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Sullivan EL, Bogdan R, Bakhireva L, Levitt P, Jones J, Sheldon M, Croff JM, Thomason M, Lo JO, MacIntyre L, Shrivastava S, Cioffredi LA, Edlow AG, Howell BR, Chaiyachati BH, Lashley-Simms N, Molloy K, Lam C, Stoermann AM, Trinh T, Ambalavanan N, Neiderhiser JM. Biospecimens in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study: Rationale and protocol. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 70:101451. [PMID: 39326174 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study, a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study, will examine human brain, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development beginning prenatally and planned through early childhood. The longitudinal collection of biological samples from over 7000 birthing parents and their children within the HBCD study enables research on pre- and postnatal exposures (e.g., substance use, toxicants, nutrition), and biological processes (e.g., genetics, epigenetic signatures, proteins, metabolites) on neurobehavioral developmental outcomes. The following biosamples are collected from the birthing parent: 1) blood (i.e., whole blood, serum, plasma, buffy coat, and dried blood spots) during pregnancy, 2) nail clippings during pregnancy and one month postpartum, 3) urine during pregnancy, and 4) saliva during pregnancy and at in-person postnatal assessments. The following samples are collected from the child at in-person study assessments: 1) saliva, 2) stool, and 3) urine. Additionally, placenta tissue, cord blood, and cord tissue are collected by a subset of HBCD sites. Here, we describe the rationale for the collection of these biospecimens, their current and potential future uses, the collection protocol, and collection success rates during piloting. This information will assist research teams in the planning of future studies utilizing this collection of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor L Sullivan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ludmila Bakhireva
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Pat Levitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Des Plaines, IL, USA
| | | | - Julie M Croff
- Department of Rural Health, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Moriah Thomason
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jamie O Lo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Leigh MacIntyre
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Lasso Informatics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Leigh-Anne Cioffredi
- Dept of Pediatrics, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Vermont Children's Hospital, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany R Howell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Barbara H Chaiyachati
- Dept of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; PolicyLab & Clinical Futures, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nicole Lashley-Simms
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly Molloy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Center for Mental Health Innovation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cris Lam
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Thanh Trinh
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Cory-Slechta DA, Marvin E, Welle K, Goeke C, Chalupa D, Oberdörster G, Sobolewski M. Male-biased vulnerability of mouse brain tryptophan/kynurenine and glutamate systems to adolescent exposures to concentrated ambient ultrafine particle air pollution. Neurotoxicology 2024; 104:20-35. [PMID: 39002649 PMCID: PMC11377152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution (AP) exposures have been associated with numerous neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, all male-biased disorders with onsets from early life to late adolescence/early adulthood. While prior experimental studies have focused on effects of AP exposures during early brain development, brain development actually extends well into early adulthood. The current study in mice sought to extend the understanding of developmental brain vulnerability during adolescence, a later but significant period of brain development and maturation to the ultrafine particulate (UFPs) component of AP, considered its most reactive component. Additionally, it examined adolescent response to UFPs when preceded by earlier developmental exposures, to ascertain the trajectory of effects and potential enhancement or mitigation of adverse consequences. Outcomes focused on shared features associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. For this purpose, C57Bl/6 J mice of both sexes were exposed to ambient concentrated UFPs or filtered air from PND (postnatal day) 4-7 and PND10-13, and again at PND39-42 and 45-49, resulting in 3 exposure postnatal/adolescent treatment groups per sex: Air/Air, Air/UFP, and UFP/UFP. Features common to neurodevelopmental disorders were examined at PND50. Mass exposure concentration from postnatal exposure averaged 44.34 μg/m3 and the adolescent exposure averaged 49.18 μg/m3. Male brain showed particular vulnerability to UFP exposures in adolescence, with alterations in frontal cortical and striatal glutamatergic and tryptophan/serotonergic neurotransmitters and concurrent reductions in levels of astrocytes in corpus callosum and in serum cytokine levels, with combined exposures resulting in significant reductions in corpus callosum myelination and serum corticosterone. Reductions in serum corticosterone in males correlated with reductions in neurotransmitter levels, and reductions in striatal glutamatergic function specifically correlated with reductions in corpus callosum astrocytes. UFP-induced changes in neurotransmitter levels in males were mitigated by prior postnatal exposure, suggesting potential adaptation, whereas reductions in corticosterone and in corpus callosum neuropathological effects were further strengthened by combined postnatal and adolescent exposures. UFP-induced changes in females occurred primarily in striatal dopamine systems and as reductions in serum cytokines only in response to combined postnatal and adolescent exposures. Findings in males underscore the importance of more integrated physiological assessments of mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Further, these findings provide biological plausibility for an accumulating epidemiologic literature linking air pollution to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. As such, they support a need for consideration of the regulation of the UFP component of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - E Marvin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - K Welle
- Mass Spectrometry Resource Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical School, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - C Goeke
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - D Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - G Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - M Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
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Bogdańska-Chomczyk E, Wojtacha P, Tsai ML, Huang ACW, Kozłowska A. Age-related changes in the architecture and biochemical markers levels in motor-related cortical areas of SHR rats-an ADHD animal model. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1414457. [PMID: 39246601 PMCID: PMC11378348 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose exact pathophysiology has not been fully understood yet. Numerous studies have suggested disruptions in the cellular architecture and neuronal activity within brain structures of individuals with ADHD, accompanied by imbalances in the immune system, oxidative stress, and metabolism. Methods This study aims to assess two functionally and histologically distinct brain areas involved in motor control and coordination: the motor cortex (MC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Namely, the morphometric analysis of the MC throughout the developmental stages of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKYs). Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the levels and activities of specific immune, oxidative stress, and metabolic markers in the PFC of juvenile and maturing SHRs in comparison to WKYs. Results The most significant MC volume reductions occurred in juvenile SHRs, accompanied by alterations in neuronal density in these brain areas compared to WKYs. Furthermore, juvenile SHRs exhibit heightened levels and activity of various markers, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, serine/threonine-protein mammalian target of rapamycin, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, glucocorticoid receptor β, malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glucose, fructosamine, iron, lactic acid, alanine, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Discussion Significant changes in the MC morphometry and elevated levels of inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic markers in PFC might be associated with disrupted brain development and maturation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bogdańska-Chomczyk
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - P Wojtacha
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M L Tsai
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - A C W Huang
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - A Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Coelho DRA, Renet C, López-Rodríguez S, Cassano P, Vieira WF. Transcranial photobiomodulation for neurodevelopmental disorders: a narrative review. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1609-1623. [PMID: 39009808 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Down syndrome (DS) significantly impact social, communicative, and behavioral functioning. Transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) with near-infrared light is a promising non-invasive neurostimulation technique for neuropsychiatric disorders, including NDDs. This narrative review aimed to examine the preclinical and clinical evidence of photobiomodulation (PBM) in treating NDDs. METHODS A comprehensive search across six databases was conducted, using a combination of MeSH terms and title/abstract keywords: "photobiomodulation", "PBM", "neurodevelopmental disorders", "NDD", and others. Studies applying PBM to diagnosed NDD cases or animal models replicating NDDs were included. Protocols, reviews, studies published in languages other than English, and studies not evaluating clinical or cognitive outcomes were excluded. RESULTS Nine studies were identified, including one preclinical and eight clinical studies (five on ASD, two on ADHD, and one on DS). The reviewed studies encompassed various t-PBM parameters (wavelengths: 635-905 nm) and targeted primarily frontal cortex areas. t-PBM showed efficacy in improving disruptive behavior, social communication, cognitive rigidity, sleep quality, and attention in ASD; in enhancing attention in ADHD; and in improving motor skills and verbal fluency in DS. Minimal adverse effects were reported. Proposed mechanisms involve enhanced mitochondrial function, modulated oxidative stress, and reduced neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS t-PBM emerges as a promising intervention for NDDs, with potential therapeutic effects across ASD, ADHD, and DS. These findings underscore the need for further research, including larger-scale, randomized sham-controlled clinical trials with comprehensive biomarker analyses, to optimize treatment parameters and understand the underlying mechanisms associated with the effects of t-PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Richer Araujo Coelho
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Christian Renet
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergi López-Rodríguez
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Carlos III Health Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Cassano
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Herbein M, Barbosa S, Collet O, Khalfallah O, Navarro M, Bailhache M, IV N, Aouizerate B, Sutter-Dallay AL, Koehl M, Capuron L, Ellul P, Peyre H, Van der Waerden J, Melchior M, Côté S, Heude B, Glaichenhaus N, Davidovic L, Galera C. Cord serum cytokines at birth and children's trajectories of mood dysregulation symptoms from 3 to 8 years: The EDEN birth cohort. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 38:100768. [PMID: 38586283 PMCID: PMC10990861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that in utero imbalance immune activity plays a role in the development of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in children. Mood dysregulation (MD) is a debilitating transnosographic syndrome whose underlying pathophysiological mechanisms could be revealed by studying its biomarkers using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) model. Our aim was to study the association between the network of cord serum cytokines, and mood dysregulation trajectories in offsprings between 3 and 8 years of age. We used the data of a study nested in the French birth cohort EDEN that took place from 2003 to 2014 and followed mother-child dyads from the second trimester of pregnancy until the children were 8 years of age. The 2002 mother-child dyads were recruited from the general population through their pregnancy follow-up in two French university hospitals. 871 of them were included in the nested cohort and cord serum cytokine levels were measured at birth. Children's mood dysregulation symptoms were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Dysregulation Profile at the ages 3, 5 and 8 years in order to model their mood dysregulation trajectories. Out of the 871 participating dyads, 53% of the children were male. 2.1% of the children presented a high mood dysregulation trajectory whereas the others were considered as physiological variations. We found a significant negative association between TNF-α cord serum levels and a high mood dysregulation trajectory when considering confounding factors such as maternal depression during pregnancy (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 0.35, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.18-0.67]). Immune imbalance at birth could play a role in the onset of mood dysregulation symptoms. Our findings throw new light on putative immune mechanisms implicated in the development of mood dysregulation and should lead to future animal and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Herbein
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Center, UMR1219, France
- Centre Hospitalier Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - Susana Barbosa
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Ophélie Collet
- University of Bordeaux, France
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olfa Khalfallah
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Marie Navarro
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Center, UMR1219, France
| | - Marion Bailhache
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Center, UMR1219, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Département de Pédiatrie, France
| | - Nicolas IV
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Center, UMR1219, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- University of Bordeaux, France
- Centre Hospitalier Perrens, Bordeaux, France
- INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Laure Sutter-Dallay
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Center, UMR1219, France
- Centre Hospitalier Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Koehl
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, UMR1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucile Capuron
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Ellul
- Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent department, APHP, Paris University, Paris, France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), UMRS 959, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent department, APHP, Paris University, Paris, France
- Centre de Ressource Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'Excellence sur l'Autisme et les Troubles du Neurodéveloppement (CeAND), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Tem DevPsy, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Judith Van der Waerden
- INSERM U1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Paris, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- INSERM U1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale, Paris, France
| | - Sylvana Côté
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Center, UMR1219, France
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Canada
- University of Montreal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, F-75004, Paris, France
- Paris University, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Cedric Galera
- University of Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Center, UMR1219, France
- Centre Hospitalier Perrens, Bordeaux, France
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, Canada
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Sif-Eddine W, Ba-M'hamed S, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Boukhzar L, Anouar Y, Bennis M. Selenoprotein T, a potential treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid pain in neonatal 6-OHDA lesioned mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 137:104905. [PMID: 38797131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
pathological pain and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two complex multifactorial syndromes. The comorbidity of ADHD and altered pain perception is well documented in children, adolescents, and adults. According to pathophysiological investigations, the dopaminergic system's dysfunction provides a common basis for ADHD and comorbid pain. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress may be crucial in both pathologies. Recent studies revealed that a small peptide encompassing the redox-active site of selenoprotein T (PSELT), protects dopaminergic neurons and fibers as well as lesioned nerves in animal models. The current study aims to examine the effects of PSELT treatment on ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitivity, as well as the role of catecholaminergic systems in these effects. Our results demonstrated that intranasal administration of PSELT reduced the hyperactivity in the open field, decreased the impulsivity displayed by 6-OHDA-lesioned male mice in the 5-choice serial reaction time task test and improved attentional performance. In addition, PSELT treatment significantly increased the nociception threshold in both normal and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, anti-hyperalgesic activity was antagonized with sulpiride pre-treatment, but not by phentolamine, or propranolol pre-treatments. The present study suggests that PSELT reduces the severity of ADHD symptoms in mice and possesses potent antinociceptive effects which could be related to the involvement of D2/D3 dopaminergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Sif-Eddine
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Saadia Ba-M'hamed
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, NorDiC, UMR 1239, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, NorDiC, UMR 1239, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Loubna Boukhzar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco; Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, NorDiC, UMR 1239, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, NorDiC, UMR 1239, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France.
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
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7
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Predescu E, Vaidean T, Rapciuc AM, Sipos R. Metabolomic Markers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4385. [PMID: 38673970 PMCID: PMC11050195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by clinical diversity, poses diagnostic challenges often reliant on subjective assessments. Metabolomics presents an objective approach, seeking biomarkers for precise diagnosis and targeted interventions. This review synthesizes existing metabolomic insights into ADHD, aiming to reveal biological mechanisms and diagnostic potentials. A thorough PubMed and Web of Knowledge search identified studies exploring blood/urine metabolites in ADHD-diagnosed or psychometrically assessed children and adolescents. Synthesis revealed intricate links between ADHD and altered amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter dysregulation (especially dopamine and serotonin), oxidative stress, and the kynurenine pathway impacting neurotransmitter homeostasis. Sleep disturbance markers, notably in melatonin metabolism, and stress-induced kynurenine pathway activation emerged. Distinct metabolic signatures, notably in the kynurenine pathway, show promise as potential diagnostic markers. Despite limitations like participant heterogeneity, this review underscores the significance of integrated therapeutic approaches targeting amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitters, and stress pathways. While guiding future research, this overview of the metabolomic findings in ADHD suggests directions for precision diagnostics and personalized ADHD interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Predescu
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Tudor Vaidean
- Clinic of Pediatric Psychiatry and Addiction, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andreea-Marlena Rapciuc
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Roxana Sipos
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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8
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Kim E, Huh JR, Choi GB. Prenatal and postnatal neuroimmune interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:598-606. [PMID: 38565970 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The intricate relationship between immune dysregulation and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has been observed across the stages of both prenatal and postnatal development. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of various maternal immune conditions, ranging from infections to chronic inflammatory conditions, that impact the neurodevelopment of the fetus during pregnancy. Furthermore, we examine the presence of immunological phenotypes, such as immune-related markers and coexisting immunological disorders, in individuals with NDDs. By delving into these findings, we shed light on the potential underlying mechanisms responsible for the high occurrence of immune dysregulation alongside NDDs. We also discuss current mouse models of NDDs and their contributions to our understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying these diseases. Additionally, we discuss how neuroimmune interactions contribute to shaping the manifestation of neurological phenotypes in individuals with NDDs while also exploring potential avenues for mitigating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun R Huh
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gloria B Choi
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Anderson LG, Vogiatzoglou E, Tang S, Luiz S, Duque T, Ghaly JP, Schwartzer JJ, Hales JB, Sabariego M. Memory deficits and hippocampal cytokine expression in a rat model of ADHD. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 35:100700. [PMID: 38107021 PMCID: PMC10724493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex behavioral disorder characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and deficits in working memory and time perception. While animal models have advanced our neurobiological understanding of this condition, there are limited and inconsistent data on working and elapsed time memory function. Inflammatory signaling has been identified as a key factor in memory and cognitive impairments, but its role in ADHD remains unclear. Additionally, the disproportionate investigation of male subjects in ADHD research has contributed to a poor understanding of the disorder in females. This study sought to investigate the potential connections between memory, neuroimmunology, and ADHD in both male and female animals. Specifically, we utilized the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), one of the most extensively studied animal models of ADHD. Compared to their control, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, male SHR are reported to exhibit several behavioral phenotypes associated with ADHD, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and poor sustained attention, along with impairments in learning and memory. As the hippocampus is a key brain region for learning and memory, we examined the behavior of male and female SHR and WKY rats in two hippocampal-dependent memory tasks. Our findings revealed that SHR have delay-dependent working memory deficits that were similar to, albeit less severe than, those seen in hippocampal-lesioned rats. We also observed impairments in elapsed time processing in female SHR, particularly in the discrimination of longer time durations. To investigate the impact of inflammatory signaling on memory in these rats, we analyzed the levels of several cytokines in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus of SHR and WKY. Although we found some sex and genotype differences, concentrations were generally similar between groups. Taken together, our results indicate that SHR exhibit deficits in spatial working memory and memory for elapsed time, as well as some differences in hippocampal cytokine concentrations. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the neurobiological basis of ADHD in both sexes and may inform future research aimed at developing effective treatments for the disorder. Nonetheless, the potential mediating role of neuroinflammation in the memory symptomatology of SHR requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G. Anderson
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | | | - Shi Tang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - Sarah Luiz
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - Turley Duque
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA
| | - James P. Ghaly
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA
| | - Jared J. Schwartzer
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - Jena B. Hales
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA
| | - Marta Sabariego
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
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10
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Bou Sader Nehme S, Sanchez-Sarasua S, Adel R, Tuifua M, Ali A, Essawy AE, Abdel Salam S, Hleihel W, Boué-Grabot E, Landry M. P2X4 signalling contributes to hyperactivity but not pain sensitization comorbidity in a mouse model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1288994. [PMID: 38239187 PMCID: PMC10794506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that often persist until adulthood. Frequent comorbid disorders accompany ADHD and two thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD also suffer from behavioural disorders and from alteration of sensory processing. We recently characterized the comorbidity between ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitisation in a pharmacological mouse model of ADHD, and we demonstrated the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. However, few studies have explored the causal mechanisms underlying the interactions between ADHD and pain. The implication of inflammatory mechanisms has been suggested but the signalling pathways involved have not been explored. Methods: We investigated the roles of purinergic signalling, at the crossroad of pain and neuroinflammatory pathways, by using a transgenic mouse line that carries a total deletion of the P2X4 receptor. Results: We demonstrated that P2X4 deletion prevents hyperactivity in the mouse model of ADHD. In contrast, the absence of P2X4 lowered thermal pain thresholds in sham conditions and did not affect pain sensitization in ADHD-like conditions. We further analysed microglia reactivity and the expression of inflammatory markers in wild type and P2X4KO mice. Our results revealed that P2X4 deletion limits microglia reactivity but at the same time exerts proinflammatory effects in the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. Conclusion: This dual role of P2X4 could be responsible for the differential effects noted on ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitization and calls for further studies to investigate the therapeutic benefit of targeting the P2X4 receptor in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bou Sader Nehme
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Sarasua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | - Ramy Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marie Tuifua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Awatef Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amina E. Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Hleihel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Landry
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Abdel Samei AM, Mahmoud DAM, Salem Boshra B, Abd El Moneam MHED. The Interplay Between Blood Inflammatory Markers, Symptom Domains, and Severity of ADHD Disorder in Children. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:66-76. [PMID: 37715696 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231197213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD has a multi-factorial etiology among which the inflammatory theory presupposition. We aimed to explore the interplay between blood inflammatory markers; neutrophil lymphocyte ratios (NLR), platelet\lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), symptom domains, and severity of ADHD. METHOD A total of 50 children with ADHD and 50 healthy controls were recruited. Children were assessed using the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview for children and adolescents (MINI-KID), the Wechsler intelligence scale for children, the Conners' parent rating scale. Then, NLR, PLR, and MPV were measured. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between children with ADHD and the control group with regard to all blood inflammatory markers (except platelet count). The subtypes and severity of ADHD had no significant relation with NLR, PLR, and MPV. CONCLUSION blood inflammatory markers are significantly high in children with ADHD but could not predict specific symptom domains or severity.
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12
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Petruso F, Giff A, Milano B, De Rossi M, Saccaro L. Inflammation and emotion regulation: a narrative review of evidence and mechanisms in emotion dysregulation disorders. Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220077. [PMID: 38026703 PMCID: PMC10653990 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation (ED) describes a difficulty with the modulation of which emotions are felt, as well as when and how these emotions are experienced or expressed. It is a focal overarching symptom in many severe and prevalent neuropsychiatric diseases, including bipolar disorders (BD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD). In all these disorders, ED can manifest through symptoms of depression, anxiety, or affective lability. Considering the many symptomatic similarities between BD, ADHD, and BPD, a transdiagnostic approach is a promising lens of investigation. Mounting evidence supports the role of peripheral inflammatory markers and stress in the multifactorial aetiology and physiopathology of BD, ADHD, and BPD. Of note, neural circuits that regulate emotions appear particularly vulnerable to inflammatory insults and peripheral inflammation, which can impact the neuroimmune milieu of the central nervous system. Thus far, few studies have examined the link between ED and inflammation in BD, ADHD, and BPD. To our knowledge, no specific work has provided a critical comparison of the results from these disorders. To fill this gap in the literature, we review the known associations and mechanisms linking ED and inflammation in general, and clinically, in BD, ADHD, and BD. Our narrative review begins with an examination of the routes linking ED and inflammation, followed by a discussion of disorder-specific results accounting for methodological limitations and relevant confounding factors. Finally, we critically discuss both correspondences and discrepancies in the results and comment on potential vulnerability markers and promising therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis E. Giff
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice A. Milano
- Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
- University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Francesco Saccaro
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
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13
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Gędek A, Modrzejewski S, Gędek M, Antosik AZ, Mierzejewski P, Dominiak M. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1258868. [PMID: 38034918 PMCID: PMC10682201 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1258868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an unclear etiology. Systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation may play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Morphology-derived parameters such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), have been proposed as peripheral biomarkers of the immune-inflammatory process in various diseases. However, studies examining their role in ADHD remain inconclusive. Methods A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the association between NLR, MLR, PLR and ADHD. Relevant articles were identified, screened, and assessed for quality according to PRISMA guidelines. Moreover, a qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. Results The review contained eight eligible studies, five of which were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that ADHD patients had higher NLR and PLR values compared to health controls. No significant difference in MLR value was observed between the two groups. Analysis in relation to ADHD subtypes showed no significant differences in inflammatory markers in any of the included studies as well. The influence of medical treatment on these ratios could not be adequately assessed due to limited data. Conclusion ADHD patients exhibit higher NLR and PLR than healthy controls, which may indicate the potential immune-inflammatory involvement in this disorder. Further studies on inflammatory markers and ADHD, especially those considering the impact of treatment and clinical symptoms, are essential to comprehensively understand this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gędek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
- Praski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marta Gędek
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Independent Public Clinical Hospital No 1, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Z. Antosik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Mierzejewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dominiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Kılıçoğlu AG, Zadehgan Afshord T, Derin S, Ertas E, Coskun P, Aktas S, Guler EM. Comparison of Possible Changes in Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inflammatory Markers in Children/Adolescents Diagnosed with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Children/Adolescents Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2023; 33:325-331. [PMID: 37590480 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2022.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: There has been a debate on whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) differs from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although there have been many studies on metabolic parameters in relation to ADHD, no similar studies have been conducted on patients with SCT. We investigated whether there are differences between SCT and ADHD in terms of these factors. Subjects and Methods: Sixty-two participants with ages ranging from 11 to 18 who have diagnosis of ADHD (33 subjects) and SCT (29 subjects) were included in this study. The parents of all participants completed the 48-item Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) and the Barkley Child Attention Scale (BCAS) forms, and all participants' blood was taken to compare metabolic, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status of the SCT and ADHD groups. A child and adolescent psychiatrist interviewed the parents and children to assess the diagnosis of SCT and ADHD using standard diagnostic procedures. Results: In the comparison between the SCT and ADHD groups in terms of metabolic parameters, statistically significant differences were found in terms of total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, Oxidative Stress Index, total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and DNA damage (p < 0.05), but not in terms of tumor necrosis factor-α (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our data showed that these two disorders may be different, but we believe that the data that indicate their differences remain inconclusive overall, but this study may be a potential pathway for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Güven Kılıçoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Songul Derin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Pınar Coskun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selman Aktas
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, Clinic of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Kozlowski T, Bargiel W, Grabarczyk M, Skibinska M. Peripheral S100B Protein Levels in Five Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1334. [PMID: 37759935 PMCID: PMC10527471 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Five major psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, show a shared genetic background and probably share common pathobiological mechanisms. S100B is a calcium-binding protein widely studied in psychiatric disorders as a potential biomarker. Our systematic review aimed to compare studies on peripheral S100B levels in five major psychiatric disorders with shared genetic backgrounds to reveal whether S100B alterations are disease-specific. EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were searched for relevant studies published until the end of July 2023. This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. Overall, 1215 publications were identified, of which 111 full-text articles were included in the systematic review. Study designs are very heterogeneous, performed mostly on small groups of participants at different stages of the disease (first-episode or chronic, drug-free or medicated, in the exacerbation of symptoms or in remission), and various clinical variables are analyzed. Published results are inconsistent; most reported elevated S100B levels across disorders included in the review. Alterations in S100B peripheral levels do not seem to be disease-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kozlowski
- Student’s Research Group “Biology of the Neuron”, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Bargiel
- Student’s Research Group “Biology of the Neuron”, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Grabarczyk
- Student’s Research Group “Biology of the Neuron”, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Skibinska
- Protein Biomarkers Unit, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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16
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Lindsø Andersen P, Villumsen B, Saunte DML, Burgdorf KS, Didriksen M, Ostrowski SR, Thørner LW, Erikstrup C, Dinh KM, Nielsen KR, Brodersen T, Bruun MT, Banasik K, Hansen TF, Pedersen OB, Jemec GB. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are associated with Hidradenitis suppurativa in Danish blood donors. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:1989-1994. [PMID: 36867221 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with psychiatric comorbidity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder associated with systemic and skin inflammation such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Whether HS symptoms are associated with ADHD symptoms remains unexplored. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the possible association between HS and ADHD. Participants in the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS) were included in this cross-sectional study during 2015-2017. The participants provided questionnaire data on screening items of HS, ADHD symptoms (ASRS-score), and depressive symptoms, smoking and body mass index (BMI). A logistic regression with HS symptoms as a binary outcome predicted by ADHD adjusted for age, sex, smoking, BMI, and depression was conducted to investigate the association between HS and ADHD. A total of 52,909 Danish blood donors were included in the study. Of these were 1004/52,909 (1.9%) considered participants with HS. Of the participants with HS, 74/996 (7.4%) screened positive of ADHD symptoms, while only 1786/51,129 (3.5%) of the participants without HS screened positive of ADHD. Adjusted for confounders, ADHD was positively associated with HS, odds ratio 1.85 (95% confidence interval: 1.43-2.37). Psychiatric comorbidity of HS is not limited to depression and anxiety. This study shows a positive association between HS and ADHD. Further research on the biological mechanisms behind this association is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Lindsø Andersen
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 5, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark.
| | | | - Ditte Marie Lindhardt Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 5, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Wegner Thørner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Khoa Manh Dinh
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaspar René Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Brodersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Deparment of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Folkmann Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Ole Birger Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregor Borut Jemec
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 5, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Sager REH, Walker AK, Middleton FA, Robinson K, Webster MJ, Gentile K, Wong ML, Shannon Weickert C. Changes in cytokine and cytokine receptor levels during postnatal development of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:186-201. [PMID: 36958512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their traditional roles in immune cell communication, cytokines regulate brain development. Cytokines are known to influence neural cell generation, differentiation, maturation, and survival. However, most work on the role of cytokines in brain development investigates rodents or focuses on prenatal events. Here, we investigate how mRNA and protein levels of key cytokines and cytokine receptors change during postnatal development of the human prefrontal cortex. We find that most cytokine transcripts investigated (IL1B, IL18, IL6, TNF, IL13) are lowest at birth and increase between 1.5 and 5 years old. After 5 years old, transcriptional patterns proceeded in one of two directions: decreased expression in teens and young adults (IL1B, p = 0.002; and IL18, p = 0.004) or increased mean expression with maturation, particularly in teenagers (IL6, p = 0.004; TNF, p = 0.002; IL13, p < 0.001). In contrast, cytokine proteins tended to remain elevated after peaking significantly around 3 years of age (IL1B, p = 0.012; IL18, p = 0.026; IL6, p = 0.039; TNF, p < 0.001), with TNF protein being highest in teenagers. An mRNA-only analysis of cytokine receptor transcripts found that early developmental increases in cytokines were paralleled by increases in their ligand-binding receptor subunits, such as IL1R1 (p = 0.033) and IL6R (p < 0.001) transcripts. In contrast, cytokine receptor-associated signaling subunits, IL1RAP and IL6ST, did not change significantly between age groups. Of the two TNF receptors, the 'pro-death' TNFRSF1A and 'pro-survival' TNFRSF1B, only TNFRSF1B was significantly changed (p = 0.028), increasing first in toddlers and again in young adults. Finally, the cytokine inhibitor, IL13, was elevated first in toddlers (p = 0.006) and again in young adults (p = 0.053). While the mean expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) was highest in toddlers, this increase was not statistically significant. The fluctuations in cytokine expression reported here support a role for increases in specific cytokines at two different stages of human cortical development. The first is during the toddler/preschool period (IL1B, IL18, and IL13), and the other occurs at adolescence/young adult maturation (IL6, TNF and IL13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E H Sager
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Adam K Walker
- Laboratory of Immunopsychiatry, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kate Robinson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Karen Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Stevens HE, Scuderi S, Collica SC, Tomasi S, Horvath TL, Vaccarino FM. Neonatal loss of FGFR2 in astroglial cells affects locomotion, sociability, working memory, and glia-neuron interactions in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:89. [PMID: 36906620 PMCID: PMC10008554 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is almost exclusively expressed in glial cells in postnatal mouse brain, but its impact in glia for brain behavioral functioning is poorly understood. We compared behavioral effects from FGFR2 loss in both neurons and astroglial cells and from FGFR2 loss in astroglial cells by using either the pluripotent progenitor-driven hGFAP-cre or the tamoxifen-inducible astrocyte-driven GFAP-creERT2 in Fgfr2 floxed mice. When FGFR2 was eliminated in embryonic pluripotent precursors or in early postnatal astroglia, mice were hyperactive, and had small changes in working memory, sociability, and anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, FGFR2 loss in astrocytes starting at 8 weeks of age resulted only in reduced anxiety-like behavior. Therefore, early postnatal loss of FGFR2 in astroglia is critical for broad behavioral dysregulation. Neurobiological assessments demonstrated that astrocyte-neuron membrane contact was reduced and glial glutamine synthetase expression increased only by early postnatal FGFR2 loss. We conclude that altered astroglial cell function dependent on FGFR2 in the early postnatal period may result in impaired synaptic development and behavioral regulation, modeling childhood behavioral deficits like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Stevens
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
| | - Soraya Scuderi
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sarah C Collica
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Simone Tomasi
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Flora M Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Is S100B Involved in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Comparisons with Controls and Changes Following a Triple Therapy Containing Methylphenidate, Melatonin and ω-3 PUFAs. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030712. [PMID: 36771418 PMCID: PMC9919946 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports a neuroinflammatory basis in ADHD damaging glial function and thereby altering dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission. Previous studies focusing on the S100B protein as a marker of glial function have shown contradictory results. We conducted a clinical trial to investigate differences in S100B levels between ADHD patients and controls, as well as observe gradual changes in S100B concentrations after a triple therapy (TT) containing methylphenidate (MPH), melatonin (aMT) and omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs). METHODS 62 medication-naïve children with ADHD (ADHD-G) and 65 healthy controls (C-G) were recruited. Serum S100B was measured at baseline (T0) in ADHD-G/C-G, and three (T3) and six months (T6) after starting TT in the ADHD-G, together with attention scores. RESULTS A significant increase in S100B was observed in the ADHD-G vs. C-G. In the ADHD-G, significantly higher S100B values were observed for comparisons between T0-T3 and between T0-T6, accompanied by a significant improvement in attention scores for the same timepoint comparisons. No significant differences were found for S100B between T3-T6. CONCLUSION Our results agree with the hypothesis of glial damage in ADHD. Further studies on the link between DA and S100B are required to explain the transient increase in S100B following TT.
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Breach MR, Lenz KM. Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Key Role for the Immune System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 62:165-206. [PMID: 35435643 PMCID: PMC10286778 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences are prominent defining features of neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding the sex biases in these disorders can shed light on mechanisms leading to relative risk and resilience for the disorders, as well as more broadly advance our understanding of how sex differences may relate to brain development. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders is increasing, and the two most common neurodevelopmental disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit male-biases in prevalence rates and sex differences in symptomology. While the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders and their sex differences remain to be fully understood, increasing evidence suggests that the immune system plays a critical role in shaping development. In this chapter we discuss sex differences in prevalence and symptomology of ASD and ADHD, review sexual differentiation and immune regulation of neurodevelopment, and discuss findings from human and rodent studies of immune dysregulation and perinatal immune perturbation as they relate to potential mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. This chapter will give an overview of how understanding sex differences in neuroimmune function in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders could lend insight into their etiologies and better treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Breach
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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21
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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22
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Park JH. Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13054. [PMID: 36361835 PMCID: PMC9658646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that can diminish the quality of life of both children and adults in academic, occupational, and social contexts. The kynurenine pathway (KP) contains a set of enzymatic reactions involved in tryptophan (TRP) degradation. It is known to be associated with the risk of developing ADHD. This review will address the KP and underlying mechanism of inflammation in ADHD. Potential inflammatory biomarkers reported in the most recent studies are summarized. Although a strong neuroimmunological basis has been established due to the advances of recent neurobiological research, the pathophysiology of ADHD remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Korea
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23
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Sangouni AA, Mirhosseini H, Hosseinzadeh M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on brain waves, behavioral performance, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2022; 23:890. [PMID: 36273218 PMCID: PMC9587585 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common chronic mental and behavioral disorder among children. Some studies showed the lower levels of vitamin D in patients with ADHD compared with the healthy people. Few clinical trials were conducted in this field. The present study will be performed to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation in children with ADHD. Methods We will conduct a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on brain waves, behavioral performance, serum nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in 50 patients with ADHD. The intervention group will receive one capsule 50,000 IU vitamin D every week, for 8 weeks. The control group will receive one placebo capsule containing 1000 mg olive oil every week. Electroencephalography will be performed for 10 min using Brain Master Discovery from 19 scalp sites both before the first intervention and the 10 sessions of the therapy. The artifact-free periods of 1-min electroencephalography data will be analyzed for quantitative electroencephalography measures. Discussion For the first time, this clinical trial will evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on brain waves, serum nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with ADHD. The results of the present clinical trial will provide a better vision about the vitamin D efficacy in patients with ADHD. Trial registration Registered on 5 November 2020 at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with code number IRCT20200922048802N1 (https://www.irct.ir/trial/51410).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Sangouni
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamid Mirhosseini
- Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. .,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Peripheral blood inflammatory markers in patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 118:110581. [PMID: 35660454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed that subclinical inflammation might be involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, studies investigating peripheral blood levels of immune-inflammatory markers have provided mixed findings. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing unstimulated serum or plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines in subjects with ADHD and healthy controls (the PROSPERO registration number: CRD 42021276869). Online searches covered the publication period until 30th Sep 2021 and random-effects meta-analyses were carried out. Out of 1844 publication records identified, 10 studies were included. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly higher in studies of participants up to the age of 18 years (k = 10, g = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.10-1.30, p = 0.023) and after including those above the age of 18 years (k = 10, g = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.12-1.31, p = 0.019). In turn, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly lower in subjects with ADHD compared to healthy controls (k = 7, g = -0.16, 95%CI: -0.30 - -0.03, p = 0.020). Individual studies had a high contribution to the overall effect, since the overall effect was no longer significant after removing single studies. No significant differences were found with respect to the levels of CRP, IL-1β, IL-10 and interferon-γ. The present findings indicate that individuals with ADHD tend to show elevated levels of IL-6 and reduced levels of TNF-α. Larger and longitudinal studies recording potential confounding factors and comorbid psychopathology are needed to confirm our findings.
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25
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Chang SJ, Kuo HC, Chou WJ, Tsai CS, Lee SY, Wang LJ. Cytokine Levels and Neuropsychological Function among Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Atopic Diseases. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071155. [PMID: 35887652 PMCID: PMC9316989 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since atopic disease and inflammatory cytokines are both involved in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in this study, we examined the relationship among cytokine levels, neuropsychological function, and behavioral manifestations in patients with ADHD and atopic diseases. Participants were categorized into individuals with ADHD and atopic disease (n = 41), those with ADHD without allergy (n = 74), individuals without ADHD but with allergy (n = 23), and those without ADHD or allergy (n = 49). We used the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV Scale (SNAP-IV), Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (Conners CPT), and Conners’ Continuous Auditory Test of Attention (CATA) to assess patients’ behavioral symptoms, visual attention, and auditory attention, respectively. Participants’ IFN-γ, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, MCP-1, and TNF-α plasma levels were assessed using multiplex assays. We found that the prevalence rates of atopic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis) were similar between individuals with ADHD and those without ADHD. ADHD behavioral symptoms (SNAP-IV), CPT omission scores, and CATA detectability scores demonstrated significant differences between individuals with ADHD and those without ADHD, regardless of atopic diseases. However, plasma levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17) were negatively correlated with inattention symptoms. This study demonstrates a potential relationship between cytokine levels and neuropsychological function among patients with ADHD and atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shung-Jie Chang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8753); Fax: +886-7-7326817
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Raghavan R, Anand NS, Wang G, Hong X, Pearson C, Zuckerman B, Xie H, Wang X. Association between cord blood metabolites in tryptophan pathway and childhood risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:270. [PMID: 35810183 PMCID: PMC9271093 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in tryptophan and serotonin have been implicated in various mental disorders; but studies are limited on child neurodevelopmental disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This prospective cohort study examined the associations between levels of tryptophan and select metabolites (5-methoxytryptophol (5-MTX), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonin, N-acetyltrytophan) in cord plasma (collected at birth) and physician-diagnosed ASD, ADHD and other developmental disabilities (DD) in childhood. The study sample (n = 996) derived from the Boston Birth Cohort, which included 326 neurotypical children, 87 ASD, 269 ADHD, and 314 other DD children (mutually exclusive). These participants were enrolled at birth and followed-up prospectively (from October 1, 1998 to June 30, 2018) at the Boston Medical Center. Higher levels of cord 5-MTX was associated with a lower risk of ASD (aOR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.77) and ADHD (aOR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.96) per Z-score increase, after adjusting for potential confounders. Similarly, children with cord 5-MTX ≥ 25th percentile (vs. <25th percentile) had a reduction in ASD (aOR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.49) and ADHD risks (aOR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.70). In contrast, higher levels of cord tryptophan, 5-HTP and N-acetyltryptophan were associated with higher risk of ADHD, with aOR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.51; aOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.61; and aOR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.53, respectively, but not with ASD and other DD. Cord serotonin was not associated with ASD, ADHD, and other DD. Most findings remained statistically significant in the sensitivity and subgroup analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkripa Raghavan
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neha S Anand
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guoying Wang
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Colleen Pearson
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry Zuckerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hehuang Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Fralin Life Sciences Institute at Virginia Technology, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Dash S, Syed YA, Khan MR. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880544. [PMID: 35493075 PMCID: PMC9048050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome coincides with the development of the nervous system in a timely, coordinated manner. Emerging studies suggest an active involvement of the microbiome and its metabolic by-products in regulating early brain development. However, any disruption during this early developmental process can negatively impact brain functionality, leading to a range of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD). In this review, we summarize recent evidence as to how the gut microbiome can influence the process of early human brain development and its association with major neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Further, we discuss how gut microbiome alterations can also play a role in inducing drug resistance in the affected individuals. We propose a model that establishes a direct link of microbiome dysbiosis with the exacerbated inflammatory state, leading to functional brain deficits associated with NPD. Based on the existing research, we discuss a framework whereby early diet intervention can boost mental wellness in the affected subjects and call for further research for a better understanding of mechanisms that govern the gut-brain axis may lead to novel approaches to the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somarani Dash
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- School of Biosciences and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mojibur R. Khan
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Mojibur R. Khan,
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Nylander E, Sparding T, Floros O, Rydén E, Landén M, Hansen S. The Quantified Behavioural Test Plus (QbTest+) in adult ADHD. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2036628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Nylander
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timea Sparding
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Orestis Floros
- Stockholm Center for Dependency Disorders, Lifestyle Treatment Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonore Rydén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Hansen
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gut microbiota and plasma cytokine levels in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:76. [PMID: 35197458 PMCID: PMC8866486 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood mental disorder with undetermined pathophysiological mechanisms. The gut microbiota and immunological dysfunction may influence brain functions and social behaviours. In the current study, we aimed to explore the correlation of gut microbiome imbalance and inflammation in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Forty-one children with ADHD and thirty-nine healthy-control (HC) individuals were recruited. Faecal samples from all participants were collected and submitted for 16 S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon microbiome sequencing analysis. The plasma levels of 10 cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, and MCP-1, were determined using a custom-made sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed by Luminex Flowmetrix. There was no significant difference between the ADHD and HC groups in species diversity in the faeces, as determined with α-diversity and β-diversity analysis. In the ADHD group, three differentially abundant taxonomic clades at the genus level were observed, namely Agathobacter, Anaerostipes, and Lachnospiraceae. Top differentially abundant bacteria and representative biological pathways were identified in children with ADHD using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe), and the phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis, respectively. The plasma levels of TNF-α were significantly lower in children with ADHD than in HCs. Within the ADHD group, the levels of TNF-α were negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms and diversity of the gut microbiome. Our study provides new insights into the association between gut microbiome dysbiosis and immune dysregulation, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Minocycline fails to treat chronic traumatic brain injury-induced impulsivity and attention deficits. Exp Neurol 2022; 348:113924. [PMID: 34774860 PMCID: PMC9295442 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacts millions worldwide and can cause lasting psychiatric symptoms. Chronic neuroinflammation is a characteristic of post-injury pathology and is also associated with psychiatric conditions such as ADHD and bipolar disorder. Therefore, the current study sought to determine whether TBI-induced impulsivity and inattention could be treated using minocycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties. Rats were trained on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRT), a measure of motor impulsivity and attention. After behavior was stable on the 5CSRT, rats received either a bilateral frontal TBI or sham procedure. Minocycline was given at either an early (1 h post-injury) or chronic (9 weeks post-injury) timepoint. Minocycline was delivered every 12 h for 5 days (45 mg/kg, i.p.). Behavioral testing on the 5CSRT began again after one week of recovery and continued for 12 more weeks, then rats were transcardially perfused. Impulsivity and inattention were both substantially increased following TBI. Minocycline had no therapeutic effects at either the early or late time points. TBI rats had increased lesion volume, but minocycline did not attenuate lesion size. Additionally, microglia count measured by IBA-1+ cells was only increased acutely after TBI, and minocycline did not differentially change the number of microglia in TBI rats. Despite this, minocycline had clear effects on the gut microbiome. Based on the results of this study, minocycline may have limited efficacy for post-injury psychiatric-like symptoms.
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Lanoye A, Adams E, Fuemmeler BF. Obesity and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:221-241. [PMID: 35505058 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An association between ADHD and obesity has been established throughout the past 20 years via animal model experiments and both correlational and longitudinal studies in humans. However, much remains to be determined regarding causality, developmental course, and effective treatments targeting both conditions. This chapter provides an overview and update on the current state of the science on the relationship between obesity and ADHD; expands the scope of the connection between obesity and ADHD to include behavioral components important to weight regulation - i.e., physical activity, eating behaviors, and sleep; and presents applications of these findings to treatment approaches and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Lanoye
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bernard F Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Kwon S, Cheon SY. Influence of the inflammasome complex on psychiatric disorders: clinical and preclinical studies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:897-907. [PMID: 34755582 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2005027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The innate immune complex, an inflammasome complex, has a role in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the inflammasome activation leads to psychiatric disorders and clinical studies have proved that specific psychiatric illnesses are associated with aberrant levels of inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome. The inflammasome complex could be a major factor in the progression and pathology of psychiatric disorders. AREA COVERED We discuss the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders with respect to the activation of the inflammasome complex. Inflammasome-associated inflammatory cytokines are observed in patients and animal models of psychiatric disorders. The article also reflects on inflammasome regulatory options for the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Relevant literature available on PubMed from 1992 to 2021 has been included in this review. EXPERT OPINION Modulating the inflammasome complex is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat symptom severity for patients with psychiatric disorders, particularly those with inflammasome-associated disorders. However, the nature of the psychiatric disorders should be considered when targeting inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghark Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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Pei-Chen Chang J. Personalised medicine in child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Focus on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ADHD. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100310. [PMID: 34589802 PMCID: PMC8474554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common childhood disorder with a prevalence rate of 5–10%. There have been many theories proposed to explain ADHD, and one of them focuses on the deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between EFA deficiency severity and ADHD symptoms, and a negative association between blood PUFAs levels and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, clinical studies have shown a promising effect of n-3 PUFAs in the treatment of both clinical and cognitive symptoms in children with ADHD. In addition, with the more relatively safe and tolerable properties of n-3 PUFAs when comparing with the standard pharmacotherapy, n-3 PUFAs may be a potential treatment option for children with ADHD. Of note, the association between n-3 PUFAs deficiency and ADHD has been suggested to involve several biological systems, including inflammation, dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and an imbalanced gut-microbiota axis (GBA). Thus, the biomarkers from these biological systems may serve as possible treatment response predictors of n-3 PUFAs in children with ADHD. Children with ADHD have lower levels of DHA, EPA and total n-3 PUFAs •N-3 PUFAs improved clinical and cognitive symptoms in children with ADHD •Inflammatory status and endogenous n-3 PUFAs levels may serve as treatment response predictors •N-3 PUFAs may be a treatment option for a subgroup of children with ADHD
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Lab (MBI-Lab) and Child Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Inflammation, Anxiety, and Stress in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101313. [PMID: 34680430 PMCID: PMC8533349 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and serious neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. Chronic and childhood stress is involved in ADHD development, and ADHD is highly comorbid with anxiety. Similarly, inflammatory diseases and a pro-inflammatory state have been associated with ADHD. However, while several works have studied the relationship between peripheral inflammation and stress in affective disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder, fewer have explored this association in ADHD. In this narrative review we synthetize evidence showing an interplay between stress, anxiety, and immune dysregulation in ADHD, and we discuss the implications of a potential disrupted neuroendocrine stress response in ADHD. Moreover, we highlight confounding factors and limitations of existing studies on this topic and critically debate multidirectional hypotheses that either suggest inflammation, stress, or anxiety as a cause in ADHD pathophysiology or inflammation as a consequence of this disease. Untangling these relationships will have diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications for ADHD patients.
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Methylphenidate ameliorates the homeostatic balance between levels of kynurenines in ADHD children. Psychiatry Res 2021; 303:114060. [PMID: 34175711 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism has been involved in ADHD We quantified basal levels and daily fluctuations of tryptophan and several kynurenine metabolites, as well as their changes after treatment with methylphenidate (MPH). A total of 179 children were recruited, grouped into ADHD (n = 130) and healthy controls (CG,n = 49). Blood samples were drawn at 20:00 and 09:00 h and only in the ADHD group after 4.63±2.3 months of treatment. Nocturnal urine was collected between both draws. Factorial analysis (Stata12.0) was performed with Groups, Time, Hour of Day and Depressive Symptoms (DS) as factors. MPH significantly increased plasma Kynurenic acid (2.4 ± 1.03/2.78±1.3 ng/mL; baseline/post-treatment, morning; z = 1.96,p<0.05) and Xanthurenic acid (2.39±0.95/2.88±1.19 ng/mL; baseline/post, morning; z = 2.7,p<0.007) levels, both with higher values in the evening. In DS+ patients, MPH caused a pronounced decrease in evening Anthranilic acid [3.08±5.02/ 1.82±1.46 ng/mL, z = 2.68,p = 0.0074] until matching values to other subgroups. In urine, MPH decreased the excretion of both Nicotinamide and Quinolinic acids, but only in the DS- subgroup. The kynurenine pathway may participate in the highly clinical favorable response to MPH. The observed changes could be considered as protective (i.e. increased plasma kynurenic acid vs. decreased quinolinic acid excretion) based on the knowledge of its physiological homeostatic functions.
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36
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Yokokura M, Takebasashi K, Takao A, Nakaizumi K, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Suzuki K, Nakamura K, Yamasue H, Ouchi Y. In vivo imaging of dopamine D1 receptor and activated microglia in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4958-4967. [PMID: 32439845 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the cortical dopamine system and microglial activation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of neurodevelopmental disorders that can be conventionally treated with a dopamine enhancer (methylphenidate) albeit unsatisfactorily. Here, we investigated the contributions of the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) and activated microglia and their interactions to the clinical severities in ADHD individuals using positron emission tomography (PET). Twenty-four psychotropic-naïve ADHD individuals and 24 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) subjects underwent PET measurements with [11C]SCH23390 for the D1R and [11C](R)PK11195 for activated microglia as well as assessments of clinical symptoms and cognitive functions. The ADHD individuals showed decreased D1R in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increased activated microglia in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compared with the TD subjects. The decreased D1R in the ACC was associated with severe hyperactivity in the participants with ADHD. Microglial activation in the DLPFC were associated with deficits in processing speed and attentional ability, and that in the OFC was correlated with lower processing speed in the ADHD individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations between the D1R and activated microglia in both the DLPFC and the OFC were found to be significantly specific to the ADHD group and not to the TD group. The current findings suggest that microglial activation and the D1R reduction as well as their aberrant interactions underpin the neurophysiological mechanism of ADHD and indicate these biomolecular changes as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yokokura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Takebasashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Nakaizumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Etsuji Yoshikawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masami Futatsubashi
- Global Strategic Challenge Center, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Hamamatsu PET Imaging Center, Hamamatsu Medical Photonics Foundation, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Cortisol and inflammatory biomarker levels in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:430. [PMID: 34413283 PMCID: PMC8377148 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported abnormal cortisol and inflammatory biomarker levels in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the results have not been conclusive. We conducted a systematic review followed by a meta-analysis of case-control studies assessing blood or saliva cortisol levels and blood levels of inflammatory biomarkers in youth with ADHD. The effect sizes (ES) were synthesized by using a random-effects model. In the 19 studies on cortisol levels (totaling n = 916 youth with ADHD and n = 947 typically developing (TD), healthy youth), youth with ADHD have lower basal cortisol levels at any time-points during the day (effect size: .68; p = 0.004) and lower cumulative levels of cortisol (ES: .39, p = .008) throughout the day than TD youth. Moreover, morning cortisol levels were lower in ADHD youth when compared with TD youth (14 studies, n = 1679, ES: .84, p = 0.003), while there is no difference for the afternoon cortisol levels (p = 0.48). The meta-analysis on inflammation biomarker was conducted on 4 studies (totaling n = 404 youth) showed that Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) was lower in ADHD when compared with TD (3 studies, n = 257 youth, p = 0.004), while no differences for Interleukin-1β(IL-1β) (p = 0.21), IL-6 (p = 0.09) and IL-10 (p = 0.77). The lower cortisol in the context of low TNF-α levels may indicate a specific pattern of biomarkers in ADHD, and further investigation is warranted.
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38
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Parsons C, Roberts R, Mills NT. Review: Inflammation and anxiety-based disorders in children and adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2021; 26:143-156. [PMID: 33200498 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety-based disorders are common and are often chronic with an onset during childhood or adolescence. An emerging literature has examined the role of inflammation in these disorders by measuring blood concentrations of inflammatory markers such as cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP) and immune markers such as white blood cell counts. However, existing results are inconsistent, with available meta-analyses only including adult populations. We believe this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate these inconsistencies among the population of children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic search of five electronic databases was conducted to identify studies which compared inflammatory markers between individuals with an anxiety-based disorder and healthy controls. Study quality was assessed, and pooled effect sizes (Hedges' g) were calculated using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Nine independent studies were identified. The combined meta-analysis of 16 cytokines and CRP was approaching significance; however, no significant between-group difference was observed for meta-analyses of individual inflammatory or immune markers. Heterogeneity was high, and quality assessments identified important limitations; primarily, small sample sizes and a lack of control over confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS Although no significant effects were observed, the small number of included studies and limitations in study or reporting quality render these findings provisional. Research in this area has the potential for important clinical implications in relation to therapeutic interventions. Important recommendations for further research are put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Parsons
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natalie T Mills
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Activation and deactivation steps in the tryptophan breakdown pathway in major depressive disorder: A link to the monocyte inflammatory state of patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110226. [PMID: 33346015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how the tryptophan (TRP) breakdown pathway relates to the activated inflammatory state of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We determined in two different cohorts of patients with MDD (n = 281) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 206) collected for the EU-MOODINFLAME project: We then correlated outcomes to each other, and to the clinical characteristics of patients. Both cohorts of patients differed clinically; patients of the Munich cohort (n = 50) were less overweight, less medicated, were less in the current episode and showed a higher HAM-D 17 score as compared with patients of the Muenster cohort (n = 231). An increased expression of ICCGs was found in the circulating monocytes of patients of both cohorts; this was in particular evident in the Munich cohort. In contrast, ISGs monocyte expression levels tended to be reduced (both cohorts). TRP serum levels were linked to the pro-inflammatory (ICCGs) monocyte state of patients; a decrease in TRP serum levels was found in the Munich cohort; TRP levels correlated negatively to patient's HAM-D 17 score. Contrary to what expected, KYN serum levels were not increased in patients (both cohorts); and an increased KYN/TRP ratio was only found in the Munich patients (who showed the lowest TRP serum levels). IDO-1 monocyte expression levels were decreased in patients (both cohorts) and negatively associated to their pro-inflammatory (ICCGs) monocyte state. Thus, a depletion of TRP via an ICCGs-inflammatory IDO activation is not likely in MDD. Downstream from KYN, and regarding compounds influencing glutamate receptors (GR), reduced serum levels of KYNA (NMDA-R antagonist), 3-HK (NMDA-R agonist), and XA (mGlu2/3 agonist) were found in patients of both cohorts; PIC serum levels (NMDA-R antagonist) were increased in patients of both cohorts. Reduced QUIN serum levels (NMDA-R agonist) were found in patients of the Muenster cohort,only. 3-HK levels correlated to the monocyte inflammatory ICCG state of patients. The ultimate effect on brain glutamate receptor triggering of this altered equilibrium between peripheral agonists and antagonists remains to be elucidated.
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Dursun S, Demirci E, Kilic E, Ozmen S. A Different View on the Etiopathogenesis of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder from an Inflammation Perspective. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:145-154. [PMID: 33508798 PMCID: PMC7851467 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a complex etiology and genetic, environmental and biological factors are considered to play a role in the etiology of ADHD by mutually interacting. Recent studies have emphasized that inflammation may be present in the etiology of ADHD. This study aims to investigate the possible role of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α molecules in the etiology of ADHD. Methods The study included 60 patients and 20 healthy controls between the ages of 6−18. Serum visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits at a biochemistry laboratory. Results The study showed no statistically significant difference between children with ADHD and healthy controls in terms of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels. When ADHD subgroups (combined and predominantly inattentive types) and the control group were compared in terms of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, no statistically significant difference was recorded. Conclusion Data on the relationship between ADHD and IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in this study are in compliance with the literature. However, no study was found on visfatin in ADHD. This study is the first one evaluating the ADHD-Visfatin relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semiha Dursun
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Demirci
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Eser Kilic
- Departments of Biochemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Ozmen
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri, Turkey
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Elsadek AE, Al-Shokary AH, Abdelghani WE, Kamal NM, Ibrahim AO, El-Shorbagy HH, Suliman HA, Barseem NF, Abdel Maksoud YH, Azab SM, Nour El Din DM. Serum Levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Pediatr Neurosci 2021; 15:402-408. [PMID: 33936305 PMCID: PMC8078629 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder in children, but its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Aims: The aims of this study were to measure the level of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as markers of immune system involvement in children with ADHD, and to study their correlation with symptoms severity of ADHD. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 80 children diagnosed as ADHD based on the criteria adapted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Eighty healthy children of matched age and sex served as a control group. All children enrolled in the study were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, and psychometric tests. Assay for serum IL-6 and TNF-α for all patients and controls was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean serum level of IL-6 was 26.11 ± 11.14 and 6.23 ± 2.52 in children with ADHD and controls, respectively. Children with ADHD showed significantly higher serum IL-6 levels than the control group (P = 0.001). Serum IL-6 showed no significant correlation with the intelligence quotient (IQ) or the Abbreviated Conners’ Rating Scale scores for parents. However, TNF-α showed no significant differences between the two groups and no significant correlation with the IQ or the Abbreviated Conners’ Rating Scale scores for parents. Conclusion: Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in children with ADHD compared to controls; however, the IL-6 levels did not correlate with ADHD symptoms severity. Increased IL-6 levels may contribute to the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naglaa M Kamal
- Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Alhada and Taif Armed Forces Hospitals, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hatem H El-Shorbagy
- Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen Elkom, Egypt.,Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Neurology, Alhada and Taif Armed Forces, Hospitals, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naglaa Fathy Barseem
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen Elkom, Egypt
| | | | - Sanaa M Azab
- Pediatric Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Current Evidence on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ADHD Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010249. [PMID: 33467150 PMCID: PMC7830868 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that the bidirectional relationship existent between the gut microbiome (GM) and the central nervous system (CNS), or so-called the microbiome–gut–brain axis (MGBA), is involved in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases in children and adults. In pediatric age, most studies have focused on patients with autism. However, evidence of the role played by the MGBA in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, is still scanty and heterogeneous. This review aims to provide the current evidence on the functioning of the MGBA in pediatric patients with ADHD and the specific role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in this interaction, as well as the potential of the GM as a therapeutic target for ADHD. We will explore: (1) the diverse communication pathways between the GM and the CNS; (2) changes in the GM composition in children and adolescents with ADHD and association with ADHD pathophysiology; (3) influence of the GM on the ω-3 PUFA imbalance characteristically found in ADHD; (4) interaction between the GM and circadian rhythm regulation, as sleep disorders are frequently comorbid with ADHD; (5) finally, we will evaluate the most recent studies on the use of probiotics in pediatric patients with ADHD.
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43
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Jin L, Hu Q, Hu Y, Chen Z, Liao W. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Reduces Kynurenic Acid Production and Reverses Th17/Treg Balance by Modulating Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Molecules in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926763. [PMID: 33262321 PMCID: PMC7720431 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes a world-wide medical and economic burden. This study analyzed the effects of RSV infection on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and evaluated the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection by measuring relative numbers of FoxP3+ Treg cells and Th17 cells. Material/Methods pDCs were isolated from human blood samples, purified using magnetic microbeads, and treated with RSV, IFN-γ, or vehicle. These cells were mixed with purified CD4+ T cells to yield preparations of pDCs+T cells+vehicle, pDCs+T cells+RSV, and pDCs+T cells+IFN-γ. Preparations of pDCs+T cells+RSV were also incubated with an inducer or an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Kynurenic acid concentration was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The differentiation of Foxp3+ Treg and Th17 cells from CD4+ T cells was determined by flow cytometry. Results pDCs were successfully isolated and purified using the magnetic microbeads. Compared with preparations of pDCs+T cells+vehicle, RSV infection (pDCs+T cells+RSV) significantly reduced and IFN-γ treatment (pDC+T cells+IFN-γ) increased kynurenic acid concentrations and the proportions of Foxp3+ Tregs (p<0.05 each). Conversely, RSV infection increased and IFN-γ treatment decreased the proportions of Th17 cells (p<0.05 each). RSV infection reduced kynurenic acid concentrations and inhibited the transformation from Th17 to Foxp3+ Tregs by modulating IDO molecules. Conclusions RSV infection reduced the production of kynurenic acid and inhibited transformation from Th17 to Foxp3+ Tregs (Th17/Treg balance) by modulating IDO molecules in pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Breastfeeding for 3 Months or Longer but Not Probiotics Is Associated with Reduced Risk for Inattention/Hyperactivity and Conduct Problems in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Children at Early Primary School Age. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113278. [PMID: 33114672 PMCID: PMC7693791 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We aimed to evaluate the effect of proposed “microbiome-stabilising interventions”, i.e., breastfeeding for ≥3 months and prophylactic use of Lactobacillus acidophilus/ Bifidobacterium infantis probiotics on neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes of very-low-birthweight (VLBW) children aged 5–6 years. (2) Methods: We performed a 5-year-follow-up assessment including a strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) and an intelligence quotient (IQ) assessment using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)-III test in preterm children previously enrolled in the German Neonatal Network (GNN). The analysis was restricted to children exposed to antenatal corticosteroids and postnatal antibiotics. (3) Results: 2467 primary school-aged children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In multivariable linear regression models breastfeeding ≥3 months was associated with lower conduct disorders (B (95% confidence intervals (CI)): −0.25 (−0.47 to −0.03)) and inattention/hyperactivity (−0.46 (−0.81 to −0.10)) as measured by SDQ. Probiotic treatment during the neonatal period had no effect on SDQ scores or intelligence. (4) Conclusions: Prolonged breastfeeding of highly vulnerable infants may promote their mental health later in childhood, particularly by reducing risk for inattention/hyperactivity and conduct disorders. Future studies need to disentangle the underlying mechanisms during a critical time frame of development.
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Corona JC. Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111039. [PMID: 33114154 PMCID: PMC7690797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. Although abnormalities in several brain regions and disturbances of the catecholaminergic pathway have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely understood, but as a multifactorial disorder, has been associated with an increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This review presents an overview of factors that increase oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and also the treatment with medications are two factors that can increase oxidative damage, whereas the comorbidity between ADHD and inflammatory disorders, altered immune response, genetic and environmental associations, and polymorphisms in inflammatory-related genes can increase neuroinflammation. Evidence of an association with these factors has become valuable for research on ADHD. Such evidence opens up new intervention routes for the use of natural products as antioxidants that could have potential as a treatment against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Kaas TH, Vinding RK, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Chawes BL. Association between childhood asthma and attention deficit hyperactivity or autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 51:228-252. [PMID: 32997856 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with asthma are at risk of depression and anxiety and growing evidence suggest they may also be at risk of attention deficit hyperreactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies investigating association between asthma and ADHD or ASD in children. METHODS A comprehensive search using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases was completed in March 2019. Observational human studies published in English, clinic-based or population-based with a healthy comparator group, evaluating asthma-ADHD or asthma-ASD overlap in children 18 years or younger using categorical diagnoses (yes/no) were considered for inclusion. Random effects meta-analysis models were used to analyse data. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 25 asthma-ADHD studies were included of which 17 showed significant positive associations and one a negative association: 17/25 studies were population-based, 19/25 were cross-sectional or cohort studies and 7/25 had a low risk of bias. We performed a meta-analysis of 23 of the studies, which showed a significant association between asthma and ADHD: odds ratio (OR) 1.52 (1.42-1.63), P < .001, I2 = 60%. All studies were adjusted for age and sex and a large proportion; that is, 19/23 were further adjusted for relevant confounders. Seventeen asthma-ASD studies were included, whereof 7 showed a positive association and 3 a negative association; 8/17 were population-based with a cross-sectional study design and 4/17 had a low risk of bias. We performed a meta-analysis of 14 of the studies, which did not show a significant association between asthma and ASD: OR 1.12 (0.93-1.34), P = .24, I2 = 89%. All studies were adjusted for age and sex and 10/14 were further adjusted for relevant confounders. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review with meta-analyses shows a significant overlap between asthma and ADHD, but not between asthma and ASD in children. Clinicians taking care of children with asthma or ADHD should be aware of such association to aid an early diagnosis and treatment of such comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine H Kaas
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca K Vinding
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo L Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Namjoo I, Alavi Naeini A, Najafi M, Aghaye Ghazvini MR, Hasanzadeh A. The Relationship Between Antioxidants and Inflammation in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:313-321. [PMID: 32963724 PMCID: PMC7502190 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies have identified Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as an inflammatory condition associated with immunological and oxidative responses. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these processes in these patients. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between the dietary intake of antioxidants, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity, and the serum levels of inflammatory factors in ADHD students. Methods This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 64 ADHD children aged 6 - 13 years. The demographic questionnaire, Food Frequency Questionnaire, and Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. SOD activity and the serum level of inflammatory factors (homocysteine, interleukin-6, and C-reactive Protein (CRP)) were measured in all patients. According to the CRP values, 32 patients were included in the case group (CRP≥1 mg/L) and 32 patients in the control group (0≤CRP<1 mg/L). Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index. In the case group, the mean SOD activity (P=0.034), the physical activity (P=0.04), zinc intake (P=0.02), and homocysteine levels were higher than the control group (P=0.001). Of all studied variables, the best predictors were homocysteine (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.082-1.670, P=0.029) and physical activity (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.761-0.952, P=0.022) respectively, whereas other variables were not significant predictors. Conclusion The present study showed that the level of inflammatory factors in the case group was significantly higher than the control group. Homocysteine and physical activity can predict the inflammation status induced by CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Namjoo
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirmansour Alavi Naeini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Najafi
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Martino D, Johnson I, Leckman JF. What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders? Front Neurol 2020; 11:567407. [PMID: 33041996 PMCID: PMC7525089 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.567407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The goal of this article is to review the past decade's literature and provide a critical commentary on the involvement of immunological mechanisms in normal brain development, as well as its role in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome, other Chronic tic disorders (CTD), and related neuropsychiatric disorders including Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: We conducted a literature search using the Medline/PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases to locate relevant articles and abstracts published between 2009 and 2020, using a comprehensive list of search terms related to immune mechanisms and the diseases of interest, including both clinical and animal model studies. Results: The cellular and molecular processes that constitute our "immune system" are crucial to normal brain development and the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is also increasingly evident that innate and adaptive systemic immune pathways, as well as neuroinflammatory mechanisms, play an important role in the pathobiology of at least a subset of individuals with Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders In the conceptual framework of the holobiont theory, emerging evidence points also to the importance of the "microbiota-gut-brain axis" in the pathobiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusions: Neural development is an enormously complex and dynamic process. Immunological pathways are implicated in several early neurodevelopmental processes including the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Hyper-reactivity of systemic immune pathways and neuroinflammation may contribute to the natural fluctuations of the core behavioral features of CTD, OCD, and ADHD. There is still limited knowledge of the efficacy of direct and indirect (i.e., through environmental modifications) immune-modulatory interventions in the treatment of these disorders. Future research also needs to focus on the key molecular pathways through which dysbiosis of different tissue microbiota influence neuroimmune interactions in these disorders, and how microbiota modification could modify their natural history. It is also possible that valid biomarkers will emerge that will guide a more personalized approach to the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Isaac Johnson
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Possible links between gut-microbiota and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children and adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3391-3403. [PMID: 32918136 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An association between gut-microbiota and several neuropsychiatric conditions including autism, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been observed. Despite being the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents worldwide, the etiology and curative approaches to treatment of ADHD remain unclear. There is a probability that gut-microbiota may contribute to ADHD via bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, a system known as the "gut-brain axis". Although a mechanistic link in the gut-brain axis in ADHD has been proposed, there is still a lack of information about the correlation of the microbiome profile with the mechanisms involved. The objective of this review was to summarize the diversity of the gut-microbiota and taxonomic profiles in children and adolescents with ADHD. In this review, we have provided an overview of the association between ADHD and gut-microbiota. The evidence pertinent to potentially distinctive gut-microbiota in children and adolescents with ADHD is also discussed and compared to that of their non-ADHD peers. Finally, the implications and future directions for investigation into the gut microbiome in ADHD patients are proposed.
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Effect of high-intensity interval training on clinical and laboratory parameters of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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