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Malik JA, Zafar MA, Singh S, Nanda S, Bashir H, Das DK, Lamba T, Khan MA, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. From defense to dysfunction: Autophagy's dual role in disease pathophysiology. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 981:176856. [PMID: 39068979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental pillar of cellular resilience, indispensable for maintaining cellular health and vitality. It coordinates the meticulous breakdown of cytoplasmic macromolecules as a guardian of cell metabolism, genomic integrity, and survival. In the complex play of biological warfare, autophagy emerges as a firm defender, bravely confronting various pathogenic, infectious, and cancerous adversaries. Nevertheless, its role transcends mere defense, wielding both protective and harmful effects in the complex landscape of disease pathogenesis. From the onslaught of infectious outbreaks to the devious progression of chronic lifestyle disorders, autophagy emerges as a central protagonist, convolutedly shaping the trajectory of cellular health and disease progression. In this article, we embark on a journey into the complicated web of molecular and immunological mechanisms that govern autophagy's profound influence over disease. Our focus sharpens on dissecting the impact of various autophagy-associated proteins on the kaleidoscope of immune responses, spanning the spectrum from infectious outbreaks to chronic lifestyle ailments. Through this voyage of discovery, we unveil the vast potential of autophagy as a therapeutic linchpin, offering tantalizing prospects for targeted interventions and innovative treatment modalities that promise to transform the landscape of disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Mohammad Adeel Zafar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India; Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160016, India; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sidhanta Nanda
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160016, India
| | - Deepjyoti Kumar Das
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160016, India
| | - Taruna Lamba
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Mohammad Affan Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, 140055, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India.
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2
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Tay MZ, Tang W, Lee WC, Ong ASM, Novera W, Malleret B, Carissimo G, Chacko AM, El-Sahili A, Lescar J, Fan Y, McGready RM, Chu CS, Chan JKY, Ng LFP, Russell B, Nosten F, Rénia L. Functional and Immunologic Mapping of Domains of the Reticulocyte-Binding Protein Plasmodium vivax PvRBP2a. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e737-e742. [PMID: 38441336 PMCID: PMC11420707 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously described a novel Plasmodium vivax invasion mechanism into human reticulocytes via the PvRBP2a-CD98 receptor-ligand pair. Using linear epitope mapping, we assessed the PvRBP2a epitopes involved in CD98 binding and recognized by antibodies from patients who were infected. We identified 2 epitope clusters mediating PvRBP2a-CD98 interaction. Cluster B (PvRBP2a431-448, TAALKEKGKLLANLYNKL) was the target of antibody responses in humans infected by P vivax. Peptides from each cluster were able to prevent live parasite invasion of human reticulocytes. These results provide new insights for development of a malaria blood-stage vaccine against P vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zirui Tay
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Weiyi Tang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Wenn-Chyau Lee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alice Soh Meoy Ong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Wisna Novera
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School
| | - Benoît Malleret
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System
| | - Ann-Marie Chacko
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School
| | - Abbas El-Sahili
- NTU Institute for Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Julien Lescar
- NTU Institute for Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rose M McGready
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy S Chu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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3
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Gozalo AS, Robinson CK, Holdridge J, Mahecha OFL, Elkins WR. Overview of Plasmodium spp. and Animal Models in Malaria Research. Comp Med 2024; 74:205-230. [PMID: 38902006 PMCID: PMC11373680 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-24-000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan species of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by female mosquitos of the genus Anopheles and other Culicidae. Most of the parasites of the genus Plasmodium are highly species specific with more than 200 species described affecting different species of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Plasmodium species strictly affecting humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. More recently, P. knowlesi and other nonhuman primate plasmodia were found to naturally infect humans. Currently, malaria occurs mostly in poor tropical and subtropical areas of the world, and in many of these countries it is the leading cause of illness and death. For more than 100 y, animal models, have played a major role in our understanding of malaria biology. Avian Plasmodium species were the first to be used as models to study human malaria. Malaria parasite biology and immunity were first studied using mainly P. gallinaceum and P. relictum. Rodent malarias, particularly P. berghei and P. yoelii, have been used extensively as models to study malaria in mammals. Several species of Plasmodium from nonhuman primates have been used as surrogate models to study human malaria immunology, pathogenesis, candidate vaccines, and treatments. Plasmodium cynomolgi, P. simiovale, and P. fieldi are important models for studying malaria produced by P. vivax and P. ovale, while P. coatneyi is used as a model for study- ing severe malaria. Other nonhuman primate malarias used in research are P. fragile, P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. simium, and P. brasilianum. Very few nonhuman primate species can develop an infection with human malarias. Macaques in general are resistant to infection with P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Only apes and a few species of New World monkeys can support infection with human malarias. Herein we review the most common, and some less common, avian, reptile, and mammal plasmodia species used as models to study human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christen K Robinson
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie Holdridge
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Olga Franco L Mahecha
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William R Elkins
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Anstey NM, Tham WH, Shanks GD, Poespoprodjo JR, Russell BM, Kho S. The biology and pathogenesis of vivax malaria. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:573-590. [PMID: 38749866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax contributes significantly to global malaria morbidity. Key advances include the discovery of pathways facilitating invasion by P. vivax merozoites of nascent reticulocytes, crucial for vaccine development. Humanized mouse models and hepatocyte culture systems have enhanced understanding of hypnozoite biology. The spleen has emerged as a major reservoir for asexual vivax parasites, replicating in an endosplenic life cycle, and contributing to recurrent and chronic infections, systemic inflammation, and anemia. Splenic accumulation of uninfected red cells is the predominant cause of anemia. Recurring and chronic infections cause progressive anemia, malnutrition, and death in young children in high-transmission regions. Endothelial activation likely contributes to vivax-associated organ dysfunction. The many recent advances in vivax pathobiology should help guide new approaches to prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - G Dennis Shanks
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeanne R Poespoprodjo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Centre for Child Health and Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia; Mimika District Hospital and District Health Authority, Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia
| | - Bruce M Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Steven Kho
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia
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Kandalgaonkar MR, Yeoh BS, Joe B, Schmidt NW, Vijay-Kumar M, Saha P. Hypertension Increases Susceptibility to Experimental Malaria in Mice. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae009. [PMID: 38706961 PMCID: PMC11065114 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Global prevalence of hypertension is on the rise, burdening healthcare, especially in developing countries where infectious diseases, such as malaria, are also rampant. Whether hypertension could predispose or increase susceptibility to malaria, however, has not been extensively explored. Previously, we reported that hypertension is associated with abnormal red blood cell (RBC) physiology and anemia. Since RBC are target host cells for malarial parasite, Plasmodium, we hypothesized that hypertensive patients with abnormal RBC physiology are at greater risk or susceptibility to Plasmodium infection. To test this hypothesis, normotensive (BPN/3J) and hypertensive (BPH/2J) mice were characterized for their RBC physiology and subsequently infected with Plasmodium yoelii (P. yoelii), a murine-specific non-lethal strain. When compared to BPN mice, BPH mice displayed microcytic anemia with RBC highly resistant to osmotic hemolysis. Further, BPH RBC exhibited greater membrane rigidity and an altered lipid composition, as evidenced by higher levels of phospholipids and saturated fatty acid, such as stearate (C18:0), along with lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid like arachidonate (C20:4). Moreover, BPH mice had significantly greater circulating Ter119+ CD71+ reticulocytes, or immature RBC, prone to P. yoelii infection. Upon infection with P. yoelii, BPH mice experienced significant body weight loss accompanied by sustained parasitemia, indices of anemia, and substantial increase in systemic pro-inflammatory mediators, compared to BPN mice, indicating that BPH mice were incompetent to clear P. yoelii infection. Collectively, these data demonstrate that aberrant RBC physiology observed in hypertensive BPH mice contributes to an increased susceptibility to P. yoelii infection and malaria-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmayee R Kandalgaonkar
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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6
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Lee SK, Crosnier C, Valenzuela-Leon PC, Dizon BLP, Atkinson JP, Mu J, Wright GJ, Calvo E, Gunalan K, Miller LH. Complement receptor 1 is the human erythrocyte receptor for Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316304121. [PMID: 38261617 PMCID: PMC10835065 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316304121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery that Africans were resistant to infection by Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) led to the conclusion that P. vivax invasion relied on the P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) interacting with the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) expressed on erythrocytes. However, the recent reporting of P. vivax infections in DARC-negative Africans suggests that the parasite might use an alternate invasion pathway to infect DARC-negative reticulocytes. To identify the parasite ligands and erythrocyte receptors that enable P. vivax invasion of both DARC-positive and -negative erythrocytes, we expressed region II containing the Duffy Binding-Like (DBL) domain of P. vivax erythrocyte binding protein (PvEBP-RII) and verified that the DBL domain binds to both DARC-positive and -negative erythrocytes. Furthermore, an AVidity-based EXtracelluar Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) was used to identify the receptor for PvEBP among over 750 human cell surface receptor proteins, and this approach identified only Complement Receptor 1 (CR1, CD35, or C3b/C4b receptor) as a PvEBP receptor. CR1 is a well-known receptor for P. falciparum Reticulocyte binding protein Homology 4 (PfRh4) and is present on the surfaces of both reticulocytes and normocytes, but its expression decreases as erythrocytes age. Indeed, PvEBP-RII bound to a subpopulation of both reticulocytes and normocytes, and this binding was blocked by the addition of soluble CR1 recombinant protein, indicating that CR1 is the receptor of PvEBP. In addition, we found that the Long Homology Repeat A (LHR-A) subdomain of CR1 is the only subdomain responsible for mediating the interaction with PvEBP-RII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyun Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Cécile Crosnier
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela-Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Brian L. P. Dizon
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
- Rheumatology Fellowship Training Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
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Bouyssou I, El Hoss S, Doderer-Lang C, Schoenhals M, Rasoloharimanana LT, Vigan-Womas I, Ratsimbasoa A, Abate A, Golassa L, Mabilotte S, Kessler P, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Martinez FJ, Chitnis CE, Strouboulis J, Ménard D. Unveiling P. vivax invasion pathways in Duffy-negative individuals. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2080-2092.e5. [PMID: 38056460 PMCID: PMC10727064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Vivax malaria has long been thought to be absent from sub-Saharan Africa owing to the high proportion of individuals lacking the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) in their erythrocytes. The interaction between P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (PvDBP) and DARC is assumed to be the main pathway used by merozoites to invade reticulocytes. However, the increasing number of reports of vivax malaria cases in genotypically Duffy-negative (DN) individuals has raised questions regarding the P. vivax invasion pathway(s). Here, we show that a subset of DN erythroblasts transiently express DARC during terminal erythroid differentiation and that P. vivax merozoites, irrespective of their origin, can invade DARC+ DN erythroblasts. These findings reveal that a large number of DN individuals may represent a silent reservoir of deep P. vivax infections at the sites of active erythropoiesis with low or no parasitemia, and it may represent an underestimated biological problem with potential clinical consequences in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bouyssou
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; École Doctorale ED515 "Complexité du Vivant", Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sara El Hoss
- Red Cell Haematology Laboratory, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Cécile Doderer-Lang
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthieu Schoenhals
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagasca
| | | | | | - Arsène Ratsimbasoa
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa 301, Madagascar
| | - Andargie Abate
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solenne Mabilotte
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Kessler
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Francisco J Martinez
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John Strouboulis
- Red Cell Haematology Laboratory, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Didier Ménard
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, CHU Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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8
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Dechavanne C, Dechavanne S, Bosch J, Metral S, Redinger KR, Watson QD, Ratsimbasoa AC, Roeper B, Krishnan S, Fong R, Bennett S, Carias L, Chen E, Salinas ND, Ghosh A, Tolia NH, Woost PG, Jacobberger JW, Colin Y, Gamain B, King CL, Zimmerman PA. Duffy antigen is expressed during erythropoiesis in Duffy-negative individuals. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2093-2106.e7. [PMID: 38056457 PMCID: PMC10843566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The erythrocyte silent Duffy blood group phenotype in Africans is thought to confer resistance to Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection. However, recent studies report P. vivax infections across Africa in Fy-negative individuals. This suggests that the globin transcription factor 1 (GATA-1) SNP underlying Fy negativity does not entirely abolish Fy expression or that P. vivax has developed a Fy-independent red blood cell (RBC) invasion pathway. We show that RBCs and erythroid progenitors from in vitro differentiated CD34 cells and from bone marrow aspirates from Fy-negative samples express a functional Fy on their surface. This suggests that the GATA-1 SNP does not entirely abolish Fy expression. Given these results, we developed an in vitro culture system for P. vivax and show P. vivax can invade erythrocytes from Duffy-negative individuals. This study provides evidence that Fy is expressed in Fy-negative individuals and explains their susceptibility to P. vivax with major implications and challenges for P. vivax malaria eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Dechavanne
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sebastien Dechavanne
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; InterRayBio, LLC, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sylvain Metral
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGR, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Karli R Redinger
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Quentin D Watson
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arsene C Ratsimbasoa
- University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar; CNARP (Centre National d'Application de Recherche Pharmaceutique), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Brooke Roeper
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sushma Krishnan
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rich Fong
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Seth Bennett
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lenore Carias
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edwin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anil Ghosh
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip G Woost
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James W Jacobberger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yves Colin
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGR, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Gamain
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGR, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health & Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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9
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Duffy PE, Gunalan K, Miller LH. Vivax malaria and Duffy antigen: Stop being so negative. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1959-1960. [PMID: 38096790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Duffy blood group antigen (Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines, atypical chemokine receptor-1, Duffy antigen), an essential Plasmodium vivax invasion receptor, is absent in most Africans. In this issue, two papers show erythroid precursors from Duffy-negative individuals transiently surface-express Duffy antigen and support vivax infection, potentially explaining low-density vivax infections across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
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10
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Cunningham KT, Mills KHG. Modulation of haematopoiesis by protozoal and helminth parasites. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12975. [PMID: 36797216 PMCID: PMC10909493 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation, haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (BM) and periphery rapidly expand and preferentially differentiate into myeloid cells that mediate innate immune responses. HSCs can be directed into quiescence or differentiation by sensing alterations to the haematopoietic niche, including cytokines, chemokines, and pathogen-derived products. Most studies attempting to identify the mechanisms of haematopoiesis have focused on bacterial and viral infections. From intracellular protozoan infections to large multicellular worms, parasites are a global health burden and represent major immunological challenges that remain poorly defined in the context of haematopoiesis. Immune responses to parasites vary drastically, and parasites have developed sophisticated immunomodulatory mechanisms that allow development of chronic infections. Recent advances in imaging, genomic sequencing, and mouse models have shed new light on how parasites induce unique forms of emergency haematopoiesis. In addition, parasites can modify the haematopoiesis in the BM and periphery to improve their survival in the host. Parasites can also induce long-lasting modifications to HSCs, altering future immune responses to infection, inflammation or transplantation, a term sometimes referred to as central trained immunity. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of parasite-induced haematopoiesis and how parasites target this process to promote chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Cunningham
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection and Immunity, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Kingston H. G. Mills
- Immune Regulation Research GroupTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
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11
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Kumari S, Sinha A. Culture and transfection: Two major bottlenecks in understanding Plasmodium vivax biology. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1144453. [PMID: 37082177 PMCID: PMC10110902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1144453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The long term in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum was successfully established by Trager and Jensen in 1976; however it largely remains unachieved for P. vivax. The major obstacle associated with Plasmodium vivax in vitro culture is its predilection for invading younger reticulocytes and the complex remodelling of invaded reticulocytes. There are many factors under exploration for this predilection and host–parasite interactions between merozoites and invaded reticulocytes. These include various factors related to parasite, host and environment such as compromised reticulocyte osmotic stability after invasion, abundance of iron in the reticulocytes which makes them favourable for P. vivax growth and propagation and role of a hypoxic environment in P. vivax in vitro growth. P. vivax blood stage transfection represents another major hurdle towards understanding this parasite’s complex biology. Efforts in making this parasite amenable for molecular investigation by genetic modification are limited. Newer approaches in sustaining a longer in vitro culture and thereby help advancing transfection technologies in P. vivax are urgently needed that can be explored to understand the unique biology of this parasite.
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12
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Interplay between liver and blood stages of Plasmodium infection dictates malaria severity via γδ T cells and IL-17-promoted stress erythropoiesis. Immunity 2023; 56:592-605.e8. [PMID: 36804959 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium replicates within the liver prior to reaching the bloodstream and infecting red blood cells. Because clinical manifestations of malaria only arise during the blood stage of infection, a perception exists that liver infection does not impact disease pathology. By developing a murine model where the liver and blood stages of infection are uncoupled, we showed that the integration of signals from both stages dictated mortality outcomes. This dichotomy relied on liver stage-dependent activation of Vγ4+ γδ T cells. Subsequent blood stage parasite loads dictated their cytokine profiles, where low parasite loads preferentially expanded IL-17-producing γδ T cells. IL-17 drove extra-medullary erythropoiesis and concomitant reticulocytosis, which protected mice from lethal experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Adoptive transfer of erythroid precursors could rescue mice from ECM. Modeling of γδ T cell dynamics suggests that this protective mechanism may be key for the establishment of naturally acquired malaria immunity among frequently exposed individuals.
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13
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Ong JJY, Oh J, Yong Ang X, Naidu R, Chu TTT, Hyoung Im J, Manzoor U, Kha Nguyen T, Na SW, Han ET, Davis C, Sun Park W, Chun W, Jun H, Jin Lee S, Na S, Chan JKY, Park Y, Russell B, Chandramohanadas R, Han JH. Optical diffraction tomography and image reconstruction to measure host cell alterations caused by divergent Plasmodium species. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:122026. [PMID: 36395614 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Understanding the biological features of various parasite forms is important for the optical diagnosis and defining pathological states, which are often constrained by the lack of ambient visualization approaches. Here, we employ a label-free tomographic technique to visualize the host red blood cell (RBC) remodeling process and quantify changes in biochemical properties arising from parasitization. Through this, we provide a quantitative body of information pertaining to the influence of host cell environment on growth, survival, and replication of P. falciparum and P. vivax in their respective host cells: mature erythrocytes and young reticulocytes. These exquisite three-dimensional measurements of infected red cells demonstrats the potential of evolving 3D imaging to advance our understanding of Plasmodium biology and host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Y Ong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jeonghun Oh
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Yong Ang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renugah Naidu
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Trang T T Chu
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae Hyoung Im
- Department of Infectious Disease, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Umar Manzoor
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuyet Kha Nguyen
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Won Na
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Christeen Davis
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- KK Womens' and Childrens' Hospital, Singapore; Academic Clinical Program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - YongKeun Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Tomocube Inc, Daejeon 34109, Republic of Korea
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rajesh Chandramohanadas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore; DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Culleton R, Pain A, Snounou G. Plasmodium malariae: the persisting mysteries of a persistent parasite. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:113-125. [PMID: 36517330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae is a 'neglected malaria parasite' in as much as the amount of research conducted on it pales into insignificance when compared to that pertaining to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, its more notorious and pathogenic cousins. There has, however, been an increase in interest in this parasite over the past decade. Principally, this is because of the increasing use of sensitive molecular detection techniques that have revealed a wider than previously recorded prevalence in some regions (particularly in Africa), and high numbers of chronic, asymptomatic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Centre, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Bioscience Programme, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Georges Snounou
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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15
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Phosphodiesterase delta governs the mechanical properties of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105102. [PMID: 36708871 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To persist in the blood circulation and to be available for mosquitoes, Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes modify the deformability and the permeability of their erythrocyte host via cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway. Cyclic nucleotide levels are tightly controlled by phosphodiesterases (PDE), however in Plasmodium these proteins are poorly characterized. Here, we characterize the P. falciparum phosphodiesterase delta (PfPDEδ) and we investigate its role in the cAMP signaling-mediated regulation of gametocyte-infected erythrocyte mechanical properties. Our results revealed that PfPDEδ is a dual-function enzyme capable of hydrolyzing both cAMP and cGMP, with a higher affinity for cAMP. We also show that PfPDEδ is the most expressed PDE in mature gametocytes and we propose that it is located in parasitophorous vacuole at the interface between the host cell and the parasite. We conclude that PfPDEδ is the master regulator of both the increase in deformability and the inhibition of channel activity in mature gametocyte stages, and may therefore play a crucial role in the persistence of mature gametocytes in the bloodstream.
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16
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Habtamu K, Petros B, Yan G. Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 36522671 PMCID: PMC9753897 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-022-00185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiatives to eradicate malaria have a good impact on P. falciparum malaria worldwide. P. vivax, however, still presents significant difficulties. This is due to its unique biological traits, which, in comparison to P. falciparum, pose serious challenges for malaria elimination approaches. P. vivax's numerous distinctive characteristics and its ability to live for weeks to years in liver cells in its hypnozoite form, which may elude the human immune system and blood-stage therapy and offer protection during mosquito-free seasons. Many malaria patients are not fully treated because of contraindications to primaquine use in pregnant and nursing women and are still vulnerable to P. vivax relapses, although there are medications that could radical cure P. vivax. Additionally, due to CYP2D6's highly variable genetic polymorphism, the pharmacokinetics of primaquine may be impacted. Due to their inability to metabolize PQ, some CYP2D6 polymorphism alleles can cause patients to not respond to treatment. Tafenoquine offers a radical treatment in a single dose that overcomes the potentially serious problem of poor adherence to daily primaquine. Despite this benefit, hemolysis of the early erythrocytes continues in individuals with G6PD deficiency until all susceptible cells have been eliminated. Field techniques such as microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) miss the large number of submicroscopic and/or asymptomatic infections brought on by reticulocyte tropism and the low parasitemia levels that accompany it. Moreover, P. vivax gametocytes grow more quickly and are much more prevalent in the bloodstream. P. vivax populations also have a great deal of genetic variation throughout their genome, which ensures evolutionary fitness and boosts adaptation potential. Furthermore, P. vivax fully develops in the mosquito faster than P. falciparum. These characteristics contribute to parasite reservoirs in the human population and facilitate faster transmission. Overall, no genuine chance of eradication is predicted in the next few years unless new tools for lowering malaria transmission are developed (i.e., malaria elimination and eradication). The challenging characteristics of P. vivax that impede the elimination and eradication of malaria are thus discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassahun Habtamu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Menelik II Medical & Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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17
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Bouyssou I, Martínez FJ, Campagne P, Ma L, Doderer-Lang C, Chitnis CE, Ménard D. Plasmodium vivax blood stage invasion pathways: Contribution of omics technologies in deciphering molecular and cellular mechanisms. C R Biol 2022; 345:91-133. [PMID: 36847467 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vivax malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium vivax, a parasitic protozoan transmitted by female Anopheline mosquitoes. Historically, vivax malaria has often been regarded as a benign self-limiting infection due to the observation of low parasitemia in Duffy-positive patients in endemic transmission areas and the virtual absence of infections in Duffy-negative individuals in Sub Saharan Africa. However, the latest estimates show that the burden of the disease is not decreasing in many countries and cases of vivax infections in Duffy-negative individuals are increasingly reported throughout Africa. This raised questions about the accuracy of diagnostics and the evolution of interactions between humans and parasites. For a long time, our knowledge on P. vivax biology has been hampered due to the limited access to biological material and the lack of robust in vitro culture methods. Consequently, little is currently known about P. vivax blood stage invasion mechanisms. The introduction of omics technologies with novel and accessible techniques such as third generation sequencing and RNA sequencing at single cell level, two-dimensional electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, has progressively improved our understanding of P. vivax genetics, transcripts, and proteins. This review aims to provide broad insights into P. vivax invasion mechanisms generated by genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics and to illustrate the importance of integrated multi-omics studies.
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18
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Erythrocyte-Plasmodium interactions: genetic manipulation of the erythroid lineage. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102221. [PMID: 36242898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting critical host factors is an emerging concept in the treatment of infectious diseases. As obligate pathogens of erythrocytes, the Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria must exploit erythroid host factors for their survival. However, our understanding of this important aspect of the malaria lifecycle is limited, in part because erythrocytes are enucleated cells that lack a nucleus and DNA, rendering them genetically intractable. Recent advances in genetic analysis of the erythroid lineage using small-hairpin RNAs and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) in red-blood cells derived from stem cells have generated new insights into the functions of several candidate host factors for Plasmodium parasites. Along with efforts in other hematopoietic cells, these advances have also laid a strong foundation for genetic screens to identify novel erythrocyte host factors for malaria.
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19
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Molina-Franky J, Reyes C, Picón Jaimes YA, Kalkum M, Patarroyo MA. The Black Box of Cellular and Molecular Events of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Invasion into Reticulocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314528. [PMID: 36498854 PMCID: PMC9739029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed malaria parasite affecting humans worldwide, causing ~5 million cases yearly. Despite the disease's extensive burden, there are gaps in the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which P. vivax invades reticulocytes. In contrast, this crucial step is better understood for P. falciparum, the less widely distributed but more often fatal malaria parasite. This discrepancy is due to the difficulty of studying P. vivax's exclusive invasion of reticulocytes, which represent 1-2% of circulating cells. Its accurate targeting mechanism has not yet been clarified, hindering the establishment of long-term continuous in vitro culture systems. So far, only three reticulocyte invasion pathways have been characterised based on parasite interactions with DARC, TfR1 and CD98 host proteins. However, exposing the parasite's alternative invasion mechanisms is currently being considered, opening up a large field for exploring the entry receptors used by P. vivax for invading host cells. New methods must be developed to ensure better understanding of the parasite to control malarial transmission and to eradicate the disease. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on cellular and molecular mechanisms of P. vivax's merozoite invasion to contribute to a better understanding of the parasite's biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Animal Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | | | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.A.P.)
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20
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Leong YW, Russell B, Malleret B, Rénia L. Erythrocyte tropism of malarial parasites: The reticulocyte appeal. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1022828. [PMID: 36386653 PMCID: PMC9643692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1022828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes are formed from the enucleation of erythroblasts in the bone marrow, and as erythrocytes develop from immature reticulocytes into mature normocytes, they undergo extensive cellular changes through their passage in the blood. During the blood stage of the malarial parasite life cycle, the parasite sense and invade susceptible erythrocytes. However, different parasite species display varying erythrocyte tropisms (i.e., preference for either reticulocytes or normocytes). In this review, we explore the erythrocyte tropism of malarial parasites, especially their predilection to invade reticulocytes, as shown from recent studies. We also discuss possible mechanisms mediating erythrocyte tropism and the implications of specific tropisms to disease pathophysiology. Understanding these allows better insight into the role of reticulocytes in malaria and provides opportunities for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Wai Leong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Dumarchey A, Lavazec C, Verdier F. Erythropoiesis and Malaria, a Multifaceted Interplay. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112762. [PMID: 36361552 PMCID: PMC9657351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major pathophysiologies of malaria is the development of anemia. Although hemolysis and splenic clearance are well described as causes of malarial anemia, abnormal erythropoiesis has been observed in malaria patients and may contribute significantly to anemia. The interaction between inadequate erythropoiesis and Plasmodium parasite infection, which partly occurs in the bone marrow, has been poorly investigated to date. However, recent findings may provide new insights. This review outlines clinical and experimental studies describing different aspects of ineffective erythropoiesis and dyserythropoiesis observed in malaria patients and in animal or in vitro models. We also highlight the various human and parasite factors leading to erythropoiesis disorders and discuss the impact that Plasmodium parasites may have on the suppression of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dumarchey
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Verdier
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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22
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Mascarenhas A, Chakrabarti R, Chery-Karschney L, White J, Skillman KM, Kanjee U, Babar PH, Patrapuvich R, Mohanty AK, Duraisingh MT, Rathod PK. International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research for South Asia and Broader Malaria Research in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:118-123. [PMID: 36228906 PMCID: PMC9662211 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) conducted research studies at multiple sites in India to record blood-slide positivity over time, but also to study broader aspects of the disease. From the Southwest of India (Goa) to the Northeast (Assam), the MESA-ICEMR invested in research equipment, operational capacity, and trained personnel to observe frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections, clinical presentations, treatment effectiveness, vector transmission, and reinfections. With Government of India partners, Indian and U.S. academics, and trained researchers on the ground, the MESA-ICEMR team contributes information on malaria in selected parts of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mascarenhas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Rimi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | | | - John White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristen M. Skillman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prasad H. Babar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria, Center of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Kar S, Sinha A. Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein-Based Vaccine: a Distant Dream. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:916702. [PMID: 35909975 PMCID: PMC9325973 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.916702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected but highly prevalent Plasmodium vivax in South-east Asia and South America poses a great challenge, with regards to long-term in-vitro culturing and heavily limited functional assays. Such visible challenges as well as narrowed progress in development of experimental research tools hinders development of new drugs and vaccines. The leading vaccine candidate antigen Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP), is essential for reticulocyte invasion by binding to its cognate receptor, the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC), on the host’s reticulocyte surface. Despite its highly polymorphic nature, the amino-terminal cysteine-rich region II of PvDBP (PvDBPII) has been considered as an attractive target for vaccine-mediated immunity and has successfully completed the clinical trial Phase 1. Although this molecule is an attractive vaccine candidate against vivax malaria, there is still a question on its viability due to recent findings, suggesting that there are still some aspects which needs to be looked into further. The highly polymorphic nature of PvDBPII and strain-specific immunity due to PvDBPII allelic variation in Bc epitopes may complicate vaccine efficacy. Emergence of various blood-stage antigens, such as PvRBP, PvEBP and supposedly many more might stand in the way of attaining full protection from PvDBPII. As a result, there is an urgent need to assess and re-assess various caveats connected to PvDBP, which might help in designing a long-term promising vaccine for P. vivax malaria. This review mainly deals with a bunch of rising concerns for validation of DBPII as a vaccine candidate antigen for P. vivax malaria.
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24
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Zhang X, Wei H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Hu Y, Nguitragool W, Sattabongkot J, Adams J, Cui L, Cao Y, Wang Q. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b in global parasite populations. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:205. [PMID: 35698238 PMCID: PMC9191549 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b (PvRBP2b) plays a critical role in parasite invasion of reticulocytes by binding the transferrin receptor 1. PvRBP2b is a vaccine candidate based on the negative correlation between antibody titers against PvRBP2b recombinant proteins and parasitemia and risk of vivax malaria. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of the PvRBP2b gene in the global P. vivax populations. Methods Near full-length PvRBP2b nucleotide sequences (190–8349 bp) were obtained from 88 P. vivax isolates collected from the China–Myanmar border (n = 44) and Thailand (n = 44). An additional 224 PvRBP2b sequences were retrieved from genome sequences from parasite populations worldwide. The genetic diversity, neutral selection, haplotype distribution and genetic differentiation of PvRBP2b were examined. Results The genetic diversity of PvRBP2b was distributed unevenly, with peak diversity found in the reticulocyte binding region in the N-terminus. Neutrality analysis suggested that this region is subjected to balancing selection or population bottlenecks. Several amino acid variants were found in all or nearly all P. vivax endemic regions. However, the critical residues responsible for reticulocyte binding were highly conserved. There was substantial population differentiation according to the geographical separation. The distribution of haplotypes in the reticulocyte binding region varied among regions; even the two major haplotypes Hap_6 and Hap_8 were found in only five populations. Conclusions Our data show considerable genetic variations of PvRBPb in global parasite populations. The geographic divergence may pose a challenge to PvRBP2b-based vaccine development. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05296-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Haichao Wei
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110015, Liaoning, China
| | - Yangminghui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.,Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John Adams
- College of Public Health, Global Health Infectious Disease Research (GHIDR) Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- College of Public Health, Global Health Infectious Disease Research (GHIDR) Program, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
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25
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Abstract
"The Primate Malarias" book has been a uniquely important resource for multiple generations of scientists, since its debut in 1971, and remains pertinent to the present day. Indeed, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been instrumental for major breakthroughs in basic and pre-clinical research on malaria for over 50 years. Research involving NHPs have provided critical insights and data that have been essential for malaria research on many parasite species, drugs, vaccines, pathogenesis, and transmission, leading to improved clinical care and advancing research goals for malaria control, elimination, and eradication. Whilst most malaria scientists over the decades have been studying Plasmodium falciparum, with NHP infections, in clinical studies with humans, or using in vitro culture or rodent model systems, others have been dedicated to advancing research on Plasmodium vivax, as well as on phylogenetically related simian species, including Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, and Plasmodium knowlesi. In-depth study of these four phylogenetically related species over the years has spawned the design of NHP longitudinal infection strategies for gathering information about ongoing infections, which can be related to human infections. These Plasmodium-NHP infection model systems are reviewed here, with emphasis on modern systems biological approaches to studying longitudinal infections, pathogenesis, immunity, and vaccines. Recent discoveries capitalizing on NHP longitudinal infections include an advanced understanding of chronic infections, relapses, anaemia, and immune memory. With quickly emerging new technological advances, more in-depth research and mechanistic discoveries can be anticipated on these and additional critical topics, including hypnozoite biology, antigenic variation, gametocyte transmission, bone marrow dysfunction, and loss of uninfected RBCs. New strategies and insights published by the Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center (MaHPIC) are recapped here along with a vision that stresses the importance of educating future experts well trained in utilizing NHP infection model systems for the pursuit of innovative, effective interventions against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Galinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory National Primate Research Center (Yerkes National Primate Research Center), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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26
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African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:683-696. [PMID: 35667992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming dominance of Duffy blood group negativity among most people living in sub-Saharan Africa has been considered the basis of their protection from endemic Plasmodium vivax malaria. New evidence demonstrates widespread transmission of P. vivax in Duffy-negative Africa, though currently of unknown distribution, magnitude, or consequences. Other new evidence from outside of Africa demonstrates marked tropisms of P. vivax for extravascular tissues of bone marrow and spleen. Those establish states of proliferative infection with low-grade or undetectable parasitemia of peripheral blood causing acute and chronic disease. This review examines the plausibility of those infectious processes also operating in Duffy-negative Africans and causing harm of unrecognized origin.
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27
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Introini V, Govendir MA, Rayner JC, Cicuta P, Bernabeu M. Biophysical Tools and Concepts Enable Understanding of Asexual Blood Stage Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:908241. [PMID: 35711656 PMCID: PMC9192966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.908241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Forces and mechanical properties of cells and tissues set constraints on biological functions, and are key determinants of human physiology. Changes in cell mechanics may arise from disease, or directly contribute to pathogenesis. Malaria gives many striking examples. Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, are single-celled organisms that cannot survive outside their hosts; thus, thost-pathogen interactions are fundamental for parasite’s biological success and to the host response to infection. These interactions are often combinations of biochemical and mechanical factors, but most research focuses on the molecular side. However, Plasmodium infection of human red blood cells leads to changes in their mechanical properties, which has a crucial impact on disease pathogenesis because of the interaction of infected red blood cells with other human tissues through various adhesion mechanisms, which can be probed and modelled with biophysical techniques. Recently, natural polymorphisms affecting red blood cell biomechanics have also been shown to protect human populations, highlighting the potential of understanding biomechanical factors to inform future vaccines and drug development. Here we review biophysical techniques that have revealed new aspects of Plasmodium falciparum invasion of red blood cells and cytoadhesion of infected cells to the host vasculature. These mechanisms occur differently across Plasmodium species and are linked to malaria pathogenesis. We highlight promising techniques from the fields of bioengineering, immunomechanics, and soft matter physics that could be beneficial for studying malaria. Some approaches might also be applied to other phases of the malaria lifecycle and to apicomplexan infections with complex host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Introini
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Viola Introini,
| | - Matt A. Govendir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bernabeu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Goo YK. Vivax Malaria and the Potential Role of the Subtelomeric Multigene vir Superfamily. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061083. [PMID: 35744600 PMCID: PMC9228997 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vivax malaria, caused by Plasmodium vivax, remains a public health concern in Central and Southeast Asia and South America, with more than two billion people at risk of infection. Compared to Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax is considered a benign infection. However, in recent decades, incidences of severe vivax malaria have been confirmed. The P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 family encoded by var genes is known as a mediator of severe falciparum malaria by cytoadherence property. Correspondingly, the vir multigene superfamily has been identified as the largest multigene family in P. vivax and is implicated in cytoadherence to endothelial cells and immune response activation. In this review, the functions of vir genes are reviewed in the context of their potential roles in severe vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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29
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Hentzschel F, Gibbins MP, Attipa C, Beraldi D, Moxon CA, Otto TD, Marti M. Host cell maturation modulates parasite invasion and sexual differentiation in Plasmodium berghei. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7348. [PMID: 35476438 PMCID: PMC9045723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health problem causing more than 400,000 deaths annually. Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, replicate asexually in red blood cells (RBCs) of their vertebrate host, while a subset differentiates into sexual stages (gametocytes) for mosquito transmission. Parasite replication and gametocyte maturation in the erythropoietic niches of the bone marrow and spleen contribute to pathogenesis and drive transmission, but the mechanisms underlying this organ enrichment remain unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of rodent P. berghei infection by flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified CD71 as a host receptor for reticulocyte invasion and found that parasites metabolically adapt to the host cell environment. Transcriptional analysis and functional assays further revealed a nutrient-dependent tropism for gametocyte formation in reticulocytes. Together, we provide a thorough characterization of host-parasite interactions in erythropoietic niches and define host cell maturation state as the key driver of parasite adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hentzschel
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthew P. Gibbins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charalampos Attipa
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Dario Beraldi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher A. Moxon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Angrisano F, Robinson LJ. Plasmodium vivax - How hidden reservoirs hinder global malaria elimination. Parasitol Int 2021; 87:102526. [PMID: 34896312 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread human malaria parasite. Global malaria efforts have been less successful at reducing the burden of P. vivax compared to P. falciparum, owing to the unique biology and related treatment complexity of P. vivax. As a result, P. vivax is now the dominant malaria parasite throughout the Asia-Pacific and South America causing up to 14 million clinical cases every year and is considered a major obstacle to malaria elimination. Key features circumventing existing malaria control tools are the transmissibility of asymptomatic, low-density circulating infections and reservoirs of persistent dormant liver stages (hypnozoites) that are undetectable but reactivate to cause relapsing infections and sustain transmission. In this review we summarise the new knowledge shaping our understanding of the global epidemiology of P. vivax infections, highlighting the challenges for elimination and the tools that will be required achieve this.
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31
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Abstract
Plasmodium malaria parasites use a unique substrate-dependent locomotion, termed gliding motility, to migrate through tissues and invade cells. Previously, it was thought that the small labile invasive stages that invade erythrocytes, merozoites, use this motility solely to penetrate target erythrocytes. Here we reveal that merozoites use gliding motility for translocation across host cells prior to invasion. This forms an important preinvasion step that is powered by a conserved actomyosin motor and is regulated by a complex signaling pathway. This work broadens our understanding of the role of gliding motility and invasion in the blood and will have a significant impact on our understanding of blood stage host–pathogen interactions and parasite biology, with implications for interventions targeting erythrocyte invasion. Plasmodium malaria parasites are obligate intracellular protozoans that use a unique form of locomotion, termed gliding motility, to move through host tissues and invade cells. The process is substrate dependent and powered by an actomyosin motor that drives the posterior translocation of extracellular adhesins which, in turn, propel the parasite forward. Gliding motility is essential for tissue translocation in the sporozoite and ookinete stages; however, the short-lived erythrocyte-invading merozoite stage has never been observed to undergo gliding movement. Here we show Plasmodium merozoites possess the ability to undergo gliding motility in vitro and that this mechanism is likely an important precursor step for successful parasite invasion. We demonstrate that two human infective species, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi, have distinct merozoite motility profiles which may reflect distinct invasion strategies. Additionally, we develop and validate a higher throughput assay to evaluate the effects of genetic and pharmacological perturbations on both the molecular motor and the complex signaling cascade that regulates motility in merozoites. The discovery of merozoite motility provides a model to study the glideosome and adds a dimension for work aiming to develop treatments targeting the blood stage invasion pathways.
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32
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Abstract
J. Kevin Baird and colleagues, examine and discuss the estimated global burden of vivax malaria and it's biological, clinical, and public health complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Battle
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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33
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Silva-Filho JL, Dos-Santos JC, Judice C, Beraldi D, Venugopal K, Lima D, Nakaya HI, De Paula EV, Lopes SC, Lacerda MV, Marti M, Costa FT. Total parasite biomass but not peripheral parasitaemia is associated with endothelial and haematological perturbations in Plasmodium vivax patients. eLife 2021; 10:71351. [PMID: 34585667 PMCID: PMC8536259 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the major cause of human malaria in the Americas. How P. vivax infection can lead to poor clinical outcomes, despite low peripheral parasitaemia, remains a matter of intense debate. Estimation of total P. vivax biomass based on circulating markers indicates existence of a predominant parasite population outside of circulation. In this study, we investigate associations between both peripheral and total parasite biomass and host response in vivax malaria. We analysed parasite and host signatures in a cohort of uncomplicated vivax malaria patients from Manaus, Brazil, combining clinical and parasite parameters, multiplexed analysis of host responses, and ex vivo assays. Patterns of clinical features, parasite burden, and host signatures measured in plasma across the patient cohort were highly heterogenous. Further data deconvolution revealed two patient clusters, here termed Vivaxlow and Vivaxhigh. These patient subgroups were defined based on differences in total parasite biomass but not peripheral parasitaemia. Overall Vivaxlow patients clustered with healthy donors and Vivaxhigh patients showed more profound alterations in haematological parameters, endothelial cell (EC) activation, and glycocalyx breakdown and levels of cytokines regulating different haematopoiesis pathways compared to Vivaxlow. Vivaxhigh patients presented more severe thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia, along with enrichment of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLCR). When patients' signatures were combined, high association of total parasite biomass with a subset of markers of EC activation, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia severity was observed. Finally, machine learning models defined a combination of host parameters measured in the circulation that could predict the extent of parasite infection outside of circulation. Altogether, our data show that total parasite biomass is a better predictor of perturbations in host homeostasis in P. vivax patients than peripheral parasitaemia. This supports the emerging paradigm of a P. vivax tissue reservoir, particularly in the haematopoietic niche of bone marrow and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L Silva-Filho
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - João Ck Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Post-Graduation in Medical Pathophysiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla Judice
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dario Beraldi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kannan Venugopal
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diogenes Lima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erich V De Paula
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Cp Lopes
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Institute Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil.,Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vg Lacerda
- Institute Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil.,Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Tm Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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34
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Baird JK. Basic Research of Plasmodium vivax Biology Enabling Its Management as a Clinical and Public Health Problem. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:696598. [PMID: 34540716 PMCID: PMC8447957 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.696598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging understanding of Plasmodium vivax as an infection seated in extravascular spaces of its human host carries fundamentally important implications for its management as a complex clinical and public health problem. This progress begins to reverse decades of neglected research borne of the false dogma of P. vivax as an intrinsically benign and inconsequential parasite. This Review provides real world context for the on-going laboratory explorations of the molecular and cellular events in the life of this parasite. Chemotherapies against the latent reservoir impose extraordinarily complex and difficult problems of science and medicine, but great strides in studies of the biology of hepatic P. vivax promise solutions. Fundamental assumptions regarding the interpretation of parasitaemia in epidemiology, clinical medicine, and public health are being revisited and reassessed in light of new studies of P. vivax cellular/molecular biology and pathogenesis. By examining these long overlooked complexities of P. vivax malaria, we open multiple new avenues to vaccination, chemoprevention, countermeasures against transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, chemotherapy, and clinical management. This Review expresses how clarity of vision of biology and pathogenesis may rationally and radically transform the multiple means by which we may combat this insidiously harmful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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35
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Haiyambo DH, Aleksenko L, Mumbengegwi D, Bock R, Uusiku P, Malleret B, Rénia L, Quaye IK. Children with Plasmodium vivax infection previously observed in Namibia, were Duffy negative and carried a c.136G > A mutation. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:856. [PMID: 34418990 PMCID: PMC8380386 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous study, using a molecular approach, we reported the presence of P. vivax in Namibia. Here, we have extended our investigation to the Duffy antigen genetic profile of individuals of the same cohort with and without Plasmodium infections. Methods Participants with P. vivax (n = 3), P. falciparum (n = 23) mono-infections and co-infections of P. vivax/P. falciparum (n = 4), and P. falciparum/P. ovale (n = 3) were selected from seven regions. Participants with similar age but without any Plasmodium infections (n = 47) were also selected from all the regions. Duffy allelic profile was examined using standard PCR followed by sequencing of amplified products. Sequenced samples were also examined for the presence or absence of G125A mutation in codon 42, exon 2. Results All individuals tested carried the − 67 T > C mutation. However, while all P. vivax infected participants carried the c.G125A mutation, 7/28 P. falciparum infected participants and 9/41 of uninfected participants did not have the c.G125A mutation. The exon 2 region surrounding codon 42, had a c.136G > A mutation that was present in all P. vivax infections. The odds ratio for lack of this mutation with P. vivax infections was (OR 0.015, 95% CI 0.001–0.176; p = 0.001). Conclusion We conclude that P. vivax infections previously reported in Namibia, occurred in Duffy negative participants, carrying the G125A mutation in codon 42. The role of the additional mutation c.136 G > A in exon 2 in P. vivax infections, will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hosea Haiyambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Larysa Aleksenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Davies Mumbengegwi
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ronnie Bock
- Department of Biology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Petrina Uusiku
- Ministry of Health and Social Services Department of Biology, National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR ID Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Isaac Kweku Quaye
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Applied Sciences, Regent University College of Science and Technology, Dansoman, P. O. Box DS 1636, Accra, Ghana.
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Plasmodium vivax binds host CD98hc (SLC3A2) to enter immature red blood cells. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:991-999. [PMID: 34294905 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than one-third of the world's population is exposed to Plasmodium vivax malaria, mainly in Asia1. P. vivax preferentially invades reticulocytes (immature red blood cells)2-4. Previous work has identified 11 parasite proteins involved in reticulocyte invasion, including erythrocyte binding protein 2 (ref. 5) and the reticulocyte-binding proteins (PvRBPs)6-10. PvRBP2b binds to the transferrin receptor CD71 (ref. 11), which is selectively expressed on immature reticulocytes12. Here, we identified CD98 heavy chain (CD98), a heteromeric amino acid transporter from the SLC3 family (also known as SLCA2), as a reticulocyte-specific receptor for the PvRBP2a parasite ligand using mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, biochemical and parasite invasion assays. We characterized the expression level of CD98 at the surface of immature reticulocytes (CD71+) and identified an interaction between CD98 and PvRBP2a expressed at the merozoite surface. Our results identify CD98 as an additional host membrane protein, besides CD71, that is directly associated with P. vivax reticulocyte tropism. These findings highlight the potential of using PvRBP2a as a vaccine target against P. vivax malaria.
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Hang JW, Tukijan F, Lee EQH, Abdeen SR, Aniweh Y, Malleret B. Zoonotic Malaria: Non- Laverania Plasmodium Biology and Invasion Mechanisms. Pathogens 2021; 10:889. [PMID: 34358039 PMCID: PMC8308728 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasites through Anopheles mosquito transmission, remains one of the most life-threatening diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Plasmodium vivax, which accounts for the majority of cases of recurring malaria caused by the Plasmodium (non-Laverania) subgenus, is an ancient and continuing zoonosis originating from monkey hosts probably outside Africa. The emergence of other zoonotic malarias (P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, and P. simium) further highlights the seriousness of the disease. The severity of this epidemic disease is dependent on many factors, including the parasite characteristics, host-parasite interactions, and the pathology of the infection. Successful infection depends on the ability of the parasite to invade the host; however, little is known about the parasite invasion biology and mechanisms. The lack of this information adds to the challenges to malaria control and elimination, hence enhancing the potential for continuation of this zoonosis. Here, we review the literature describing the characteristics, distribution, and genome details of the parasites, as well as host specificity, host-parasite interactions, and parasite pathology. This information will provide the basis of a greater understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of malaria to support future development of strategies for the control and prevention of this zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Hang
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
| | - Farhana Tukijan
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
| | - Erica-Qian-Hui Lee
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
| | - Shifana Raja Abdeen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana;
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
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Leong YW, Lee EQH, Rénia L, Malleret B. Rodent Malaria Erythrocyte Preference Assessment by an Ex Vivo Tropism Assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680136. [PMID: 34322397 PMCID: PMC8311856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating red blood cells consist of young erythrocytes (early and late reticulocytes) and mature erythrocytes (normocytes). The human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, have a preference to invade reticulocytes during blood-stage infection. Rodent malaria parasites that also prefer reticulocytes could be useful tools to study human malaria reticulocyte invasion. However, previous tropism studies of rodent malaria are inconsistent from one another, making it difficult to compare cell preference of different parasite species and strains. In vivo measurements of cell tropism are also subjected to many confounding factors. Here we developed an ex vivo tropism assay for rodent malaria with highly purified fractions of murine reticulocytes and normocytes. We measured invasion into the different erythrocyte populations using flow cytometry and evaluated the tropism index of the parasite strains. We found that P. berghei ANKA displayed the strongest reticulocyte preference, followed by P. yoelii 17X1.1, whereas P. chabaudi AS and P. vinckei S67 showed mixed tropism. These preferences are intrinsic and were maintained at different reticulocyte and normocyte availabilities. Our study shed light on the true erythrocyte preference of the parasites and paves the way for future investigations on the receptor-ligand interactions mediating erythrocyte tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Wai Leong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Infectious Diseases Laboratories (A*STAR ID Labs), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erica Qian Hui Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Infectious Diseases Laboratories (A*STAR ID Labs), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
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Ndegwa DN, Kundu P, Hostetler JB, Marin-Menendez A, Sanderson T, Mwikali K, Verzier LH, Coyle R, Adjalley S, Rayner JC. Using Plasmodium knowlesi as a model for screening Plasmodium vivax blood-stage malaria vaccine targets reveals new candidates. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008864. [PMID: 34197567 PMCID: PMC8279373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria cases outside Africa. Unlike P. falciparum, the P. vivax life-cycle includes a dormant liver stage, the hypnozoite, which can cause infection in the absence of mosquito transmission. An effective vaccine against P. vivax blood stages would limit symptoms and pathology from such recurrent infections, and therefore could play a critical role in the control of this species. Vaccine development in P. vivax, however, lags considerably behind P. falciparum, which has many identified targets with several having transitioned to Phase II testing. By contrast only one P. vivax blood-stage vaccine candidate based on the Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP), has reached Phase Ia, in large part because the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system for P. vivax limits systematic screening of new candidates. We used the close phylogenetic relationship between P. vivax and P. knowlesi, for which an in vitro culture system in human erythrocytes exists, to test the scalability of systematic reverse vaccinology to identify and prioritise P. vivax blood-stage targets. A panel of P. vivax proteins predicted to function in erythrocyte invasion were expressed as full-length recombinant ectodomains in a mammalian expression system. Eight of these antigens were used to generate polyclonal antibodies, which were screened for their ability to recognize orthologous proteins in P. knowlesi. These antibodies were then tested for inhibition of growth and invasion of both wild type P. knowlesi and chimeric P. knowlesi lines modified using CRISPR/Cas9 to exchange P. knowlesi genes with their P. vivax orthologues. Candidates that induced antibodies that inhibited invasion to a similar level as PvDBP were identified, confirming the utility of P. knowlesi as a model for P. vivax vaccine development and prioritizing antigens for further follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan N. Ndegwa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Prasun Kundu
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica B. Hostetler
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Theo Sanderson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kioko Mwikali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa H. Verzier
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Coyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Adjalley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Salazar Alvarez LC, Vera Lizcano O, da Silva Barros DKA, Baia-da-Silva DC, Monteiro WM, Pimenta PFP, de Lacerda MVG, Costa FTM, Lopes SCP. Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes Adherence to Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:614985. [PMID: 34249772 PMCID: PMC8265044 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.614985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Plasmodium vivax infection, it was shown a proportionally increased on gametocyte distribution within the bone marrow aspirant, suggesting a role of this organ as a reservoir for this parasite stage. Here, we evaluated the ex vivo cytoadhesive capacity of P. vivax gametocytes to bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMEC) and investigated the involvement of some receptors in the cytoadhesion process by using transfected CHO cells (CHO-ICAM1, CHO-CD36 and CHO-VCAM), wild type (CHO-K1) or deficient in heparan and chondroitin sulfate (CHO-745). Ex-vivo cytoadhesion assays were performed using a total of 44 P. vivax isolates enriched in gametocyte stages by Percoll gradient in the different cell lines. The majority of isolates (88.9%) were able to adhere to HBMEC monolayer. ICAM1 seemed to be the sole receptor significantly involved. CD-36 was the receptor with higher adhesion rate, despite no significance was noticed when compared to CHO-745. We demonstrated that gametocyte P. vivax adheres ex vivo to bone marrow endothelial cells. Moreover, P. vivax gametocytes display the ability to adhere to all CHO cells investigated, especially to CHO-ICAM1. These findings bring insights to the comprehension of the role of the bone marrow as a P. vivax reservoir and the potential impact on parasite transmission to the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Salazar Alvarez
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Omaira Vera Lizcano
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Grupo de Investigación QUIBIO, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Dayanne Kamylla Alves da Silva Barros
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane - ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Filemon Paolluci Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou - IRR/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães de Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane - ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane - ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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41
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Seliverstov ES. Morphometric properties of immature reticulocytes in health and during acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101578. [PMID: 34130070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances, many changes occurring in the tumor microenvironment during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain unclear. The surface of immature reticulocytes was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine specific changes during the development of ALL and AML. In patients with ALL the surface area of reticulocytes increased by 18.5 %, volume by 8.7 %, the width of invaginations by 18 %, and cell height decreased by 7.8 %. In patients with AML, the volume increased by 12.6 %, roughness by 35.5 %, the height of protrusions by 36.2 %, the depth of invaginations by 24.8 %, their width by 18.2 %, and the maximum height difference of the surface by 31.9 %. The obtained data1 has important prognostic value in studying the bone marrow activity during acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy S Seliverstov
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Belgorod State University, 85 Pobeda St., Belgorod, 308015, Russia.
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Shaikh MS, Ali B, Janjua M, Akbar A, Haider SA, Moiz B, Raheem A, Baird JK, Beg MA. Plasmodium in the bone marrow: case series from a hospital in Pakistan, 2007-2015. Malar J 2021; 20:254. [PMID: 34103036 PMCID: PMC8186108 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a life-threatening, multisystem disease caused by the plasmodial parasite with a global incidence of approximately 229 million annually. The parasites are known to have unique and crucial interactions with various body tissues during its life cycle, notably the liver, spleen, and recent work has shown the bone marrow to be a reservoir of infection. Methods This study is a case series of patients in whom examination of bone marrow revealed malarial parasites. A retrospective record review of 35 parasite-positive bone marrow specimens examined at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan, over the years 2007 to 2015 was conducted. Bone marrow aspirates were collected as per International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) guidelines. Results The median age of patients was 22 years (range 1–75), and 60 % (n = 21) were male. 22 patients had evidence of Plasmodium falciparum, 12 had evidence of Plasmodium vivax and 1 patient had a mixed infection. Gametocytes and trophozoites were the most common stages identified on both peripheral blood and bone marrow examinations. Indications for bone marrow examination included fever of unknown origin and the workup of cytopenias and malignancies. Conclusions The incidental finding of Plasmodium in samples of bone marrow suggests the reticuloendothelial system may be regularly harbour these parasites, be the infection acute or chronic in character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shariq Shaikh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Basim Ali
- Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Bushra Moiz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Raheem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - John Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammad Asim Beg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Thomson-Luque R, Bautista JM. Home Sweet Home: Plasmodium vivax-Infected Reticulocytes-The Younger the Better? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:675156. [PMID: 34055670 PMCID: PMC8162270 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.675156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
After a century of constant failure to produce an in vitro culture of the most widespread human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, recent advances have highlighted the difficulties to provide this parasite with a healthy host cell to invade, develop, and multiply under in vitro conditions. The actual level of understanding of the heterogeneous populations of cells—framed under the name ‘reticulocytes’—and, importantly, their adequate in vitro progression from very immature reticulocytes to normocytes (mature erythrocytes) is far from complete. The volatility of its individual stability may suggest the reticulocyte as a delusory cell, particularly to be used for stable culture purposes. Yet, the recent relevance gained by a specific subset of highly immature reticulocytes has brought some hope. Very immature reticulocytes are characterized by a peculiar membrane harboring a plethora of molecules potentially involved in P. vivax invasion and by an intracellular complexity dynamically changing upon its quick maturation into normocytes. We analyze the potentialities offered by this youngest reticulocyte subsets as an ideal in vitro host cell for P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Thomson-Luque
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José M Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review outlines recent discoveries on the infection of erythroid cells by Plasmodium parasites, focusing on the molecular interactions governing the tropism of parasites for their host cell and the implications of this tropism for parasite biology and erythroid cell maturation. RECENT FINDINGS Although most studies about the interactions of Plasmodium parasites and their host cell focused on the deadliest human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and the erythrocyte, there is increasing evidence that several Plasmodium species, including P. falciparum, also develop within erythroid precursors. These interactions likely modify the remodeling of the host cell by the parasite and affect the maturation of erythroblast and reticulocytes. SUMMARY A better understanding of the remodeling of immature erythroid cells by Plasmodium parasites will have important implications for the development of antimalarial drugs or vaccines. In addition, deciphering how Plasmodium parasites interfere with erythropoiesis will provide new insights on how these parasites contribute to anemia in malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Neveu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin
- Laboratoire d'excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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45
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Woodford J, Gillman A, Jenvey P, Roberts J, Woolley S, Barber BE, Fernandez M, Rose S, Thomas P, Anstey NM, McCarthy JS. Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in experimental human malaria to identify organ-specific changes in morphology and glucose metabolism: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003567. [PMID: 34038421 PMCID: PMC8154100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax has been proposed to infect and replicate in the human spleen and bone marrow. Compared to Plasmodium falciparum, which is known to undergo microvascular tissue sequestration, little is known about the behavior of P. vivax outside of the circulating compartment. This may be due in part to difficulties in studying parasite location and activity in life. METHODS AND FINDINGS To identify organ-specific changes during the early stages of P. vivax infection, we performed 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) at baseline and just prior to onset of clinical illness in P. vivax experimentally induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) and compared findings to P. falciparum IBSM. Seven healthy, malaria-naive participants were enrolled from 3 IBSM trials: NCT02867059, ACTRN12616000174482, and ACTRN12619001085167. Imaging took place between 2016 and 2019 at the Herston Imaging Research Facility, Australia. Postinoculation imaging was performed after a median of 9 days in both species (n = 3 P. vivax; n = 4 P. falciparum). All participants were aged between 19 and 23 years, and 6/7 were male. Splenic volume (P. vivax: +28.8% [confidence interval (CI) +10.3% to +57.3%], P. falciparum: +22.9 [CI -15.3% to +61.1%]) and radiotracer uptake (P. vivax: +15.5% [CI -0.7% to +31.7%], P. falciparum: +5.5% [CI +1.4% to +9.6%]) increased following infection with each species, but more so in P. vivax infection (volume: p = 0.72, radiotracer uptake: p = 0.036). There was no change in FDG uptake in the bone marrow (P. vivax: +4.6% [CI -15.9% to +25.0%], P. falciparum: +3.2% [CI -3.2% to +9.6%]) or liver (P. vivax: +6.2% [CI -8.7% to +21.1%], P. falciparum: -1.4% [CI -4.6% to +1.8%]) following infection with either species. In participants with P. vivax, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count decreased from baseline at the time of postinoculation imaging. Decrements in hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly greater in participants with P. vivax infection compared to P. falciparum. The main limitations of this study are the small sample size and the inability of this tracer to differentiate between host and parasite metabolic activity. CONCLUSIONS PET/MRI indicated greater splenic tropism and metabolic activity in early P. vivax infection compared to P. falciparum, supporting the hypothesis of splenic accumulation of P. vivax very early in infection. The absence of uptake in the bone marrow and liver suggests that, at least in early infection, these tissues do not harbor a large parasite biomass or do not provoke a prominent metabolic response. PET/MRI is a safe and noninvasive method to evaluate infection-associated organ changes in morphology and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Woodford
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ashley Gillman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Jenvey
- Department of Radiology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennie Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Woolley
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E. Barber
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Melissa Fernandez
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- Herston Imaging Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Kho S, Qotrunnada L, Leonardo L, Andries B, Wardani PAI, Fricot A, Henry B, Hardy D, Margyaningsih NI, Apriyanti D, Puspitasari AM, Prayoga P, Trianty L, Kenangalem E, Chretien F, Brousse V, Safeukui I, del Portillo HA, Fernandez-Becerra C, Meibalan E, Marti M, Price RN, Woodberry T, Ndour PA, Russell BM, Yeo TW, Minigo G, Noviyanti R, Poespoprodjo JR, Siregar NC, Buffet PA, Anstey NM. Evaluation of splenic accumulation and colocalization of immature reticulocytes and Plasmodium vivax in asymptomatic malaria: A prospective human splenectomy study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003632. [PMID: 34038413 PMCID: PMC8154101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A very large biomass of intact asexual-stage malaria parasites accumulates in the spleen of asymptomatic human individuals infected with Plasmodium vivax. The mechanisms underlying this intense tropism are not clear. We hypothesised that immature reticulocytes, in which P. vivax develops, may display high densities in the spleen, thereby providing a niche for parasite survival. METHODS AND FINDINGS We examined spleen tissue in 22 mostly untreated individuals naturally exposed to P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum undergoing splenectomy for any clinical indication in malaria-endemic Papua, Indonesia (2015 to 2017). Infection, parasite and immature reticulocyte density, and splenic distribution were analysed by optical microscopy, flow cytometry, and molecular assays. Nine non-endemic control spleens from individuals undergoing spleno-pancreatectomy in France (2017 to 2020) were also examined for reticulocyte densities. There were no exclusion criteria or sample size considerations in both patient cohorts for this demanding approach. In Indonesia, 95.5% (21/22) of splenectomy patients had asymptomatic splenic Plasmodium infection (7 P. vivax, 13 P. falciparum, and 1 mixed infection). Significant splenic accumulation of immature CD71 intermediate- and high-expressing reticulocytes was seen, with concentrations 11 times greater than in peripheral blood. Accordingly, in France, reticulocyte concentrations in the splenic effluent were higher than in peripheral blood. Greater rigidity of reticulocytes in splenic than in peripheral blood, and their higher densities in splenic cords both suggest a mechanical retention process. Asexual-stage P. vivax-infected erythrocytes of all developmental stages accumulated in the spleen, with non-phagocytosed parasite densities 3,590 times (IQR: 2,600 to 4,130) higher than in circulating blood, and median total splenic parasite loads 81 (IQR: 14 to 205) times greater, accounting for 98.7% (IQR: 95.1% to 98.9%) of the estimated total-body P. vivax biomass. More reticulocytes were in contact with sinus lumen endothelial cells in P. vivax- than in P. falciparum-infected spleens. Histological analyses revealed 96% of P. vivax rings/trophozoites and 46% of schizonts colocalised with 92% of immature reticulocytes in the cords and sinus lumens of the red pulp. Larger splenic cohort studies and similar investigations in untreated symptomatic malaria are warranted. CONCLUSIONS Immature CD71+ reticulocytes and splenic P. vivax-infected erythrocytes of all asexual stages accumulate in the same splenic compartments, suggesting the existence of a cryptic endosplenic lifecycle in chronic P. vivax infection. Findings provide insight into P. vivax-specific adaptions that have evolved to maximise survival and replication in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kho
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Leo Leonardo
- Timika Malaria Research Program, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Benediktus Andries
- Timika Malaria Research Program, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Aurelie Fricot
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Université de F-75015 Paris, and Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Henry
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Université de F-75015 Paris, and Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Dwi Apriyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Pak Prayoga
- Timika Malaria Research Program, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research Program, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Fabrice Chretien
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Brousse
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Université de F-75015 Paris, and Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Innocent Safeukui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hernando A. del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Elamaran Meibalan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ric N. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tonia Woodberry
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Papa A. Ndour
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Université de F-75015 Paris, and Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Bruce M. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tsin W. Yeo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Jeanne R. Poespoprodjo
- Timika Malaria Research Program, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurjati C. Siregar
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo and Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pierre A. Buffet
- UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, Université de F-75015 Paris, and Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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47
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Clark MA, Kanjee U, Rangel GW, Chery L, Mascarenhas A, Gomes E, Rathod PK, Brugnara C, Ferreira MU, Duraisingh MT. Plasmodium vivax infection compromises reticulocyte stability. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1629. [PMID: 33712609 PMCID: PMC7955053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity of the host red blood cell (RBC) is crucial for propagation of Plasmodium spp. during the disease-causing blood stage of malaria infection. To assess the stability of Plasmodium vivax-infected reticulocytes, we developed a flow cytometry-based assay to measure osmotic stability within characteristically heterogeneous reticulocyte and P. vivax-infected samples. We find that erythroid osmotic stability decreases during erythropoiesis and reticulocyte maturation. Of enucleated RBCs, young reticulocytes which are preferentially infected by P. vivax, are the most osmotically stable. P. vivax infection however decreases reticulocyte stability to levels close to those of RBC disorders that cause hemolytic anemia, and to a significantly greater degree than P. falciparum destabilizes normocytes. Finally, we find that P. vivax new permeability pathways contribute to the decreased osmotic stability of infected-reticulocytes. These results reveal a vulnerability of P. vivax-infected reticulocytes that could be manipulated to allow in vitro culture and develop novel therapeutics. During Plasmodium intra-erythrocytic developmental, parasites compromise the structural integrity of host red-blood cells. Here, Clark et al. develop a flow cytometric osmotic stability assay to show that P. vivax infection destabilizes host reticulocytes, which are less stable than P. falciparum-infected normocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Clark
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel W Rangel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Laura Chery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA)-International Centers of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR), Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA)-International Centers of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR), Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | | | - Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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48
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Oboh MA, Oyebola KM, Idowu ET, Badiane AS, Otubanjo OA, Ndiaye D. Rising report of Plasmodium vivax in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for malaria elimination agenda. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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49
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Dudãu M, Codrici E, Tanase C, Gherghiceanu M, Enciu AM, Hinescu ME. Caveolae as Potential Hijackable Gates in Cell Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581732. [PMID: 33195223 PMCID: PMC7652756 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are membrane microdomains described in many cell types involved in endocytocis, transcytosis, cell signaling, mechanotransduction, and aging. They are found at the interface with the extracellular environment and are structured by caveolin and cavin proteins. Caveolae and caveolins mediate transduction of chemical messages via signaling pathways, as well as non-chemical messages, such as stretching or shear stress. Various pathogens or signals can hijack these gates, leading to infectious, oncogenic and even caveolin-related diseases named caveolinopathies. By contrast, preclinical and clinical research have fallen behind in their attempts to hijack caveolae and caveolins for therapeutic purposes. Caveolae involvement in human disease is not yet fully explored or understood and, of all their scaffold proteins, only caveolin-1 is being considered in clinical trials as a possible biomarker of disease. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge about caveolae cell signaling and raises the hypothesis whether these microdomains could serve as hijackable “gatekeepers” or “gateways” in cell communication. Furthermore, because cell signaling is one of the most dynamic domains in translating data from basic to clinical research, we pay special attention to translation of caveolae, caveolin, and cavin research into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dudãu
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Cell Biology and Histology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Codrici
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Cell Biology and Histology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Cell Biology and Histology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail E Hinescu
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Cell Biology and Histology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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50
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Xu G, van Bruggen R, Gualtieri CO, Moradin N, Fois A, Vallerand D, De Sa Tavares Russo M, Bassenden A, Lu W, Tam M, Lesage S, Girouard H, Avizonis DZ, Deblois G, Prchal JT, Stevenson M, Berghuis A, Muir T, Rabinowitz J, Vidal SM, Fodil N, Gros P. Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase Deficiency Protects against Cerebral Malaria and Severe Malaria-Induced Anemia. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108170. [PMID: 32966787 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication cycle and pathogenesis of the Plasmodium malarial parasite involves rapid expansion in red blood cells (RBCs), and variants of certain RBC-specific proteins protect against malaria in humans. In RBCs, bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) acts as a key allosteric regulator of hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin. We demonstrate here that a loss-of-function mutation in the murine Bpgm (BpgmL166P) gene confers protection against both Plasmodium-induced cerebral malaria and blood-stage malaria. The malaria protection seen in BpgmL166P mutant mice is associated with reduced blood parasitemia levels, milder clinical symptoms, and increased survival. The protective effect of BpgmL166P involves a dual mechanism that enhances the host's stress erythroid response to Plasmodium-driven RBC loss and simultaneously alters the intracellular milieu of the RBCs, including increased oxyhemoglobin and reduced energy metabolism, reducing Plasmodium maturation, and replication. Overall, our study highlights the importance of BPGM as a regulator of hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin in malaria pathogenesis and suggests a new potential malaria therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyue Xu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Rebekah van Bruggen
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Christian O Gualtieri
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Neda Moradin
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Adrien Fois
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Diane Vallerand
- Université de Montréal, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Pav Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Angelia Bassenden
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mifong Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Université de Montréal, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Pav Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daina Zofija Avizonis
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, 1160 Pin Avenue West, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Geneviève Deblois
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Mary Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Albert Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Tom Muir
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua Rabinowitz
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nassima Fodil
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada; Centre CERMO-FC Pavillon des Sciences Biologiques, 141 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada.
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
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