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Ramani S, Bahuguna M, Spencer J, Pathak S, Shende S, Pantvaidya S, D’Souza V, Jayaraman A. Many hops, many stops: care-seeking "loops" for diabetes and hypertension in three urban informal settlements in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1257226. [PMID: 38264249 PMCID: PMC10803512 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in urban informal settlements across Lower and Middle Income Countries is increasing. In recognition, there has been interest in fine-tuning policies on NCDs to meet the unique needs of people living in these settlements. To inform such policy efforts, we studied the care-seeking journeys of people living in urban informal settlements for two NCDs-diabetes and hypertension. The study was done in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India. Methods This qualitative study was based on interviews with patients having diabetes and hypertension, supplemented by interactions with the general community, private doctors, and public sector staff. We conducted a total of 47 interviews and 6 Focus Group Discussions. We synthesized data thematically and used the qualitative software NVivo Version 10.3 to aid the process. In this paper, we report on themes that we, as a team, interpreted as striking and policy-relevant features of peoples' journeys. Results People recounted having long and convoluted care-seeking journeys for the two NCDs we studied. There were several delays in diagnosis and treatment initiation. Most people's first point of contact for medical care were local physicians with a non-allopathic degree, who were not always able to diagnose the two NCDs. People reported seeking care from a multitude of healthcare providers (public and private), and repeatedly switched providers. Their stories often comprised multiple points of diagnosis, re-diagnosis, treatment initiation, and treatment adjustments. Advice from neighbors, friends, and family played an essential role in shaping the care-seeking process. Trade-offs between saving costs and obtaining relief from symptoms were made constantly. Conclusion Our paper attempts to bring the voices of people to the forefront of policies on NCDs. People's convoluted journeys with numerous switches between providers indicate the need for trusted "first-contact" points for NCD care. Integrating care across providers-public and private-in urban informal settlements-can go a long way in streamlining the NCD care-seeking process and making care more affordable for people. Educating the community on NCD prevention, screening, and treatment adherence; and establishing local support mechanisms (such as patient groups) may also help optimize people's care-seeking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anuja Jayaraman
- Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action, Mumbai, India
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Brennan AT, Vetter B, Masuku SD, Mtshazo B, Mashabane N, Sokhela S, Venter WD, Kao K, Meyer-Rath G. Integration of point-of-care screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension into the COVID-19 vaccine programme in Johannesburg, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2291. [PMID: 37986070 PMCID: PMC10662646 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa grapples with a substantial burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly type 2 diabetes (diabetes) and hypertension. However, these conditions are often underdiagnosed and poorly managed, further exacerbated by the strained primary healthcare (PHC) system and the disruptive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Integrating NCD screening with large-scale healthcare initiatives, such as COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, offers a potential solution, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of this integration. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted at four government health facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa. NCD screening was incorporated into the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Participants underwent COVID-19 rapid tests, blood glucose checks, blood pressure assessments, and anthropometric measurements. Those with elevated blood glucose or blood pressure values received referrals for diagnostic confirmation at local PHC centers. RESULTS Among 1,376 participants screened, the overall diabetes prevalence was 4.1%, combining previously diagnosed cases and newly identified elevated blood glucose levels. Similarly, the hypertension prevalence was 19.4%, comprising pre-existing diagnoses and newly detected elevated blood pressure cases. Notably, 46.1% of participants displayed waist circumferences indicative of metabolic syndrome, more prevalent among females. Impressively, 7.8% of all participants screened were potentially newly diagnosed with diabetes or hypertension. Approximately 50% of individuals with elevated blood glucose or blood pressure successfully linked to follow-up care within four weeks. CONCLUSION Our study underscores the value of utilizing even brief healthcare interactions as opportunities for screening additional health conditions, thereby aiding the identification of previously undiagnosed cases. Integrating NCD screenings into routine healthcare visits holds promise, especially in resource-constrained settings. Nonetheless, concerted efforts to strengthen care linkage are crucial for holistic NCD management and control. These findings provide actionable insights for addressing the NCD challenge and improving healthcare delivery in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana T Brennan
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Sithabiso D Masuku
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bukelwa Mtshazo
- Wits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nkuli Mashabane
- Wits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simiso Sokhela
- Wits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Willem Df Venter
- Wits Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Gesine Meyer-Rath
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Brennan AT, Vetter B, Majam M, T. Msolomba V, Venter F, Carmona S, Kao K, Gordon A, Meyer-Rath G. Integration of point-of-care screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension with COVID-19 rapid antigen screening in Johannesburg, South Africa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287794. [PMID: 37418394 PMCID: PMC10328308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We sought to evaluate the yield and linkage-to-care for diabetes and hypertension screening alongside a study assessing the use of rapid antigen tests for COVID-19 in taxi ranks in Johannesburg, South Africa. METHODS Participants were recruited from Germiston taxi rank. We recorded results of blood glucose (BG), blood pressure (BP), waist circumference, smoking status, height, and weight. Participants who had elevated BG (fasting ≥7.0; random ≥11.1mmol/L) and/or BP (diastolic ≥90 and systolic ≥140mmHg) were referred to their clinic and phoned to confirm linkage. RESULTS 1169 participants were enrolled and screened for elevated BG and elevated BP. Combining participants with a previous diagnosis of diabetes (n = 23, 2.0%; 95% CI:1.3-2.9%) and those that had an elevated BG measurement (n = 60, 5.2%; 95% CI:4.1-6.6%) at study enrollment, we estimated an overall indicative prevalence of diabetes of 7.1% (95% CI:5.7-8.7%). When combining those with known hypertension at study enrollment (n = 124, 10.6%; 95% CI:8.9-12.5%) and those with elevated BP (n = 202; 17.3%; 95% CI:15.2-19.5%), we get an overall prevalence of hypertension of 27.9% (95% CI:25.4-30.1%). Only 30.0% of those with elevated BG and 16.3% of those with elevated BP linked-to-care. CONCLUSION By opportunistically leveraging existing COVID-19 screening in South Africa to screen for diabetes and hypertension, 22% of participants received a potential new diagnosis. We had poor linkage-to-care following screening. Future research should evaluate options for improving linkage-to-care, and evaluate the large-scale feasibility of this simple screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana T. Brennan
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Mohammed Majam
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vanessa T. Msolomba
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francois Venter
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Adena Gordon
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gesine Meyer-Rath
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Batte A, Gyagenda JO, Otwombe K, Muhindo R, Bagasha P, Kiggundu D, Aujo JC, Atuhe DM, Kansiime G, Hussein R, Namuyimbwa L, Mukasa SL, Kabuye A, Mukasa J, Sekasanvu E, Kalyesubula R. Prevalence and predictors of hypertension among adults in Mbarara City, Western Uganda. Chronic Illn 2023; 19:132-145. [PMID: 34786975 DOI: 10.1177/17423953211058408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aim was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of hypertension among an urban adult population in Mbarara city, Western Uganda. METHODS We evaluated blood pressure measurements, social demographic and clinical parameters of adults living in Mbarara city, Uganda. These parameters were extracted from medical records of adults who participated in the Uganda World Kidney Day 2020 health screening activities. A total of 302 adults were evaluated for hypertension using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 (blood pressure threshold 130/80 mmHg) and International Society of Hypertension 2020 guidelines (threshold 140/90 mmHg). RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 42.5 years (standard deviation: 15.1) and majority were male 195/302 (64.6%). Using American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 guidelines, 156/302 (51.7%) adults were newly diagnosed with hypertension compared to 68/302 (22.5%) newly diagnosed with hypertension using International Society of Hypertension 2020 guidelines. Only 23/302 (7.6%) were on treatment. Based on American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 guidelines, age ≥40 years and overweight/obesity were statistically significant predictors of hypertension (p < 0.05 for all) at multivariate analysis. Using the International Society of Hypertension 2020 guidelines, age ≥40 years predicted hypertension. DISCUSSION The prevalence of hypertension is high among this urban adult population irrespective of the guidelines used, highlighting the need for hypertension prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Batte
- Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ogavu Gyagenda
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, 281437St Francis Hospital Nsambya Kampala, Kampala, Uganda.,Uganda Martyrs University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, 37708University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, 37708University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Rose Muhindo
- Department of Internal Medicine, 108123Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Peace Bagasha
- Department of Nephrology, 249321Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Kiggundu
- Department of Nephrology, 249321Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Judith Caroline Aujo
- Department of Nephrology, 249321Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Martin Atuhe
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, 281437St Francis Hospital Nsambya Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Kansiime
- Department of Nephrology, 249321Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Lydia Namuyimbwa
- Department of Physiology, 323124Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | | | | | - Joseph Mukasa
- 585446Health Life promotion Africa, Limited, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Robert Kalyesubula
- Department of Physiology, 58589Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Solomon M, Shiferaw BZ, Tarekegn TT, GebreEyesus FA, Mengist ST, Mammo M, Mewahegn AA, Mengiste BT, Terefe TF. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension Among Adults in Gurage Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231153473. [PMID: 36761364 PMCID: PMC9903024 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231153473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension affects over a billion people worldwide, making it a major public health problem. The problem is significant in both developed and developing countries. However, studies are scarce in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors at the community level, in South Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was employed on a sample of 680 participants in the study from April 1 to June 30, 2022. An interview administer was conducted using a standardized and pretested questionnaire was employed. The Epi data 3.1 versions were used to enter data and then exported into SPSS version 23 for analysis. All variables in the multivariable logistic analysis were a candidate with a bi-variable at p < .25. The multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictors of hypertension, and the significance level was established with p < .05. Results There were a total of 635 participants and the response rate was 93.4%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 22.0% [95% CI; 19.1-25.4]. The mean age of the participants was 40.8 ± 12.88 years. Being older age (AOR: 1.95; 95%CI; 1.13-3.36), family history [AOR: 2.65, 95%; CI (1.29-5.45)], eating animal fat [AOR: 0.21, 95%; CI (0.08-0.52)], smoking cigarettes [AOR: 4.06, 95%; CI (2.24-7.36)] and had poor knowledge about hypertension [AOR: 2.69, 95%; CI (1.61-4.49)] were significantly associated with raised blood pressure. Conclusions Hypertension was prevalent in one out of every five study participants. Older age, family history of hypertension, animal fat intake, cigarette smoking, and lack of knowledge were found to be significant factors for hypertension. To address the burden of hypertension, health care practitioners should provide broad health education, routine screening, and promotion of recommended lifestyle measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamo Solomon
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia,Mamo Solomon, Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, P O Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
| | - Bisrat Zeleke Shiferaw
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tsehay Tarekegn
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Fisha Alebel GebreEyesus
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Shegaw Tesfa Mengist
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mitiku Mammo
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Agerie Aynalem Mewahegn
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tamene Fetene Terefe
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
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Wamuti B, Owuor M, Magambo C, Ndegwa M, Sambai B, Temu TM, Farquhar C, Bukusi D. 'My people perish for lack of knowledge': barriers and facilitators to integrated HIV and hypertension screening at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Open Heart 2023; 10:openhrt-2022-002195. [PMID: 36707130 PMCID: PMC9884934 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the two main causes of death in Kenya with hypertension as CVD's leading risk factor and HIV infection a risk factor for hypertension. We qualitatively evaluated the feasibility of integrated HIV and hypertension screening at Kenyatta National Hospital. METHODS We conducted two focus group discussions (FGDs) in November 2020 (female FGD: n=7; male FGD: n=8) to elicit facilitators, barriers and viability of integrated diagnosis and management of both conditions at HIV testing service (HTS) facilities. Participants were selected using convenience sampling and were not pair matched. All participants had received HTS. All female clients had confirmed hypertension, while male relatives had been contacted for HIV and hypertension screening through a modified assisted partner services model-where a trained healthcare provider supports notification. Transcripts were coded independently, and the codebook was developed and revised through consensus discussion. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS Main barriers to diagnosis and management included limited public awareness of hypertension risk factors and on improved treatment outcomes for those on lifelong HIV treatment, high cost of hypertension care despite free HIV care and healthcare system challenges especially medication stockouts. Strong support systems at family and healthcare levels facilitated care and treatment for both conditions. Participants recommended improved public awareness through individual-level communication and mass media campaigns, decentralised screening services for both HIV and hypertension, and either free or subsidised hypertension care services delivered alongside HIV treatment services. Most felt that an integrated HIV and hypertension service model was viable and would improve healthcare outcomes. CONCLUSION Patient-centred care models combining HIV and hypertension services hold promise for integrated service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Wamuti
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mercy Owuor
- Independent Qualitative Researcher, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Magambo
- Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and HIV prevention unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Betsy Sambai
- University of Washington - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tecla M Temu
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carey Farquhar
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Bukusi
- Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and HIV prevention unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
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Mohamed SF, Macharia T, Asiki G, Gill P. A socio-ecological framework examination of drivers of blood pressure control among patients with comorbidities and on treatment in two Nairobi slums; a qualitative study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001625. [PMID: 36963082 PMCID: PMC10021823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the known and effective treatments to control blood pressure, there is limited information on why there are high uncontrolled hypertension rates in urban slum settings. The aim of this paper is to explore the views of treated people with uncontrolled hypertension and other key stakeholders on the facilitators and barriers to blood pressure control among people with comorbid conditions in two Nairobi slums. The study was conducted in two Nairobi slums namely, Korogocho and Viwandani. This study used a qualitative methodology using interviews and focus group discussions. Barriers and facilitators to blood pressure control were explored using the Social Ecological Model (SEM) framework. A total of 57 participants were interviewed for this study. There were 31 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions among participants with uncontrolled hypertension and with comorbidities. Additionally, 16 key informant interviews were conducted with healthcare providers and decision/policymakers. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. This study identified barriers and facilitators to blood pressure control among patients with uncontrolled hypertension at the patient/individual level, family and community level, health system level and at the policy level. High cost of hypertension medicines, the constant unavailability of medicines at the health facilities, unsupportive family and environment, poor medicines supply chain management, availability and use of guidelines were among the barriers reported. The results show that uncontrolled hypertension is a major public health issue in slums of Nairobi and they highlight barriers to blood pressure control at different levels of the socio-ecological model. These findings can be used to design holistic interventions to improve blood pressure control by addressing factors operating at multiple levels of the socio-ecological framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukri F Mohamed
- Division of Health Sciences and the NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Improving Health in Slums, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Chronic Disease Management Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health and Population, Lown Scholars Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Gershim Asiki
- Chronic Disease Management Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paramjit Gill
- Academic Unit of Primary Care (AUPC) and the NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Improving Health in Slums, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Family support and medication adherence among residents with hypertension in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya: a mixed-method study. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:74-79. [PMID: 35046496 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal medication adherence is a major barrier to hypertension control in Kenya, especially among informal urban settlement areas (sometimes referred to as "slums"). The few studies that have specifically explored medication adherence among this population have received discordant results, implying that additional factors which influence medication adherence merit further investigation. This study explores the relationship between family support and medication adherence among people with hypertension in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. We conducted a quantitative survey followed up by semi-structured qualitative interviews. The sampling frame comprised two health facilities in informal settlement areas of the Korogocho neighborhood and participants were recruited via convenience sampling. We performed multiple logistic regressions for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. A total of 93 people participated in the survey (mean age: 57 ± 14.7, 66% female). Most participants reported high family support (82%, n = 76) and suboptimal medication adherence (43% by the Morisky Scale; 76% by the Hill-Bone Scale), with no significant associations between family support and medication adherence. During interviews, many participants reported they lacked health knowledge and education. We suggest that the lack of health knowledge among this population may have contributed to a failure for family support to meaningfully translate into improvements in medication adherence. Our results underscore the need for further research to improve hypertension control among this uniquely disadvantaged population, especially with respect to the possible mediating influence of health education on family support and medication adherence.
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Wadende P, Francis O, Musuva R, Mogo E, Turner-Moss E, Were V, Obonyo C, Foley L. Foodscapes, finance, and faith: Multi-sectoral stakeholder perspectives on the local population health and wellbeing in an urbanizing area in Kenya. Front Public Health 2022; 10:913851. [PMID: 36505008 PMCID: PMC9731138 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.913851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rapid urbanization (growth of cities) can upset the local population's health and wellbeing by creating obesogenic environments which increase the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It is important to understand how stakeholders perceive the impact of urbanizing interventions (such as the construction of a new hypermarket) on the health and wellbeing of local populations. Because low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack the reliable infrastructure to mitigate the effects of obesogenic environments, so engaging stakeholders who influence dietary habits is one population-level strategy for reducing the burden of NCDs caused by newly built developments. Methods We conducted key informant interviews with 36 stakeholders (25 regulatory and 11 local community stakeholders) from Kisumu and Homa Bay Counties of Western Kenya in June 2019. We collected stakeholders' perspectives on the impacts of a new Mall and supermarket in Kisumu, and existing supermarkets in Homa Bay on the health and wellbeing of local populations. Results Through thematic discourse analysis, we noted that some stakeholders thought supermarkets enabled access to unhealthy food items despite these outlets being also reliable food sources for discerning shoppers. Others linked the changing physical environment to both an increase in pollution and different types of diseases. Stakeholders were unsure if the pricing and convenience of supermarkets would stop local populations from buying from their usual small-scale food vendors. The key finding of this study was that engaging relevant stakeholders as part of population health impact assessments of new developments in cities are important as it directs focus on health equity and prevention in instances of resource constraints. The findings highlight, also, that community members have a strong awareness of the potential for interventions that would improve the health and wellbeing of local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Wadende
- School of Education and Human Resource Development, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya,*Correspondence: Pamela Wadende
| | - Oliver Francis
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Musuva
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ebele Mogo
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Turner-Moss
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Were
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Charles Obonyo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Louise Foley
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mbau L, Harrison R, Kizito W, Timire C, Namusonge T, Muhula S, Nyanjau L, Owiti P. Case identification, retention and blood pressure control in Kenya. Public Health Action 2022; 12:58-63. [PMID: 35734002 PMCID: PMC9176190 DOI: 10.5588/pha.21.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of hypertension in Africa is rising but it remains underdiagnosed and poorly controlled. In Kenya, only 22% of individuals known to have hypertension were on treatment, and only 51.7% were controlled. This study will assess screening outcomes, retention and blood pressure (BP) control of a hypertension programme in Kenya. DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study using data routinely collected between 2015 and 2018. All patients aged >18 years screened and treated in the programme were included. RESULTS Of 663,028 screening encounters, 70.4% were female; the median age was 34 years. Overall, 19% of the study population, mainly males and older persons, had high BP higher rates. Of 66,981 patients started on treatment, the majority were females (71.2%); the median age was 55 years. Only 12% of patients were reported as having been retained after 12 months, and 48.6% of patients on treatment 10.5-13.5 months after enrolment had controlled BP. Older age and treatment at primary care level were associated with better retention and females had better BP control. CONCLUSIONS The programme screened primarily females and younger individuals at lower risk. Retention was poor and close to half of patients retained had controlled BP. Hypertension programmes should target high-risk individuals, decentralise treatment, incorporate retention strategies and improve longitudinal data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Mbau
- Kenya Cardiac Society, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - W. Kizito
- Medecins Sans Frontieres, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C. Timire
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | | | - S. Muhula
- Amref Health Africa in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - P. Owiti
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
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Jaguga F, Kiburi SK, Temet E, Barasa J, Karanja S, Kinyua L, Kwobah EK. A systematic review of substance use and substance use disorder research in Kenya. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269340. [PMID: 35679248 PMCID: PMC9186181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The burden of substance use in Kenya is significant. The objective of this
study was to systematically summarize existing literature on substance use
in Kenya, identify research gaps, and provide directions for future
research. Methods This systematic review was conducted in line with the PRISMA guidelines. We
conducted a search of 5 bibliographic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of
Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Professionals (CINAHL) and
Cochrane Library) from inception until 20 August 2020. In addition, we
searched all the volumes of the official journal of the National Authority
for the Campaign Against Alcohol & Drug Abuse (the African Journal of
Alcohol and Drug Abuse). The results of eligible studies have been
summarized descriptively and organized by three broad categories including:
studies evaluating the epidemiology of substance use, studies evaluating
interventions and programs, and qualitative studies exploring various themes
on substance use other than interventions. The quality of the included
studies was assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with
Diverse Designs. Results Of the 185 studies that were eligible for inclusion, 144 investigated the
epidemiology of substance use, 23 qualitatively explored various substance
use related themes, and 18 evaluated substance use interventions and
programs. Key evidence gaps emerged. Few studies had explored the
epidemiology of hallucinogen, prescription medication, ecstasy, injecting
drug use, and emerging substance use. Vulnerable populations such as
pregnant women, and persons with physical disability had been
under-represented within the epidemiological and qualitative work. No
intervention study had been conducted among children and adolescents. Most
interventions had focused on alcohol to the exclusion of other prevalent
substances such as tobacco and cannabis. Little had been done to evaluate
digital and population-level interventions. Conclusion The results of this systematic review provide important directions for future
substance use research in Kenya. Systematic review registration PROSPERO: CRD42020203717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Jaguga
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching & Referral Hospital,
Eldoret, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Eunice Temet
- Department of Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, Moi University
School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Julius Barasa
- Population Health, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare,
Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Serah Karanja
- Department of Mental Health, Gilgil Sub-County Hospital, Gilgil,
Kenya
| | - Lizz Kinyua
- Intensive Care Unit, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi,
Kenya
| | - Edith Kamaru Kwobah
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching & Referral Hospital,
Eldoret, Kenya
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12
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Alizadeh G, Gholipour K, Azami-Aghdash S, Dehnavieh R, JafarAbadi MA, Azmin M, Khodayari-Zarnaq R. Social, Economic, Technological, and Environmental Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis. Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:78. [PMID: 35706860 PMCID: PMC9188896 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_105_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Today, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in both sexes. There are several risk factors for heart diseases; some controllable, others not. However, socioeconomic, technological, and environmental factors can impact CVD as well as exclusive risk factors. Accurate identification and assessment of these factors are often difficult. In the present systematic review, we aimed to explore factors affecting CVD. Methods Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane) and gray literature were searched. The included studies described at least one determinant of CVD. The framework method was applied to analyze the qualitative data. Results A total of 64 studies from 26 countries were included. The contextual determinants of CVD were categorized into 45 determinants, 15 factors, and 4 main social, economic, technological, and environmental categories. The 15 potentially reversible factors were identified as sociodemographic, violence, smoking, occupation, positive childhood experience, social inequalities, psychological distress, eating habits, neighborhood, family income, rapid technology, environmental pollution, living environments, noise, and disaster. Conclusions Devolution and more efficient health policies are required to achieve further sustained reduction in CVD mortality, increase life expectancy, and reduce its associated risk factors. Policymakers should fully address the value of social, economic, technological, and environmental factors. In fact, a prevention agenda should be developed and updated collaboratively in terms of the determinant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisoo Alizadeh
- Department of Health policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamal Gholipour
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Dehnavieh
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari JafarAbadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Azmin
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq
- Department of Health policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Uthman OA, Ayorinde A, Oyebode O, Sartori J, Gill P, Lilford RJ. Global prevalence and trends in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus among slum residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052393. [PMID: 35210339 PMCID: PMC8883228 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE First, to obtain regional estimates of prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in urban slums; and second, to compare these with those in urban and rural areas. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that reported hypertension prevalence using the definition of blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg and/or prevalence of type 2 diabetes. INFORMATION SOURCES Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and EMBASE from inception to December 2020. RISK OF BIAS Two authors extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias independently using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS We used random-effects meta-analyses to pool prevalence estimates. We examined time trends in the prevalence estimates using meta-regression regression models with the prevalence estimates as the outcome variable and the calendar year of the publication as the predictor. RESULTS A total of 62 studies involving 108 110 participants met the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in slum populations ranged from 4.2% to 52.5% and 0.9% to 25.0%, respectively. In six studies presenting comparator data, all from the Indian subcontinent, slum residents were 35% more likely to be hypertensive than those living in comparator rural areas and 30% less likely to be hypertensive than those from comparator non-slum urban areas. LIMITATIONS OF EVIDENCE Of the included studies, only few studies from India compared the slum prevalence estimates with those living in non-slum urban and rural areas; this limits the generalisability of the finding. INTERPRETATION The burden of hypertension and type 2 diabetes varied widely between countries and regions and, to some degree, also within countries. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017077381.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abimbola Ayorinde
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Oyinlola Oyebode
- Warwick Centre for Global Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jo Sartori
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paramjit Gill
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - R J Lilford
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Waruru A, Onyango D, Nyagah L, Sila A, Waruiru W, Sava S, Oele E, Nyakeriga E, Muuo SW, Kiboye J, Musingila PK, van der Sande MAB, Massawa T, Rogena EA, DeCock KM, Young PW. Leading causes of death and high mortality rates in an HIV endemic setting (Kisumu county, Kenya, 2019). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261162. [PMID: 35051186 PMCID: PMC8775329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In resource-limited settings, underlying causes of death (UCOD) often are not ascertained systematically, leading to unreliable mortality statistics. We reviewed medical charts to establish UCOD for decedents at two high volume mortuaries in Kisumu County, Kenya, and compared ascertained UCOD to those notified to the civil registry. METHODS Medical experts trained in COD certification examined medical charts and ascertained causes of death for 456 decedents admitted to the mortuaries from April 16 through July 12, 2019. Decedents with unknown HIV status or who had tested HIV-negative >90 days before the date of death were tested for HIV. We calculated annualized all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates grouped according to global burden of disease (GBD) categories and separately for deaths due to HIV/AIDS and expressed estimated deaths per 100,000 population. We compared notified to ascertained UCOD using Cohen's Kappa (κ) and assessed for the independence of proportions using Pearson's chi-squared test. FINDINGS The four leading UCOD were HIV/AIDS (102/442 [23.1%]), hypertensive disease (41/442 [9.3%]), other cardiovascular diseases (23/442 [5.2%]), and cancer (20/442 [4.5%]). The all-cause mortality rate was 1,086/100,000 population. The highest cause-specific mortality was in GBD category II (noncommunicable diseases; 516/100,000), followed by GBD I (communicable, perinatal, maternal, and nutritional; 513/100,000), and III (injuries; 56/100,000). The HIV/AIDS mortality rate was 251/100,000 population. The proportion of deaths due to GBD II causes was higher among females (51.9%) than male decedents (42.1%; p = 0.039). Conversely, more men/boys (8.6%) than women/girls (2.1%) died of GBD III causes (p = 0.002). Most of the records with available recorded and ascertained UCOD (n = 236), 167 (70.8%) had incorrectly recorded UCOD, and agreement between notified and ascertained UCOD was poor (29.2%; κ = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS Mortality from infectious diseases, especially HIV/AIDS, is high in Kisumu County, but there is a shift toward higher mortality from noncommunicable diseases, possibly reflecting an epidemiologic transition and improving HIV outcomes. The epidemiologic transition suggests the need for increased focus on controlling noncommunicable conditions despite the high communicable disease burden. The weak agreement between notified and ascertained UCOD could lead to substantial inaccuracies in mortality statistics, which wholly depend on death notifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Waruru
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dickens Onyango
- Kisumu County Department of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lilly Nyagah
- Ministry of Health, National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alex Sila
- Global Programs for Research and Training, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Solomon Sava
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Sheru W. Muuo
- Global Programs for Research and Training, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Paul K. Musingila
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marianne A. B. van der Sande
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Emily A. Rogena
- Department of Human Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin M. DeCock
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter W. Young
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Foley L, Brugulat-Panés A, Woodcock J, Govia I, Hambleton I, Turner-Moss E, Mogo ERI, Awinja AC, Dambisya PM, Matina SS, Micklesfield L, Abdool Karim S, Ware LJ, Tulloch-Reid M, Assah F, Pley C, Bennett N, Pujol-Busquets G, Okop K, Anand T, Mba CM, Kwan H, Mukoma G, Anil M, Tatah L, Randall L. Socioeconomic and gendered inequities in travel behaviour in Africa: Mixed-method systematic review and meta-ethnography. Soc Sci Med 2022; 292:114545. [PMID: 34802781 PMCID: PMC8783052 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Travel has individual, societal and planetary health implications. We explored socioeconomic and gendered differences in travel behaviour in Africa, to develop an understanding of travel-related inequity. We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42019124802). In 2019, we searched MEDLINE, TRID, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, Global Health, Africa Index Medicus, CINAHL and MediCarib for studies examining travel behaviour by socioeconomic status and gender in Africa. We appraised study quality using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists. We synthesised qualitative data using meta-ethnography, followed by a narrative synthesis of quantitative data, and integrated qualitative and quantitative strands using pattern matching principles. We retrieved 103 studies (20 qualitative, 24 mixed-methods, 59 quantitative). From the meta-ethnography, we observed that travel is: intertwined with social mobility; necessary to access resources; associated with cost and safety barriers; typified by long distances and slow modes; and dictated by gendered social expectations. We also observed that: motorised transport is needed in cities; walking is an unsafe, 'captive' mode; and urban and transport planning are uncoordinated. From these observations, we derived hypothesised patterns that were tested using the quantitative data, and found support for these overall. In lower socioeconomic individuals, travel inequity entailed reliance on walking and paratransit (informal public transport), being unable to afford travel, travelling less overall, and travelling long distances in hazardous conditions. In women and girls, travel inequity entailed reliance on walking and lack of access to private vehicles, risk of personal violence, societally-imposed travel constraints, and household duties shaping travel. Limitations included lack of analytical rigour in qualitative studies and a preponderance of cross-sectional quantitative studies (offering a static view of an evolving process). Overall, we found that travel inequity in Africa perpetuates socioeconomic and gendered disadvantage. Proposed solutions focus on improving the safety, efficiency and affordability of public transport and walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Foley
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | | - James Woodcock
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ishtar Govia
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ian Hambleton
- George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, Caribbean Institute of Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | | | - Ebele R I Mogo
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip M Dambisya
- Health Policy and Systems Division, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sostina Spiwe Matina
- SAMRC-Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lisa Micklesfield
- SAMRC-Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Safura Abdool Karim
- SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science - PRICELESS SA, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lisa Jayne Ware
- SAMRC-Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marshall Tulloch-Reid
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Felix Assah
- Health of Populations in Transition (HoPiT) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Caitlin Pley
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Bennett
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Georgina Pujol-Busquets
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia, UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kufre Okop
- Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport (HPALS), ESSM, FIMS International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR), Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanmay Anand
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Camille M Mba
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Haowen Kwan
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gudani Mukoma
- SAMRC-Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Megha Anil
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lambed Tatah
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Randall
- SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science - PRICELESS SA, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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16
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Mirdamadi A, Abrishamkar R, Kargaran A. Comparing outcomes of clonidine and captopril in patients with hypertensive urgency: A randomized clinical trial. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2022; 18:1-6. [PMID: 36818154 PMCID: PMC9931607 DOI: 10.48305/arya.v18i1.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) is the second leading risk factor for death and disability. One fourth of healthcare in Eastern Europe and Central Asia is being spent on blood pressure (BP)-related diseases. An important situation in patients with high BP is hypertensive crisis (BP > 180/120 mmHg), which is divided to hypertensive emergency and urgency. Therefore, here, we decided to compare the effect of captopril and clonidine in patients with hypertensive urgencies, and their side effects. METHODS This was a parallel-group randomized clinical trial. Patients, who referred to emergency ward with any symptoms of hypertensive crisis, underwent a careful history taking and clinical examination. Individuals with systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 180 mmHg or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 110 mmHg with no evidence of end organ damage were randomly assigned into two interventions, clonidine and captopril. 25% decrease in BP was considered as ideal relief. RESULTS Regarding the duration of response to treatment drugs, patients who received clonidine relieved significantly faster than those who received captopril (P = 0.016). Moreover, the frequencies of side effects such as headache, dizziness/vertigo, dry mouth, and drowsiness in the clonidine group were significantly lower than captopril group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Patients in clonidine group relieved sooner and experienced fewer side effects. Therefore, this study suggests clonidine as a more effective therapeutic for hypertensive urgency compared with captopril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mirdamadi
- Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rana Abrishamkar
- Medical Practitioner, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Rana Abrishamkar; Medical Practitioner, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afrooz Kargaran
- Medical Practitioner, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Astutik E, Farapti F, Tama TD, Puspikawati SI. Differences Risk Factors for Hypertension Among Elderly Woman in Rural and Urban Indonesia. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:407-415. [PMID: 34602880 PMCID: PMC8461578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A high prevalence of hypertension is found in elderly women. Rural areas have different characteristics from urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to identify risk factors for hypertension in rural and urban elderly women for optimal therapy management. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural (Banyuwangi district) and urban (Surabaya city) areas, East Java, Indonesia. The study was carried out in 2015-2016 in women aged ≥45 years, residing in an area for ≥10 years, and willing to collect urine for 24 hours. Respondents consisted of 54 older adults from rural areas and 51 older adults from urban areas who actively participate in the integrated healthcare center for the elderly. The independent t-test and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The prevalence of hypertension in the rural area was 27.8% and in the urban area was 37.25%. The risk factors for hypertension in the urban area were urine sodium level (AOR=1.02, 95% CI=1.001-1.04, p-value=0.043), urine potassium level (AOR=0.88, 95% CI=0.78-0.999, p-value=0.022), and Body Mass Index (AOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.06-1.49, p-value=0.008). Meanwhile, the factor associated with hypertension in the rural area was age (AOR=1.08, 95% CI=1.003-1.16, p-value=0.042). Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension in the urban area was higher than in the rural area. There were differences in risk factors for hypertension that occurred both in rural and urban areas. However, risk factors in both areas are equally important to overcome. Collaboration from multiple stakeholders and sectors is urgently needed, such as the Public Health Center, Integrated Assistance Post for Non-Communicable Diseases, and the local health office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erni Astutik
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Population
Studies, and Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga,
Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Erni Astutik, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Population Studies, and
Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo
Kampus C, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, 60115; Tel: +6231-5920948, Fax:
+6231-5924618; ; ORCID iD:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2934-1290
| | - Farapti Farapti
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health,
Universitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Tika D. Tama
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science,
Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Septa I. Puspikawati
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health,
Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi Campus, Banyuwangi, East Java Indonesia
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18
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Mkuu RS, Gilreath TD, Barry AE, Nafukho FM, Rahman J, Chowdhury MAB, Wekullo C, Harvey IS. Identifying individuals with multiple non-communicable disease risk factors in Kenya: a latent class analysis. Public Health 2021; 198:180-186. [PMID: 34461453 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death globally. In Kenya, the number of deaths resulting from NCDs is projected to surpass malaria and tuberculosis by 2030. Studies in Kenya show increasing NCDs; the aim of the present study is to examine the clustering of NCDs and risk factors in Kenya. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study using data from the 2015 Kenya STEPwise Survey. METHODS This study examined relationships between NCDs (e.g. obesity, hypertension and diabetes) and health behaviours (e.g. sedentary activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption). Survey probability weights, which estimated the sampling design effect, were applied to consider the sampling units, and stratifications were used during sampling so that the results could be generalisable to the national adult Kenyan population. In total, 4350 adults were included in the study sample. RESULTS Overall, 24.43% of participants were classified as having hypertension, 1.88% as having type 2 diabetes, and 27.94% were classified as being overweight or obese. The best-fit model was a four-class solution. Class 1 is best described as 'young with high NCD risk' and had the highest sedentary activity. Class 2 is best described as 'poor rural with lower NCD risk' with a high chance of smoking and alcohol consumption. Class 3 is best described as 'rural with high NCD risk' and had the highest fruit and vegetable consumption. Class 4 is best described as 'wealthy young urban dwellers with high NCD risk' with a high chance of alcohol consumption and smoking. Individuals in Class 4 had the highest chance (40%) of being overweight/obese, a 2% chance of type 2 diabetes and a 23% chance of having hypertension. CONCLUSIONS NCDs are clustered in groups with high-risk behaviours. The group with the highest chance of having NCDs also had the highest chance of engaging in high-risk behaviours. The findings of this study suggest that smoking and alcohol consumption increase NCD risk in rural areas. Tailored and targeted interventions are needed to curb the increasing NCD prevalence in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mkuu
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - T D Gilreath
- Texas A&M University, Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - A E Barry
- Texas A&M University, Department of Health and Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - F M Nafukho
- Texas A&M University, College of Education and Human Development, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - J Rahman
- BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - M A B Chowdhury
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - C Wekullo
- Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.
| | - I S Harvey
- Texas A&M University, Department of Health and Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA.
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19
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Mosisa G, Regassa B, Biru B. Epidemiology of hypertension in selected towns of Wollega zones, Western Ethiopia, 2019: A community-based cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211024519. [PMID: 34178341 PMCID: PMC8202320 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211024519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertension remains an emerging public health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Age, income level, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, vegetables and fruit consumption, physical activity and chat chewing were some risk factors of hypertension. However, there are limited data on the epidemiology of hypertension in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess Epidemiology of Hypertension among the community of selected towns of Wollega zones. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 June 2019 in selected towns of Wollega zones. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 840 study participants. Data were collected using the WHO STEP wise approach. The data were coded and entered into EpiData 3, and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Results: The study included a total of 838 respondents with a response rate of 99.7%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 189 (22.6%) (95% confidence interval = 19.9%–25.2%). Of this, 108 (12.9%) and 81 (9.7%) of female and male were hypertensive, respectively. Age groups of 30–44 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65 (1.43, 4.89)), 45–59 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.55 (1.79, 7.04)), above 60 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.97 (1.43, 6.18)), having history of alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 4.29 (2.4, 7.66)), involving in vigorous physical activity (adjusted odds ratio = 0.096 (0.028, 0.33)), not walking to and from the work (adjusted odds ratio = 13.12 (8.34, 20.67)), being overweight (adjusted odds ratio = 1.98 (1.21, 3.25)), inadequate fruits serving per day (adjusted odds ratio = 2.93 (1.75, 4.88)) were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be high in the study area. Older age, alcohol consumption, not engaging in vigorous activity, physical inactivity, being overweight and inadequate intake of fruits were found to be risk factors for hypertension. Therefore, health care providers should provide extensive health education and promotion on recommended lifestyle modification to tackle the burden of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Mosisa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bikila Regassa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bayise Biru
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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Valizadeh R, Karampour S, Saiiari A, Sadeghi S. The effect of one bout submaximal endurance exercise on the innate and adaptive immune responses of hypertensive patients. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:244-249. [PMID: 34028235 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in some of the immune system factors are associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one bout submaximal endurance exercise (OBSEE) on the innate and adaptive responses of hypertensive patients. METHODS From among 70 men with hypertension, 20 men (Mean ± SD, age: 60.25 ± 4.59 yrs, body mass index (BMI): 29.57 ± 3.68 k/m2, and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 34.83 ± 2.11 ml/kg/min) were chosen. The statistical sample performed OBSEE for 30 minutes and at 60-65% of the maximum heart rate reserve (MHRR). Blood sampling was performed to measure the response of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophil (NEUT), basophil (BASO), eosinophil (EO), monocyte (MONO) and lymphocyte (LYMPH) of hypertensive patients before and immediately after exercise. Plasma volume changes (PVCs) were also calculated in order to find out accurate effectiveness of exercise. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to normalize the research data. To analyze the data, paired sample t-test was used at significant level (P ≤ 0.05). The hypothesis test was performed using SPSS software version 19. RESULTS The results after adjusting for PVCs showed that OBSEE significantly increased WBCs (P = 0.001) in hypertensive patients. On the other hand, a significant decrease was observed in EO (P = 0.001) and MONO (P = 0.001) levels after OBSEE. Significant changes were not found in NEUT (P = 0.072), BASO (P = 0.106), LYMPH (P = 0.440), IgA (P = 0.382), IgG (P = 0.245) and IgM (P = 0.081) levels. CONCLUSIONS It seems that OBSEE can reduce the risk of hypertension caused by elevated EO and MONO in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Valizadeh
- Department of Physical Education, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran -
| | - Sepideh Karampour
- Department of Physical Education, Karoon City, Education Office, Karoon, Iran
| | - Abdulamir Saiiari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Sadeghi
- Department of Physical Education, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
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Tobacco Use and Risk Factors for Hypertensive Individuals in Kenya. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050591. [PMID: 34067900 PMCID: PMC8157158 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between hypertension and tobacco use as well as other known hypertensive risk factors (BMI, waist–hip ratio, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and socio-economic factors among adults) in Kenya. The study utilized the 2015 Kenya STEPs survey (adults aged 18–69) and investigated the association between tobacco use and hypertension. Descriptive statistics, correlation, frequencies, and regression (linear and logistic) analyses were used to execute the statistical analysis. The study results indicate a high prevalence of hypertension in association with certain risk factors—body mass index (BMI), alcohol, waist–hip ratio (WHR), and tobacco use—that were higher in males than females among the hypertensive group. Moreover, the findings noted an exceptionally low awareness level of hypertension in the general population. BMI, age, WHR, and alcohol use were prevalent risks of all three outcomes: hypertension, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Healthcare authorities and policymakers can employ these findings to lower the burden of hypertension by developing health promotion and intervention policies.
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Anjulo U, Haile D, Wolde A. Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Factors Among Adults in Areka Town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Integr Blood Press Control 2021; 14:43-54. [PMID: 33758539 PMCID: PMC7981153 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s295574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is an emerging public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. However, there are limited studies and data are scarce in these countries, particularly in Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in this study area. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Areka town. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 581 adults. Information on socio-demographic data, behavioral and dietary habits, and family history of hypertension were collected using face-to-face interview. Measurements of weight, height, and blood pressure were taken using digital weighing scale, Stadio-meter, and digital sphygmomanometer respectively. Data were entered and cleaned in Epi-Data version 3.1, and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary logistic regressions were done and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to identify associated factors. Results The overall prevalence of hypertension among the study participants was 19.1% (95% CI: 15.9-22.4). Out of these, more than half (57.3%) of the cases were newly screened for hypertension. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis; history of perceived childhood obesity (AOR:2.8 (95% CI:1.6,5.1)), age 55 years and above (AOR=8.90, 95% CI: 3.77-21.02), family history of hypertension (AOR= 2.57, 95% CI: 1.17-5.64), fatty meat intake (AOR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.05-3.65), eating vegetables less than two days per week (AOR=2.81, 95% CI: 1.24-6.37) and being obese (AOR=11.59, 95% CI: 4.7-27.62) were associated factors of developing hypertension. Conclusion The study revealed that the prevalence was found to be high among adults indicating the hidden burden of the problem in the area. Therefore, the health systems need to develop strategies for community-based screening, strategies that focus on life cycle-based approach because childhood and adolescence are crucial times for the prevention of NCDs including hypertension. Health education on eating behavior and life style modifications to maintain normal body weight are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufaysa Anjulo
- Wolaita Zone Health Department, Sodo, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Haile
- Reproductive Health and Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Southern Ethiopia
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Mkuu R, Barry A, Yonga G, Nafukho F, Wernz C, Gilreath T, Chowdhury MAB, Shevon Harvey I. Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in Kenya. Prev Med Rep 2021; 22:101340. [PMID: 34113539 PMCID: PMC8170142 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost one third of the sample had overweight/obese. Women were 4 times more likely to have overweight/obesity. Middle and high income individuals were 2 times more likely to have overweight/obesity. The odds of having overweight/obesity increased with increasing age.
Overweight and obesity rates continue to rise globally and are associated with increased chronic disease morbidity and mortality. There is evidence of high overweight and obesity prevalence in Kenya, however; a gap exists in the knowledge of national prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity. This cross-sectional study examined data from the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Kenya STEPwise Survey—the first nationally representative survey to objectively measure body mass index (BMI) among Kenyan men and women. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis of 4,340 adults aged 18–69 years examined the prevalence, sociodemographic, and behavioral risk factors associated with having overweight or obesity (overweight/obesity) defined by WHO The mean BMI was 23.51 with 31.13% having overweight/obese. The likelihood of having overweight/obesity was significantly higher among married individuals [odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 2.66], women (OR = 4.08, 95% CI 3.02, 5.51), urban dwellers (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.28, 2.25) and middle wealth or higher (OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.91, 3.14). The likelihood of having overweight/obesity increased by age, compared to 18–29-year olds; (30–44 years (OR = 2.05 95% CI 1.50, 2.80), 45–59-year olds (OR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.97, 3.63), 60–69-year olds (OR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.99, 4.51). Adults with completed primary education or more had higher odd of having overweight/obesity (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.72, 2.70). compared to adults with less than primary education. Likelihood of having Overweight/obesity was highest among women, urban residents, and individuals with high education and wealth. Future studies should ascertain drivers of overweight/obesity to inform Targeted and tailored interventions and policies amongst high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Mkuu
- University of Florida, P.O Box 100177, Gainesville, FL 32616, United States
| | - Adam Barry
- Texas A&M University, 108 GGB, 2929 Research Pw, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Gerald Yonga
- University of Nairobi, KNH, P. O. Box 19676, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Nafukho
- Texas A&M University, 804B EDCT, 540 Ross St, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Cort Wernz
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Tamika Gilreath
- Texas A&M University, 311F BLOC, 155 Ireland St, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | | | - Idethia Shevon Harvey
- Texas A&M University, 266 GGB, 2929 Research Pw, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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Tiruneh SA, Bukayaw YA, Yigizaw ST, Angaw DA. Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244642. [PMID: 33382819 PMCID: PMC7774863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a major public health problem globally and it is a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries. This review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted at the electronic databases (PubMed, Hinari, and Google Scholar) to locate potential studies. Heterogeneity between studies checked using Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test statistics and small study effect were checked using Egger's statistical test at 5% significance level. Sensitivity analysis was checked. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. RESULTS In this review, 38 studies that are conducted in Ethiopia and fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total number of 51,427 study participants were reviewed. The overall pooled prevalence of hypertension in the country was 21.81% (95% CI: 19.20-24.42, I2 = 98.35%). The result of the review also showed that the point of prevalence was higher among males (23.21%) than females (19.62%). When we see the pervasiveness of hypertension from provincial perspective; the highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in Addis Ababa (25.35%) and the lowest was in Tigray region (15.36%). In meta-regression analysis as the mean age increases by one year, the likelihood of developing hypertension increases by a factor of 0.58 times (β = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31-0.86, R2 = 36.67). Male sex (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.61, I2 = 81.35%), age > 35 years (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 2.57-5.02, I2 = 93.48%), overweight and/or obese (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.12-5.26, I2 = 95.41%), khat chewing (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: I2 = 62%), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.21-1.85, I2 = 64%), family history of hypertension (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.64-3.99, I2 = 83.28%), and family history of diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.85-7.59, I2 = 89.9%) are significantly associated with hypertension. CONCLUSION Hypertension is becoming a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Nearly two out of ten individuals who are older than 18 years living with hypertension. Sex, age, overweight and/or obese, khat chewing, alcohol consumption, and family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus are statistically significant determinant factors for hypertension in Ethiopia. Primary attention should be given for behavioral risk factors to tackle the alarming increase of hypertension in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruneh
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yeaynmarnesh Asmare Bukayaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Seblewongel Tigabu Yigizaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dessie Abebaw Angaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Ignatowicz A, Odland ML, Bockarie T, Wurie H, Ansumana R, Kelly AH, Willott C, Witham M, Davies J. Knowledge and understanding of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Sierra Leone: a qualitative study of patients' and community leaders' perceptions. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038523. [PMID: 33323429 PMCID: PMC7745312 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRF) is increasing, especially in low-income countries. In Sierra Leone, there are no previous studies on the knowledge and the awareness of these conditions in the community. This study aimed to explore the knowledge and understanding of CVDRF, as well as the perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to accessing care for these conditions, among patients and community leaders in Sierra Leone. DESIGN Qualitative study employing semistructured interviews and focus group discussions. SETTING Urban and rural Bo District, Sierra Leone. PARTICIPANTS Interviews with a purposive sample of 37 patients and two focus groups with six to nine community leaders. RESULTS While participants possessed general knowledge of their conditions, the level and complexity of this knowledge varied widely. There were clear gaps in knowledge regarding the coexistence of CVDRF and their consequences, as well as the link between behavioural factors and CVDRF. An overarching theme from the data was the need to create an understanding and awareness of CVDRF in the community in order to prevent and improve management of these conditions. Cost was also seen as a major barrier to accessing care for CVDRFs. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge gaps identified in this study highlight the need to design strategies and interventions that improve knowledge and recognition of CVDRF in the community. Interventions should specifically consider how to develop and enhance awareness about CVDRF and their consequences. They should also consider how patients seek help and where they access it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ignatowicz
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Maria Lisa Odland
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Tahir Bockarie
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Haja Wurie
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Western Area, Sierra Leone
| | - Rashid Ansumana
- Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone
- School of Community Health Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone
| | - Ann H Kelly
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Willott
- King's Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Miles Witham
- Age Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Justine Davies
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- King's Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, King's College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gatimu SM, John TW. Socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension in Kenya: a decomposition analysis of 2015 Kenya STEPwise survey on non-communicable diseases risk factors. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:213. [PMID: 33267846 PMCID: PMC7709247 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One in four Kenyans aged 18-69 years have raised blood pressure. Despite this high prevalence of hypertension and known association between socioeconomic status and hypertension, there is limited understanding of factors explaining inequalities in raised blood pressure in Kenya. Hence, we quantified the socioeconomic inequality in hypertension in Kenya and decomposed the determinants contributing to such inequality. METHODS We used data from the 2015 Kenya STEPwise survey for non-communicable diseases risk factors. We included 4422 respondents aged 18-69 years. We estimated the socioeconomic inequality using the concentration index (C) and decomposed the C using Wagstaff decomposition analysis. RESULTS The overall concentration index of hypertension in Kenya was - 0.08 (95% CI: - 0.14, - 0.02; p = 0.005), showing socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension disfavouring the poor population. About half (47.1%) of the pro-rich inequalities in hypertension was explained by body mass index while 26.7% by socioeconomic factors (wealth index (10.4%), education (9.3%) and paid employment (7.0%)) and 17.6% by sociodemographic factors (female gender (10.5%), age (4.3%) and marital status (0.6%)). Regional differences explained 7.1% of the estimated inequality with the Central region alone explaining 6.0% of the observed inequality. Our model explained 99.7% of the estimated socioeconomic inequality in hypertension in Kenya with a small non-explained part of the inequality (- 0.0002). CONCLUSION The present study shows substantial socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension in Kenya, mainly explained by metabolic risk factors (body mass index), individual health behaviours, and socioeconomic factors. Kenya needs gender- and equity-focused interventions to curb the rising burden of hypertension and inequalities in hypertension.
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Muhihi AJ, Anaeli A, Mpembeni RNM, Sunguya BF, Leyna G, Kakoko D, Kessy AT, Sando MM, Njelekela M, Urassa DP. Public knowledge of risk factors and warning signs for cardiovascular disease among young and middle-aged adults in rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1832. [PMID: 33256688 PMCID: PMC7708242 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Improving cardiovascular health requires public knowledge and reduction of modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This study assessed knowledge of risk factors and warning signs for CVDs among young and middle-aged adults in Morogoro, Tanzania. Methods We conducted a community-based survey as part of cluster randomized controlled study of community health workers (CHWs) intervention for reduction of blood pressure among young and middle-aged adults in rural Morogoro. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of risk factors and warning signs for CVDs was collected using an interviewer administered questionaire. Knowledge was assessed using open-ended questions followed by closed-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were used to describe knowledge of risk factors and warning signs. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate factors associated with adequate knowledge of risk factors and warning signs for CVDs. Results Two-thirds (65.7%) of the participants had heard about CVDs. The main sources of information were mainly relatives/ neighbors (64.8%) and radio (53.0%). Only 28.3% of the participants reported health care providers as source of information about CVDs. More than half of the participants (52.4%) did not mention even one risk factor spontaneously while 55.2% were unable to mention any warning sign. When asked to select from a list, 6.9% were unable to correctly identify any risk factor whereas 11.8% could not correctly identify even a single warning sign. Quarter of participants (25.4%) had good knowledge score of risk factors, 17.5% had good knowledge score of warning signs and 16.3% had overall good knowledge of both risk factors and warning signs. Residing in Ulanga, having higher education level, having ever checked blood pressure and being overweight/obese predicted adequacy of knowledge score for both risk factors and warning signs. Conclusion Knowledge of risk factors and warning signs in this rural population of young and middle-aged adults was generally low. Health care providers were less likely to provide health education regarding risk factors and warning signs for CVDs. Health promotion interventions to increase population knowledge of risk factors and warning signs should be implemented for successful reduction of CVDs in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfa J Muhihi
- Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P. O. Box 65001, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,Africa Academy for Public Health, Plot # 802, Mwai Kibaki Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,Lown Scholars Program, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Amani Anaeli
- Department of Development Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rose N M Mpembeni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bruno F Sunguya
- Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P. O. Box 65001, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Germana Leyna
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Deodatus Kakoko
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anna Tengia Kessy
- Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P. O. Box 65001, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mary Mwanyika Sando
- Africa Academy for Public Health, Plot # 802, Mwai Kibaki Road, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marina Njelekela
- Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Deloitte Consulting Limited, Aris House, Plot # 152, Haile Selassie Road, Oysterbay, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - David P Urassa
- Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P. O. Box 65001, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Chowdhury MAB, Epnere K, Haque MA, Mkuu RS. Urban rural differences in prevalence and risk factors of self-reported hypertension among Kenyan women: a population-based study. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 35:912-920. [PMID: 33159141 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-00435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated rural-urban variation in the prevalence of self-reported hypertension and its risk factors among reproductive-age women in Kenya. The 2014 nationally representative Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) data were used in this analysis. The survey adopted a multistage, geographically clustered, and probability-based sampling approach. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between risk factors and self-reported hypertension. Overall, 9.38% of the women were hypertensive with higher prevalence among urban 11.61%, compared to rural women, 7.86%. Older age, obesity, having diabetes, and increased the odds of hypertension in both rural and urban areas. We also observed that the odds of hypertension differed by ethnic group. High wealth status was a significant correlate only among urban women with women from rich and richest wealth groups had 2-2.3 times higher odds of hypertension compared to the poor and poorest wealth groups. Women with diabetes had 22 times higher odds of hypertension in both in rural and urban areas compared to women without diabetes. In conclusion, our study found that an estimated 1 out of 10 Kenyan women have hypertension. We believe that this study contributes to better understanding of regional variation of hypertension prevalence and risk factors for reproductive women in Kenya. Future studies should seek to develop evidence-based hypertension prevention and management interventions that are targeted and tailored for urban and rural women in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrina Epnere
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Md Aminul Haque
- Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rahma S Mkuu
- Department of Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Smit M, Perez-Guzman PN, Mutai KK, Cassidy R, Kibachio J, Kilonzo N, Hallett TB. Mapping the Current and Future Noncommunicable Disease Burden in Kenya by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status: A Modeling Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:1864-1873. [PMID: 31734688 PMCID: PMC8240998 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden in Kenya is not well characterized, despite estimates needed to identify future health priorities. We aimed to quantify current and future NCD burden in Kenya by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. METHODS Original systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prevalence/incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease, depression, diabetes, high total cholesterol, hypertension, human papillomavirus infection, and related precancerous stages in Kenya were carried out. An individual-based model was developed, simulating births, deaths, HIV disease and treatment, aforementioned NCDs, and cancers. The model was parameterized using systematic reviews and epidemiological national and regional surveillance data. NCD burden was quantified for 2018-2035 by HIV status among adults. RESULTS Systematic reviews identified prevalence/incidence data for each NCD except ischemic heart disease. The model estimates that 51% of Kenyan adults currently suffer from ≥1 NCD, with a higher burden in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to persons not living with HIV (62% vs 51%), driven by their higher age profile and partly by HIV-related risk for NCDs. Hypertension and high total cholesterol are the main NCD drivers (adult prevalence of 20.5% [5.3 million] and 9.0% [2.3 million]), with CVD and cancers the main causes of death. The burden is projected to increase by 2035 (56% in persons not living with HIV; 71% in PLWH), with population growth doubling the number of people needing services (15.4 million to 28.1 million) by 2035. CONCLUSIONS NCD services will need to be expanded in Kenya. Guidelines in Kenya already support provision of these among both the general and populations living with HIV; however, coverage remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Smit
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo N Perez-Guzman
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel Cassidy
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Kibachio
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Timothy B Hallett
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Alaazi DA, Menon D, Stafinski T. Health, quality of life, and wellbeing of older slum dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. Glob Public Health 2020; 16:1870-1888. [PMID: 33119430 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1840610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing population of older adults resides in sub-Saharan Africa's urban slums. Although environmental conditions in slums are adversarial, there is limited knowledge on the wellbeing of older adults residing in these settings. This review sought to understand the scope, extent, and nature of current research on the health and wellbeing of older slum dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched 8 bibliographic databases for studies examining the health and wellbeing of older slum dwellers in the region. We also completed a grey literature search. The literature search together yielded 3,388 records, of which we selected 25 for review following a rigorous screening process. The included studies covered a variety of health issues of concern to older slum dwellers: (1) disease and injury prevalence; (2) self-assessed health and quality of life status; (3) physical/mental health impairment and disability; (4) healthcare access and utilisation; and (5) sociodemographic disparities in health and wellbeing. The gaps in this literature include a regional bias in research efforts, near absence of non-slum control samples, and limited research on the health impacts of the built environment of slums. Suggestions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Alaazi
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Devidas Menon
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tania Stafinski
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Ongosi AN, Wilunda C, Musumari PM, Techasrivichien T, Wang CW, Ono-Kihara M, Serrem C, Kihara M, Nakayama T. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17196957. [PMID: 32977566 PMCID: PMC7579460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17196957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kenya is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), yet data to inform effective interventions are limited. We investigated the prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and their determinants in a rapidly urbanizing area in Kenya. Data on socio-demographics, dietary and behavioural risk factors, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood glucose, plasma lipids and urinary biomarkers were collected from 221 men and 372 women (25-64 years). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed correlates of elevated blood pressure (EBP) and elevated blood glucose (EBG). Participants' mean age was 38.0. ± 11.1 years. The prevalence rates of pre-hypertension and hypertension were 49.0% and 31.6% in men and 43.7% and 20.1% in women, respectively, while those of pre-diabetes and diabetes were 8.4% and 8.0% in men and 11.6% and 7.4% in women, respectively. The prevalence of Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 was higher in women (60.2%) than in men (39.7%). However, both the risk of EBP and EBG were stronger among men than among women. The high prevalence rates of EBP, EBG and overweight/obesity coupled with low physical activity and low fruit and vegetable intake predispose this population to a higher NCD risk. Interventions to mitigate this risk considering the sex differences are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Nyaboke Ongosi
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-090-6660-5961
| | - Calistus Wilunda
- African Population and Health Research Centre, Manga Close, Nairobi P.O. Box 10787-00100, Kenya;
| | - Patou Masika Musumari
- Interdisciplinary Unit for Global Health, Centre for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida hon-machi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (P.M.M.); (T.T.); (M.O.-K.); (M.K.)
- International Institute of Socio-Epidemiology, Kitagosho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8336, Japan
| | - Teeranee Techasrivichien
- Interdisciplinary Unit for Global Health, Centre for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida hon-machi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (P.M.M.); (T.T.); (M.O.-K.); (M.K.)
- International Institute of Socio-Epidemiology, Kitagosho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8336, Japan
| | - Chia-Wen Wang
- Population Health Research Centre, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Masako Ono-Kihara
- Interdisciplinary Unit for Global Health, Centre for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida hon-machi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (P.M.M.); (T.T.); (M.O.-K.); (M.K.)
| | - Charlotte Serrem
- Department of Consumer Science, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret, Eldoret P.O. Box 1125-30100, Kenya;
| | - Masahiro Kihara
- Interdisciplinary Unit for Global Health, Centre for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida hon-machi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (P.M.M.); (T.T.); (M.O.-K.); (M.K.)
| | - Takeo Nakayama
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
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Friesen J, Pelz PF. COVID-19 and Slums: A Pandemic Highlights Gaps in Knowledge About Urban Poverty. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6:e19578. [PMID: 32877347 PMCID: PMC7486000 DOI: 10.2196/19578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the United Nations, about 1 billion persons live in so-called slums. Numerous studies have shown that this population is particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases. The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emphatically underlines this problem. The often high-density living quarters coupled with a large number of persons per dwelling and the lack of adequate sanitation are reasons why measures to contain the pandemic only work to a limited extent in slums. Furthermore, assignment to risk groups for severe courses of COVID-19 caused by noncommunicable diseases (eg, cardiovascular diseases) is not possible due to inadequate data availability. Information on people living in slums and their health status is either unavailable or only exists for specific regions (eg, Nairobi). We argue that one of the greatest problems with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of slums in the Global South is the lack of data on the number of people, their living conditions, and their health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Friesen
- Chair of Fluid Systems, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Peter F Pelz
- Chair of Fluid Systems, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Joukar F, Yeganeh S, Naghipour M, Hassanipour S, Nikbakht HA, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Validation of Omron HBP-1100-E Professional Blood Pressure Measuring Device According to the American Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Protocol: The PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS). MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2020; 13:231-236. [PMID: 32943949 PMCID: PMC7478364 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s253638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure (BP) measurement accuracy is critical to the diagnosis and management of hypertension. The aim of the present study was to validate the Omron HBP-1100-E professional blood pressure measuring device in accordance with the American Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation in Iranian adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simultaneous blood pressure auscultator measurements were obtained by two observers using mercury sphygmomanometers as a reference, sequentially with a measurement by using the Omron HBP-1100-E device. Absolute device-reference blood pressure differences were categorized into three error categories (within 5, 10, and 15 mmHg), and mean device-reference blood pressure difference (standard deviation) was calculated and evaluated using the American Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation criteria. RESULTS A total of 85 participants (250 paired readings) were enrolled to the study. 26.8%, 55.6%, and 79.6% of the device-reference blood pressure differences agreed to within 5, 10 and 15 mmHg, respectively, for systolic blood pressure, and 39.6%, 69.2%, and 81.6% of measurements for diastolic blood pressure, respectively, and failed to pass the protocol criteria. The mean device-reference blood pressure difference was 8.0 ± 13.1 mmHg for systolic BP and 2.2 ± 11.3 mmHg for diastolic BP, and was >5.0 ± 8.0 mmHg (required criteria). CONCLUSION Omron HBP-1100-E professional blood pressure monitor is not desirable for measuring the BP for Iranian adults as it overestimates blood pressure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sara Yeganeh
- Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Naghipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein-Ali Nikbakht
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Ogeng’o J, Karau PB, Misiani M, Cheruiyot I, Olabu B, Kariuki BN. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) set to increase burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 35:120. [PMID: 33282075 PMCID: PMC7687505 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.24762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in Kenya on March 13, 2020, is spreading rapidly. As of 30th June 2020, over 6,190 cases had been reported with a case fatality of 3.2%. Previous Coronavirus outbreaks have been associated with a significant burden of Cardiovascular disease. For COVID-19, however, there has been no direct reference to potential long-term cardiovascular effects, especially in Africa where atherosclerotic diseases are an emerging challenge. This article, therefore, aims at describing possible long-term effects on the burden of atherosclerotic disease among Kenyans. Available data indicate that COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease share pathomechanisms and risk factors which include ACE2 receptor invasion and renin-angiotensin system signaling, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Further, SAR-COV-2 infection causes dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, kidney, and liver disease. These mechanisms and diseases constitute risk factors for the initiation, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. In Kenya, the common risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 comprising Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Cigarette Smoking, Respiratory Tract Infections, Pulmonary Thromboembolism, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Renal disease are not uncommon and continue to increase. In essence, the prevalence of the common risk factors/comorbidities, between COVID-19 and CVD occurrence of ACE2 receptors on the endothelium, and hence pathomechanisms of SARS-COV-2 infection imply that COVID-19 may increase the burden of atherosclerotic disease in Kenya. All due care should be taken, to prevent and effectively manage the disease, to avert an imminent epidemic of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ogeng’o
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,,Corresponding author: Julius Ogeng´o, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,
| | - Paul Bundi Karau
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kenya Methodist University, Meru, Kenya
| | - Musa Misiani
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac Cheruiyot
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beda Olabu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Ngure Kariuki
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Wekesah FM, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Grobbee DE, Kadengye D, Asiki G, Kyobutungi CK. Determinants of Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Slums of Nairobi, Kenya. Glob Heart 2020; 15:33. [PMID: 32489806 PMCID: PMC7218782 DOI: 10.5334/gh.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) comprise eighty percent of non-communicable disease (NCD) burden in low- and middle-income countries and are increasingly impacting the poor inequitably. Traditional and socioeconomic factors were analyzed for their association with CVD mortality over 10 years of baseline assessment in an urban slum of Nairobi, Kenya. Methods and results A 2008 survey on CVD risk factors was linked to cause of death data collected between 2008 and 2018. Cox proportional hazards on relative risk of dying from CVD over a 10-year period following the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors were computed. Population attributable fraction (PAF) of incident CVD death was estimated for key risk factors. In total, 4,290 individuals, 44.0% female, mean age 48.4 years in 2008 were included in the analysis. Diabetes and hypertension were 7.8% and 24.9% respectively in 2008. Of 385 deaths recorded between 2008 and 2018, 101 (26%) were caused by CVD. Age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.20, p = 0.005) and hypertension (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.44-3.33, p <0.001) were positively associated with CVD mortality. Primary school education and higher (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33-0.99, p = 0.044) and formal employment (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.06-0.75, p = 0.015) were negatively associated with CVD mortality. Controlling hypertension would avert 27% (95% CI 9%-42%, p = 0.004) CVD deaths, while if every member of the community attained primary school education and unemployment was eradicated, 39% (95% CI 5% - 60%, p = 0.026), and 17% (95% CI 5%-27%, p = 0.030) of CVD deaths, would be averted respectively. Conclusions A holistic approach in addressing socioeconomic factors in the broader context of social determinants of health at the policy, population and individual level will enhance prevention and treatment-adherence for CVD in underserved settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick M. Wekesah
- African Population and Health Research Center, 2 Floor APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, Kitisuru, Nairobi, KE
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, NL
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, US
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, NL
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, ZA
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, NL
| | - Damazo Kadengye
- African Population and Health Research Center, 2 Floor APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, Kitisuru, Nairobi, KE
| | - Gershim Asiki
- African Population and Health Research Center, 2 Floor APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, Kitisuru, Nairobi, KE
| | - Catherine K. Kyobutungi
- African Population and Health Research Center, 2 Floor APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, Kitisuru, Nairobi, KE
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Mecha JO, Kubo EN, Odhiambo CO, Kinoti FG, Njau K, Yonga G, Ogola EN. Burden of prehypertension among adults in Kenya: a retrospective analysis of findings from the Healthy Heart Africa (HHA) Programme. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:281. [PMID: 32126994 PMCID: PMC7055018 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is the leading risk factor for mortality globally. African countries, including Kenya, have a high and rising prevalence of hypertension. Prehypertension is associated with an increased risk of progression to overt hypertension and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Despite this, little is documented on the prevalence and distribution of prehypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. This study sought to estimate the overall burden of prehypertension in Kenyan adults enrolled in a large hypertension control programme, Healthy Heart Africa. The distribution and determinants of prehypertension in the sample were explored as secondary objectives. Methods This was a post hoc analysis of cross-sectional data obtained from population-level blood pressure (BP) screening of adults aged ≥18 years in the community and ambulatory care facilities in 17/47 sub-national administrative units in Kenya. All participants with a complete record for systolic and diastolic BP were included. Descriptive analyses were performed for sociodemographic characteristics. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to assess differences in categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with prehypertension. Results Of 5,985,185 participant records that were included in the analysis, 34% were men (mean age: 45 [SD 2.9] years). The majority (63%) lived in rural Kenya. The prevalence of prehypertension was 54.5% and that of hypertension was 20.8%. Characteristics that were independently associated with prehypertension (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]) included male sex (1.23 [±0.0023], p < 0.001 for all age groups > 25 years) and rural residence (1.60 [±0.023], p < 0.001). Conclusions Approximately one in every two Kenyan adults has prehypertension. This calls for urgent development and roll-out of a national BP screening and control programme. It also provides a strong basis for the formulation of multisectoral national policies that will ensure implementation of evidence-based, low-cost public health interventions geared towards primary prevention of hypertension, especially in population groups that are traditionally considered at low risk, such as young adults and rural residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared O Mecha
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Elizabeth N Kubo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins O Odhiambo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Freda G Kinoti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Gerald Yonga
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Healthy Heart Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah N Ogola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Healthy Heart Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ogola EN, Okello FO, Herr JL, Macgregor-Skinner E, Mulvaney A, Yonga G. Healthy Heart Africa-Kenya: A 12-Month Prospective Evaluation of Program Impact on Health Care Providers' Knowledge and Treatment of Hypertension. Glob Heart 2020; 14:61-70. [PMID: 31036303 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the rising burden of hypertension in Africa, the Healthy Heart Africa program was developed to improve access to quality hypertension care in the primary care setting. The Healthy Heart Africa program provides a comprehensive, coordinated intervention directed at health care providers (HCPs) and the general public. OBJECTIVE The impact of Healthy Heart Africa on HCPs' knowledge of hypertension and facility-level services in Kenya was evaluated by a 12-month prospective study. METHODS Intervention facilities were selected by stratified random sampling and matched to similar control facilities. Intervention facilities received a hypertension treatment protocol, equipment, training and patient education materials, and improved medical supply chain, whereas control facilities did not. HCPs responsible for hypertension care were surveyed at baseline and 12 months later. Hypertension screening and treatment data were abstracted from service delivery registers. A differences-in-differences analysis estimated the impact of Healthy Heart Africa on HCPs' knowledge, hypertension services, and the number of patients diagnosed with and seeking treatment for hypertension. RESULTS Sixty-six intervention and 66 control facilities were surveyed. Healthy Heart Africa improved HCPs' knowledge of ≥5 hypertension risk factors and ≥5 methods for reducing/managing hypertension but not hypertension consequences. At end line, more intervention than control facilities measured blood pressure more than once during the same visit to diagnose hypertension, dedicated days to hypertension care, used posters to increase hypertension awareness, and provided access to hypertension medications. The number of patients diagnosed with hypertension and those seeking treatment for hypertension increased with intervention, but the change was not significant relative to control subjects. CONCLUSIONS HCP-directed hypertension education and provision of basic resources positively influenced hypertension care in Kenya in the first 12 months of implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah N Ogola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Francis O Okello
- Division of International Development, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jane L Herr
- Division of International Development, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald Yonga
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
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McNairy ML, Tymejczyk O, Rivera V, Seo G, Dorélien A, Peck M, Petion J, Walsh K, Bolgrien A, Nash D, Pape J, Fitzgerald DW. High Burden of Non-communicable Diseases among a Young Slum Population in Haiti. J Urban Health 2019; 96:797-812. [PMID: 31218502 PMCID: PMC6904710 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-019-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the demographics and population health of four slum communities in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, including population density and the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Four urban slums were surveyed using a population-representative design between July and October 2016. A multistage cluster area random sampling process was used to identify households and individuals for the survey. Household surveys included rosters of residents, household characteristics, adult and child deaths in the past year, child health, and healthcare access and utilization. Individual surveys of two randomly sampled adults from each household included sociodemographic data, maternal health, and adult health. Additionally, blood pressure, height, weight, and psychological distress were measured by study staff. Data were weighted for complex survey design and non-response. A total of 525 households and 894 individuals completed the survey (96% household and 90% individual response rate, respectively). The estimated population density was 58,000 persons/km2. Across slums, 55% of all residents were female, and 38% were adolescents and youth 10-24 years. Among adults, 58% were female with median age 29 years (22-38). The most common adult illnesses were severe psychological distress (24%), hypertension (20%), history of physical injury/trauma (10%), asthma (7%), history of cholera (4%), and history of tuberculosis (3%). Ten percent of adults had obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2), and 7% currently smoked. The most common under-5 diseases during the last 3 months were respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses (50% and 28%, respectively). One-third of households reported needing medical care for a child in the past year but not being able to access it, largely due to financial constraints. Unique features of these slums are a population structure dominated by adolescents and youth, a high proportion of females, and a high burden of non-communicable diseases including hypertension and psychological distress. Screening, diagnostic, and disease management interventions are urgently needed to protect and promote improved population health outcomes in these slum communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L McNairy
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Olga Tymejczyk
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Rivera
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace Seo
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Audrey Dorélien
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mireille Peck
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jacky Petion
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Kathleen Walsh
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Bolgrien
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Pape
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
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Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Community Health Workers in Selected Villages in the Philippines. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2019; 34:171-179. [PMID: 33442153 PMCID: PMC7784100 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.034.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome among community health workers (CHWs) in selected villages in the Philippines. It also determined the association of urbanization and socio-demographic characteristics with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome among CHWs. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted among CHWs who were actively rendering service from selected communities at the time of the study. Standardized interviews were conducted and clinical measurements were collected. Results Of the total of 457 CHWs who participated, 96% were females with a median age of 50 years. The prevalence of hypertension in this population was 32.4%. Hypertension was found to be associated with older age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.3, 95% CI: 3.2 to 8.8, p<0.001], obesity (aOR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4 to 4.0, p=0.002) and alcohol consumption (aOR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0 to 3.0, p<0.040). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was 13.6%. It was found to be more prevalent among CHWs who were at least 50 years old (aOR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4 to 5.1, p=0.002), and those who spent at least 5 hours a day in sedentary activities (aOR 3.8, 95% CI: 1.1 to 12.7, p<0.033). Borderline to high total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglycerides (TG) were seen in 41%, 37% and 20%, respectively. Sixty percent had low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c). The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 52.3%. Conclusion Metabolic syndrome is prevalent among CHW participants, with obesity, hypertension and low LDL-c as the most common components present. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in this population was not found to be significantly different between rural and urban areas after adjusting for other factors.
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Shukuri A, Tewelde T, Shaweno T. Prevalence of old age hypertension and associated factors among older adults in rural Ethiopia. Integr Blood Press Control 2019; 12:23-31. [PMID: 31564965 PMCID: PMC6745405 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s212821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults are disproportionately affected by hypertension, which is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite these facts, little information is available with regard to old age hypertension in Ethiopia. Thus, this study assessed old age hypertension and associated factors among older adults in rural Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 418 selected permanent residents of Chiro town aged 50 years and older using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected face to face using a structured questionnaire which is adapted from the WHO Stepwise approach to surveillance of non communicable disease instrument, and was used to collect data on risk factors. Physical measurements were taken as per WHO STEP guidelines. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS Version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted and statistical significance was declared at a p-value ≤0.05. RESULTS The overall prevalence of old age hypertension was 41.9% (95% CI: 37.2-46.6). Age ≥70 years (AOR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.12-3.27), low intake of fruits (AOR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.55-3.86), overweight/obese (AOR: 4.29; 95% CI: 2.48-7.42) and family history of hypertension (AOR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.70-5.12) were significantly associated risk factors of hypertension. CONCLUSION The prevalence of hypertension among older adults was high. Older age ≥70 years, low intake of fruits, overweight/obese and having a family history of hypertension were significantly associated with hypertension. Consideration should be given for community-based screening of hypertension among older adults. In addition, fruit consumption habits and maintaining normal weight should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Shukuri
- Disease Prevention and Control, West Hararge Zonal Health Department, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Tewelde
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tamrat Shaweno
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Tesfaye TD, Temesgen WA, Kasa AS, Yismaw YS. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in Amhara regional state city and its' surrounding rural districts: a community-based cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2580-2590. [PMID: 32127831 PMCID: PMC7040263 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i3.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, among non-communicable diseases hypertension is a growing public health important disease both in developed and developing nations. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in Amhara Regional State city and its' surrounding rural districts, Ethiopia. Method Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban and rural communities living in Amhara Regional State city and its' surrounding rural districts administrations in 2015. The WHO Stepwise approach was used for data collection. Result A total of 1405 subjects participated and the response rate was 95.5%. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 11.4% either previously diagnosed or undiagnosed and was higher in older ages. Whereas the prevalence of hypertension was 13% for urban and 10% for rural residents. Nearly half of them (46.3%) were newly diagnosed. A family history of hypertension, being underweight, overweight, obese, and raised fasting blood sugar were found to be significantly associated with raised blood pressure. Conclusion One among every three (37.4 %) and one among every nine study participants were found to have pre-hypertension and hypertension respectively.
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Wang L, Heizhati M, Zhang D, Chang G, Yao X, Hong J, Kamilijiang M, Li M, Li N. Excess weight loss is a vital strategy for controlling hypertension among multi-ethnic population in northwest China: A cross-sectional analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16894. [PMID: 31490374 PMCID: PMC6738997 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a common global health problem including China. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and awareness of hypertension, and evaluate risk factors associated with hypertension among multi-ethnic population in northwest China using a random sampling cross-sectional data.A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2014 and 2015 as part of a nationwide survey using stratified four-stage random sampling in Xinjiang. Hypertension was defined as mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥140/90 mm Hg and/or taking anti-hypertensive medication. In addition, the prevalence of hypertension (SBP ≥ 130 or DBP ≥ 80 mm Hg) was also estimated according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) High Blood Pressure Guideline. Awareness of hypertension was based on self-report. An optimized risk score model was used to assess the risk and determine the predictive power of risk factors on hypertension.Totally 6722 subjects aged ≥18 years were enrolled and prevalence of hypertension was 24.3%, while the prevalence of hypertension based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline was approximately twice as high as that based on 2010 Chinese guideline (37.6%). Among individuals with hypertension, 55.5% were aware of their condition. Six potential factors were estimated to be associated with increased risk of hypertension including age, ethnicity, marital status, body mass index (BMI), waistline circumference, and comorbidity. In the analyses of calculated risk score, BMI ≥ 28.0 corresponded to the highest risk score of 23 points. The area under the receiver operation curve for the multivariable prediction model was 0.803 (95%CI: 0.789-0.813).There is a considerable prevalence of hypertension among Xinjiang adults, northwest China; awareness of hypertension is low. Excess weight loss may be a vital strategy for controlling hypertension, particularly if accompanied with other preventive measures in this region.
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Zekewos A, Egeno T, Loha E. The magnitude of hypertension and its risk factors in southern Ethiopia: A community based study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221726. [PMID: 31461475 PMCID: PMC6713347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention and control of hypertension has not been given due attention though previous studies indicated that hypertension is growing public health problem. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in Bona district, southern Ethiopia. METHODS A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on 1952 participants aged ≥25 years in Bona District, southern Ethiopia. Data were collected from consented participants recruited using multistage sampling technique. Data were entered, checked for quality and analyzed by SPSS for Windows version 20.0. Since the outcome variables were ordered categorical, we used multinomial logistic regression model to identify associated factors. Among the independent variables included in the model no multicolinearity was observed. The level of significance was set at P value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The observed prevalence of hypertension (21.8%) was remarkable in rural setting. Out of hypertensive participants, 195 (45.9%) were newly diagnosed. About one third of the participants (31.4%) had central obesity measured by waist-to-height ratio ≥0.50. Being male, age advancement, high BMI (≥25.0 kg/m2) and central obesity (waist-to-height ratio ≥0.50) were positively associated with both systolic and diastolic hypertension. Systolic hypertension was negatively associated with high family income. The likely hood of developing diastolic hypertension increased in participants with family history of hypertension. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of hypertension, 21.8%, is alarmingly high that it can be said that hypertension is becoming a silent epidemic in Ethiopia. Nationwide survey is needed to get the clear magnitude of hypertension so that early detection and management strategies can be enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Zekewos
- Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Egeno
- Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Eskindir Loha
- Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Mkuu RS, Gilreath TD, Wekullo C, Reyes GA, Harvey IS. Social determinants of hypertension and type-2 diabetes in Kenya: A latent class analysis of a nationally representative sample. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221257. [PMID: 31425539 PMCID: PMC6699668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular disease is among the leading causes of death in Kenya and type II diabetes (T2D) is a growing chronic health concern in the country. However, a gap exists in examining how demographic and social characteristics coalesce to identify individuals at high risk for hypertension and/or T2D in Kenya. The current study examined demographic typologies associated with self-report diagnoses. Methods Nationally representative cross-sectional study using 43,898 individuals from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Main Outcome Measures were self-reported Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes diagnosis. Descriptive analyses were conducted using STATA 14. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted using Mplus 7.4. Results Approximately 5% reported hypertension and 1% reported T2D. Latent class analysis suggested a 4-class solution. The class with the highest likelihood to report previous diagnosis of hypertension (10.4%), consisted of high proportion of married adult women. The second highest prevalence of previous diagnosis of hypertension (4.4%) consisted of a high proportion of married middle aged men with high probability of being smokers. The results suggest that Kenyan women over 30 years may be at increased risk of hypertension compared to men. Future studies should include additional socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics to better understand gender differences in correlates for hypertension to be used for targeted and tailored health promotion-interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma S. Mkuu
- Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamika D. Gilreath
- Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Caroline Wekullo
- Post Graduate Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Gabriela A. Reyes
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado University, Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Idethia S. Harvey
- Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Kiber M, Wube M, Temesgen H, Woyraw W, Belay YA. Prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among adults in Debre Markos Town, Northwest Ethiopia: community based cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:406. [PMID: 31307528 PMCID: PMC6631738 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study design was employed. Systematic random sampling was used to select 456 study participants. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression was fitted to show the association between dependent variable and independent variables. Result A total of 57 (12.5%) individuals had hypertension in Debre Markos town. Being female [AOR 3.78, 95% CI 1.56, 9.147], consuming animal source fat [AOR 6.28, 95% CI 2.63, 14.99], family history of hypertension [AOR 4.88, 95% CI 1.99, 12.015], age greater than 50 years [AOR 3.31, 95% CI 1.00, 10.99], body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 [AOR 4.70, 95% CI 1.99, 11.06], excess salt consumption [AOR 6.49, 95% CI 2.83,14.89] and alcohol consumers [AOR 3.19, 95% CI 1.13, 8.99] were found to be statistically significant factors associated with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in Debre Markos town is still a public health problem. Being female sex, consuming animal source fat, family history of hypertension, excess salt consumption age greater than 50 years and body mass index > 25 kg/m2 were significant factors of hypertension. Therefore, health sectors should take actions to tackle these modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihretie Kiber
- Debre Markos Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Wube
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Temesgen
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Wubetu Woyraw
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yihalem Abebe Belay
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Karinja M, Pillai G, Schlienger R, Tanner M, Ogutu B. Care-Seeking Dynamics among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension in Selected Rural Settings in Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16112016. [PMID: 31174248 PMCID: PMC6603942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that often coexist in patients. However, health-seeking behaviour in patients with diabetes mellitus or hypertension has not been extensively studied especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to examine care-seeking dynamics among participants diagnosed with diabetes and/or hypertension across nine counties in rural Kenya. We conducted a cross-sectional study among adults diagnosed with diabetes and/or hypertension through face-to-face interviews. Of the 1100 participants, 69.9% had hypertension, 15.5% diabetes while 14.7% had both. The mean age of the respondents was 64 years. The majority of the respondents (86%) were on allopathic treatment. Hospital admission, having a good self-rated health status and having social support for illness, were positively associated with appropriate health-seeking behaviour while use of alcohol and pharmacy or chemist as source of treatment were negatively associated with appropriate health-seeking behaviour. Our study found a high prevalence of appropriate health-seeking behaviour among respondents with the majority obtaining care from government facilities. The results are evidence that improving public health care services can promote appropriate health-seeking behaviour for non-communicable diseases and thus improve health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Karinja
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences (CREATES), Strathmore University, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Goonaseelan Pillai
- CP+ Associates GmbH, 4102 Basel, Switzerland.
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Raymond Schlienger
- Quantitative Safety and Epidemiology, Chief Medical Office & Patient Safety, Novartis Pharma AG, 4033 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bernhards Ogutu
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences (CREATES), Strathmore University, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
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Ogola EN, Barasa F, Barasa AL, Gitura BM, Njunguna B, Beaney T, Xia X, Poulter NR. May Measurement Month 2017: the results of blood pressure screening of 14 845 individuals in Kenya-Sub-Saharan Africa. Eur Heart J Suppl 2019; 21:D71-D73. [PMID: 31043883 PMCID: PMC6479497 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a growing burden worldwide leading to over 10 million deaths each year. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension. In Kenya, 24.5% of adults have elevated BP with lack of awareness being the main barrier to achieving satisfactory control rates. May Measurement Month (MMM17) is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of high BP and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. An opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 years was carried out in May 2017. Screening was coordinated by the Kenya Cardiac Society in 17 sites across the country. Blood pressure measurements, the definition of hypertension and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. A total of 14 847 individuals were screened. After multiple imputation, 3647 (24.6%) had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving any antihypertensive medication, 2019 (15.3%) were hypertensive. Of individuals receiving antihypertensive medication, 740 (45.5%) had uncontrolled BP. Being diabetic and having a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 were associated with higher BP. Lack of awareness and poor control in those identified is a major challenge in Kenya. The MMM project demonstrated that mass screening for elevated BP is feasible, even in settings with limited resources. The presence of hypertension in a quarter of Kenyan adults with poor awareness and control rates demonstrates the need for programmes to raise awareness in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah N Ogola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Ngong Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felix Barasa
- Department of Medicine, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Anders L Barasa
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Nairobi, 808 Muthaiga Heights, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard M Gitura
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Hospital Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benson Njunguna
- Department of Medicine, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Thomas Beaney
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London, UK
| | - Xin Xia
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London, UK
| | - Neil R Poulter
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London, UK
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Tymejczyk O, McNairy ML, Petion JS, Rivera VR, Dorélien A, Peck M, Seo G, Walsh KF, Fitzgerald DW, Peck RN, Joshi A, Pape JW, Nash D. Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among residents of four slum communities: population-representative findings from Port-au-Prince, Haiti. J Hypertens 2019; 37:685-695. [PMID: 30817448 PMCID: PMC7680636 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among adults in four slum communities in Port-au-Prince. METHODS Cluster area random sampling was used to select adults for a health and demographic survey, including anthropometric measurements. Hypertension was defined as SBP at least 140 mmHg and/or DBP at least 90 mmHg, or current hypertension treatment, and was age-standardized to WHO world population. Correlates of hypertension were tested using sex-stratified logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, 20.3% of adults had hypertension (28.5% age-standardized), including 22.3% of men and 18.9% of women. Three percent of participants reported current hypertension treatment, and 49.5% of them had their hypertension controlled. Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25) was the most common risk factor (20.6% among men, 48.5% among women), while smoking was less common (11.8 and 3.9%, respectively). Increasing age and hypertension prevalence in immediate surroundings were associated with greater odds of hypertension. Among men, having in-migrated in the 3 years prior (versus ≥3 years) was also associated with hypertension [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=3.32, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.79-6.17], as was overweight and obesity (aOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.09-3.33, and aOR = 5.73, 95% CI: 2.49-13.19, respectively) and nonreceipt of needed medical care in the preceding 6 months (aOR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.35-5.88) among women. CONCLUSION Hypertension prevalence was high across the age spectrum, in addition to substantial levels of overweight/obesity and unmet healthcare needs. It is important to better understand the possible effects of intraurban migration and environmental risk factors on hypertension and ensure that the benefits of increasingly cost-effective prevention and treatment programmes extend to slum residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tymejczyk
- Institute of Implementation Science in Population Health
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York
| | - Margaret L McNairy
- Center for Global Health
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jacky S Petion
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Vanessa R Rivera
- Center for Global Health
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Audrey Dorélien
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mireille Peck
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Kathleen F Walsh
- Center for Global Health
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Daniel W Fitzgerald
- Center for Global Health
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Robert N Peck
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Weill Bugando School of Medicine
- Mwanza Interventions Trial Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Ashish Joshi
- Institute of Implementation Science in Population Health
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York
| | - Jean W Pape
- Center for Global Health
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Denis Nash
- Institute of Implementation Science in Population Health
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York
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Li AL, Peng Q, Shao YQ, Fang X, Zhang YY. The effect of body mass index and its interaction with family history on hypertension: a case-control study. Clin Hypertens 2019; 25:6. [PMID: 30828463 PMCID: PMC6383274 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-019-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BMI is an indicator commonly used in the world to measure the weight and height of the body, it reflects the comprehensive outcome of acquired lifestyle; FH is a sign reflecting the main role of genetic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BMI and interaction with FH on hypertension risk in Shanghai adult population. Methods According to l:l matched pairs design, 342 cases and 342 controls were selected and investigated in this study, this study was performed in Shanghai, China. Participants received face-to-face questionnaire survey, anthropometric tests and laboratory examinations. Relevant indicators that reflect obesity including BMI and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the association between factors and hypertension risk. Interactive effect was evaluated by synergy index (SI), relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and the percentage of the interaction between the pure factors (PAP). Results Among 684 study participants aged 28–87 years old, the differences of mean age and height between case group and control group are no significant (p > 0.05), but the differences of mean of weight, WC, HC, BMI and WHR are significant (p < 0.001). The OR of FH on hypertension is 4.986 (95%CI: 2.832~ 8.877); the OR of BMI on hypertension is respectively: low weight is 1.528 (95%CI: 0.551~ 4.239), overweight is 3.333 (95%CI: 1.678~ 6.617) and obesity is 7.312 (95%CI: 3.556~ 15.035). The OR of interaction between FH and BMI to hypertension is 12.993 (95%CI: 7.426~22.734). SI is 1.90 (95% CI: 1.48~3.78), RERI is 5.67 (95% CI: 1.66~11.88), AP is 43.87% (95% CI: 12.84~91.88%), and PAP is 47.55% (95%CI: 13.91~99.58%). FH and BMI have positive interaction on hypertension. 43.87% of hypertension exposed to both FH and BMI was attributable to the interaction of them. Conclusions FH and BMI are significant higher risks of hypertension; with the increase of BMI, the risk of hypertension will increase more. FH and BMI have positive interaction with hypertension, the interaction is greater than the sum of two independent actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-le Li
- Jiading district center for disease control and prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Jiading district center for disease control and prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Qin Shao
- Jiading district center for disease control and prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Jiading district center for disease control and prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ying Zhang
- Jiading district center for disease control and prevention, Shanghai, China
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Abebe S, Yallew WW. Prevalence of hypertension among adult outpatient clients in hospitals and its associated factors In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a hospital based cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:87. [PMID: 30764864 PMCID: PMC6376725 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the research is to measure prevalence of hypertension and associated factors adult outpatient clients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Results A total of 487 participants were included in the study. The prevalence of hypertension was (34.7%), 95% CI (30.6–38.8), of them 53.8 were Male and 46.2% were female. Among 169 participants identified as having high blood pressure, 131 (66.5%) were aware of their blood pressure, from those 96 (48.7%) of them were receiving antihypertensive medication. Mean elevated systolic blood pressure was 124.7 ± 20 (SD) and diastolic blood pressure was 81.5 ± 9.8 (SD). The multivariable regression analysis showed that having ever been told hypertension (AOR = 15.47, 7.74–30.89); using animal product butter (AOR = 2.66, 1.25–5.67); physical inactivity (AOR = 2.83, 1.34–6.01) and BMI 25.0 to 29.9 and greater than 30 (AOR = 5.02, 1.58–15.94 and AOR = 3.98, 1.04–16.01, respectively) were statistically significant predictors of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was considerably high. The health system needs to develop strategies to increase the reach of relevant screening and diagnostic services. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4127-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selamawit Abebe
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Walelegn Worku Yallew
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Po. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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