1
|
Yang M, Xu X, Lei H, Yang Z, Xie X, Gong Z. Polyunsaturated triacylglycerol accumulation mainly attributes to turnover of de novo-synthesized membrane lipids in stress-induced starchless Chlamydomonas. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:240. [PMID: 39317879 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Assembly of PUFA-attached TAGs is intimately correlated to turnover of newly formed membrane lipids in starch-deficient Chlamydomonas exposed to high light and nitrogen stress under air-aerated mixotrophic conditions. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in microalgae have attracted extensive attention due to its promising application in nutraceuticals and other high-value compounds. Previous studies revealed that PUFAs accumulated in TAG primarily derived from the dominant membrane lipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerolipid, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and diacylglycerol-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, their respective contribution to PUFA-attached TAG integration has not been clearly deciphered, particularly in starchless Chlamydomonas that hyper-accumulates TAG. In this study, the starchless C. reinhardtii BAFJ5 was mixotrophically cultivated in photobioreactors aerated with air (0.04% CO2), and we monitored the dynamic changes in growth, cellular carbon and nitrogen content, photosynthetic activity, biochemical compositions, and glycerolipid remodeling under high light and nitrogen starvation conditions. The results indicated that multiple PUFAs continually accumulated in total lipids and TAG, and the primary distributors of these PUFAs gradually shifted from membrane lipids to TAG in stress-induced BAFJ5. The stoichiometry analyses showed that the PUFA-attached TAG assembly attributed to turnover of not only the major glycerolipids, but also the phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol. Specifically, the augmented C16:3n3 and C18:3n3 in TAG mainly originated from de novo-synthesized galactolipids, while the cumulative C18:3n6 and C18:4n3 in TAG were intimately correlated with conversion of the newly formed DGTS and PE. These findings emphasized significance of PUFA-attached TAG formation dependent on turnover of de novo assembled membrane lipids in starch-deficient Chlamydomonas, beneficial for enhanced production of value-added lipids in microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Hengping Lei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Aquatic Germplasm Resource Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bajpai N, Bagchi D. Bioenergy feedstock production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (microalgae) cultivated under mixotrophic growth with cellulose hydrolysate from agricultural waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34258-x. [PMID: 38980485 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, cellulose purified from finger millet agricultural waste is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, and the hydrolysate (predominantly glucose) is used as a carbon source supplement in the media for the mixotrophic growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Interestingly, a switch between excess starch production and excess lipid (triacylglycerols, TAG) production occurs by a small change in hydrolysate concentration in the media. Starch production increased 4.5-fold with respect to the photoautotrophic control, with a glucose concentration of 3 mg/mL in the media after hydrolysate addition. This culture had TAG production enhancement by 1.5-fold. However, mixotrophic cultivation with 4 mg/mL glucose concentration in the media with hydrolysate addition resulted in TAG productivity enhancement by 4.2-fold compared to control and starch amount increase of 1.3-fold. The organic carbon source (glucose) and the inorganic carbon source (citrate ions) in the hydrolysate together played a role in this delicate switching between starch and lipid pathways. Proteins, starch, and TAG molecules are analyzed in the microalgal cells grown under different conditions with FTIR spectroscopy, a rapid, high-throughput method of biomolecular estimation. High-resolution single-cell AFM studies of the cell wall structure reveal enhanced corrugations in surface morphology during mixotrophic growth with cellulose hydrolysate, illustrating an adaptive mechanism with improved mechanical stress management. Lipid droplet morphology at the single-cell level points to two distinct mechanisms of lipid accumulation: one in which the lipids are segregated as droplets, and the other in which lipid molecules are uniformly dispersed in the cytosol as unresolved, ultra-small droplets. The present study therefore analyzes both the bulk and the single-cell level changes when cellulose hydrolysate is used as a carbon source for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mixotrophic cultivation, which serves a four-fold purpose: value from waste, fixation of atmospheric CO2, production of lipids for biodiesel, and starch for bioethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Bajpai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Debjani Bagchi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song K, Zhou Z, Huang Y, Chen L, Cong W. Multi-omics insights into the mechanism of the high-temperature tolerance in a thermotolerant Chlorella sorokiniana. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129859. [PMID: 37832851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving high-temperature tolerance of microalgae is crucial to enhance the robustness and economy of microalgae industrial production. Herein, a continuous adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) system was developed to generate the thermotolerant strain of Chlorella sorokiniana. The resulting thermotolerant strain TR42 exhibited excellent cell growth and biomass production at 42 °C, the temperature that the original strain (OS) could not survive. The high-temperature resistant mechanism of TR42 was investigated by integrating the physiology, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analyses, which involved enhancing antioxidant capacity, maintaining protein homeostasis, remodeling photosynthetic metabolism, and regulating the synthesis of heat-stress related metabolites. The proof-of-concept high-temperature outdoor cultivation demonstrated that TR42 exhibited 1.15- to 5.72-fold increases in biomass production and 1.62- to 7.04-fold increases in lipid productivity compared to those of OS, respectively, which provided a promising platform for microalgae industrial production. Thus, the multi-system thermotolerant mechanism of TR42 offered potential targets for enhancing high-temperature tolerance of microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li W, Jiang L, Chen Y, Li C, Li P, Yang Y, Chen J, Liu Q. Transcriptome Analysis Unveiled the Intricate Interplay between Sugar Metabolism and Lipid Biosynthesis in Symplocos paniculate Fruit. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2703. [PMID: 37514317 PMCID: PMC10385272 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Symplocos paniculate is an oil plant exhibiting tissue-specific variations in oil content and fatty acid composition across the whole fruit (mainly pulp and seed). And its oil synthesis is intricately linked to the accumulation and transformation of sugars. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of understanding regarding how sugar metabolism impacts oil synthesis in S. paniculate fruit. To unravel the intricate mechanism underlying the impact of sugar metabolism on lipid biosynthesis in S. paniculata fruit, a comparative analysis was conducted on the transcriptome and metabolite content of pulp and seed throughout fruit development. The findings revealed that the impact of sugar metabolism on oil synthesis varied across different stages of fruit development. Notably, during the early fruit developmental stage (from 90 to 120 DAF), pivotal genes involved in sugar metabolism, such as PGK3, PKP1, PDH-E1, MDH, and malQ, along with key genes associated with oil synthesis like KAR, HAD, and PAP were predominantly expressed in the pulp. Consequently, this preferential expression led to earlier accumulation of oil in the pulp tissue compared to the seed. Whereas, during the fruit maturity stage (from 120 DAF to 140 DAF), these genes exhibited a high level of expression in seed, thereby facilitating the rapid and substantial accumulation of seed oil compared to pulp. The sugar metabolism activity in various parts of S. paniculata fruit plays a pivotal role in oil synthesis and is contingent upon the developmental stage. These findings can offer alternative genes for further gene enhancement through molecular biotechnology, thereby augmenting fruit oil yield and altering fatty acid composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yunzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Peiwang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jingzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lima ADSP, Cahú TB, Dantas DMM, Veras BO, Oliveira CYB, Souza RS, Moraes LBS, Silva FCO, Araújo MIF, Gálvez AO, Souza RB. Accessing the biotechnological potential of a novel isolated microalga from a semi-arid region of Brazil. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023:10820132231186171. [PMID: 37408365 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231186171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of microalgae as a source of food and pharmaceutical ingredients has garnered growing interest in recent years. Despite the rapid growth of the nutraceutical market, knowledge about the potential of bioactive molecules from microalgae remains insufficient. The present study aimed to investigate the biotechnological potential of the green microalga Desmodesmus armatus isolated from a semi-arid region of Brazil. The algal biomass was characterized in terms of gross biochemical composition, exopolysaccharide content, enzymatic inhibition capacity, and antioxidant, antibacterial, and hemolytic activities from solvents of different polarities (water, ethanol, acetone, and hexane). D armatus biomass had 40% of crude protein content, 25.94% of lipids, and 25.03% of carbohydrates. The prebiotic potential of exopolysaccharides from D armatus was demonstrated, which stimulated the growth of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum bacteria strains. Moreover, the enzyme inhibition capacity for the proteases chymotrypsin (34.78%-45.8%) and pepsin (16.64%-27.27%), in addition to α-amylase (24.79%) and lipase (31.05%) was confirmed. The antioxidant potential varied between the different extracts, with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl sequestration values varying between 17.51% and 63.12%, and those of the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method between 6.82% and 22.89%. In the antibacterial activity test, only the ethanolic extract showed inhibition against Listeria sp. (at minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 256 µg mL-1). This fraction also presented the highest significant levels of hemolysis (31.88%-52.45%). In summary, the data presented in the study suggest the presence of biocompounds with biotechnological and nutraceutical potential in the D armatus biomass. Future studies may evaluate the inclusion of this biomass in foods in order to increase their biological value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alysson de Sá P Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago B Cahú
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Danielli M M Dantas
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruno O Veras
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Y B Oliveira
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rayanna S Souza
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Laenne B S Moraes
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Francisca C O Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria I F Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Alfredo O Gálvez
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ranilson B Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sahoo S, Khuswaha GS, Misra N, Suar M. Exploiting AGPase genes and encoded proteins to prioritize development of optimum engineered strains in microalgae towards sustainable biofuel production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:209. [PMID: 37237168 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), with two large subunits (ls) and two small subunits (ss), is a promising knockout target for increasing the neutral lipid content, the details regarding the sequence-structure features and their distribution within metabolic system in microalgae is rather limited. Against this backdrop, a comprehensive genome-wide comparative analysis on 14 sequenced microalgal genomes was performed. For the first time the heterotetrameric structure of the enzyme and the interaction of the catalytic unit with the substrate was also studied. Novel findings of the present study includes: (i) at the DNA level, the genes controlling the ss are more conserved than those controlling the ls; the variation in both the gene groups is mainly due to exon number, exon length and exon phase distribution; (ii) at protein level, the ss genes are more conserved relative to those for ls; (III) three putative key consensus sequences 'LGGGAGTRLYPLTKNRAKPAV', 'WFQGTADAV' and 'ASMGIYVFRKD' were ubiquitously conserved in all the AGPases; (iv) molecular dynamics investigations revealed that the modeled AGPase heterotetrameric structure, from oleaginous algae Chlamydomonas reinharditii, was completely stable in real time environment; (v) The binding interfaces of catalytic unit, ssAGPase, from C. reinharditii with α-D-glucose 1-phosphate (αGP) was also analyzed. The results of the present study have provided system-based insights into the structure-function of the genes and encoded proteins, which provided clues for exploitation of variability in these genes that, could be further utilized to design site-specific mutagenic experiments for engineering of microalgal strains towards sustainable development of biofuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susrita Sahoo
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Gajraj Singh Khuswaha
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Danaeifar M, Ocheje OM, Mazlomi MA. Exploitation of renewable energy sources for water desalination using biological tools. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32193-32213. [PMID: 36725802 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emerging impacts of climate change and the growing world population are driving the demand for more food resources and creating an urgent need for new water resources. About 93% of Earth's surface is made up of water bodies, mainly oceans. Seawater attracted a lot of attention in order to be used as a sustainable source of usable water. However, an essential step in harnessing this source of water is desalination. Utilizing renewable sources of energy, biology offers several tools for removal of salts. This article for the first time reviews all currently available biological water desalination tools and compares their efficiency with industrial systems. Bacteria are employed as electrical power generators to provide the energy needed for desalination in microbial desalination cells. Its salt removal efficiency varied from 0.8 to 30 g/L/d. Many strains of algal cells can grow in high concentrations of salts, adsorb and accumulate it inside the cell, and therefore could be used without prior treatment for seawater desalination. This biological tool can yield salt removal efficiency of 0.4-5 g/L/d. Biopolymers are also used for treatment of seawater through enhancing water evaporation as a component of solar steam generators. Despite significant advances in biological water desalination, further modifications and improvements are still needed to make its use sustainable and cost-effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Danaeifar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Onuche Musa Ocheje
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao W, Guan Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Fu Z, Zhang Z. Treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater by heterotrophic N- and P-starved microalgal cell. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1477-1490. [PMID: 36692514 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two major pollutants present in aquaculture wastewater, and their concentrations often do not meet discharge standards. In the present study, the N and P removal efficiency of nutrient-deficient cells (S group) was significantly higher than that of photoautotrophic cells (P group) and heterotrophic cells (H group). After incubation with wastewater, the N and P content of S group cells was significantly increased and reached a level similar to that of the P group and H group cells after 6 days of treatment. Additionally, in the S group cells, the content of total fatty acids (TFAs), which can be used to supply energy and organic carbon for N and P absorption, significantly decreased. In addition, the protein and nucleic acid contents of the S group cells also significantly increased, which revealed the biosynthetic flow of assimilated N and P. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that compared with the P group and H group, the N metabolism, ribosome, RNA polymerase, and fatty acid degradation pathways were significantly upregulated in the S group cells, and the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway was significantly downregulated, which was in agreement with the biochemical results. In summary, our study showed that N- and P-starved heterotrophic cells are ideal for use in wastewater N and P removal processes. Keypoints • The N and P removal efficiencies of the S group were higher than P and H groups • Fatty acids were degraded to supply energy and carbon for N and P absorption • N metabolism and fatty acid degradation pathways were upregulated in the S group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizheng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yueqiang Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.,Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhongxiang Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China. .,Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thiviyanathan VA, Ker PJ, Amin EPP, Tang SGH, Yee W, Jamaludin MZ. Quantifying Microalgae Growth by the Optical Detection of Glucose in the NIR Waveband. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031318. [PMID: 36770982 PMCID: PMC9921349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have become a popular area of research over the past few decades due to their enormous benefits to various sectors, such as pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and food and feed. Nevertheless, the benefits of microalgae cannot be fully exploited without the optimization of their upstream production. The growth of microalgae is commonly measured based on the optical density of the sample. However, the presence of debris in the culture and the optical absorption of the intercellular components affect the accuracy of this measurement. As a solution, this paper introduces the direct optical detection of glucose molecules at 940-960 nm to accurately measure the growth of microalgae. In addition, this paper also discusses the effects of the presence of glucose on the absorption of free water molecules in the culture. The potential of the optical detection of glucose as a complement to the commonly used optical density measurement at 680 nm is discussed in this paper. Lastly, a few recommendations for future works are presented to further verify the credibility of glucose detection for the accurate determination of microalgae's growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pin Jern Ker
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (P.J.K.); (S.G.H.T.)
| | - Eric P. P. Amin
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shirley Gee Hoon Tang
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (P.J.K.); (S.G.H.T.)
| | - Willy Yee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - M. Z. Jamaludin
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Lan C, Li X, Hu Z, Jia B. A review on design-build-test-learn cycle to potentiate progress in isoprenoid engineering of photosynthetic microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127981. [PMID: 36130687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the generation of isoprenoid factories in microalgae relies on two strategies: 1) enhanced production of endogenous isoprenoids; or 2) production of heterologous terpenes by metabolic engineering. Nevertheless, low titers and productivity are still a feature of isoprenoid biotechnology and need to be addressed. In this context, the mechanisms underlying isoprenoid biosynthesis in microalgae and its relationship with central carbon metabolism are reviewed. Developments in microalgal biotechnology are discussed, and a new approach of integrated "design-build-test-learn" cycle is advocated to the trends, challenges and prospects involved in isoprenoid engineering. The emerging and promising strategies and tools are discussed for microalgal engineering in the future. This review encourages a systematic engineering perspective aimed at potentiating progress in isoprenoid engineering of photosynthetic microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chengxiang Lan
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Jia
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu Z, Sun J, Fa Y, Liu X, Lindblad P. Enhancing microalgal lipid accumulation for biofuel production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1024441. [PMID: 36299727 PMCID: PMC9588965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have high lipid accumulation capacity, high growth rate and high photosynthetic efficiency which are considered as one of the most promising alternative sustainable feedstocks for producing lipid-based biofuels. However, commercialization feasibility of microalgal biofuel production is still conditioned to the high production cost. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae play a significant role in boosting the economics of biofuel production based on microalgal lipid. The major challenge of enhancing microalgal lipid accumulation lies in overcoming the trade-off between microalgal cell growth and lipid accumulation. Substantial approaches including genetic modifications of microalgal strains by metabolic engineering and process regulations of microalgae cultivation by integrating multiple optimization strategies widely applied in industrial microbiology have been investigated. In the present review, we critically discuss recent trends in the application of multiple molecular strategies to construct high performance microalgal strains by metabolic engineering and synergistic strategies of process optimization and stress operation to enhance microalgal lipid accumulation for biofuel production. Additionally, this review aims to emphasize the opportunities and challenges regarding scaled application of the strategic integration and its viability to make microalgal biofuel production a commercial reality in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yun Fa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Xufeng Liu,
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Peter Lindblad,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Trovão M, Schüler LM, Machado A, Bombo G, Navalho S, Barros A, Pereira H, Silva J, Freitas F, Varela J. Random Mutagenesis as a Promising Tool for Microalgal Strain Improvement towards Industrial Production. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:440. [PMID: 35877733 PMCID: PMC9318807 DOI: 10.3390/md20070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have become a promising novel and sustainable feedstock for meeting the rising demand for food and feed. However, microalgae-based products are currently hindered by high production costs. One major reason for this is that commonly cultivated wildtype strains do not possess the robustness and productivity required for successful industrial production. Several strain improvement technologies have been developed towards creating more stress tolerant and productive strains. While classical methods of forward genetics have been extensively used to determine gene function of randomly generated mutants, reverse genetics has been explored to generate specific mutations and target phenotypes. Site-directed mutagenesis can be accomplished by employing different gene editing tools, which enable the generation of tailor-made genotypes. Nevertheless, strategies promoting the selection of randomly generated mutants avoid the introduction of foreign genetic material. In this paper, we review different microalgal strain improvement approaches and their applications, with a primary focus on random mutagenesis. Current challenges hampering strain improvement, selection, and commercialization will be discussed. The combination of these approaches with high-throughput technologies, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting, as tools to select the most promising mutants, will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Trovão
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril s/n, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal; (M.T.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (J.S.)
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.M.S.); (G.B.); (S.N.); (H.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Lisa M. Schüler
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.M.S.); (G.B.); (S.N.); (H.P.)
| | - Adriana Machado
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril s/n, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal; (M.T.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Gabriel Bombo
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.M.S.); (G.B.); (S.N.); (H.P.)
| | - Sofia Navalho
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.M.S.); (G.B.); (S.N.); (H.P.)
| | - Ana Barros
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril s/n, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal; (M.T.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Hugo Pereira
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.M.S.); (G.B.); (S.N.); (H.P.)
| | - Joana Silva
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril s/n, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal; (M.T.); (A.M.); (A.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Filomena Freitas
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Varela
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.M.S.); (G.B.); (S.N.); (H.P.)
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bleisch R, Freitag L, Ihadjadene Y, Sprenger U, Steingröwer J, Walther T, Krujatz F. Strain Development in Microalgal Biotechnology-Random Mutagenesis Techniques. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12070961. [PMID: 35888051 PMCID: PMC9315690 DOI: 10.3390/life12070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass and metabolites can be used as a renewable source of nutrition, pharmaceuticals and energy to maintain or improve the quality of human life. Microalgae’s high volumetric productivity and low impact on the environment make them a promising raw material in terms of both ecology and economics. To optimize biotechnological processes with microalgae, improving the productivity and robustness of the cell factories is a major step towards economically viable bioprocesses. This review provides an overview of random mutagenesis techniques that are applied to microalgal cell factories, with a particular focus on physical and chemical mutagens, mutagenesis conditions and mutant characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bleisch
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (R.B.); (L.F.); (Y.I.); (U.S.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Leander Freitag
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (R.B.); (L.F.); (Y.I.); (U.S.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Yob Ihadjadene
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (R.B.); (L.F.); (Y.I.); (U.S.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Una Sprenger
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (R.B.); (L.F.); (Y.I.); (U.S.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Juliane Steingröwer
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (R.B.); (L.F.); (Y.I.); (U.S.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Thomas Walther
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (R.B.); (L.F.); (Y.I.); (U.S.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Felix Krujatz
- Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (R.B.); (L.F.); (Y.I.); (U.S.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
- Biotopa gGmbH—Center for Applied Aquaculture & Bioeconomy, 01454 Radeberg, Germany
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz, 02763 Zittau, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang M, Xie X, Kong FT, Xie KP, Yu SH, Ma JY, Xue S, Gong Z. Differences in Glycerolipid Response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Starchless Mutant to High Light and Nitrogen Deprivation Stress Under Three Carbon Supply Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860966. [PMID: 35599875 PMCID: PMC9120814 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon source serves as a crucial factor for microalgal lipid biosynthesis. The supplied exogenous inorganic or organic carbon affects lipid accumulation in microalgae under stress conditions. However, the impacts of different carbon availability on glycerolipid metabolism, triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in particular, still remain elusive in microalgae. Chlamydomonas starchless mutant BAFJ5 has emerged as a model system to study TAG metabolism, due to its property of hyper-accumulating TAG. In this study, the glycerolipidomic response of the starchless BAFJ5 to high light and nitrogen-deprived (HL-N) stress was deciphered in detail to distinguish glycerolipid metabolism under three carbon supply regimes. The results revealed that the autotrophically and mixotrophically grown BAFJ5 cells aerated with air containing 2% CO2 presented similar changes in growth, photosynthetic activity, biochemical components, and glycerolipid metabolism under HL-N conditions. But the mixotrophically grown BAFJ5 aerated with air containing 0.04% CO2 exhibited more superior accumulation in TAG, which was esterified with a significantly higher proportion of C18:1n9 and prominently the lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, these cells increased the relative levels of C18:2n6 in the membrane lipids, i.e., monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), in priority, and decreased that of C18:3n3 and C18:4n3 in the betaine lipid, N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine diacylglycerol (DGTS), subsequently, to adapt to the HL-N stress conditions, compared to the cells under the other two conditions. Thus, it was suggested that C. reinhardtii starchless mutant appeared to present distinct metabolism for TAG biosynthesis involving membrane lipid remodeling under distinct carbon supply regimes. This study provides insights into how the different carbon supply regimes affect lipid metabolism in Chlamydomonas starchless cells, which will benefit the optimized production of storage lipids in microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Polypeptide Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Fan-Tao Kong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Kun-Peng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Polypeptide Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Si-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Polypeptide Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Yi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Polypeptide Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Polypeptide Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Perin G, Gambaro F, Morosinotto T. Knowledge of Regulation of Photosynthesis in Outdoor Microalgae Cultures Is Essential for the Optimization of Biomass Productivity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:846496. [PMID: 35444673 PMCID: PMC9014180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.846496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a sustainable source of biomass that can be exploited for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic applications, as well as for food, feed, chemicals, and energy. To make microalgae applications economically competitive and maximize their positive environmental impact, it is however necessary to optimize productivity when cultivated at a large scale. Independently from the final product, this objective requires the optimization of biomass productivity and thus of microalgae ability to exploit light for CO2 fixation. Light is a highly variable environmental parameter, continuously changing depending on seasons, time of the day, and weather conditions. In microalgae large scale cultures, cell self-shading causes inhomogeneity in light distribution and, because of mixing, cells move between different parts of the culture, experiencing abrupt changes in light exposure. Microalgae evolved multiple regulatory mechanisms to deal with dynamic light conditions that, however, are not adapted to respond to the complex mixture of natural and artificial fluctuations found in large-scale cultures, which can thus drive to oversaturation of the photosynthetic machinery, leading to consequent oxidative stress. In this work, the present knowledge on the regulation of photosynthesis and its implications for the maximization of microalgae biomass productivity are discussed. Fast mechanisms of regulations, such as Non-Photochemical-Quenching and cyclic electron flow, are seminal to respond to sudden fluctuations of light intensity. However, they are less effective especially in the 1-100 s time range, where light fluctuations were shown to have the strongest negative impact on biomass productivity. On the longer term, microalgae modulate the composition and activity of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental conditions, an acclimation response activated also in cultures outdoors. While regulation of photosynthesis has been investigated mainly in controlled lab-scale conditions so far, these mechanisms are highly impactful also in cultures outdoors, suggesting that the integration of detailed knowledge from microalgae large-scale cultivation is essential to drive more effective efforts to optimize biomass productivity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dang BT, Bui XT, Tran DPH, Hao Ngo H, Nghiem LD, Hoang TKD, Nguyen PT, Nguyen HH, Vo TKQ, Lin C, Yi Andrew Lin K, Varjani S. Current application of algae derivatives for bioplastic production: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126698. [PMID: 35026424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improper use of conventional plastics poses challenges for sustainable energy and environmental protection. Algal derivatives have been considered as a potential renewable biomass source for bioplastic production. Algae derivatives include a multitude of valuable substances, especially starch from microalgae, short-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from cyanobacteria, polysaccharides from marine and freshwater macroalgae. The algae derivatives have the potential to be used as key ingredients for bioplastic production, such as starch and PHAs or only as an additive such as sulfated polysaccharides. The presence of distinctive functional groups in algae, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfate, can be manipulated or tailored to provide desirable bioplastic quality, especially for food, pharmaceutical, and medical packaging. Standardizing strains, growing conditions, harvesting and extracting algae in an environmentally friendly manner would be a promising strategy for pollution control and bioplastic production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Trong Dang
- HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - Duyen P H Tran
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Thi-Khanh-Dieu Hoang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Phuong-Thao Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUHCM), Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet street, district 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Hai H Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Kim-Quyen Vo
- Faculty of Environment - Natural Resources and Climate Change, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), 140 Le Trong Tan street, Tay Thanh ward, Tan Phu district, Ho Chi Minh city 700000, Vietnam
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kun Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382010, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carino JDG, Vital PG. Characterization of isolated UV-C-irradiated mutants of microalga Chlorella vulgaris for future biofuel application. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 25:1258-1275. [PMID: 35002483 PMCID: PMC8723916 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-02091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based biofuel is considered as one of the most promising sources of alternative energy because it is sustainable and does not pose threats to the environment and food security. However, attempts in improving microalgal strains to attain the ideal characteristics for biofuel application are yet to unravel. In this study, random UV-C mutagenesis was employed to generate starch-deficient mutants of indigenous Chlorella vulgaris to enhance its productivity. Out of 872 colonies, two isolated mutants (cvm5 and cvm6) were isolated and showed significant increase in cell concentrations by > 1.47-fold and > 1.04-fold, respectively. However, mutant cells exhibited smaller in size which might contributed to the significant decrease in their biomass. Moreover, gathered data revealed that the total lipid content of cvm5 was enhanced significantly (75%, > 1.3-fold increase). Additionally, triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the said mutant constitutes 48% of the dry cell weight (DCW) while cvm6 consist of 41% of the DCW. These promising and novel findings suggest that the two generated and isolated mutants are good candidates for future commercial biofuel production, especially in the Philippines. In addition, these findings may contribute on the prior knowledge of the usage of UV-C for microalgal strain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessa DG. Carino
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Pierangeli G. Vital
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wurm H, Sandmann M. Establishment of a simple method to evaluate mixing times in a plastic bag photobioreactor using image processing based on freeware tools. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:470. [PMID: 34965888 PMCID: PMC8715616 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Accurate determination of the mixing time in bioreactors is essential for the optimization of the productivity of bioprocesses. The aim of this work was to develop a simple optical method to determine the mixing time in a photobioreactor. The image processing method should be based on freeware tools, should not require programming skills, and thus could be used in education within high schools and in early stages of undergraduate programs. Results An optical method has been established to analyze images from recorded videos of mixing experiments. The steps are: 1. Extraction of a sequence of images from the video file; 2. Cropping of the pictures; 3. Background removal; and 4. Image analysis and mixing time evaluation based on quantification of pixel-to-pixel heterogeneity within a given area of interest. The novel method was generally able to track the dependency between aeration rate and mixing time within the investigated photobioreactor. In direct comparison, a pearson correlation coefficient of rho = 0.99 was obtained. Gas flow rates between 10 L h−1, and 300 L h−1 resulted from mixing times of between 48 and 14 s, respectively. This technique is applicable without programming skills and can be used in education with inexperienced user groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Wurm
- University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sandmann
- University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033, Neubrandenburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tedeschi AM, Di Caprio F, Piozzi A, Pagnanelli F, Francolini I. Sustainable Bioactive Packaging Based on Thermoplastic Starch and Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010178. [PMID: 35008606 PMCID: PMC8745059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study combines the use of corn starch and Tetradesmus obliquus microalgae for the production of antioxidant starch films as flexible packaging material. Starch was plasticized with glycerol and blended with 1 w% polyallylamine chosen as an agent to modify the film physical properties. The addition of polyallylamine improved film water stability and water vapor transmission rate as well as mechanical stiffness and tenacity. The dried Tetradesmus obliquus microalgae, which showed an EC50 value of 2.8 mg/mg DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), was then used as antioxidant filler. The addition of microalgae provided the films with good antioxidant activity, which increased with microalgae content increasing. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the development of sustainable bioactive packaging films composed of almost 100% starch, and follows the European union's goals on plastics strategy concerning the promotion of bio-based, compostable plastics and the setting up of approaches to prevent food waste with a simple plastic packaging.
Collapse
|
20
|
Genetic engineering of microalgae for enhanced lipid production. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107836. [PMID: 34534633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have the potential to become microbial cell factories for lipid production. Their ability to convert sunlight and CO2 into valuable lipid compounds has attracted interest from cosmetic, biofuel, food and feed industries. In order to make microalgae-derived products cost-effective and commercially competitive, enhanced growth rates and lipid productivities are needed, which require optimization of cultivation systems and strain improvement. Advances in genetic tool development and omics technologies have increased our understanding of lipid metabolism, which has opened up possibilities for targeted metabolic engineering. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview on the developments made to genetically engineer microalgal strains over the last 30 years. We focus on the strategies that lead to an increased lipid content and altered fatty acid profile. These include the genetic engineering of the fatty acid synthesis pathway, Kennedy pathway, polyunsaturated fatty acid and triacylglycerol metabolisms and fatty acid catabolism. Moreover, genetic engineering of specific transcription factors, NADPH generation and central carbon metabolism, which lead to increase of lipid accumulation are also reviewed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sandmann M, Smetana S, Heinz V, Rohn S. Comparative life cycle assessment of a mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor and a tubular glass photobioreactor for the production of bioactive algae extracts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125657. [PMID: 34332441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at the comparison of two different photobioreactors with focus on technology and sustainability. The mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor (MUTL-PBR) exhibited around 3-fold biomass based space-time-yield and an around 10-fold specific antioxidant capacity than the traditional reference photobioreactor. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was done under autotrophic conditions in both pilot scale reactors with focus on biomass production and on antioxidant capacity of the biomass, respectively. Biomass production within the reference reactor showed a lower environmental impact in most categories. A significantly higher energy demand for mixing and cooling of the cell suspension within the MUTL-PBR is the major reason for its environmental burden. This relates to high impacts in the categories "non-renewable energy" and "global warming potential" per kg biomass. Comparing algal antioxidant capacity, environmental impact of the MUTL cultivation was 5-10 times lower. This clearly illustrates the potential of MUTL-PBR for sustainable production of bioactive substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sandmann
- University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, D-17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany.
| | - Sergiy Smetana
- German Institute of Food Technologies - DIL e.V., Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, D-49610 Quakenbrueck, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies - DIL e.V., Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, D-49610 Quakenbrueck, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research ILU e.V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, TIB 4/3-1, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vieira BB, Soares J, Amorim ML, Bittencourt PVQ, de Cássia Superbi R, de Oliveira EB, dos Reis Coimbra JS, Martins MA. Optimized extraction of neutral carbohydrates, crude lipids and photosynthetic pigments from the wet biomass of the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus BR003. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Di Caprio F. A fattening factor to quantify the accumulation ability of microorganisms under N-starvation. N Biotechnol 2021; 66:70-78. [PMID: 33862285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms can accumulate biomass in the form of lipids and polysaccharides, which can be used for biofuels, bioplastics, food and feed. Some innovative bioprocesses exploit the competitive advantage provided by such accumulation ability, mainly under N-starvation, to select high-accumulating strains against biological contaminants, by using uncoupled nutrient feeding. However, there is no general and easily comparable parameter available to compare biomass accumulation ability among different microbial strains, which could measure the competitive advantage. Here, a parameter termed "fattening factor" (ηx) is described to quantify such strain-specific biomass accumulation ability in bacteria, yeasts and microalgae. This parameter measures how many fold a microbial population can increase its biomass just as the result of accumulation. It is derived from considerations about the main metabolic aspects of cells' response to N-starvation, which induces variations in cell cycle, biomass production and biochemical composition. The fattening factor described here should be easily estimatable in N-starvation for every culturable microbial strain, by measuring the amount of accumulated biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Di Caprio
- Department of Chemistry, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Enhancing carbohydrate repartitioning into lipid and carotenoid by disruption of microalgae starch debranching enzyme. Commun Biol 2021; 4:450. [PMID: 33837247 PMCID: PMC8035404 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Light/dark cycling is an inherent condition of outdoor microalgae cultivation, but is often unfavorable for lipid accumulation. This study aims to identify promising targets for metabolic engineering of improved lipid accumulation under outdoor conditions. Consequently, the lipid-rich mutant Chlamydomonas sp. KOR1 was developed through light/dark-conditioned screening. During dark periods with depressed CO2 fixation, KOR1 shows rapid carbohydrate degradation together with increased lipid and carotenoid contents. KOR1 was subsequently characterized with extensive mutation of the ISA1 gene encoding a starch debranching enzyme (DBE). Dynamic time-course profiling and metabolomics reveal dramatic changes in KOR1 metabolism throughout light/dark cycles. During light periods, increased flux from CO2 through glycolytic intermediates is directly observed to accompany enhanced formation of small starch-like particles, which are then efficiently repartitioned in the next dark cycle. This study demonstrates that disruption of DBE can improve biofuel production under light/dark conditions, through accelerated carbohydrate repartitioning into lipid and carotenoid.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chakdar H, Hasan M, Pabbi S, Nevalainen H, Shukla P. High-throughput proteomics and metabolomic studies guide re-engineering of metabolic pathways in eukaryotic microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124495. [PMID: 33307484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae are a rich source of commercially important metabolites including lipids, pigments, sugars, amino acids and enzymes. However, their inherent genetic potential is usually not enough to support high level production of metabolites of interest. In order to move on from the traditional approach of improving product yields by modification of the cultivation conditions, understanding the metabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of the bioproducts of interest is crucial. Identification of new targets for strain engineering has been greatly facilitated by the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing and spectroscopic techniques discussed in this review. Despite the availability of high throughput analytical tools, examples of gathering and application of proteomic and metabolomic data for metabolic engineering of microalgae are few and mainly limited to lipid production. The present review highlights the application of contemporary proteomic and metabolomic techniques in eukaryotic microalgae for redesigning pathways for enhanced production of algal metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hillol Chakdar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 275103, India
| | - Mafruha Hasan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sunil Pabbi
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India; School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shaikh KM, Kumar P, Nesamma AA, Abdin MZ, Jutur PP. Hybrid genome assembly and functional annotation reveals insights on lipid biosynthesis of oleaginous native isolate Parachlorella kessleri, a potential industrial strain for production of biofuel precursors. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
27
|
Study on high-CO2 tolerant Scenedesmus sp. and its mechanism via comparative transcriptomic analysis. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
28
|
Ortseifen V, Viefhues M, Wobbe L, Grünberger A. Microfluidics for Biotechnology: Bridging Gaps to Foster Microfluidic Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:589074. [PMID: 33282849 PMCID: PMC7691494 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.589074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics and novel lab-on-a-chip applications have the potential to boost biotechnological research in ways that are not possible using traditional methods. Although microfluidic tools were increasingly used for different applications within biotechnology in recent years, a systematic and routine use in academic and industrial labs is still not established. For many years, absent innovative, ground-breaking and “out-of-the-box” applications have been made responsible for the missing drive to integrate microfluidic technologies into fundamental and applied biotechnological research. In this review, we highlight microfluidics’ offers and compare them to the most important demands of the biotechnologists. Furthermore, a detailed analysis in the state-of-the-art use of microfluidics within biotechnology was conducted exemplarily for four emerging biotechnological fields that can substantially benefit from the application of microfluidic systems, namely the phenotypic screening of cells, the analysis of microbial population heterogeneity, organ-on-a-chip approaches and the characterisation of synthetic co-cultures. The analysis resulted in a discussion of potential “gaps” that can be responsible for the rare integration of microfluidics into biotechnological studies. Our analysis revealed six major gaps, concerning the lack of interdisciplinary communication, mutual knowledge and motivation, methodological compatibility, technological readiness and missing commercialisation, which need to be bridged in the future. We conclude that connecting microfluidics and biotechnology is not an impossible challenge and made seven suggestions to bridge the gaps between those disciplines. This lays the foundation for routine integration of microfluidic systems into biotechnology research procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Ortseifen
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology/CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martina Viefhues
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanosciences, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lutz Wobbe
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology/CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Azaman SNA, Wong DCJ, Tan SW, Yusoff FM, Nagao N, Yeap SK. De novo transcriptome analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana: effect of glucose assimilation, and moderate light intensity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17331. [PMID: 33060668 PMCID: PMC7562877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella can produce an unusually wide range of metabolites under various nutrient availability, carbon source, and light availability. Glucose, an essential molecule for the growth of microorganisms, also contributes significantly to the metabolism of various metabolic compounds produced by Chlorella. In addition, manipulation of light intensity also induces the formation of secondary metabolites such as pigments, and carotenoids in Chlorella. This study will focus on the effect of glucose addition, and moderate light on the regulation of carotenoid, lipid, starch, and other key metabolic pathways in Chlorella sorokiniana. To gain knowledge about this, we performed transcriptome profiling on C. sorokiniana strain NIES-2168 in response to moderate light stress supplemented with glucose under mixotrophic conditions. A total of 60,982,352 raw paired-end (PE) reads 100 bp in length was obtained from both normal, and mixotrophic samples of C. sorokiniana. After pre-processing, 93.63% high-quality PE reads were obtained, and 18,310 predicted full-length transcripts were assembled. Differential gene expression showed that a total of 937, and 1124 genes were upregulated, and downregulated in mixotrophic samples, respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the mixotrophic condition caused upregulation of genes involved in carotenoids production (specifically lutein biosynthesis), fatty acid biosynthesis, TAG accumulation, and the majority of the carbon fixation pathways. Conversely, starch biosynthesis, sucrose biosynthesis, and isoprenoid biosynthesis were downregulated. Novel insights into the pathways that link the enhanced production of valuable metabolites (such as carotenoids in C. sorokiniana) grown under mixotrophic conditions is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Ani Azaman
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules (VacBio), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah M Yusoff
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norio Nagao
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- , 102 Naname-go, Shinkamigoto-cho, Minami Matsuura-Gun, Nagasaki, 857-4214, Japan
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gomes Gradíssimo D, Pereira Xavier L, Valadares Santos A. Cyanobacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates: A Sustainable Alternative in Circular Economy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4331. [PMID: 32971731 PMCID: PMC7571216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional petrochemical plastics have become a serious environmental problem. Its unbridled use, especially in non-durable goods, has generated an accumulation of waste that is difficult to measure, threatening aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The replacement of these plastics with cleaner alternatives, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), can only be achieved by cost reductions in the production of microbial bioplastics, in order to compete with the very low costs of fossil fuel plastics. The biggest costs are carbon sources and nutrients, which can be appeased with the use of photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, that have a minimum requirement for nutrients, and also using agro-industrial waste, such as the livestock industry, which in turn benefits from the by-products of PHA biotechnological production, for example pigments and nutrients. Circular economy can help solve the current problems in the search for a sustainable production of bioplastic: reducing production costs, reusing waste, mitigating CO2, promoting bioremediation and making better use of cyanobacteria metabolites in different industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gomes Gradíssimo
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformations, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformations, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Agenor Valadares Santos
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformations, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ma R, Wang B, Chua ET, Zhao X, Lu K, Ho SH, Shi X, Liu L, Xie Y, Lu Y, Chen J. Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Microalgae for Enhanced Co-Production of Multiple Compounds. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090467. [PMID: 32948074 PMCID: PMC7551828 DOI: 10.3390/md18090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae are regarded as potential feedstock because of their multiple valuable compounds, including lipids, pigments, carbohydrates, and proteins. Some of these compounds exhibit attractive bioactivities, such as carotenoids, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, and peptides. However, the production cost of bioactive compounds is quite high, due to the low contents in marine microalgae. Comprehensive utilization of marine microalgae for multiple compounds production instead of the sole product can be an efficient way to increase the economic feasibility of bioactive compounds production and improve the production efficiency. This paper discusses the metabolic network of marine microalgal compounds, and indicates their interaction in biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, potential applications of co-production of multiple compounds under various cultivation conditions by shifting metabolic flux are discussed, and cultivation strategies based on environmental and/or nutrient conditions are proposed to improve the co-production. Moreover, biorefinery techniques for the integral use of microalgal biomass are summarized. These techniques include the co-extraction of multiple bioactive compounds from marine microalgae by conventional methods, super/subcritical fluids, and ionic liquids, as well as direct utilization and biochemical or thermochemical conversion of microalgal residues. Overall, this review sheds light on the potential of the comprehensive utilization of marine microalgae for improving bioeconomy in practical industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Ma
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (R.M.); (K.L.); (S.-H.H.); (X.S.); (L.L.)
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Baobei Wang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China;
| | - Elvis T. Chua
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Xurui Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kongyong Lu
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (R.M.); (K.L.); (S.-H.H.); (X.S.); (L.L.)
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (R.M.); (K.L.); (S.-H.H.); (X.S.); (L.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinguo Shi
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (R.M.); (K.L.); (S.-H.H.); (X.S.); (L.L.)
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lemian Liu
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (R.M.); (K.L.); (S.-H.H.); (X.S.); (L.L.)
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (R.M.); (K.L.); (S.-H.H.); (X.S.); (L.L.)
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-591-22866373 (Y.X. & J.C.)
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (R.M.); (K.L.); (S.-H.H.); (X.S.); (L.L.)
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-591-22866373 (Y.X. & J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
León-Saiki GM, Carreres BM, Remmers IM, Wijffels RH, Martins dos Santos VA, van der Veen D, Schaap PJ, Suarez-Diez M, Martens DE. Evaluation of diurnal responses of Tetradesmus obliquus under nitrogen limitation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Harnessing the Power of Mutagenesis and Adaptive Laboratory Evolution for High Lipid Production by Oleaginous Microalgae and Yeasts. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12125125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oleaginous microalgae and yeasts represent promising candidates for large-scale production of lipids, which can be utilized for production of drop-in biofuels, nutraceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics. However, low lipid productivity and costly downstream processing continue to hamper the commercial deployment of oleaginous microorganisms. Strain improvement can play an essential role in the development of such industrial microorganisms by increasing lipid production and hence reducing production costs. The main means of strain improvement are random mutagenesis, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), and rational genetic engineering. Among these, random mutagenesis and ALE are straight forward, low-cost, and do not require thorough knowledge of the microorganism’s genetic composition. This paper reviews available mutagenesis and ALE techniques and screening methods to effectively select for oleaginous microalgae and yeasts with enhanced lipid yield and understand the alterations caused to metabolic pathways, which could subsequently serve as the basis for further targeted genetic engineering.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chang KS, Kim J, Park H, Hong SJ, Lee CG, Jin E. Enhanced lipid productivity in AGP knockout marine microalga Tetraselmis sp. using a DNA-free CRISPR-Cas9 RNP method. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 303:122932. [PMID: 32058903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A marine green microalga, Tetraselmis sp., has been studied for the production of biomass and lipids in seawater culture. Since carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis are competitive metabolic pathways, we attempted to increase lipid synthesis in Tetraselmis by inhibiting carbohydrate synthesis. The main regulatory enzyme in the starch synthesis pathway is ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP). AGP loss-of-function mutants were developed using the CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery system. AGP mutants showed a slight decrease in growth. However, the lipid content in two AGP mutants was significantly enhanced by 2.7 and 3.1 fold (21.1% and 24.1% of DCW), respectively, compared to that in the wild type (7.68% of DCW) under nitrogen starvation. This study is an example of metabolic engineering by genetic editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 RNP method in marine green microalgae. Consequently, starchless Tetraselmis mutants might be considered potential producers of lipids in seawater cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Suk Chang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanwool Park
- Department of Marine Science & Biological Engineering, Marine Bioenergy R&D Consortium, Inha University, Inchon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joo Hong
- Department of Marine Science & Biological Engineering, Marine Bioenergy R&D Consortium, Inha University, Inchon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Gyun Lee
- Department of Marine Science & Biological Engineering, Marine Bioenergy R&D Consortium, Inha University, Inchon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nagappan S, Devendran S, Tsai PC, Jayaraman H, Alagarsamy V, Pugazhendhi A, Ponnusamy VK. Metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics and proteomics: Evaluation of systems reaction to nitrogen deficiency stress in microalgae. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
36
|
Ryu AJ, Kang NK, Jeon S, Hur DH, Lee EM, Lee DY, Jeong BR, Chang YK, Jeong KJ. Development and characterization of a Nannochloropsis mutant with simultaneously enhanced growth and lipid production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:38. [PMID: 32158502 PMCID: PMC7057510 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The necessity to develop high lipid-producing microalgae is emphasized for the commercialization of microalgal biomass, which is environmentally friendly and sustainable. Nannochloropsis are one of the best industrial microalgae and have been widely studied for their lipids, including high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Many reports on the genetic and biological engineering of Nannochloropsis to improve their growth and lipid contents have been published. RESULTS We performed insertional mutagenesis in Nannochloropsis salina, and screened mutants with high lipid contents using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We isolated a mutant, Mut68, which showed improved growth and a concomitant increase in lipid contents. Mut68 exhibited 53% faster growth rate and 34% higher fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contents after incubation for 8 days, resulting in a 75% increase in FAME productivity compared to that in the wild type (WT). By sequencing the whole genome, we identified the disrupted gene in Mut68 that encoded trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase (TPS). TPS is composed of two domains: TPS domain and T6P phosphatase (TPP) domain, which catalyze the initial formation of T6P and dephosphorylation to trehalose, respectively. Mut68 was disrupted at the TPP domain in the C-terminal half, which was confirmed by metabolic analyses revealing a great reduction in the trehalose content in Mut68. Consistent with the unaffected N-terminal TPS domain, Mut68 showed moderate increase in T6P that is known for regulation of sugar metabolism, growth, and lipid biosynthesis. Interestingly, the metabolic analyses also revealed a significant increase in stress-related amino acids, including proline and glutamine, which may further contribute to the Mut68 phenotypes. CONCLUSION We have successfully isolated an insertional mutant showing improved growth and lipid production. Moreover, we identified the disrupted gene encoding TPS. Consistent with the disrupted TPP domain, metabolic analyses revealed a moderate increase in T6P and greatly reduced trehalose. Herein, we provide an excellent proof of concept that the selection of insertional mutations via FACS can be employed for the isolation of mutants with improved growth and lipid production. In addition, trehalose and genes encoding TPS will provide novel targets for chemical and genetic engineering, in other microalgae and organisms as well as Nannochloropsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ae Jin Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: Carl. R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-ryool Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Korea
- Present Address: Single-Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ran W, Wang H, Liu Y, Qi M, Xiang Q, Yao C, Zhang Y, Lan X. Storage of starch and lipids in microalgae: Biosynthesis and manipulation by nutrients. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121894. [PMID: 31387839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae accumulate starch and lipid as storage metabolites under nutrient depletion, which can be used as sustainable feedstock for biorefinery. Omics analysis coupled with enzymatic and genetic verifications uncovered a partial picture of pathways and important enzymes or regulators related to starch and lipid biosynthesis as well as the carbon partitioning between them under nutrient depletion conditions. Depletion of macronutrients (N, P, and S) resulted in considerable enhancement of starch and/or lipid content in microalgae, but the accompanying declined photosynthesis hampered the achievements of high concentrations. This review summarized the current knowledge on the pathways and the committed steps as well as their carbon allocation involved in starch and lipid biosynthesis, and focused on the manipulation of different nutrients and the alleviation of oxidative stress for enhanced storage metabolites production. The biological and engineering approaches to cope with the conflict between biomass production and storage metabolites accumulation are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Ran
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Information Management Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Man Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Changhong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xianqiu Lan
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Park S, Nguyen THT, Jin E. Improving lipid production by strain development in microalgae: Strategies, challenges and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:121953. [PMID: 31405625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the number of original articles and reviews presenting microalgae as a promising feedstock for biodiesel has increased tremendously. Many improvements of microalgae have been achieved through selection and strain development for industrial applications. However, the large-scale production of lipids for commercialization is not yet realistic because the production is still much more expensive than that of agricultural products. This review summarizes recent research on the induction of lipid biosynthesis in microalgae and the various strategies of genetic and metabolic engineering for enhancing lipid production. Strain engineering targets are proposed based on these strategies. To address current limitations of strain engineering for lipid production, this review provides insights on recent engineering strategies based on molecular tools and methods, and also discusses further perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghye Park
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thu Ha Thi Nguyen
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biomass and lipid induction strategies in microalgae for biofuel production and other applications. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:178. [PMID: 31638987 PMCID: PMC6805540 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fossil fuels has been strongly related to critical problems currently affecting society, such as: global warming, global greenhouse effects and pollution. These problems have affected the homeostasis of living organisms worldwide at an alarming rate. Due to this, it is imperative to look for alternatives to the use of fossil fuels and one of the relevant substitutes are biofuels. There are different types of biofuels (categories and generations) that have been previously explored, but recently, the use of microalgae has been strongly considered for the production of biofuels since they present a series of advantages over other biofuel production sources: (a) they don’t need arable land to grow and therefore do not compete with food crops (like biofuels produced from corn, sugar cane and other plants) and; (b) they exhibit rapid biomass production containing high oil contents, at least 15 to 20 times higher than land based oleaginous crops. Hence, these unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms have received great attention from researches to use them in the large-scale production of biofuels. However, one disadvantage of using microalgae is the high economic cost due to the low-yields of lipid content in the microalgae biomass. Thus, development of different methods to enhance microalgae biomass, as well as lipid content in the microalgae cells, would lead to the development of a sustainable low-cost process to produce biofuels. Within the last 10 years, many studies have reported different methods and strategies to induce lipid production to obtain higher lipid accumulation in the biomass of microalgae cells; however, there is not a comprehensive review in the literature that highlights, compares and discusses these strategies. Here, we review these strategies which include modulating light intensity in cultures, controlling and varying CO2 levels and temperature, inducing nutrient starvation in the culture, the implementation of stress by incorporating heavy metal or inducing a high salinity condition, and the use of metabolic and genetic engineering techniques coupled with nanotechnology.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu M, Zhang H, Sun W, Li Y, Hu Q, Zhou H, Han D. Metabolic plasticity of the starchless mutant of Chlorella sorokiniana and mechanisms underlying its enhanced lipid production revealed by comparative metabolomics analysis. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
41
|
Tran QG, Cho K, Park SB, Kim U, Lee YJ, Kim HS. Impairment of starch biosynthesis results in elevated oxidative stress and autophagy activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9856. [PMID: 31285472 PMCID: PMC6614365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradation system wherein cellular materials are recycled. Although autophagy has been extensively studied in yeast and mammalian systems, integrated stress responses in microalgae remain poorly understood. Accordingly, we carried out a comparative study on the oxidative stress responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild-type and a starchless (sta6) mutant previously shown to accumulate high lipid content under adverse conditions. To our surprise, the sta6 mutant exhibited significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation in the same growth conditions compared to controls. The sta6 mutant was more sensitive to oxidative stress induced by H2O2, whereas the wild-type was relatively more resistant. In addition, significantly up-regulated autophagy-related factors including ATG1, ATG101, and ATG8 were maintained in the sta6 mutant regardless of nitrogen availability. Also, the sta6 mutant exhibited relatively higher ATG8 protein level compared to wild-type under non-stress condition, and quickly reached a saturation point of autophagy when H2O2 was applied. Our results indicate that, in addition to the impact of carbon allocation, the increased lipid phenotype of the sta6 mutant may result from alterations in the cellular oxidative state, which in turn activates autophagy to clean up oxidatively damaged components and fuel lipid production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh-Giao Tran
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichul Cho
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Su-Bin Park
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Urim Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Teco-Bravo JI, Barahona-Pérez LF, Reyes-Sosa CF, Ku-González ÁF, Herrera-Valencia VA, Peraza-Echeverria S. Enhanced production of triacylglycerols and polyunsaturated fatty acids in novel acid-tolerant mutants of the green microalga Chlorella saccharophila. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1561-1571. [PMID: 31187270 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the microalga Chlorella saccharophila was subjected to ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis, and mutant screening was conducted based on acidity tolerance to generate mutants with increased triacylglycerol (TAG) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. Two improved mutant strains (M1 and M5) were generated. M1 and M5 accumulated 27.2% and 27.4% more TAG, respectively, and showed stronger fluorescence intensity than the wild-type (WT) strain when the cells of these mutants were stained with the lipophilic Nile Red stain. In the M1 mutant, 50.5% of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were saturated (C16:0 and C18:0) and 25.27% were monounsaturated (C18:1) fatty acids which are suitable for biofuels production. In the M5 mutant, 65.19% of the total FAMEs were nutritional PUFAs (C16:2, C18:2, and C18:3), while these FAMEs were not detected in the WT. These results demonstrated that UV mutagenesis coupled to an acid pH screening strategy represents a valuable and fast platform to generate mutants of C. saccharophila with improved TAG and PUFA contents for biofuels and nutraceutical applications, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalsen Iván Teco-Bravo
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Felipe Barahona-Pérez
- Unidad de Energía Renovable, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, km 5. Sierra Papacal, C.P. 97302, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Francisco Reyes-Sosa
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida, Avenida Tecnológico S/N, C.P. 97118, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ángela Francisca Ku-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Virginia Aurora Herrera-Valencia
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| | - Santy Peraza-Echeverria
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Sun XM, Ren LJ, Zhao QY, Ji XJ, Huang H. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae by metabolic engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:552-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
45
|
Jones AD, Boundy-Mills KL, Barla GF, Kumar S, Ubanwa B, Balan V. Microbial Lipid Alternatives to Plant Lipids. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1995:1-32. [PMID: 31148119 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are in high demand in food production, nutritional supplements, detergents, lubricants, and biofuels. Different oil seeds produced from plants are conventionally extracted to yield lipids. With increasing population and reduced availability of cultivable land, conventional methods of producing lipids alone will not satisfy increasing demand. Lipids produced using different microbial sources are considered as sustainable alternative to plant derived lipids. Various microorganisms belonging to the genera of algae, bacteria, yeast, fungi, or marine-derived microorganisms such as thraustochytrids possess the ability to accumulate lipids in their cells. A variety of microbial production technologies are being used to cultivate these organisms under specific conditions using agricultural residues as carbon source to be cost competitive with plant derived lipids. Microbial oils, also known as single cell oils, have many advantages when compared with plant derived lipids, such as shorter life cycle, less labor required, season and climate independence, no use of arable land and ease of scale-up. In this chapter we compare the lipids derived from plants and different microorganisms. We also highlight various analytical techniques that are being used to characterize the lipids produced in oleaginous organisms and their applications in various processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kyria L Boundy-Mills
- Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G Florin Barla
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Tyton Biosciences, Danville, VA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, Biotechnology Program, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Engineering Technology, Biotechnology Program, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
León-Saiki GM, Ferrer Ledo N, Lao-Martil D, van der Veen D, Wijffels RH, Martens DE. Metabolic modelling and energy parameter estimation of Tetradesmus obliquus. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
48
|
Kamravamanesh D, Kovacs T, Pflügl S, Druzhinina I, Kroll P, Lackner M, Herwig C. Increased poly-β-hydroxybutyrate production from carbon dioxide in randomly mutated cells of cyanobacterial strain Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714: Mutant generation and characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:34-44. [PMID: 29957289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) productivity in cyanobacteria needs to be increased to make cyanobacterial derived bioplastics economically feasible and competitive with petroleum-based plastics. In this study, high PHB yielding mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 have been generated by random mutagenesis, using UV light as a mutagen. The selection of strains was based on PHB content induced by nitrogen and phosphorus starvation. The fast growing mutant MT_a24 exhibited more than 2.5-fold higher PHB productivity than that of the wild-type, attaining values of 37 ± 4% dry cell weight PHB. The MT_a24 was characterized for phenotypes, CO2 uptake rate and gene expression levels using quantitative PCR. Genome sequencing showed that UV mutagenesis treatment resulted in a point mutation in the ABC-transport complex, phosphate-specific transport system integral membrane protein A (PstA). The MT_a24 shows potential for industrial production of PHB and also for carbon capture from the atmosphere or point sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Kamravamanesh
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Lackner Ventures & Consulting GmbH, Hofherr Schrantz Gasse 2, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamas Kovacs
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Pflügl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina Druzhinina
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group for Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kroll
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Lackner Ventures & Consulting GmbH, Hofherr Schrantz Gasse 2, 1210 Vienna, Austria; University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Takahashi K, Ide Y, Hayakawa J, Yoshimitsu Y, Fukuhara I, Abe J, Kasai Y, Harayama S. Lipid productivity in TALEN-induced starchless mutants of the unicellular green alga Coccomyxa sp. strain Obi. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
50
|
Analysis of population structures of the microalga Acutodesmus obliquus during lipid production using multi-dimensional single-cell analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6242. [PMID: 29674634 PMCID: PMC5908859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae bear a great potential to produce lipids for biodiesel, feed, or even food applications. To understand the still not well-known single-cell dynamics during lipid production in microalgae, a novel single-cell analytical technology was applied to study a well-established model experiment. Multidimensional single-cell dynamics were investigated with a non-supervised image analysis technique that utilizes data from epi-fluorescence microscopy. Reliability of this technique was successfully proven via reference analysis. The technique developed was used to determine cell size, chlorophyll amount, neutral lipid amount, and deriving properties on a single-cellular level in cultures of the biotechnologically promising alga Acutodesmus obliquus. The results illustrated a high correlation between cell size and chlorophyll amount, but a very low and dynamic correlation between cell size, lipid amount, and lipid density. During growth conditions under nitrogen starvation, cells with low chlorophyll content tend to start the lipid production first and the cell suspension differentiated in two subpopulations with significantly different lipid contents. Such quantitative characterization of single-cell dynamics of lipid synthesizing algae was done for the first time and the potential of such simple technology is highly relevant to other biotechnological applications and to deeper investigate the process of microalgal lipid accumulation.
Collapse
|