceptability of implementing the World Health Organization's guidelines on managing possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in Kenya, the initial implementation revealed sub-optimal community-facility referrals and follow-up of PSBI cases. This study explores facilitators and barriers of community-facility linkages in implementing PSBI guidelines in Busia and Migori counties, Kenya. We used an exploratory qualitative study design drawing on endline evaluation data from the 'COVID-19: Mitigating Neonatal Mortality' project collected between June and July 2022. Data include case narratives with caregivers of sick young infants (0-59 days old) (18), focus group discussions with community health volunteers (CHVs) (6), and in-depth interviews with facility-based providers (18). Data were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis framework. Between August 2021 and July 2022, CHVs assessed 10 187 newborns, with 1176 (12%) identified with PSBI danger signs and referred to the nearest facility, of which 820 (70%) accepted referral. Analysis revealed several factors facilitating community-facility linkage for PSBI treatment, including CHVs' relationship with community members and facilities, availability of a CHV desk and tools, use of mobile app, training and supportive supervision. However, challenges such as health system-related factors (inadequate providers, stockout of essential commodities and supplies, and lack of transport/ambulance) and individual-related factors (caregivers' refusal to take referrals) hindered community-facility linkage. Addressing common barriers and fostering positive relationships between community health workers and facilities can enhance acceptance and access to PSBI services at the community level. Combining community health workers' efforts with a mobile digital strategy can improve the efficiency of the identification, referral and tracking of PSBI cases in the community and facilitate linkage with primary healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Odwe
- Population Council Kenya, P.O Box 17643, Nairobi 00500, Kenya
| | - Wilson Liambila
- Population Council Kenya, P.O Box 17643, Nairobi 00500, Kenya
| | - Kezia K’Oduol
- Living Goods-Kenya, P.O. Box 30261, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Helen Gwaro
- Lwala Community Alliance, P.O. Box 24, Rongo 40404, Kenya
| | - Alexandra Haake Kamberos
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Havey Institute of Global Health, 625 North Michigan Ave, 14-013, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Lisa R Hirschhorn
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Havey Institute of Global Health, 625 North Michigan Ave, 14-013, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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Bearss B, Martin A, Dorsey Vinton S, Chaidez V, Palmer-Wackerly AL, Mollard E, Edison-Soe L, Chan N, Estrada Gonzalez E, Carter M, Coburn K, Xia Y, Tippens JA. "Too Many Jobs and Not Enough Hands": Immigrant and Refugee Community Health Workers at the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:86-100. [PMID: 37863477 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231204741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Refugees and immigrants have experienced heightened health inequities related to COVID-19. As community-embedded frontline health personnel, refugee and immigrant community health workers (riCHWs) played essential roles in the provision of informational, instrumental, and emotional support during the unprecedented first year of the pandemic. Despite the importance of this workforce, riCHWs are at high risk for burnout due to low recognition and demanding workloads. This was exacerbated as riCHWs navigated a new and uncertain health delivery landscape. We sought to glean insight into riCHWs' stressors, coping strategies and resources, and self-efficacy to identify ways to support their work and wellbeing. Using a narrative inquiry approach, we conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 11 riCHWs working in a midsized city in the midwestern United States. We generated three distinct yet interrelated themes: (1) Rapid and trustworthy information is key, (2) Creativity and perseverance are good … structural support is better, and (3) Integrating riCHW expertise into health promotion programming and decision-making. Although riCHWs were deeply committed to enhancing community wellbeing, quickly shifting responsibilities in tandem with structural-level health inequities diminished their self-efficacy and mental health. riCHWs relied on work-based friends/colleagues for informational and emotional support to enhance their capacity to deliver services. Findings suggest increasing opportunities for peer support and idea-exchange, professional development, and integration of riCHW expertise in health promotion decision-making are effective strategies to enhance riCHWs' professional self-efficacy and personal wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Bearss
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Alexandra Martin
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Virginia Chaidez
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Mollard
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Nyabuoy Chan
- Asian Community and Cultural Center of Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Ma'Kiya Carter
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Katelyn Coburn
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Julie A Tippens
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Ko LK, Vu T, Bishop S, Leeman J, Escoffery C, Winer RL, Duran MC, Masud M, Rait Y. Implementation studio: implementation support program to build the capacity of rural community health educators serving immigrant communities to implement evidence-based cancer prevention and control interventions. Cancer Causes Control 2023; 34:75-88. [PMID: 37442868 PMCID: PMC10689558 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rural community-based organizations (CBOs) serving immigrant communities are critical settings for implementing evidence-based interventions (EBIs). The Implementation Studio is a training and consultation program focused on facilitating the selection, adaptation, and implementation of cancer prevention and control EBIs. This paper describes implementation and evaluation of the Implementation Studio on CBO's capacity to implement EBIs and their clients' knowledge of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and intention to screen. METHODS Thirteen community health educators (CHEs) from two CBOs participated in the Implementation Studio. Both CBOs selected CRC EBIs during the Studio. The evaluation included two steps. The first step assessed the CHEs' capacity to select, adapt, and implement an EBI. The second step assessed the effect of the CHEs-delivered EBIs on clients' knowledge of CRC and intention to screen (n = 44). RESULTS All CHEs were Hispanic and women. Pre/post-evaluation of the Studio showed an increase on CHEs knowledge about EBIs (pre: 23% to post: 75%; p < 0.001). CHEs' ability to select, adapt, and implement EBIs also increased, respectively: select EBI (pre: 21% to post: 92%; p < 0.001), adapt EBI (pre: 21% to post: 92%; p < 0.001), and implement EBI (pre: 29% to post: 75%; p = 0.003). Pre/post-evaluation of the CHE-delivered EBI showed an increase on CRC screening knowledge (p < 0.5) and intention to screen for CRC by their clients. CONCLUSION Implementation Studio can address unique needs of low resource rural CBOs. An implementation support program with training and consultation has potential to build the capacity of rural CBOs serving immigrant communities to implementation of cancer prevention and control EBIs. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04208724 registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Ko
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Hans Rosling Center for Population Health, University of Washington, 3980 15Th Avenue NE, 4Th Floor, UW Mailbox 351621, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Thuy Vu
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonia Bishop
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Leeman
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cam Escoffery
- Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel L Winer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miriana C Duran
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manal Masud
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yaniv Rait
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Miranda JC, Raza SA, Kolawole B, Khan JK, Alvi A, Ali FS, Chukwudi EE, Ram N, Oluwatoyin A. Enhancing Diabetes Care in LMICs: Insights from a Multinational Consensus. Pak J Med Sci 2023; 39:1899-1906. [PMID: 37936776 PMCID: PMC10626083 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.39.7.8881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Cardio-Metabolic Forum held a plenary session to establish a multinational consensus on the challenges faced in diabetes management within lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) and their potential solutions. Stakeholders, including patients, family/caretakers, healthcare professionals, and healthcare policymakers & organizations, participated in discussions. The audience of 280 doctors from 15 different countries (Pakistan, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Myanmar, Georgia, Nigeria, Philippines, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Tanzania, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, South Sudan and Libya) was divided into 4 groups led by Group Leaders to represent each stakeholder group. Questionnaires addressing key challenges and solutions specific to each group were used to facilitate consensus development. Participants voted on relevant options based on their clinical experience. SLIDO software was used for polling, generating separate results for each group. The insights shared by healthcare professionals highlighted the importance of improving medication accessibility and cost-effectiveness for patients, emphasizing the need for adherence to treatment plans and lifestyle modifications. The significance of balanced nutrition with low glycemic index food for enhancing quality of life was recognized. Caregivers of diabetic patients with comorbidities face increasing demands for care, particularly in relation to age-related milestones. Healthcare professionals emphasized the challenges posed by cultural beliefs and health awareness, underscoring the importance of teamwork and early referral for managing comorbidities. Healthcare policymakers need to focus on disease education, awareness programs, screening guidelines, and advocacy for community and clinical screening. By addressing these challenges, a more comprehensive and effective approach to diabetes management can be achieved in LMICs, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Miranda
- Dr. Jose Carlos Miranda President, CEO Southeast Asian Medical Center, Philippines.
| | - S Abbas Raza
- Dr. S. Abbas Raza Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital & Research Center and National Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Babatope Kolawole
- Dr. Babatope Kolawole Obafemi Awolowo University and Teaching Hospital (OAUTH) Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Jahanzeb Kamal Khan
- Dr. Jahanzeb Kamal Khan College of Physicians & Surgeons of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Atiba Alvi
- Dr. Atiba Alvi Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Ejim Emmanuel Chukwudi
- Dr. Ejim Emmanuel Chukwudi University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Nanik Ram
- Dr. Nanik Ram The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Amira Oluwatoyin
- Dr. Amira Oluwatoyin Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi-Araba, Nigeria.
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Zeydani A, Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Hosseini M, Zohari-Anboohi S. Community-based nursing: a concept analysis with Walker and Avant's approach. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:762. [PMID: 37828504 PMCID: PMC10571235 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-based nursing in recent years has received much attention from nursing schools in different countries as a suitable solution in response to existing and future problems and challenges, but there is yet no comprehensive and correct understanding of this concept and considering its importance, the present study was conducted to the aim of analyzing the concept of community-based nursing. METHODS Concept analysis was done using Walker and Avant's 8-step approach. Nursing dictionary, Persian dictionary, research articles, journals and conferences articles, dissertations, thesis, books, and other sources related to the concept of research were investigated through search engines and available databases using the keywords of nursing, community-based, concept analysis and Walker and Avant from 1990 to 2023. Finally, 54 articles related to the concept were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS The results showed that community-based nursing has attributes such as individual-oriented/ family-oriented/ community-oriented, social partnership with the communities and stakeholders, social justice, and group and interprofessional cooperation, the community as the main activity setting, providing services based on cultural diversity, providing services according to the context, conditions and community needs, caring for individuals and families with health problems throughout life, responding to the community needs, community-based experiences and facing real-life issues in the context of community, using a problem-based and service-based approach, providing context-based care and considering factors affecting health. In this regard, borderline and related cases (community health nursing, community-oriented nursing, population-based nursing, and public health nursing) were also presented to clarify the concept. Antecedents of community-based nursing included: determining the position of community-based nursing, making infrastructure and structure, the partnership between university, hospital and community, identifying all settings, the presence of educators proficient in education, survey of community needs, having knowledge, communication and community-based skills, expanding the role of the nurse, stakeholders' attitude towards community-oriented nursing and management and financial support. Consequences of community-based nursing included: competence development in nurses, solving community-based nursing challenges, meeting the health needs of individuals, families and communities, social justice, and increasing access to health care services. CONCLUSION The results of this study can provide an objective and understandable image of the use of community-based nurses and their education in practice. Conducting more quantitative and qualitative studies about community-based nursing is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Zeydani
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Foroozan Atashzadeh-Shoorideh
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Management, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meimanat Hosseini
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Zohari-Anboohi
- Department of Medical Surgical-Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moya EM, Garcia A, Joyce Ponder A, Frietze G. Addressing knowledge gaps: the key role of community health workers and healthcare providers in human papillomavirus prevention and vaccine uptake in a border community. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1243539. [PMID: 37829098 PMCID: PMC10565852 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and nearly every person who is sexually active will get HPV at some point in their lifetime without having the HPV vaccine. Healthcare Providers (HCPs) and Community Health Workers (CHWs) play an essential role in promoting the HPV vaccine and providing education about HPV in communities. Three focus groups with CHWs (n = 17) and HCPs (n = 7) were conducted and led by trained facilitators. In addition to participating in the focus group, CHWs and HCPs completed a brief questionnaire. Focus groups were voice recorded and transcribed for qualitative analysis. Independent coders conducted content analysis to identify the salient themes of the focus groups. Several important findings emerged from this study highlighting the barriers to HPV knowledge, gaps in the self-perceived role of HPV cancer prevention, and opportunities to action. Financial, knowledge, patriarchy, behaviors, attitudes, and fears were identified as the perceived patient-related barriers to promoting HPV cancer prevention. Both CHWs and HCPs explained that their female patients are often discouraged by their husbands from seeking out sexual health-related healthcare. Finding suggest the need for community tailored education on HPV and "best practice" trainings for HPV prevention that is applicable to both CHWs and HCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Moya
- Department of Social Work, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Araceli Garcia
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Amy Joyce Ponder
- Department of Social Work, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Frietze
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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Murphy SL, Jay GM, Samuels EM, Eakin BL, Harper AE, Piatt GA, Trujillo VI, Weeks-Norton KL, Striley CW, O’Leary C, Hahn J, Watkins DC, Cottler LB, Aguilar Gaxiola S. Evaluation of an online research best practices training for community health workers and promotoras. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e195. [PMID: 37771414 PMCID: PMC10523289 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community health workers and promotoras (CHW/Ps) have a fundamental role in facilitating research with communities. However, no national standard training exists as part of the CHW/P job role. We developed and evaluated a culturally- and linguistically tailored online research best practices course for CHW/Ps to meet this gap. Methods After the research best practices course was developed, we advertised the opportunity to CHW/Ps nationwide to complete the training online in English or Spanish. Following course completion, CHW/Ps received an online survey to rate their skills in community-engaged research and their perceptions of the course using Likert scales of agreement. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on open-ended response data. Results 104 CHW/Ps completed the English or Spanish course (n = 52 for each language; mean age 42 years SD ± 12); 88% of individuals identified as female and 56% identified as Hispanic, Latino, or Spaniard. 96%-100% of respondents reported improvement in various skills. Nearly all CHW/Ps (97%) agreed the course was relevant to their work, and 96% felt the training was useful. Qualitative themes related to working more effectively as a result of training included enhanced skills, increased resources, and building bridges between communities and researchers. Discussion The CHW/P research best practices course was rated as useful and relevant by CHW/Ps, particularly for communicating about research with community members. This course can be a professional development resource for CHW/Ps and could serve as the foundation for a national standardized training on their role related to research best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Murphy
- Michigan Institute of Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gina M. Jay
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elias M. Samuels
- Michigan Institute of Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brenda L. Eakin
- Michigan Institute of Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra E. Harper
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gretchen A. Piatt
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vanessa I. Trujillo
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kristen L. Weeks-Norton
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Catherine W. Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainseville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jordan Hahn
- Michigan Institute of Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daphne C. Watkins
- School of Social Work, Vivian A. and James L. Curtis Center for Health Equity Research and Training, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainseville, FL, USA
| | - Sergio Aguilar Gaxiola
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Sarker F, Chowdhury MH, Ratul IJ, Islam S, Mamun KA. An interactive national digital surveillance system to fight against COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1059446. [PMID: 37250527 PMCID: PMC10210141 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1059446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has affected many people globally, including in Bangladesh. Due to a lack of preparedness and resources, Bangladesh has experienced a catastrophic health crisis, and the devastation caused by this deadly virus has not yet been halted. Hence, precise and rapid diagnostics and infection tracing are essential for managing the condition and limiting its spread. The conventional screening procedure, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), is not available in most rural areas and is time-consuming. Therefore, a data-driven intelligent surveillance system can be advantageous for rapid COVID-19 screening and risk estimation. Objectives This study describes the design, development, implementation, and characteristics of a nationwide web-based surveillance system for educating, screening, and tracking COVID-19 at the community level in Bangladesh. Methods The system consists of a mobile phone application and a cloud server. The data is collected by community health professionals via home visits or telephone calls and analyzed using rule-based artificial intelligence (AI). Depending on the results of the screening procedure, a further decision is made regarding the patient. This digital surveillance system in Bangladesh provides a platform to support government and non-government organizations, including health workers and healthcare facilities, in identifying patients at risk of COVID-19. It refers people to the nearest government healthcare facility, collecting and testing samples, tracking and tracing positive cases, following up with patients, and documenting patient outcomes. Results This study began in April 2020, and the results are provided in this paper till December 2022. The system has successfully completed 1,980,323 screenings. Our rule-based AI model categorized them into five separate risk groups based on the acquired patient information. According to the data, around 51% of the overall screened populations are safe, 35% are low risk, 9% are high risk, 4% are mid risk, and the remaining 1% is very high risk. The dashboard integrates all collected data from around the nation onto a single platform. Conclusion This screening can help the symptomatic patient take immediate action, such as isolation or hospitalization, depending on the severity. This surveillance system can also be utilized for risk mapping, planning, and allocating health resources to more vulnerable areas to reduce the virus's severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Sarker
- CMED Health Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of CSE, University of Liberal Arts, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ishrak Jahan Ratul
- Advanced Intelligent Multidisciplinary Systems Lab (AIMS Lab), United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Khondaker A. Mamun
- CMED Health Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Advanced Intelligent Multidisciplinary Systems Lab (AIMS Lab), United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of CSE, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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13
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DeNunzio M, Miller M, Chase M, Kraak V, Serrano E, Misyak S. A Scoping Review of the Community Health Worker Model Used for Food Systems Interventions Within the United States. Am J Health Promot 2023; 37:401-419. [PMID: 36112805 DOI: 10.1177/08901171221125451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document and analyze the food systems interventions delivered by community health workers (CHW) serving as educators within the United States (U.S.). DATA SOURCE Ten databases (ie, Agricola, CAB Abstracts, CINAHL, ERIC, Proquest Social Science and Education, Proquest Theses and Dissertations, PubMed, Scopus, SocIndex, Web of Science) and gray-literature repositories were searched for publications between 2005-2020. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA English-language and U.S. studies included with CHW as educators or facilitators for food systems interventions. Food systems defined as processes of production, processing, distribution, marketing, access, preparation, consumption, and disposal of food products. Studies excluded for clinical settings; non-adult CHWs; CHWs with medical or public health credentials; and programming guides, reviews, and commentaries. DATA EXTRACTION Variables included CHW and intervention description, priority population, food system processes, and targeted and unexpected outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS Data were analyzed by the lead investigator and described narratively. RESULTS Of 43 records, CHWs educated for consumption (n = 38), preparation (n = 33), and food access (n = 22) to improve health of priority populations. Community health workers educated for the highest number of food system processes in garden-based interventions. Programs reached many underserved racial and socioeconomic populations. CONCLUSIONS The CHW model has been used to educate in interventions for all food systems processes and reached many diverse underserved audiences. Future work must explore garden-based food systems education and CHWs as community change agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria DeNunzio
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 1757Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Makenzie Miller
- 4366Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Melissa Chase
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 118724Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vivica Kraak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 1757Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elena Serrano
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 1757Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Misyak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, 1757Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Ho VP, Ingraham AM, Santry HP. Invited Commentary: Moving the Dial on Outcomes for Unplanned Abdominal Surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2023; 236:218-219. [PMID: 36519919 PMCID: PMC10829075 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa P. Ho
- Acute Care Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland OH
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH
| | - Angela M. Ingraham
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI
| | - Heena P. Santry
- Acute Care Surgery, Kettering Medical Center, Kettering OH
- Department of Surgery, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
- NBBJ, LLC, Columbus, OH
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Cruz TH, FitzGerald CA, Quintana V, Barnes J, Sanchez KE, Hirschl M, Lavender A, Caswell L. Healthy Here: A Promising Referral System Model for Community–Clinical Linkages to Prevent Chronic Disease. Health Promot Pract 2022; 23:153S-163S. [DOI: 10.1177/15248399221111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linking clinical services to community-based resources is a promising strategy for assisting patients with chronic disease prevention and management. However, there remains a gap in understanding how to effectively develop and implement community–clinical linkages (CCLs), especially in communities of color. The Healthy Here initiative used Stage Theory of organizational change to implement a centralized wellness referral system, linking primary care clinics to community organizations in majority Hispanic/Latinx and Native American communities. Data were collected using a standardized referral form. Facilitators and challenges were identified through semi-structured discussions with partner organizations. Between 2016 and 2021, 43 clinics and 497 health care providers made 7,465 referrals, the majority of which were from the focus populations. The average proportion of patients referred by clinic champions decreased significantly over time, reflecting diffusion of the intervention within clinics. Facilitators to system success included building on existing networked partnerships, utilizing a centralized referral center, leveraging funding, sharing data, addressing challenges collectively, incorporating multilevel leadership, and co-developing and testing a standardized referral form and process with a single clinic and provider before scaling up. Challenges included funding restrictions, decreasing referrals within clinics over time, changing availability of resources and programs, and the COVID-19 pandemic. This innovative initiative demonstrates that CCLs can be developed and implemented to successfully reach Hispanic/Latinx and Native American communities and provides strategies for overcoming challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valerie Quintana
- Presbyterian Healthcare Services Community Health, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jesse Barnes
- First Choice Community Healthcare, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Meta Hirschl
- Adelante Development Center Inc, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Amy Lavender
- Adelante Development Center Inc, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Leigh Caswell
- Presbyterian Healthcare Services Community Health, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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16
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Alsbury-Nealy K, Scodras S, Munce S, Colquhoun H, Jaglal SB, Salbach NM. Models for establishing linkages between healthcare and community: A scoping review. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e3904-e3920. [PMID: 36317803 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Community-based programmes can support healthcare systems by delivering preventive services and health promotion. This study aimed to determine the nature, range, and extent of theoretical models that guide the development of linkages between healthcare settings and community programmes. A scoping review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA-ScR was conducted. Four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO) were searched on August 8, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened articles by title and abstract and divided the remaining articles for full-text screening. Articles that described the development of a theoretical model to guide the establishment of linkages between healthcare settings and community programmes, were peer-reviewed, and in English, were included. Articles that solely applied linkage models were excluded. One reviewer extracted data on study and model characteristics (e.g. model purpose, model components and relationships between components from the included articles). Categorical data were summarised using frequencies and percentages. Conventional content analysis was used for variables that had lengthier descriptions and variable terminology. The search identified 8926 records. Six articles describing six unique models were included in the review. Of the four models that described intended users, three (75%) identified primary care. Healthcare settings were identified in all models, with three (50%) focusing on primary care. Models used two or more linkage strategies: (1) agreeing on sharing resources, staff, and information, (2) coordinating services and referral processes, (3) planning and evaluation, (4) leadership, policies, and funding, (5) boundary spanning and (6) brokering. All models used the linkage strategy of agreeing on sharing resources, staff, and information. Findings provide important considerations for healthcare and community programme providers planning linkages. Future research should investigate the role and characteristics of community programmes in linkages, and linkages with other types of healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Alsbury-Nealy
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Scodras
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Munce
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Colquhoun
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan B Jaglal
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy M Salbach
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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George NC, Radman D, Zomahoun HTV, Boivin A, Ahmed S. Linkages between health systems and communities for chronic care: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060430. [PMID: 35953253 PMCID: PMC9379479 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Linkages between health systems and communities may leverage community assets to address unmet needs and provide services for improved continuity and coordination of care. However, there are limited examples of specific strategies for such linkages for chronic disease management. Guided by a local need from stakeholders, this scoping review aims to clarify and map methods and strategies for linkages between communities and health systems across chronic diseases, to inform future implementation efforts. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The scoping review will be conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and latest Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines, with continuous stakeholder engagement throughout. A structured literature search of records from January 2001 to April 2022 will be completed in MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, in addition to grey literature. Two reviewers will independently complete study selection following inclusion criteria reflecting population (chronic disease), concept (integrated care) and context (health systems and communities) and will chart the data. Data will be analysed using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, to map and operationalise the linkages between health systems and communities. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The scoping review does not require ethics approval as it will examine and collect data from publicly available materials, and all stakeholder engagement will follow guidelines for patient and public involvement. Findings will be reported through a summarising list of considerations for different linkage strategies between health systems and community resources and implications for future research, practice and policy will be discussed and presented. The results will also be used to inform an integrated knowledge translation project to implement community-health system linkages to support chronic pain management. REGISTRATION NUMBER 10.17605/OSF.IO/UTSN9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C George
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lethbridge-Layton-Mackay Rehabilitation Centre, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dennis Radman
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lethbridge-Layton-Mackay Rehabilitation Centre, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hervé Tchala Vignon Zomahoun
- Center for Outcome Research and Evaluation, Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine Boivin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara Ahmed
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lethbridge-Layton-Mackay Rehabilitation Centre, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Fitzpatrick SL, Papajorgji-Taylor D, Schneider JL, Lindberg N, Francisco M, Smith N, Vaughn K, Vrany EA, Hill-Briggs F. Bridge to Health/Puente a la Salud: a pilot randomized trial to address diabetes self-management and social needs among high-risk patients. Transl Behav Med 2022; 12:783-792. [PMID: 35849138 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social needs contribute to persistent diabetes disparities; thus, it is imperative to address social needs to optimize diabetes management. The purpose of this study was to determine determine the feasibility and acceptability of health system-based social care versus social care + behavioral intervention to address social needs and improve diabetes self-management among patients with type 2 diabetes. Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and low-income White patients with recent hemoglobin A1C (A1C) ≥ 8%, and ≥1 social need were recruited from an integrated health system. Patients were randomized to one-of-two 6-month interventions: (a) navigation to resources (NAV) facilitated by a Patient Navigator; or (b) NAV + evidence-based nine-session diabetes self-management support (DSMS) program facilitated by a community health worker (CHW). A1C was extracted from the electronic health record. We successfully recruited 110 eligible patients (54 NAV; 56 NAV + DSMS). During the trial, 78% NAV and 80% NAV + DSMS participants successfully connected to a navigator; 84% NAV + DSMS connected to a CHW. At 6-month follow-up, 33% of NAV and 34% of NAV + DSMS participants had an A1C < 8%. Mean reduction in A1C was clinically significant in NAV (-0.65%) and NAV + DSMS (-0.72%). By follow-up, 89% of NAV and 87% of NAV + DSMS were successfully connected to resources to address at least one need. Findings suggest that it is feasible to implement a health system-based social care intervention, separately or in combination, with a behavioral intervention to improve diabetes management among a high-risk, socially complex patient population. A larger, pragmatic trial is needed to test the comparative effectiveness of each approach on diabetes-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nangel Lindberg
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Melanie Francisco
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Ning Smith
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Katie Vaughn
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vrany
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Felicia Hill-Briggs
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Herrman D, Papadimitriou C, Green B, LeFlore A, Magasi S. Relationships at Work: Integrating the Perspectives of Disability Partners to Enhance a Peer Navigation Intervention. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:876636. [PMID: 36189057 PMCID: PMC9397959 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.876636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveThe Our Peers-Empowerment and Navigational Support (OP-ENS) community-based participatory research study developed, implemented, and evaluated a peer navigator intervention aimed at improving health and healthcare access among Medicaid beneficiaries with disabilities. Peer navigators are community partners with physical disabilities trained to deliver structured peer support interventions that can address barriers to care. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it explicates the relational work the peer navigators do with peers in delivering the intervention. Second, it illustrates how our community-based participatory approach empowered peer navigators to share their knowledge to refine the intervention.MethodsClinical coordinator team meeting notes, critical incident documentation reports, peer navigator reflections (n = 20) were analyzed thematically to understand the peer navigators' relational work and intervention refinements. Following Labov's 6-stage approach to personal narratives and a collaborative writing process academic, clinical, and disability partners co-wrote descriptive exemplars to showcase these processes.FindingsThrough the manualized OP-ENS intervention process, peer navigators helped peers achieve incremental successes. Peer navigators used their training and personal experiences to engage with peers and forge deep connections and relationships of trust. As a result, peers identified a wide-range of social health concerns, including poverty, social isolation, and racial and disability related discrimination that might otherwise go unaddressed. True to the principles of community-based participatory research, by fostering an equity-focused collaboration and listening to peer navigators, the project team implemented subtle but salient refinements to the intervention. Refinements included an explicit focus on social determinants of health affecting peers' health and wellbeing and supplemental trainings to help peer navigators support peers with significant mental health needs.ConclusionThe peer navigators were intentional and skilled at relationship building, thus complex elements which impact peers' health were addressed. Peer navigators were empowered to communicate their perspectives with the study team, who worked together to strengthen the intervention processes and infrastructure. This atmosphere of trust and collaboration amongst diverse stakeholders was instrumental to OP-ENS' successful implementation. Healthcare systems should consider implementing peer support interventions that are responsive to consumer input to address social determinants of health for persons with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deana Herrman
- Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christina Papadimitriou
- Departments of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences and Sociology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Bob Green
- Our Peers - Empowerment and Navigational Support, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrea LeFlore
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Susan Magasi
- Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Susan Magasi
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Coulter K, Ingram M, Lohr A, Figueroa C, Coronado G, Espinoza C, Esparza M, Monge S, Velasco M, Itule-Klasen L, Bowen M, Wilkinson-Lee A, Carvajal S. Adaptation of a Community Clinical Linkages Intervention to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Community Case Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:877593. [PMID: 35812475 PMCID: PMC9256923 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.877593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this community case study, we describe the process within an academic-community partnership of adapting UNIDOS, a community health worker (CHW)-led community-clinical linkages (CCL) intervention targeting Latinx adults in Arizona, to the evolving landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent with community-based participatory research principles, academic and community-based partners made decisions regarding changes to the intervention study protocol, specifically the intervention objectives, participant recruitment methods, CHW trainings, data collection measures and management, and mode of intervention delivery. Insights from this case study demonstrate the importance of community-based participatory research in successfully modifying the intervention to the conditions of the pandemic and also the cultural background of Latinx participants. This case study also illustrates how a CHW-led CCL intervention can address social determinants of health, in which the pandemic further exposed longstanding inequities along racial and ethnic lines in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Coulter
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Kiera Coulter
| | - Maia Ingram
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Abby Lohr
- Department of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Carlos Figueroa
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Gloria Coronado
- Yuma County Public Health Services District, Yuma, AZ, United States
| | - Cynthia Espinoza
- Yuma County Public Health Services District, Yuma, AZ, United States
| | - Maria Esparza
- Yuma County Public Health Services District, Yuma, AZ, United States
| | - Stacey Monge
- Pima County Health Department, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Maria Velasco
- El Rio Community Health Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Ada Wilkinson-Lee
- Department of Mexican American Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott Carvajal
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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21
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Fishleder S, Harris JR, Petrescu-Prahova M, Kohn M, Helfrich CD. Development and Feasibility Testing of the Clinical-Community Linkage Self-Assessment Survey for Community Organizations. Front Public Health 2022; 10:797468. [PMID: 35669755 PMCID: PMC9163549 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.797468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical-community linkages (CCLs) can improve health, but few instruments exist to evaluate these partnerships. To address this gap, we develop and test the Clinical-Community Linkage Self-Assessment Survey (CCL Self-Assessment). Materials and Methods We built on an existing framework and conducted a literature review to guide the design of our survey, and obtained feedback from academic, clinical, and community-based experts. To pretest the instrument, we conducted 10 think-aloud interviews with community-based health-promotion organizations. We performed feasibility testing with 38 staff from 20 community organizations, followed by criterion-validity testing. Results The 15-item final instrument includes five domains: Nature of the Relationship, Communication, Referral Process, Feedback Loop, and Timeliness. Expert feedback included keeping the CCL Self-Assessment brief and actionable. Think-aloud interviews produced a range of revisions related to item wording, instructions, brevity, and formatting. Feasibility testing showed high response rate and ease of administration. Sites scoring high on the CCL Self-Assessment also scored high on the criterion measure. Discussion We demonstrate feasibility, as well as face, content, construct, and criterion validity. Initial results suggest the CCL Self-Assessment survey may be used by community organizations to identify strengths and weaknesses of their linkages. Next steps include additional statistical validation and testing to determine how the CCL Self-Assessment survey works in the field as well as providing specific tools to improve linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fishleder
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah Fishleder
| | - Jeffrey R. Harris
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Miruna Petrescu-Prahova
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marlana Kohn
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christian D. Helfrich
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development, Washington, DC, United States
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Lohr AM, Alves SS, Coulter K, Redondo-Martinez F, Coronado G, David C, Espinoza C, Ingram M, Carvajal SC, Wilkinson-Lee A. Community Health Worker-Led Community Clinical on the U.S. / Mexico Border: Lessons Learned. Prog Community Health Partnersh 2022; 16:93-103. [PMID: 35342114 PMCID: PMC9359453 DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2022.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-clinical linkages (CCLs) connect public health organizations and health care providers to better support patients. Community health workers (CHWs), representatives from priority populations with special connections to their community, can lead CCLs. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to learn about how to conduct a CHW-led CCL from the perspectives of those implementing the intervention. METHODS We conducted focus groups with CHWs and their supervisors and regularly consulted community partners while coding and analyzing data. RESULTS We learned that CHWs thrive when supported by peers, supervisors, institutions, and researchers. Supervisors- who are new to the CHW role-should consider seeking training in CHW professional development and performance evaluation. Focus group participants agreed that by balancing the strengths and weaknesses of their organization, CHW-led CCLs benefit patients because the collaboration helps them to better manage their health. CONCLUSIONS Future CHW-led CCL practitioners should consider how to best institutionally support CHWs to maximize benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby M Lohr
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Health Promotion Sciences Department,Corresponding Author, Abby Lohr, current affiliation: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, ; Affiliation during the research: University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Health Promotion Sciences Department
| | - Sophie S. Alves
- University of Arizona, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Mexican American Studies Department
| | - Kiera Coulter
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Health Promotion Sciences Department
| | | | | | | | | | - Maia Ingram
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Health Promotion Sciences Department
| | - Scott C. Carvajal
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Health Promotion Sciences Department
| | - Ada Wilkinson-Lee
- University of Arizona, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Mexican American Studies Department
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23
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Community health workers and promotoras' perspectives of a research best practice course: A focus group study. J Clin Transl Sci 2022; 6:e137. [PMID: 36590350 PMCID: PMC9794952 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2022.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community Health Workers and Promotoras (CHW/Ps) are valued for their role in helping to engage community members in research. CHW/Ps have traditionally received variable training in research fundamentals, including importance and promotion of research rigor to establish consistency in the methods used over time. Research best practices training exists for research professionals, but no standard training is provided as part of the CHW/P job role. To develop this CHW/P research best practices training, our team engaged English- and Spanish-speaking CHW/Ps to watch an early version of an online module and to examine perceptions of the relevance of such a training and optimal delivery methods. Methods Six virtual focus group discussions were conducted (three in English and three in Spanish) across different US geographic regions with currently employed CHW/Ps. Results Forty CHW/Ps participated (95% female, mean age 44 years, 58% identifying as Hispanic/Latino). Four themes emerged: relevance of training, benefits of providing a certificate of completion, flexible training delivery modalities, and peer-led training. Discussion With participation from representatives of the intended learner group of CHW/Ps, our team found that CHW/Ps valued learning about research best practices. They perceived culturally- and linguistically appropriate health research training to be highly relevant to their role, particularly for communicating key information to community members about their participation in health research. Additionally, participants provided input on effective dissemination of the training including the benefit of having proof of course completion, involvement of peer trainers, and value of providing the option to participate in online training.
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24
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Rhodes EC, Wilde LaPlant H, Zahid M, Abuwala N, Damio G, Crummett C, Surprenant R, Pérez-Escamilla R. Shifting to virtual breastfeeding counseling for low-income women in the US during COVID-19: A partner-engaged multimethod evaluation of program adaptations. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2022; 2:1020326. [PMID: 36925793 PMCID: PMC10012814 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2022.1020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The Breastfeeding Heritage and Pride program (BHP) provides evidence-based breastfeeding peer counseling to low-income women. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, BHP shifted from delivering in-person and virtual services to providing only virtual services. Program adaptations can impact implementation success, which could influence program effectiveness. We documented program adaptations and explored their impacts on implementation outcomes, guided by the Model for Adaptation Design and Impact. Methods Through a community-clinical-academic partnership, we conducted in-depth interviews with 12 program implementers and peer counselors and conducted a rapid qualitative analysis. To efficiently capture information on adaptations over time, we collected and analyzed information from program meetings and extracted data from a program report. We then triangulated data from these multiple sources. Results Peer counselors received training on virtual service delivery and increased supportive supervision. They recruited women via phone instead of in hospitals, which was viewed as feasible. In-person counseling visits at hospitals and clients' homes were replaced with phone and video calls. Examples of changes to the content delivered included breastfeeding education in the context of the pandemic such as the latest COVID-related infant feeding guidance, provision of face masks, and more assistance with social and economic challenges. Although peer counselors increasingly adopted video calls as a substitute for in-person visits, they emphasized that in-person visits were better for relationship building, helping with breastfeeding problems like latching, and identifying barriers to breastfeeding in the home environment like limited familial support. While adaptations were reactive in that they were made in response to the unanticipated COVID-19 pandemic, most were made with clear goals and reasons such as to ensure the safety of peer counselors and clients while maintaining service delivery. Most adaptations were made through a systematic process based on program implementers' expertise and best practices for peer counseling and were largely but not fully consistent with BHP's core functions. Discussion BHP was able to shift to virtual service delivery for continued provision of breastfeeding counseling during the pandemic. Overall, virtual services worked well but were less optimal for several aspects of counseling. Evaluations of program effectiveness of virtual services are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Rhodes
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Mahrukh Zahid
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nafeesa Abuwala
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Grace Damio
- Hispanic Health Council, Hartford, CT, United States
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Washburn DJ, Callaghan T, Schmit C, Thompson E, Martinez D, Lafleur M. Community health worker roles and their evolving interprofessional relationships in the United States. J Interprof Care 2021; 36:545-551. [PMID: 34652982 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2021.1974362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, growing attention to the cost of care, the social determinants of health, prevention, and population health, signals a refocusing of efforts on value-based care. Just as Accountable Care Organizations and alternative payment models exemplify this shift in attention, so does the increasing integration of Community Health Workers (CHWs) into the US health care system. CHWs are often referred to as "bridge figures," helping clients to navigate what are oftentimes complicated pathways to access a variety of needed services. The integration of CHWs into interprofessional care teams is a process that takes time, and can lead to conflict as traditional care models are disrupted. Through focus groups with CHWs in rural and urban areas of four states, this work identifies and describes three early stages in the evolving interprofessional relationships between CHWs and other care providers. These stages are characterized by: (1) a lack of knowledge and understanding of CHW roles, (2) conflict and competition, and (3) engagement and integration of CHWs into patient care teams. A better understanding of the evolving process of CHW integration is critical to facilitate education and training that will more quickly encourage the development and efficacy of modern models of interprofessional care that include CHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Washburn
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Southwest Rural Health Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Callaghan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Southwest Rural Health Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cason Schmit
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Southwest Rural Health Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Emily Thompson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Denise Martinez
- National Community Health Worker Training Center, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan Lafleur
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,The Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA
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26
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Matiz LA, Leong S, Peretz PJ, Kuhlmey M, Bernstein SA, Oliver MA, Medina K, Lalwani AK. Integrating community health workers into a community hearing health collaborative to understand the social determinants of health in children with hearing loss. Disabil Health J 2021; 15:101181. [PMID: 34412985 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with hearing loss (HL) require coordination of care to navigate medical and social services. Strong evidence supports the role of community health workers (CHWs) to identify and address social barriers. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of integrating CHWs into the medical teams of children with HL and identify the social needs associated with their caregivers at a large urban hospital center. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted for 30 children with HL whose caregivers enrolled in a CHW program between August 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Baseline demographic data were collected, including social circumstances such as food and housing insecurity, status of social security supplemental income (SSI), and need for referral to early intervention (EI) or preschool/school services. Caregivers were assessed for confidence in self-management; baseline distress level was measured via a distress thermometer. RESULTS Of the 30 charts reviewed, 93% demonstrated social needs including food insecurity (24%) and educational service needs (45%). Eighty-seven percent of caregivers reported a sense of control over the child's condition, yet 73% reported a stress level of four or greater on the distress thermometer scale. At 3 months follow-up, 70% of patients completed referrals; a significant number of patients had obtained hearing aids and cochlear implants compared to baseline (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Caregivers of children with HL face multiple social obstacles, including difficulties connecting to educational and financial resources. CHWs are instrumental in identifying social needs and connecting caregivers to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Adriana Matiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street - VC417, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Stephen Leong
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Patricia J Peretz
- Ambulatory Care Network, Division of Community and Population Health, NewYork Presbyterian, 601 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Megan Kuhlmey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 180 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Stacey A Bernstein
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 180 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Melissa A Oliver
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 180 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Kristy Medina
- Ambulatory Care Network, Division of Community and Population Health, NewYork Presbyterian, 601 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Anil K Lalwani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 180 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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27
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Lohr AM, Doubleday K, Ingram M, Wilkinson-Lee AM, Coulter K, Krupp K, Espinoza C, Redondo-Martinez F, David C, Carvajal SC. A Community Health Worker-Led Community-Clinical Linkage Model to Address Emotional Well-Being Outcomes Among Latino/a People on the US-Mexico Border. Prev Chronic Dis 2021; 18:E76. [PMID: 34351845 PMCID: PMC8388205 DOI: 10.5888/pcd18.210080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared with their non-Hispanic White counterparts, Latino/a people have limited access to health resources that might improve their emotional well-being. Interventions that prioritize the Latino/a population, address social determinants of health, and decrease health disparities are needed. The objective of this study was to describe a community-clinical linkage intervention led by community health workers (CHWs) in 3 Latino/a populations along the US-Mexico border. METHODS Researchers at the Arizona Prevention Research Center conducted the Linking Individual Needs to Community and Clinical Services (LINKS) study during 2017-2018. Clinic-based CHWs referred participants to community-based CHWs who met with participants monthly for 6 months to assess participant needs, provide support for emotional well-being, and link them to resources. Two community-based CHWs collaborated to maximize participant care; they also administered an emotional well-being questionnaire at baseline and at 3-month and 6-month follow-up. We estimated changes in emotional well-being outcomes. RESULTS Scores for social support, perceived hopefulness, and quality-of-life measures among 189 LINKS participants increased significantly during the study period, especially among men and participants with low baseline scores. For each of the 3 outcomes, the standardized change was approximately 0.28 per 3 months of intervention, a decrease of more than half an SD (0.56) during 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION A CHW-led community-clinical linkage intervention can result in positive emotional well-being outcomes. We encourage policy makers, funders, and public health practitioners to further investigate such interventions as a solution to reduce disparities in emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby M Lohr
- Arizona Prevention Research Center at the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724.
| | - Kevin Doubleday
- Arizona Prevention Research Center at the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Maia Ingram
- Arizona Prevention Research Center at the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ada M Wilkinson-Lee
- Mexican American Studies Department, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kiera Coulter
- Arizona Prevention Research Center at the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Karl Krupp
- Arizona Prevention Research Center at the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | | | - Scott C Carvajal
- Arizona Prevention Research Center at the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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28
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Nhim K, Khan T, Gruss S, Wozniak G, Kirley K, Schumacher P, Albright A. Facilitators to referrals to CDC's National Diabetes Prevention Program in primary care practices and pharmacies: DocStyles 2016-2017. Prev Med 2021; 149:106614. [PMID: 33989676 PMCID: PMC8562779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence of the effectiveness of behavioral change interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention, health care provider referrals to organizations offering the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) lifestyle change program (LCP) remain suboptimal. This study examined facilitators of LCP referrals among primary care providers and pharmacists (providers). We analyzed data on 1956 providers from 2016 to 2017 DocStyles web-based surveys. Pearson chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used for bivariate associations between facilitators, provider characteristics, and their self-reported referral and bi-directional referral (where they received patient status updates back from the LCPs) to an LCP. Multiple logistic regressions were used to estimate the effects of facilitators to referral practices, controlling for providers' characteristics. Geocoding was done at the street level for in-person, public LCP class locations and at the zip code level for survey respondents to create a density measure for LCP availability within 10 miles. Overall, 21% of providers referred their patients with prediabetes to LCPs, and 6.4% engaged in bi-directional referral. Provider practices that established clinical-community linkages (CCLs) with LCPs (AOR = 4.88), used electronic health records (EHRs) to manage patients (AOR = 2.94), or practiced within 10 miles of an in-person, public LCP class location (AOR = 1.49) were more likely to refer. Establishing CCLs with LCPs (AOR = 8.59) and using EHRs (AOR = 1.86) were also facilitators of bi-directional referral. This study highlights the importance of establishing CCLs between provider settings and organizations offering the National DPP LCP, increasing use of EHRs to manage patients, and increasing availability of in-person LCP class locations near provider practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunthea Nhim
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Diabetes Translation, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mail Stop S107-3, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Tamkeen Khan
- American Medical Association, 330 N. Wabash Avenue, Suite 39300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Stephanie Gruss
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Diabetes Translation, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mail Stop S107-3, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Gregory Wozniak
- American Medical Association, 330 N. Wabash Avenue, Suite 39300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Kate Kirley
- American Medical Association, 330 N. Wabash Avenue, Suite 39300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Patricia Schumacher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Diabetes Translation, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mail Stop S107-3, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Ann Albright
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Diabetes Translation, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mail Stop S107-3, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Carter J, Hassan S, Walton A, Yu L, Donelan K, Thorndike AN. Effect of Community Health Workers on 30-Day Hospital Readmissions in an Accountable Care Organization Population: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2110936. [PMID: 34014324 PMCID: PMC8138690 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Value-based care within accountable care organizations (ACOs) has magnified the importance of reducing preventable hospital readmissions. Community health worker (CHW) interventions may address patients' unmet psychosocial and clinical care needs but have been underused in inpatient and postdischarge care. OBJECTIVE To determine if pairing hospitalized patients with ACO insurance with CHWs would reduce 30-day readmission rates. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This randomized clinical trial was conducted in 6 general medicine hospital units within 1 academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. Participants included adults hospitalized from April 1, 2017, through March 31, 2019, who had ACO insurance and were at risk for 30-day readmission based on a hospital readmission algorithm. The main inclusion criterion was frequency of prior nonelective hospitalizations (≥2 in the past 3 months or ≥3 in the 12 months prior to enrollment). Data were analyzed from February 1, 2018, through March 3, 2021. INTERVENTION CHWs met with intervention participants prior to discharge and maintained contact for 30 days postdischarge to assist participants with clinical access and social resources via telephone calls, text messages, and field visits. CHWs additionally provided psychosocial support and health coaching, using motivational interviewing, goal-setting, and other behavioral strategies. The control group received usual care, which included routine care from primary care clinics and any outpatient referrals made by hospital case management or social work at the time of discharge. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was 30-day hospital readmissions. Secondary outcomes included 30-day missed primary care physician or specialty appointments. RESULTS A total of 573 participants were enrolled, and 550 participants (mean [SD] age, 70.1 [15.7] years; 266 [48.4%] women) were included in analysis, with 277 participants randomized to the intervention group and 273 participants randomized to the control group. At baseline, participants had a mean (SD) of 3 (0.8) hospitalizations in the prior 12 months. There were 432 participants (78.5%) discharged home and 127 participants (23.1%) discharged to a short rehabilitation stay prior to returning home. Compared with participants in the control group, participants in the intervention group were less likely to be readmitted within 30 days (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% CI, 0.28-0.90) and to miss clinic appointments within 30 days (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.81). A post hoc subgroup analysis showed that compared with control participants, intervention participants discharged to rehabilitation had a reduction in readmissions (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03-0.31), but there was no significant reduction for those discharged home (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.41-1.12). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This randomized clinical trial found that pairing ACO-insured inpatient adults with CHWs reduced readmissions and missed outpatient visits 30 days postdischarge. The effect was significant for those discharged to short-term rehabilitation but not for those discharged home. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03085264.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Carter
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Susan Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Anne Walton
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Liyang Yu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Karen Donelan
- Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Anne N. Thorndike
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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30
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Moreno G, Mangione CM, Tseng CH, Weir M, Loza R, Desai L, Grotts J, Gelb E. Connecting Provider to home: A home-based social intervention program for older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:1627-1637. [PMID: 33710616 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with multiple medical conditions and complex social issues are at risk for high utilization and poor outcomes. The Connecting Provider to Home program deployed teams of a social worker and a community health worker (CHW) to support patients with social issues and access to primary care. Our objectives were to examine the impact of the program on utilization and satisfaction with care among older adults with complex social and medical issues. DESIGN Retrospective quasi-experimental observational study with matched comparator group. SETTING Community-based program in Southern California. PARTICIPANTS Four hundred twenty community dwelling adults. INTERVENTION Community-based healthcare program delivered by a social worker and CHW team for older adults with complex medical and social needs. MEASUREMENTS Acute hospitalization and emergency department (ED) visits in the 12 months preceding and following enrollment in the pilot program. A "difference-in-difference" analysis using a matched comparator group was conducted. Comparator group data of patients receiving usual care were obtained. Surveys were conducted to assess patient satisfaction and experiences with the program. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 74 years, and the program demonstrated statistically significant reductions in acute hospitalizations and ED use compared with 700 comparator patients. Pre/post-acute hospitalizations and ED visits were reduced in the intervention group. The average per patient per year reduction in acute hospitalizations was -0.66, whereas the average per patient reduction in ED use was -0.57. Patients enrolled in the program reported high levels of satisfaction and rated the program favorably. CONCLUSIONS A care model with a social worker and CHW can be linked to primary care to address patient social needs and potentially reduce utilization of healthcare services and enhance patient experiences with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Moreno
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol M Mangione
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Desai
- SCAN Health Plan, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Grotts
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eve Gelb
- SCAN Health Plan, Long Beach, California, USA
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Hershey JA, Morone J, Lipman TH, Hawkes CP. Social Determinants of Health, Goals and Outcomes in High-Risk Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2021; 45:444-450.e1. [PMID: 33863638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite advances in technology and type 1 diabetes (T1D) care, children from low-income families continue to have suboptimal outcomes and increased health-care utilization. In this study, we describe social determinants of health (SDOH) in high-risk children with T1D, as well as their SDOH-related priority goals, and assess the correlation between SDOH, glycemic control and health-care utilization. METHODS Caregivers of children aged 4 to 18 years with a diagnosis of T1D of >1 year, poor glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [A1C] ≥9.5%) or high health-care utilization (≥2 diabetes-related hospitalizations, emergency department attendances or missed outpatient appointments in the previous year) were included. Primary caregiver health-related quality of life (HRQOL), self-efficacy (Maternal Self-Efficacy in Diabetes [MSED] scale) and SDOH were assessed. Goals were identified after assessment by a community health worker. RESULTS Fifty-three families were included, most (n=48, 91%) of whom had government insurance. Children had a median age of 13.4 (interquartile range [IQR], 12 to 15.3) years and a median A1C of 11.1% (IQR, 10% to 13%). Almost half of the families (n=24, 45%) reported at least 1 adverse SDOH. One or more adverse SDOH was associated with significantly lower total HRQOL scores (56.6 [IQR, 38.5 to 70.7] vs 77.8 [IQR, 60.8 to 92.4], p=0.004), but not associated with A1C (p=0.3), emergency department visits (p=0.9) or MSED (p=0.5). CONCLUSIONS Screening for adverse SDOH and addressing these barriers to glycemic control is not part of routine T1D care. In children with poorly controlled T1D and high health-care utilization, we have demonstrated a high prevalence of adverse SDOH, which may represent a modifiable factor to improve outcomes in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hershey
- Department of Social Work, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jennifer Morone
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States; Veterans Affairs Office of Academic Affiliations, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Terri H Lipman
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Colin P Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Meiers SJ, Dyce E, Wieland ML, Patten C, Clark MM, Hanza MMK, Bronars C, Nigon JA, Sia IG. Lay health worker as interventionist training: reflective writing in US family health promotion practice. Health Promot Int 2021; 36:1739-1752. [PMID: 33619566 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lay health worker-led health promotion interventions are well received within racial and ethnic minority communities. Increasing numbers of trained lay health workers will be needed to meet global health goals. The purpose of this process evaluation was to gain insights about how lay health worker as interventionists used theory-based approaches within a nutrition and physical activity health behavior change intervention in a clinical trial enrolling immigrant and refugee families. Data were comprised of ongoing reflective writing statements from four health workers about their implementation of the intervention. Using content analysis three themes emerged: (i) encouraging setting of small, family focused and relevant goals, (ii) being flexible in content delivery and (iii) being personally transformed (i.e. gained a sense of meaning from their experience). Lay health worker interventionist reflections on practice revealed they delivered the intervention within the primacy of the family partnering relationship by attending to unique family needs, and adjusting educational content and goal setting accordingly. Our results provide guidance for training and process evaluation of lay health worker intervention delivery in ethnically and racially diverse populations. Incorporating real-time reflection upon what was learned about skills of facilitating family motivation and family confidence enhanced affective learning and may be useful in future research studies and health promotion practice. The processes identified including setting small goals, flexibility and personal transformation could be considered in future lay health worker-delivered health promotion interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J Meiers
- Department of Graduate Nursing, Winona State University, Rochester, MN 55904, USA
| | - Evan Dyce
- Department of Graduate Nursing, Winona State University, Rochester, MN 55904, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, CentraCare, Big Lake, MN 55309, USA
| | - Mark L Wieland
- Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christi Patten
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew M Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Carrie Bronars
- Department of Mental Health, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Julie A Nigon
- Hawthorne Education Center, Rochester Public Schools Rochester, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Irene G Sia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Whitsel LP, Bantham A, Jarrin R, Sanders L, Stoutenberg M. Physical activity assessment, prescription and referral in US healthcare: How do we make this a standard of clinical practice? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 64:88-95. [PMID: 33383058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous guidelines and recommendations reinforce the important role of healthcare providers promoting physical activity (PA) through assessment, prescription, and referral. This paper summarizes what is required to accomplish these actions as a standard of care. The sections describe the importance of measurement development and standardization, the integration of PA into the care continuum, suggested roles and responsibilities for the healthcare team, the role of technology and telehealth in promoting PA, connecting patients to different PA modalities and settings, a summary of the overall regulatory and policy plan to accomplish integration of PA into delivery of care, and areas for future research. Integrating PA assessment, prescription, and referral into delivery of care requires a multi-stakeholder, coordinated effort with government agencies, payers, non-governmental organizations, professional societies, the United States Congress, state legislatures, healthcare systems, and the healthcare industry.
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Coulter K, Ingram M, Lohr AM, Bell ML, Carvajal S. Examining Associations between Community Health Worker-Rated Health and Mental Health among Latino Adults with Chronic Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:E100. [PMID: 33375663 PMCID: PMC7795006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Latinos with chronic disease often experience comorbid depression, but confront barriers to mental health treatment. Community health workers (CHWs) develop trusting relationships with the communities they serve, and may be uniquely positioned to identify Latinos with mental health care needs. Research has not examined whether their rating of clients' health is indicative of their mental health. This mixed-methods study examines CHWs' appraisals of Latino adults' health and their relation to mental health outcomes, and explores factors informing CHWs' rating of health status. The current study utilized baseline data from the Linking Individual Needs to Community and Clinical Services (LINKS) study. We assessed associations between CHW-rated health (CHWRH), or rating of health status as poor-excellent, and mental health outcomes with multilevel linear regression modelling. We qualitatively analyzed CHWs' written perceptions of participants' health status to understand what influenced their health rating. The quantitative results showed that CWHRH was significantly related to depressive symptoms and emotional problems severity. The qualitative results showed that CHWs took a holistic and ecological approach in rating health. The findings suggest that CHWRH could be indicative of mental health among Latino adults. Further studies investigating CHWRH as an independent indicator of mental health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Coulter
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.I.); (A.M.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Maia Ingram
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.I.); (A.M.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Abby M. Lohr
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.I.); (A.M.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Melanie L. Bell
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Scott Carvajal
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.I.); (A.M.L.); (S.C.)
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Carr CL, McLeigh J, Roman H, Fults JB, Gonzalez JR, Sanders C, Clutter MO, Tsai R, Jetelina KK. Healthcare Utilization Patterns Among Children With a History of Child Protective Services Investigations. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2020; 35:906-919. [PMID: 33372116 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-19-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine whether children with a prior child protective services (CPS) investigation had different healthcare utilization compared to children without a history of CPS investigations. METHODS The Children's Health Assessment and Planning Survey assessed 6,492 primary caregivers of children ages 0-17 years residing in North Texas in 2015. Caregivers reported prior CPS investigations and child healthcare utilization (emergency department [ED] use, unmet medication needs, and unmet medical care needs). PRINCIPLE FINDINGS A total of 408 (5%) caregivers reported their child had a CPS investigation. Children with CPS investigations had greater odds of visiting the ED (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4, 2.5) and not receiving necessary medical care (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4, 2.8) compared to children without a CPS investigation. CONCLUSIONS Prior CPS investigation was associated with disparities in receipt of necessary medical care and ED utilization for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Carr
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jill McLeigh
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Corron Sanders
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ray Tsai
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Stiles S, Thomas R, Beck AF, Parsons A, Buzek N, Mansour M, Anderson K. Deploying Community Health Workers to Support Medically and Socially At-Risk Patients in a Pediatric Primary Care Population. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20:1213-1216. [PMID: 32305517 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Stiles
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (S Stiles, AF Beck, A Parsons, N Buzek, M Mansour, and K Anderson), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ronay Thomas
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (R Thomas, AF Beck, and M Mansour), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew F Beck
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (S Stiles, AF Beck, A Parsons, N Buzek, M Mansour, and K Anderson), Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (R Thomas, AF Beck, and M Mansour), Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Allison Parsons
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (S Stiles, AF Beck, A Parsons, N Buzek, M Mansour, and K Anderson), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nora Buzek
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (S Stiles, AF Beck, A Parsons, N Buzek, M Mansour, and K Anderson), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mona Mansour
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (S Stiles, AF Beck, A Parsons, N Buzek, M Mansour, and K Anderson), Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (R Thomas, AF Beck, and M Mansour), Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristy Anderson
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (S Stiles, AF Beck, A Parsons, N Buzek, M Mansour, and K Anderson), Cincinnati, Ohio
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the role, responsibilities, hiring, training, and retention of community health workers (CHWs) on clinical care teams in the United States. RECENT FINDINGS CHWs are unique members of clinical care teams because of their ability to foster a deep trust and understanding with patients by sharing similar life experiences, participating in home visits, and providing constant support and advocacy. By partnering with CHWs, other clinical care members also gain a better understanding of their patients allowing them to deliver more culturally competent, patient/family-centered care. CHWs when incorporated into interdisciplinary teams have shown to lower healthcare costs, reduce hospital stays and admissions, and improve health outcomes and quality of life for children and families. However, the lack of standardization among CHW programs makes it difficult to quantify the overall effect and impact of integrating CHWs into clinical care teams. SUMMARY CHWs are able to improve health outcomes and address social determinants of health when properly integrated into clinical care teams. However, without adequate support, integration, funding, and training, CHWs are not able to reach their full potential. The standardization of CHWs' responsibilities and training, like other clinical care team members, is lacking within the United States, making it a challenge to evaluate programs and maintain sustainable funding for these vital members of the clinical care team.
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Ingram M, Sabo S, Redondo F, Soto Y, Russell K, Carter H, Bender B, de Zapien JG. Establishing voluntary certification of community health workers in Arizona: a policy case study of building a unified workforce. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2020; 18:46. [PMID: 32586328 PMCID: PMC7318497 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-00487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community health workers (CHWs) are widely recognized as essential to addressing disparities in health care delivery and outcomes in US vulnerable populations. In the state of Arizona, the sustainability of the workforce is threatened by low wages, poor job security, and limited opportunities for training and advancement within the profession. CHW voluntary certification offers an avenue to increase the recognition, compensation, training, and standardization of the workforce. However, passing voluntary certification legislation in an anti-regulatory state such as Arizona posed a major challenge that required a robust advocacy effort. CASE PRESENTATION In this article, we describe the process of unifying the two major CHW workforces in Arizona, promotoras de salud in US-Mexico border communities and community health representatives (CHRs) serving American Indian communities. Differences in the origins, financing, and even language of the population-served contributed to historically divergent interests between CHRs and promotoras. In order to move forward as a collective workforce, it was imperative to integrate the perspectives of CHRs, who have a regular funding stream and work closely through the Indian Health Services, with those of promotoras, who are more likely to be grant-funded in community-based efforts. As a unified workforce, CHWs were better positioned to gain advocacy support from key health care providers and health insurance companies with policy influence. We seek to elucidate the lessons learned in our process that may be relevant to CHWs representing diverse communities across the US and internationally. CONCLUSIONS Legislated voluntary certification provides a pathway for further professionalization of the CHW workforce by establishing a standard definition and set of core competencies. Voluntary certification also provides guidance to organizations in developing appropriate training and job activities, as well as ongoing professional development opportunities. In developing certification with CHWs representing different populations, and in particular Tribal Nations, it is essential to assure that the CHW definition is in alignment with all groups and that the scope of practice reflects CHW roles in both clinic and community-based settings. The Arizona experience underscores the benefits of a flexible approach that leverages existing strengths in organizations and the population served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Ingram
- University of Arizona College of Public Health, 1295 N. Martin Ave, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, United States of America.
| | - Samantha Sabo
- Northern Arizona University, Center for Health Equity Research, 1395 S. Knoles Dr, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, United States of America
| | - Floribella Redondo
- Arizona Community Health Worker Association, 424 N. Christine Ave, Douglas, AZ, 85607, United States of America
| | - Yanitza Soto
- Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N. 18th Ave, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, United States of America
| | - Kim Russell
- Arizona Advisory Council on Indian Health Care, 141 E Palm Ln, Suite #8, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, United States of America
| | - Heather Carter
- University of Arizona College of Public Health, 1295 N. Martin Ave, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, United States of America
| | - Brook Bender
- Hualapai Tribe, Hualapai Health-Education and Wellness, 488 Hualapai Way, Peach Springs, AZ, 86434, United States of America
| | - Jill Guernsey de Zapien
- University of Arizona College of Public Health, 1295 N. Martin Ave, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, United States of America
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Ramanadhan S, Daly J, Lee RM, Kruse GR, Deutsch C. Network-Based Delivery and Sustainment of Evidence-Based Prevention in Community-Clinical Partnerships Addressing Health Equity: A Qualitative Exploration. Front Public Health 2020; 8:213. [PMID: 32671008 PMCID: PMC7332771 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased delivery of evidence-based preventive services can improve population health and increase health equity. Community-clinical partnerships offer particular promise, but delivery and sustainment of preventive services through these systems face several challenges related to service integration and collaboration. We used a social network analysis perspective to explore (a) the range of contributions made by community-clinical partnership network members to support the delivery of evidence-based preventive services and (b) important influences on the ability of these partnerships to sustain service delivery. Methods: Data come from an implementation evaluation of the Prevention and Wellness Trust Fund initiative, which supported nine Massachusetts communities to coordinate delivery of evidence-based prevention and address inequities in hypertension, pediatric asthma, falls among older adults, or tobacco use. In 2016, we conducted semi-structured interviews with (a) leadership teams representing nine community-level partnerships and (b) practitioners from four high-implementation partnerships (n = 23). We managed data using NVivo11 and utilized a framework analysis approach. Results: Key network contributions for delivery of evidence-based preventive services included creating referrals, delivering services, providing links to community members, and administration and leadership. Less emphasized contributions included wraparound services, technical assistance, and venue provision. Implementers from high-implementation partnerships also highlighted contributions such as program adaptation, creating buy-in, and sharing information to improve service delivery. Expected drivers of program sustainability included the ability to develop a business case, ongoing network facilitation, technology support, continued integrated action, and sufficient staffing to maintain programming. Conclusion: The study highlights the need to take a long-term, infrastructure-focused approach when designing community-clinical partnerships. Strategic partnership composition, including identifying sources of necessary network contributions, in conjunction with efforts from the outset to link systems, align effort, and build a long-term funding structure can support the required coordinated action around preventive services needed to improve health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Ramanadhan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - James Daly
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rebekka M. Lee
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gina R. Kruse
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles Deutsch
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Gray DM, Joseph JJ, Olayiwola JN. Strategies for Digital Care of Vulnerable Patients in a COVID-19 World—Keeping in Touch. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2020; 1:e200734. [DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell M. Gray
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Joshua J. Joseph
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - J. Nwando Olayiwola
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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Samuel-Hodge CD, Gizlice Z, Allgood SD, Bunton AJ, Erskine A, Leeman J, Cykert S. Strengthening community-clinical linkages to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in rural NC: feasibility phase of the CHANGE study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:264. [PMID: 32085707 PMCID: PMC7035725 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community Health Workers (CHW) are recommended for delivery of interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease, but there is insufficient evidence to guide implementation of CHW interventions in rural, medically underserved areas. METHODS Using a hybrid implementation-effectiveness design, we evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of an adapted, evidence-based cardiovascular disease risk reduction intervention among rural high-risk adults. CHWs at a community health center and local health department recruited, enrolled and counseled participants during 4 monthly home visits and 3 brief phone contacts. Participant data collection included pre- and post-intervention measurements of blood pressure, weight, and dietary and physical activity behaviors. We evaluated implementation with measures of intervention reach and delivery fidelity. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. RESULTS Study participants (n = 105) had a mean age of 62 years and included 88% Non-Hispanic Blacks and 82% females. Recruitment strategies resulted in the enrollment of 38% of interested and eligible participants who received 80% of the planned intervention visits and phone contacts. Mean differences in pre-/post-intervention measures showed significant mean reductions in blood pressure (- 5.4 mmHg systolic, p = .006; - 2.3 mmHg diastolic, p = .04) and body weight (- 3.8 lb., p = .02). Self-reported dietary and physical activity behaviors also improved significantly. CONCLUSION This feasibility study demonstrated preliminary implementation and program effectiveness of a CHW-delivered intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors. Additionally, it identified areas for future refinements to strategies that strengthen community-clinical linkages with an integrated role of CHWs in rural health care delivery. If results from this feasibility study can be enhanced in a larger sample, there would be significant potential to positively impact the excess burden of chronic diseases that adversely impact rural, low-income, and medically underserved populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03582696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen D. Samuel-Hodge
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Center for Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Room 216, CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426 USA
| | - Ziya Gizlice
- Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. CB# 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426 USA
| | - Sallie D. Allgood
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, CB # 7460, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7460 USA
| | - Audrina J. Bunton
- Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research, 725 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. CB# 7590, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7590 USA
| | - Amber Erskine
- Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. CB# 7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426 USA
| | - Jennifer Leeman
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, CB # 7460, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7460 USA
| | - Samuel Cykert
- School of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 145 N Medical Drive, CB# 7165, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7165 USA
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Hall-Lipsy E, Anderson EJ, Taylor AM, Warholak T, Axon DR, Faqeeri Z, Jastrzab R. Community health worker perspectives of an academic community medication therapy management collaboration. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:475-480.e1. [PMID: 31917249 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To qualitatively assess community health workers' (CHWs') perceptions of the challenges and benefits associated with participating in a collaborative, interprofessional medication therapy management (MTM) program for rural, underserved, predominantly Latinx, patients with diabetes and hypertension. METHODS Nine CHWs participated in a 1-hour, semistructured focus group that explored their experiences while assisting in the delivery of MTM services through an academic community partnership between an MTM provider and participating rural clinics. Audio recordings of the focus group were transcribed and thematically analyzed by 2 independent reviewers. RESULTS All program-involved CHWs participated in the focus group. Qualitative analysis identified 2 overarching themes: (1) opportunities and (2) challenges. Opportunities were further subcategorized as benefits to (1) CHWs, (2) patients, or (3) academic community MTM research. The CHWs perceived that they served as a liaison among the medical provider (prescriber), patient, and MTM pharmacist. Benefits to the patients focused on the integration of CHWs as essential to patient recruitment, especially for those who were reluctant to participate or receive a phone call from a stranger. The major challenges identified were (1) interruptions in workflow and (2) communication between CHWs and the health care practitioners (physicians, nurse practitioners, pharmacists). Specifically, the CHWs universally agreed that they needed more time after receiving patient report, scheduling a visit with the patient, and communicating with the patient's health care provider to better understand the individual's circumstances and needs. CONCLUSION This study identified perceived opportunities and challenges faced by CHWs and chronically ill, rural Latinx patients in the acceptance of MTM program. These findings may be useful for all interprofessional health care team members to better understand and appreciate the role of CHWs, while simultaneously enhancing and improving respective medication adherence efforts, and to improve collaborative, academic community programs in the future.
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Willink A, Davis K, Johnston DM, Black B, Reuland M, Stockwell I, Amjad H, Lyketsos CG, Samus QM. Cost-Effective Care Coordination for People With Dementia at Home. Innov Aging 2020; 4:igz051. [PMID: 31911954 PMCID: PMC6938464 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives People with dementia (PWD) represent some of the highest-need and highest-cost individuals living in the community. Maximizing Independence (MIND) at Home is a potentially cost-effective and scalable home-based dementia care coordination program that uses trained, nonclinical community workers as the primary contact between the PWD and their care partner, supported by a multidisciplinary clinical team with expertise in dementia care. Research Design and Methods Cost of care management services based on actual time spent by care management personnel over first 12 months of MIND at Home intervention was calculated for 342 MIND at Home recipients from Baltimore, Maryland and surrounding areas participating in a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) funded Health Care Innovation Award demonstration project. Difference-in-differences analysis of claims-based Medicaid spending of 120 dually-eligible MIND at Home participants with their propensity score matched comparison group (n = 360). Results The average cost per enrollee per month was $110, or $1,320 per annum. Medicaid expenditures of dually-eligible participants grew 1.12 percentage points per quarter more slowly than that of the matched comparison group. Most savings came from slower growth in inpatient and long-term nursing home use. Net of the cost of the 5-year MIND at Home intervention, 5-year Medicaid savings are estimated at $7,052 per beneficiary, a 1.12-fold return on investment. Discussion and Implications Managed care plans with the flexibility to engage community health workers could benefit from a low-cost, high-touch intervention to meet the needs of enrollees with dementia. Limitations for using and reimbursing community health workers exist in Medicare fee-for-service, which CMS should address to maximize benefit for PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Willink
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Davis
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Deirdre M Johnston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Betty Black
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa Reuland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ian Stockwell
- The Hilltop Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Halima Amjad
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Constantine G Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Quincy M Samus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cottrell EK, Dambrun K, Cowburn S, Mossman N, Bunce AE, Marino M, Krancari M, Gold R. Variation in Electronic Health Record Documentation of Social Determinants of Health Across a National Network of Community Health Centers. Am J Prev Med 2019; 57:S65-S73. [PMID: 31753281 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This paper describes the adoption of an electronic health record-based social determinants of health screening tool in a national network of more than 100 community health centers. METHODS In 2016, a screening tool with questions on 7 social determinants of health domains was developed and deployed in the electronic health record, with technical instructions on how to use the tool and suggested clinical workflows. To understand adoption patterns, the study team extracted electronic health record data for any patient with a community health center visit between June 2016 and May 2018. Patients were considered "screened" if a response to at least 1 social determinants of health domain was documented in the electronic health record tool. RESULTS A total of 31,549 patients (2% of those with a visit in the study period) had a documented social determinants of health screening. The number of screenings increased over time, time; 71 community health centers (67%) conducted at least one screening, but almost 50% took place in only 4 community health centers. Over half (55%) of screenings only included responses for only 1 domain. Screening was most likely to occur during an office visit with an established patient and documented in the electronic health record by a medical assistant. CONCLUSIONS Screening documentation patterns varied widely across the network of community health centers. Despite the growing national emphasis on the importance of screening for social determinants of health, these findings suggest that simply activating electronic health record tools for social determinants of health screening does not lead to widespread adoption. Potential barriers to screening adoption and implementation should be explored further. SUPPLEMENT INFORMATION This article is part of a supplement entitled Identifying and Intervening on Social Needs in Clinical Settings: Evidence and Evidence Gaps, which is sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Kaiser Permanente, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Cottrell
- OCHIN, Inc., Portland, Oregon; Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Marino
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Rachel Gold
- OCHIN, Inc., Portland, Oregon; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon
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45
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Prevention as a Population Health Strategy. Prim Care 2019; 46:493-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Allgood SD, Leeman J, Rosemond CA, Ammerman AS, Samuel-Hodge C, Cykert S. Reducing cardiovascular disease in a rural community. Public Health Nurs 2019; 36:676-682. [PMID: 31396991 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this case report, we describe the one-year formative phase of a five-year study to develop, implement, and test a community health worker (CHW)-delivered cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention intervention. The purpose of the formative phase was to engage community partners in the adaptation of an existing evidence-based CVD prevention intervention to fit the needs and preferences of a rural, predominantly African-American community. The formative work was guided by a framework for adapting evidence-based interventions and involved engaging stakeholders in assessing the intervention's fit with the local context and then applying assessment findings to iteratively adapt the intervention's contents, materials, and delivery methods. Findings from the formative work were then applied to develop CHW position descriptions, workflow diagrams, and a training plan. Findings also were applied to adapt intervention materials and protocols to fit the needs of the community. This case report illustrates how community-engaged formative work can be applied to adapt an evidence-based intervention to fit community needs and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallie D Allgood
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Leeman
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cherie A Rosemond
- Partnerships in Aging Program, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alice S Ammerman
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carmen Samuel-Hodge
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samuel Cykert
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Callaghan T, Washburn DJ, Nimmons K, Duchicela D, Gurram A, Burdine J. Immigrant health access in Texas: policy, rhetoric, and fear in the Trump era. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:342. [PMID: 31164114 PMCID: PMC6549327 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the 2016 presidential election, reports have suggested that President Trump's rhetoric and his administration's proposed policies could be exacerbating barriers to accessing health care for undocumented as well as lawfully present immigrants and their families in the United States. However, very little empirical work has analyzed this possibility or detailed how these reports and rhetoric have altered the health seeking behavior of mixed immigration status families. METHODS Using a series of focus groups throughout Texas in both English and Spanish, this qualitative study analyzes changes to health access for immigrants. We consulted Community Health Workers to better understand the barriers encountered by their otherwise hard-to-reach undocumented clients and their families as they interface with the health system, revealing key insights about the changing nature of barriers to access under the Trump administration. RESULTS We identify four key themes about the changing nature of immigrant health access in the United States: growing fear of interacting with health and social services; that social networks are paradoxically limiting health access in the current political climate; that the administration's rhetoric and proposed policies are impeding health seeking behavior; and that children are encountering new barriers to social program participation. CONCLUSIONS The Trump administration, its proposed immigration policies, and his rhetoric are posing new and significant barriers to health access for immigrants and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Callaghan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - David J Washburn
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Katharine Nimmons
- Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Delia Duchicela
- Office of Special Programs and Global Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Anoop Gurram
- School of Public Health, Brown University, 121 S Main St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - James Burdine
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Stupplebeen DA, Barnett-Sherrill AT, Sentell TL. Community Health Workers in Hawai'i: A Scoping Review and Framework Analysis of Existing Evidence. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 78:6-14. [PMID: 31285962 PMCID: PMC6603885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Community health workers (CHWs) play a vital role in health across Hawai'i, but the scope of this work is not comprehensively collated. This scoping review describes the existing evidence of the roles and responsibilities of CHWs in Hawai'i. Methods: Between May and October 2018, researchers gathered documents (eg, reports, journal articles) relevant to Hawai'i CHWs from health organizations, government entities, colleges/universities, and CHWs. Documents were reviewed for overall focus and content, then analyzed using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 10 Essential Public Health Services as well as the Community Health Worker Core Consensus Project roles to identify workplace roles and gaps. Results: Of 92 documents received, 68 were included for review. The oldest document dated to 1995. Document types included curricula outlines, unpublished reports, and peer-reviewed articles. Documents discussed trainings, certification programs, CHWs' roles in interventions, and community-, clinical-, and/or patient-level outcomes. Cultural concordance parity between CHWs and patients, cost savings, and barriers to CHW work were noted. Most roles named by the Community Health Worker Core Consensus Project were mentioned in documents, but few were related to the roles of "community/policy advocacy" and "participation in research and evaluation." Workplace roles, as determined using the 10 Essential Public Health Services, focused more on "assuring workforce competency" and "evaluation," and less on "policy development," and "enforcing laws." Discussion: CHWs are an important part of Hawaii's health system and engage in many public health functions. Although CHW roles in Hawai'i mirrored those identified by the CHW Core Consensus Project and 10 Essential Public Health Services frameworks, there is a noticeable gap in Hawai'i CHW professional participation in research, evaluation, and community advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Stupplebeen
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (DAS, TLS)
| | - Alexis T Barnett-Sherrill
- Chronic Disease Prevention & Health Promotion Division, Hawai'i State Department of Health, Kapolei, HI (ATB-S)
| | - Tetine L Sentell
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (DAS, TLS)
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49
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Stupplebeen DA, Sentell TL, Pirkle CM, Juan B, Barnett-Sherrill AT, Humphry JW, Yoshimura SR, Kiernan J, Hartz CP, Keliikoa LB. Community Health Workers in Action: Community-Clinical Linkages for Diabetes Prevention and Hypertension Management at 3 Community Health Centers. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 78:15-22. [PMID: 31285963 PMCID: PMC6603891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, the Hawai'i State Department of Health (HDOH) received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), via the 1422 Cooperative Agreement, to conduct diabetes prevention and hypertension management. To implement one grant-required strategy-the engagement of community health workers (CHWs) to promote community-clinical linkages-the HDOH partnered with the Hawai'i Primary Care Association and 9 federally qualified health centers (FQHCs). This qualitative evaluation case study sought to understand how 3 of the funded FQHCs engaged CHWs, the types of community-clinical linkages the CHWs promoted, and the facilitators of and barriers to those linkages. Evaluators conducted 2 semi-structured group interviews with 6 administrators/clinicians and 7 CHWs in April 2018. The transcribed interviews were deductively and inductively analyzed to identify major themes. First, CHWs made multiple internal and external linkages using resources provided by the grant as well as other resources. Second, CHWs faced barriers in making community-clinical linkages due to individual patient, geographic, and economic constraints. Third, CHWs have unmet professional needs related to building community-clinical linkages including professional development, networking, and burnout. Reimbursement and payment mechanisms are an all-encompassing challenge to the sustainability of CHW positions, as disease-specific funding and a complete lack of reimbursement structures make CHW positions unstable. Thus, CHWs fulfill a number of grant-specific roles at FQHCs due to this patchwork of funding sources, and this relates to CHWs' experiences of burnout. Policy implications of this study include funding and reimbursement stabilization so FQHCs may consistently engage and support the CHW workforce to meet their patients' complex, diverse needs. More professional development opportunities for CHWs are necessary to build sustainable networks of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Stupplebeen
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (DAS, TLS, CMP, LBK)
| | - Tetine L Sentell
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (DAS, TLS, CMP, LBK)
| | - Catherine M Pirkle
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (DAS, TLS, CMP, LBK)
| | - Bryan Juan
- Hawai'i Primary Care Association, Honolulu, HI (BJ)
| | - Alexis T Barnett-Sherrill
- Chronic Disease Prevention & Health Promotion Division, Hawai'i State Department of Health, Kapolei, HI (ATB-S)
| | | | | | - Jasmin Kiernan
- West Hawai'i Community Health Center, Kailua-Kona, HI (JK, CPH)
| | - Claudia P Hartz
- West Hawai'i Community Health Center, Kailua-Kona, HI (JK, CPH)
| | - L Brooke Keliikoa
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (DAS, TLS, CMP, LBK)
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50
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Sentell TL, Ching L, Cacal SL, Rowan K. Community-Clinical Linkages Within Health Care in Hawai'i: History, Innovation, and Future Directions. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 78:3-5. [PMID: 31285961 PMCID: PMC6603895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetine L Sentell
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (TS, SC, KR)
| | - Lance Ching
- Hawai'i Department of Health, Honolulu, HI (LC)
| | - Stephanie L Cacal
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (TS, SC, KR)
| | - Karen Rowan
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (TS, SC, KR)
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