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Fisher AL, Arora K, Maehashi S, Schweitzer D, Akefe IO. Unveiling the neurolipidome of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A scoping review navigating future diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 166:105885. [PMID: 39265965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) poses a multifaceted challenge in psychiatry, with various subtypes and severities greatly impacting well-being. Recent scientific attention has turned towards lipid metabolism, particularly the neurolipidome, in response to clinical demands for cost-effective diagnostics and therapies. This scoping review integrates recent animal, translational, and clinical studies to explore impaired neurolipid metabolism mechanisms in OCD's pathogenesis, aiming to enhance future diagnostics and therapeutics. Five key neurolipids - endocannabinoids, lipid peroxidation, phospholipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids - were identified as relevant. While the endocannabinoid system shows promise in animal models, its clinical application remains limited. Conversely, lipid peroxidation and disruptions in phospholipid metabolism exhibit significant impacts on OCD's pathophysiology based on robust clinical data. However, the role of cholesterol and fatty acids remains inconclusive. The review emphasises the importance of translational research in linking preclinical findings to real-world applications, highlighting the potential of the neurolipidome as a potential biomarker for OCD detection and monitoring. Further research is essential for advancing OCD understanding and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Lara Fisher
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kabir Arora
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saki Maehashi
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Isaac Oluwatobi Akefe
- CDU Menzies School of Medicine, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia.
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Gowatch LC, Evanski JM, Ely SL, Zundel CG, Bhogal A, Carpenter C, Shampine MM, O'Mara E, Mazurka R, Barcelona J, Mayo LM, Marusak HA. Endocannabinoids and Stress-Related Neurospsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Basal Concentrations and Response to Acute Psychosocial Stress. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:1217-1234. [PMID: 38683635 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is implicated in various stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders (SRDs), including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, our objectives were to characterize circulating anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations at rest and in response to acute laboratory-based psychosocial stress in individuals with SRDs and without (controls). Our primary aims were to assess the effects of acute psychosocial stress on eCB concentrations in controls (Aim 1), compare baseline (prestress) eCB concentrations between individuals with SRDs and controls (Aim 2), and explore differential eCB responses to acute psychosocial stress in individuals with SRDs compared with controls (Aim 3). Methods: On June 8, 2023, a comprehensive review of the MEDLINE (PubMed) database was conducted to identify original articles meeting inclusion criteria. A total of 1072, 1341, and 400 articles were screened for inclusion in Aims 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Results: Aim 1, comprised of seven studies in controls, revealed that most studies reported stress-related increases in AEA (86%, with 43% reporting statistical significance) and 2-AG (83%, though none were statistically significant except for one study in saliva). However, meta-analyses did not support these patterns (p's>0.05). Aim 2, with 20 studies, revealed that most studies reported higher baseline concentrations of both AEA (63%, with 16% reporting statistical significance) and 2-AG (60%, with 10% reporting statistical significance) in individuals with SRDs compared with controls. Meta-analyses confirmed these findings (p's<0.05). Aim 3, which included three studies, had only one study that reported statistically different stress-related changes in 2-AG (but not AEA) between individuals with PTSD (decrease) and controls (increase), which was supported by the meta-analysis (p<0.001). Meta-analyses showed heterogeneity across studies and aims (I2=14-97%). Conclusion: Despite substantial heterogeneity in study characteristics, samples, and methodologies, consistent patterns emerged, including elevated baseline AEA and 2-AG in individuals with SRDs compared with controls, as well as smaller stress-related increases in 2-AG in individuals with SRDs compared with controls. To consider eCBs as reliable biomarkers and potential intervention targets for SRDs, standardized research approaches are needed to clarify the complex relationships between eCBs, SRDs, and psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Gowatch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia M Evanski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samantha L Ely
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Clara G Zundel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanpreet Bhogal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Carmen Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - MacKenna M Shampine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Emilie O'Mara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Raegan Mazurka
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeanne Barcelona
- Center for Health and Community Impact, College of Education, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Leah M Mayo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Boo KJ, Kim DH, Cho E, Kim DH, Jeon SJ, Shin CY. Neonatal dysregulation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol induces impaired brain function in adult mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110045. [PMID: 38885736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates neurotransmission linked to synaptic plasticity, cognition, and emotion. While it has been demonstrated that dysregulation of the ECS in adulthood is relevant not only to central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, cognitive dysfunction, and depression but also to brain function, there are few studies on how dysregulation of the ECS in the neonatal period affects the manifestation and pathophysiology of CNS disorders later in life. In this study, DO34, a diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLα) inhibitor affecting endocannabinoid 2-AG production, was injected into C57BL/6N male mice from postnatal day (PND) 7 to PND 10, inducing dysregulation of the ECS in the neonatal period. Subsequently, we examined whether it affects neuronal function in adulthood through electrophysiological and behavioral evaluation. DO34-injected mice showed significantly decreased cognitive functions, attributed to impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The findings suggest that regulation of ECS activity in the neonatal period may induce enduring effects on adult brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jun Boo
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Young Shin
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Wang L, He Y, Zhu S, He SC, Zhang XY. Genetic polymorphisms in the 5-HT and endocannabinoid systems moderate the association between childhood trauma and burnout in the general occupational population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111054. [PMID: 38879068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the serotonin (5-HT) and endocannabinoid (eCB) systems have been reported in the psychopathology of stress-related symptoms, while their interplay in regulating the relationship between childhood trauma and burnout remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the interaction of childhood trauma with genetic polymorphisms in these two systems in predicting burnout. METHODS Burnout, childhood trauma, and job stress were assessed using rating scales in 992 general occupational individuals. Genetic polymorphisms including HTR2A rs6313, 5-HTT rs6354 and FAAH rs324420, were genotyped. Linear hierarchical regression analysis and PROCESS macro in SPSS were used to examine two- and three-way interactions. RESULTS There were significant interactions of job stress × HTR2A rs6313 and childhood abuse × FAAH rs324420 on reduced personal accomplishment. Moreover, we found significant three-way interactions of childhood abuse × FAAH rs324420 × HTR2A rs6313 on cynicism and reduced personal accomplishment, childhood abuse × FAAH rs324420 × 5-HTT rs6354 on emotional exhaustion, and childhood neglect × FAAH rs324420 × 5-HTT rs6354 on reduced personal accomplishment. These results suggest that the FAAH rs324420 A allele carriers, when with some specific genetic polymorphisms of 5-HT system, would show more positive associations between childhood trauma and burnout. CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphisms in the 5-HT and eCB systems may jointly moderate the impact of childhood trauma on burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, China; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyi He
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, United States
| | - Shuanggen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Shu-Chang He
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Healthy, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Maehashi S, Arora K, Fisher AL, Schweitzer DR, Akefe IO. Neurolipidomic insights into anxiety disorders: Uncovering lipid dynamics for potential therapeutic advances. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105741. [PMID: 38838875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders constitute a spectrum of psychological conditions affecting millions of individuals worldwide, imposing a significant health burden. Historically, the development of anxiolytic medications has been largely focused on neurotransmitter function and modulation. However, in recent years, neurolipids emerged as a prime target for understanding psychiatric pathogenesis and developing novel medications. Neurolipids influence various neural activities such as neurotransmission and cellular functioning, as well as maintaining cell membrane integrity. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the alterations in neurolipids associated with an anxious mental state and explore their potential as targets of novel anxiolytic medications. Existing evidence tentatively associates dysregulated neurolipid levels with the etiopathology of anxiety disorders. Notably, preclinical investigations suggest that several neurolipids, including endocannabinoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, may hold promise as potential pharmacological targets. Overall, the current literature tentatively suggests the involvement of lipids in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, hinting at potential prospects for future pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Maehashi
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kabir Arora
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andre Lara Fisher
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Isaac Oluwatobi Akefe
- Academy for Medical Education, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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Pipitone RN, Banai B, Walters J, Dautrich T, Schuller K, Rosenthal M. Using Smartphone Technology to Track Real-Time Changes in Anxiety/Depression Symptomatology Among Florida Cannabis Users. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2024; 7:123-134. [PMID: 38975597 PMCID: PMC11225978 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Objective Recent scientific attention has focused on the therapeutic effectiveness of cannabis use on a variety of physical and mental ailments. The present study uses smartphone technology to assess self-reported experiences of Florida cannabis users to understand how cannabis may impact anxiety and depression symptomatology. Method Several hundred Releaf App™ users from the state of Florida provided anonymous, real-time reports of their symptoms of anxiety and/or depression immediately before and after cannabis use sessions. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to analyze the data at the symptom and user level. Results Results showed that for the majority of users, cannabis use was associated with a significant decrease in depression and anxiety symptomatology. While symptom type, doses per session, consumption method, and CBD levels were significant predictors of relief change, their effect sizes were small and should be interpreted with caution. At the user level, those who had positive relief outcomes in anxiety reported more doses and sessions, and those in the depression group reported more sessions. Conclusions Our results generally support the therapeutic effectiveness of cannabis against depression/anxiety symptomatology. Future work should include standardized statistics and effect size estimates for a better understanding of each variable's practical contribution to this area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Banai
- Banai Analitika, Josipa Jurja Strossmayera 341, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jessica Walters
- CannaMD, 7932 West Sand Lake Road, Suite 205, Orlando, FL 32819
| | - Tyler Dautrich
- MoreBetter (Releaf App), PO Box 382, Hyattsville, MD 20781-0382
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Desai S, Zundel CG, Evanski JM, Gowatch LC, Bhogal A, Ely S, Carpenter C, Shampine M, O'Mara E, Rabinak CA, Marusak HA. Genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling: Anxiety, depression, and threat- and reward-related brain functioning during the transition into adolescence. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114925. [PMID: 38423255 PMCID: PMC10977105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system modulates neural activity throughout the lifespan. In adults, neuroimaging studies link a common genetic variant in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH C385A)-an enzyme that regulates endocannabinoid signaling-to reduced risk of anxiety and depression, and altered threat- and reward-related neural activity. However, limited research has investigated these associations during the transition into adolescence, a period of substantial neurodevelopment and increased psychopathology risk. METHODS This study included FAAH genotype and longitudinal neuroimaging and neurobehavioral data from 4811 youth (46% female; 9-11 years at Baseline, 11-13 years at Year 2) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. Linear mixed models examined the effects of FAAH and the FAAH x time interaction on anxiety and depressive symptoms, amygdala reactivity to threatening faces, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) response to happy faces during the emotional n-back task. RESULTS A significant main effect of FAAH on depressive symptoms was observed, such that depressive symptoms were lower across both timepoints in those with the AA genotype compared to both AC and CC genotypes (p's<0.05). There were no significant FAAH x time interactions for anxiety, depression, or neural responses (p's>0.05). Additionally, there were no main effects of FAAH on anxiety or neural responses (p's>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to emerging evidence linking the FAAH C385A variant to lower risk of psychopathology, and extend these findings to a developmental sample. In particular, we found lower depressive symptoms in FAAH AA genotypes compared to AC and CC genotypes. Future research is needed to characterize the role of the FAAH variant and the eCB system more broadly in neurodevelopment and psychiatric risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Desai
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Clara G Zundel
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Julia M Evanski
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Leah C Gowatch
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Amanpreet Bhogal
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Samantha Ely
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Carmen Carpenter
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - MacKenna Shampine
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Emilie O'Mara
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Dept. of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, USA
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, USA.
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Bergunde L, Karl M, Schälicke S, Weise V, Mack JT, von Soest T, Gao W, Weidner K, Garthus-Niegel S, Steudte-Schmiedgen S. Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms - examining associations with hair endocannabinoid concentrations during pregnancy and lifetime trauma. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:335. [PMID: 37907467 PMCID: PMC10618290 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has linked alterations of the endocannabinoid system with trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Childbirth-related PTSD symptoms (CB-PTSS) affect about every eighth woman and can negatively influence the entire family. While aetiological models of CB-PTSD include psychological risk factors such as maternal trauma history and negative subjective birth experience (SBE), they lack biological risk indicators. We investigated whether lifetime trauma and CB-PTSS were associated with long-term endocannabinoid concentrations during pregnancy. Further, we tested endocannabinoids as mediators between lifetime trauma and CB-PTSS and whether SBE moderated such mediational paths. Within the prospective cohort study DREAMHAIR, 263 expectant mothers completed trauma assessments and provided hair samples for quantification of long-term endocannabinoid levels (anandamide [AEA], 2-arachidonoylglycerol [1-AG/2-AG], and N-acyl-ethanolamides [NAE]) prior to their anticipated birth date. Two months postpartum, CB-PTSS and SBE were measured. Regression models controlling for relevant confounders showed no association between lifetime trauma and hair endocannabinoids during pregnancy, yet higher number of lifetime trauma events and lower hair AEA were significantly associated with CB-PTSS, with the latter finding not remaining significant when Bonferroni corrections due to multiple testing were applied. While hair AEA did not mediate the association between lifetime trauma and CB-PTSS, the effect of lower hair AEA on CB-PTSS was stronger upon negative SBE. Results suggest greater lifetime trauma and reduced maternal hair AEA during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk for CB-PTSS, particularly upon negative SBE. Findings confirm lifetime trauma as a CB-PTSS risk factor and add important preliminary insights on the role of endocannabinoid ligand alterations and SBE in CB-PTSS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bergunde
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marlene Karl
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Schälicke
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Victoria Weise
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Judith T Mack
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM), Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg MSH, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Li H, Su W, Cai J, Zhao L, Li Y. Effects of exercise of different intensities on withdrawal symptoms among people with substance use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1126777. [PMID: 37234417 PMCID: PMC10208401 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1126777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise can effectively attenuate withdrawal symptoms and reduce relapse, but it is unknown whether exercise of different intensities produces different results. This study aimed to systematically review the effects of different exercise intensities on withdrawal symptoms among people with substance use disorder (SUD). Methods: Systematic searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on exercise, SUD, and abstinence symptoms were conducted via electronic databases, including PubMed, up to June 2022. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) for assessment of risk of bias in randomized trials. The meta-analysis was performed by calculating the standard mean difference (SMD) in outcomes of interventions involving light-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise for each individual study using Review Manager version 5.3 (RevMan 5.3). Results: In total, 22 RCTs (n = 1,537) were included. Overall, exercise interventions had significant effects on withdrawal symptoms, but the effect size varied with exercise intensity and by outcome measure (i.e., for different negative emotions). Light-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise reduced cravings after the intervention [SMD = -0.71, 95% CI = (-0.90, -0.52)], and there were no statistical differences between the subgroups (p > 0.05). Light-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise reduced depression after the intervention [light, SMD = -0.33, 95% CI = (-0.57, -0.09); moderate, SMD = -0.64, 95% CI = (-0.85, -0.42); high, SMD = -0.25, 95% CI = (-0.44, -0.05)], with moderate-intensity exercise producing the best effect (p < 0.05). Only light- and moderate-intensity exercise relieved anxiety after the intervention [light, SMD = -0.48, 95% CI = (-0.71, -0.26); moderate, SMD = -0.58, 95% CI = (-0.85, -0.31)]. Only high-intensity exercise worked in alleviating stress [SMD = -1.13, 95% CI = (-2.22, -0.04)]. Both irritability and restlessness could be improved by light- and moderate-intensity exercise [irritability, SMD = -0.74, 95% CI = (-0.98, -0.50); restless, SMD = -0.72, 95% CI = (-0.98, -0.47)], and there were no statistical differences between the subgroups (p > 0.05). Moderate- and high-intensity exercise decreased withdrawal syndrome after the intervention [moderate, SMD = -0.30, 95% CI = (-0.55, -0.05); high, SMD = -1.33, 95% CI = (-1.90, -0.76)], with high-intensity exercise producing the best effects (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Overall, exercise leads to improvements in withdrawal symptoms in individuals with SUD, but these effects vary significantly between the exercise of different intensities and according to the type of withdrawal symptoms. Moderate-intensity exercise has the greatest benefits in improving depression and anxiety; high-intensity exercise has the greatest benefits in improving withdrawal syndrome. Systematic Review Registration: www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier, CRD42022343791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wantang Su
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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10
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Fotio Y, Mabou Tagne A, Jung KM, Piomelli D. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition alleviates anxiety-like symptoms in a rat model used to study post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06358-y. [PMID: 37017699 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a chronic debilitating condition that affects nearly 5-10% of American adults, is treated with a handful of FDA-approved drugs that provide at best symptomatic relief and exert multiple side effects. Preclinical and clinical evidence shows that inhibitors of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which deactivates the endocannabinoid anandamide, exhibit anxiolytic-like properties in animal models. In the present study, we investigated the effects of two novel brain-permeable FAAH inhibitors - the compounds ARN14633 and ARN14280 - in a rat model of predator stress-induced long-term anxiety used to study PTSD. METHODS We exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), a volatile constituent of fox feces, and assessed anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test seven days later. We measured FAAH activity using a radiometric assay and brain levels of FAAH substrates by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Rats challenged with TMT developed persistent (≥ 7 days) anxiety-like symptoms in the EPM test. Intraperitoneal administration of ARN14633 or ARN14280 1 h before testing suppressed TMT-induced anxiety-like behaviors with median effective doses (ED50) of 0.23 and 0.33 mg/kg, respectively. The effects were negatively correlated (ARN14663: R2 = 0.455; ARN14280: R2 = 0.655) with the inhibition of brain FAAH activity and were accompanied by increases in brain FAAH substrate levels. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that FAAH-regulated lipid signaling serves important regulatory functions in the response to stress and confirm that FAAH inhibitors may be useful for the management of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Fotio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alex Mabou Tagne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA.
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11
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Barba SV, Kirschbaum C, Gao W. Endocannabinoid and perceived stress: Association analysis of endocannabinoid levels in hair versus levels in plasma and urine. Biol Psychol 2023; 178:108541. [PMID: 36918140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is considered to play a role in a wide range of functions, including stress. Hair analysis of endocannabinoids presents a promising methodological advancement for the retrospective assessment of long-term cumulative endocannabinoid secretion. Despite promising pilot study results suggesting the usefulness of hair endocannabinoid assessments, it remains unclear whether hair endocannabinoid levels mirror systemic endocannabinoid levels accurately. Two independent studies were conducted to investigate to what extent hair endocannabinoid and N-Acylethanolamine levels reflect the systemic levels retrospectively. Endocannabinoid and N-Acylethanolamine levels were measured in 3 cm and 1 cm hair segments respectively, and compared with the averaged levels in multiple plasma samples collected during three months (Study I), and in multiple 24-hour urine samples collected over a month (Study II). In addition, the Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess the perceived stress throughout the studies. Against our hypothesis, no association was found between the endocannabinoid or N-Acylethanolamine levels in hair and plasma or urine. However, hair palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and stearoylethanolamide (SEA) levels were positively correlated with perceived stress in Study I. The current findings suggest that hair endocannabinoid or N-Acylethanolamine levels might not accurately reflect the levels of peripheral circulating endocannabinoid or N-Acylethanolamine. Nevertheless, hair N-Acylethanolamine levels might emerge as a useful strategy in the study of some psychological phenotypes, such as stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Valdivieso Barba
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Walther A, Kirschbaum C, Wehrli S, Rothe N, Penz M, Wekenborg M, Gao W. Depressive symptoms are negatively associated with hair N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) levels: A cross-lagged panel analysis of four annual assessment waves examining hair endocannabinoids and cortisol. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 121:110658. [PMID: 36252885 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is increasingly being recognized as key regulatory system coupled with the glucocorticoid system implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, prior studies examining the ECS in MDD have been inconclusive, of small sample size or of cross-sectional nature limiting interpretation of causal inferences or time-dependent effects. METHODS In a prospective community-based cohort study including 128 individuals (women: 108), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) as well as hair cortisol and endocannabinoids were measured annually over four years (T1-T4). Cortisol, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol/1-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG/1-AG) were extracted from 3 cm hair segments reflecting cumulative concentrations of the last three months prior sampling. RESULTS Cross-sectional group comparisons at baseline revealed reduced AEA and cortisol levels in the group with a positive MDD screening compared to individuals with low depressive symptomatology (both p < .05). Cross-lagged panel models showed that AEA levels at T2 were negatively associated with depressive symptoms at T3 (p < .05). Also, depressive symptoms at T3 were negatively associated with AEA levels at T4 (p < .01). The direction of association was reversed for 2-AG/1-AG, as 2-AG/1-AG levels at T1 were positively associated with depressive symptoms at T2 (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS While cross-sectional analyses suggest higher depressive symptomatology to be associated with reduced AEA and cortisol release, longitudinal analyses reveal that primarily AEA levels are negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These longitudinal associations elucidate time-dependent relationships between depressive symptomatology and the ECS and further highlight AEA as potential treatment target in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Wehrli
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Child and Adolescent Health Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marlene Penz
- Institute for Education and Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Wei Gao
- Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Psarianos A, Chryssanthopoulos C, Paparrigopoulos T, Philippou A. The Role of Physical Exercise in Opioid Substitution Therapy: Mechanisms of Sequential Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4763. [PMID: 36902190 PMCID: PMC10003472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that chronic opioid use is associated with structural and functional changes in the human brain that lead to an enhancement of impulsive behavior for immediate satisfaction. Interestingly, in recent years, physical exercise interventions have been used as an adjunctive treatment for patients with opioid use disorders (OUDs). Indeed, exercise has positive effects on both the biological and psychosocial basis of addiction, modifying neural circuits such as the reward, inhibition, and stress systems, and thus causing behavioral changes. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on the treatment of OUDs, with emphasis placed on the description of a sequential consolidation of these mechanisms. Exercise is thought to act initially as a factor of internal activation and self-regulation and eventually as a factor of commitment. This approach suggests a sequential (temporal) consolidation of the functions of exercise in favor of gradual disengagement from addiction. Particularly, the sequence in which the exercise-induced mechanisms are consolidated follows the pattern of internal activation-self-regulation-commitment, eventually resulting in stimulation of the endocannabinoid and endogenous opioid systems. Additionally, this is accompanied by modification of molecular and behavioral aspects of opioid addiction. Overall, the neurobiological actions of exercise in combination with certain psychological mechanisms appear to promote its beneficial effects. Given the positive effects of exercise on both physical and mental health, exercise prescription is recommended as a complement to conventional therapy for patients on opioid maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Psarianos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Paparrigopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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14
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Brierley SM, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Sarnelli G, Sharkey KA, Storr M, Tack J. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:5-25. [PMID: 36168049 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The management of visceral pain in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction, notably irritable bowel syndrome, presents a considerable clinical challenge, with few available treatment options. Patients are increasingly using cannabis and cannabinoids to control abdominal pain. Cannabis acts on receptors of the endocannabinoid system, an endogenous system of lipid mediators that regulates gastrointestinal function and pain processing pathways in health and disease. The endocannabinoid system represents a logical molecular therapeutic target for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Here, we review the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system with a focus on the peripheral and central regulation of gastrointestinal function and visceral nociception. We address the use of cannabinoids in pain management, comparing them to other treatment modalities, including opioids and neuromodulators. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic candidates targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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The Pharmacogenetics of Cannabis in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101832. [PMID: 36292717 PMCID: PMC9601332 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increase in the medical use of cannabis has revealed a number of beneficial effects, a variety of adverse side effects and great inter-individual variability. Association studies connecting consumption, addiction and side effects related to recreational cannabis use have led to the identification of several polymorphic genes that may play a role in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cannabis. Method: In total, 600 patients treated with cannabis were genotyped for several candidate polymorphic genes (single-nucleotide polymorphism; SNP), encoding receptors CNR1 and TRPV1; for the ABCB1 transporter; for biotransformation, bioactivation and biosynthesis; and CYP3A4, COMT and UGT2B7 conjugation. Results: Three polymorphic genes (ABCB1, TRPV1 and UGT2B7) were identified as being significantly associated with decline in pain after treatment with cannabis. Patients simultaneously carrying the most favourable allele combinations showed a greater reduction (polygenic effect) in pain compared to those with a less favourable combination. Considering genotype combinations, we could group patients into good responders, intermediate responders and poor or non-responders. Results suggest that genetic makeup is, at the moment, a significant predictive factor of the variability in response to cannabis. Conclusions: This study proves, for the first time, that certain polymorphic candidate genes may be associated with cannabis effects, both in terms of pain management and side effects, including therapy dropout. Significance: Our attention to pharmacogenetics began in 2008, with the publication of a first study on the association between genetic polymorphisms and morphine action in pain relief. The study we are presenting is the first observational study conducted on a large number of patients involving several polymorphic candidate genes. The data obtained suggest that genetic makeup can be a predictive factor in the response to cannabis therapy and that more extensive and planned studies are needed for the opening of new scenarios for the personalization of cannabis therapy.
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16
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Haney M, Bedi G, Cooper ZD, Herrmann ES, Reed SC, Foltin RW, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Patel S. Impact of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibition on cannabis withdrawal and circulating endocannabinoids in daily cannabis smokers. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13183. [DOI: 10.1111/adb.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Haney
- New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York New York USA
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne and Substance Use Research Group, Orygen Melbourne Australia
| | - Ziva D. Cooper
- Los Angeles Cannabis Research Initiative, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Evan S. Herrmann
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences National Institute on Drug Abuse Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Stephanie Collins Reed
- New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York New York USA
| | - Richard W. Foltin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York New York USA
| | - Philip J. Kingsley
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee USA
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17
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Gastmeier K, Schröder H. [Cannabis as medicine, aura and valebo - a new perspective on self-medication and medical support for chronic diseases]. MMW Fortschr Med 2022; 164:29-34. [PMID: 35449489 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-022-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known from medical practise that patients and physicians can have positive experiences with little-researched and unapproved interventions. Under certain circumstances, effects even go beyond the placebo effect. METHOD Based on casuistics of chronic pain patients, the question of whether self-medication in the context of a good doctor-patient relationship can optimize the efficacy of cannabinoids and reduce dose and undesirable side effects is investigated. Using medicinal cannabis as an example, a new view on self-medication and medical support is proposed. RESULTS The casuistics show that daily requirements (average of approximately 75 mg) for Δ9tetrahydocannabinol (THC) doses can be reduced. An unaccompanied and risky self-medication can be transformed into an effective therapy with significantly less medical cannabis. The approach consists of tracing the self-medication that has taken place to date and picking up the patient where he has "discovered" something for himself. The specific mode of action of cannabis in chronic diseases can be explained by mechanisms in the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids relieve patients in the context of stress, anxiety and depression, which are always involved in chronic diseases. In their physical as well as psychological sensations, patients are strengthened and eventually guided into self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS If the patient has "discovered" cannabis as medicine for himself and can draw on positive experiences, something very powerful can emerge. In addition to the specific effects demonstrated by studies, there are non-specific effects or contextual factors at work that tend to be neglected in evidence-based medicine. These non-specific effects include, above all, those factors through which a patient gives a (subjective) meaning to a specific intervention. A new view on self-medication and medical support in chronic diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud Gastmeier
- Praxis für Spezielle ambulante Palliativmedizin, Karl-Marx-Str. 42, 14482, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schröder
- Steinbeis-Transfer-Institut für Therapeutische Kommunikation und integrierte Therapie, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Simone JJ, Green MR, McCormick CM. Endocannabinoid system contributions to sex-specific adolescent neurodevelopment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110438. [PMID: 34534603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing number of countries and states adopting legislation permitting the use of cannabis for medical purposes, there is a growing interest among health and research professionals into the system through which cannabinoids principally act, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Much of the seminal research into the ECS dates back only 30 years and, although there has been tremendous development within the field during this time, many questions remain. More recently, investigations have emerged examining the contributions of the ECS to normative development and the effect of altering this system during important critical periods. One such period is adolescence, a unique period during which brain and behaviours are maturing and reorganizing in preparation for adulthood, including shifts in endocannabinoid biology. The purpose of this review is to discuss findings to date regarding the maturation of the ECS during adolescence and the consequences of manipulations of the ECS during this period to normative neurodevelopmental processes, as well as highlight sex differences in ECS function, important technical considerations, and future directions. Because most of what we know is derived from preclinical studies on rodents, we provide relevant background of this model and some commentary on the translational relevance of the research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Simone
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; Huxley Health Inc., 8820 Jane St., Concord, ON, L4K 2M9, Canada; eCB Consulting Inc., PO Box 652, 3 Cameron St. W., Cannington, ON L0E 1E0, Canada; Medical Cannabis Canada, 601-3500 Lakeshore Rd. W., Oakville, ON L6L 0B4, Canada.
| | - Matthew R Green
- eCB Consulting Inc., PO Box 652, 3 Cameron St. W., Cannington, ON L0E 1E0, Canada; Medical Cannabis Canada, 601-3500 Lakeshore Rd. W., Oakville, ON L6L 0B4, Canada.
| | - Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; Department of Psychology, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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19
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Crombie KM, Privratsky AA, Schomaker CM, Heilicher M, Ross MC, Sartin-Tarm A, Sellnow K, Binder EB, Andrew James G, Cisler JM. The influence of FAAH genetic variation on physiological, cognitive, and neural signatures of fear acquisition and extinction learning in women with PTSD. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 33:102922. [PMID: 34952353 PMCID: PMC8715233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PTSD is often treated with psychotherapies based on principles of fear acquisition and extinction. Increased AEA has resulted in enhanced extinction learning and recall among healthy adults. These effects have not yet been comprehensively examined in a PTSD population. Results suggest that genetic variation within the FAAH gene affects how fear learning is tuned in women with PTSD.
Background Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is commonly treated with exposure-based cognitive therapies that are based on the principles of fear acquisition and extinction learning. Elevations in one of the major endocannabinoids (anandamide) either via inhibition of the primary degrading enzyme (fatty acid amide hydrolase; FAAH) or via a genetic variation in the FAAH gene (C385A; rs324420) has resulted in accelerated extinction learning and enhanced extinction recall among healthy adults. These results suggest that targeting FAAH may be a promising therapeutic approach for PTSD. However, these effects have not yet been comprehensively examined in a PTSD population. Methods The current study examined whether genetic variation in the FAAH gene (CC [n = 49] vs AA/AC [n = 36] allele carriers) influences physiological (skin conductance), cognitive (threat expectancy), and neural (network and voxel-wise activation) indices of fear acquisition and extinction learning among a sample of adult women with PTSD (N = 85). Results The physiological, cognitive, and neural signatures of fear acquisition and extinction learning varied as a function of whether or not individuals possess the FAAH C385A polymorphism. For instance, we report divergent responding between CC and AA/AC allele carriers to CS + vs CS- in limbic and striatum networks and overall greater activation throughout the task among AA/AC allele carriers in several regions [e.g., inferior frontal, middle frontal, parietal] that are highly consistent with a frontoparietal network involved in higher-order executive functions. Conclusions These results suggest that genetic variation within the FAAH gene influences physiological, cognitive, and neural signatures of fear learning in women with PTSD. In order to advance our understanding of the efficacy of FAAH inhibition as a treatment for PTSD, future clinical trials in this area should assess genetic variation in the FAAH gene in order to fully depict and differentiate the acute effects of a drug manipulation (FAAH inhibition) from more chronic (genetic) influences on fear extinction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Crombie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Discovery Building, 1601 Trinity St., Building B, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Anthony A Privratsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Brain Imaging Research Center, 4301 W. Markham Street #554, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Chloe M Schomaker
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Discovery Building, 1601 Trinity St., Building B, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mickela Heilicher
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176608-262-6375, USA
| | - Marisa C Ross
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176608-262-6375, USA
| | - Anneliis Sartin-Tarm
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176608-262-6375, USA
| | - Kyrie Sellnow
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176608-262-6375, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munchen, Germany; Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12 Executive Park Dr NE #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - G Andrew James
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Brain Imaging Research Center, 4301 W. Markham Street #554, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Josh M Cisler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Discovery Building, 1601 Trinity St., Building B, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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20
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Leen N, de Weijer A, van Rooij S, Kennis M, Baas J, Geuze E. The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2022; 6:24705470221107290. [PMID: 35707677 PMCID: PMC9190205 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although current treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in war veterans are effective, unfortunately 30-50% still do not benefit from these treatments. Trauma-focused therapies, eg exposure therapy, are primarily based on extinction processes in which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a significant role. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that poor treatment response on trauma-focused therapy due to extinction deficits may be associated with a poorly functioning ECS. The present study examined whether the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) are associated with post-treatment symptom reduction. METHODS Blood plasma levels of AEA and 2-AG were determined in war veterans with a PTSD diagnosis (n = 54) and combat controls (n = 26) before and after a 6-8 month interval. During this period veterans with PTSD received trauma-focused therapy (eg cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing). Clinical symptoms were assessed before and after therapy with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). RESULTS Regression analysis demonstrated that pretreatment endocannabinoid levels were not predictive of PTSD symptom reduction. Additionally, baseline endocannabinoid levels did not differ between either PTSD and combat controls or between combat controls, treatment responders, and non-responders. Only cortisol levels significantly decreased over time from pre- to posttreatment (p = .041). Endocannabinoid levels were significantly lower in individuals who reported cannabis use during their lifetime, independent of PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that pretreatment 2-AG levels in PTSD were positively correlated with anxious arousal (r = .354, p = .015) and negatively with avoidance symptoms (r = -.271, p = .048). Both posttreatment AEA and 2-AG were positively correlated with trait anxiety (AEA r = .459, p = .003; 2-AG r = .423, p = .006), anxious arousal (AEA r = .351, p = .024; 2-AG r = .311, p = .048) and general distress depression symptoms (AEA r = .414, p = .007; 2-AG r = .374, p = .016). CONCLUSION Since endocannabinoids are mainly generated 'on demand', future work could benefit by investigating endocannabinoid circulation under both baseline and stressful conditions. In line with previous research cannabis use was associated with lower endocannabinoid levels. The correlation analysis between pre- and posttreatment endocannabinoid levels and pre- and posttreatment clinical symptomatology were exploratory analysis and should be replicated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.A. Leen
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht,
the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute,
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the
Netherlands
| | - A.D. de Weijer
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht,
the Netherlands
| | | | - M. Kennis
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, Diemen, the Netherlands
| | - J.M.P. Baas
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute,
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the
Netherlands
| | - E. Geuze
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht,
the Netherlands
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21
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Selvaraj P, Tanaka M, Wen J, Zhang Y. The Novel Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor MJN110 Suppresses Neuroinflammation, Normalizes Synaptic Composition and Improves Behavioral Performance in the Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury Mouse Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123454. [PMID: 34943962 PMCID: PMC8700188 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the endocannabinoid system has emerged as an effective approach for the treatment of many neurodegenerative and neuropsychological diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms are still uncertain. Using a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) mouse model, we found that there was an impairment in locomotor function and working memory within two weeks post-injury, and that treatment with MJN110, a novel inhibitor of the principal 2-arachidononyl glycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase dose-dependently ameliorated those behavioral changes. Spatial learning and memory deficits examined by Morris water maze between three and four weeks post-TBI were also reversed in the drug treated animals. Administration of MJN110 selectively elevated the levels of 2-AG and reduced the production of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the TBI mouse brain. The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, accumulation of astrocytes and microglia in the TBI mouse ipsilateral cerebral cortex and hippocampus were significantly reduced by MJN110 treatment. Neuronal cell death was also attenuated in the drug treated animals. MJN110 treatment normalized the expression of the NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B, the AMPA receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2, and the GABAA receptor subunits α1, β2,3 and γ2, which were all reduced at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-injury. The reduced inflammatory response and restored glutamate and GABA receptor expression likely contribute to the improved motor function, learning and memory in the MJN110 treated animals. The therapeutic effects of MJN110 were partially mediated by activation of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and were eliminated when it was co-administered with DO34, a novel inhibitor of the 2-AG biosynthetic enzymes. Our results suggest that augmentation of the endogenous levels of 2-AG can be therapeutically useful in the treatment of TBI by suppressing neuroinflammation and maintaining the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhuanand Selvaraj
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (P.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mikiei Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (P.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (P.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (P.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-295-3212
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22
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Bersani G, Pacitti F, Iannitelli A, Caroti E, Quartini A, Xenos D, Marconi M, Cuoco V, Bigio B, Bowles NP, Weisz F, Fanelli F, Di Lallo VD, Belluomo I, Nicoletti F, Nasca C. Inverse correlation between plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels and subjective severity of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2779. [PMID: 33559925 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocannabinoids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and might represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Objectives of the study were: (1) to measure plasma levels of endocannabinoids in a group of antidepressant-free depressed outpatients; (2) to explore their relationship with the severity of depressive symptoms as subjectively perceived by the patients; and (3) to investigate the effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram on endocannabinoid levels. METHODS We measured plasma levels of the two major endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anadamide), in 12 drug-free outpatients diagnosed with MDD and in 12 matched healthy controls. In the patient group, endocannabinoids plasma levels were assessed at baseline and after 2 months of treatment with escitalopram. RESULTS Baseline plasma levels of the two endocannabinoids did not differ between depressed patients and healthy controls. However, there was a significant inverse correlation between 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels and the severity of subjectively perceived depressive symptoms. Treatment with escitalopram did not change endocannabinoid levels in depressed patients, although it caused the expected improvement of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 2-arachidonylglycerol, the most abundant endocannabinoid in the central nervous system, might act to mitigate depressive symptoms, and raise the interesting possibility that 2-arachidonylglycerol and anandamide are differentially regulated in patients affected by MDD. Also, our data suggest but do not prove that the endocannabinoid system is not regulated by serotonergic transmission, at least in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bersani
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angela Iannitelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Caroti
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Quartini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dionysios Xenos
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michela Marconi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Cuoco
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- The Rockefeller University, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole P Bowles
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Filippo Weisz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- University of Bologna, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina D Di Lallo
- University of Bologna, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- University of Bologna, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Carla Nasca
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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23
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TGF-β/Smad Signalling in Neurogenesis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061382. [PMID: 34205102 PMCID: PMC8226492 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β/Smad signalling has been the subject of extensive research due to its role in the cell cycle and carcinogenesis. Modifications to the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway have been found to produce disparate effects on neurogenesis. We review the current research on canonical and non-canonical TGF-β/Smad signalling pathways and their functions in neurogenesis. We also examine the observed role of neurogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders and the relationship between TGF-β/Smad signalling and neurogenesis in response to stressors. Overlapping mechanisms of cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and the development of mood disorders in response to stressors suggest that TGF-β/Smad signalling is an important regulator of stress response and is implicated in the behavioural outcomes of mood disorders.
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24
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Fitzgerald JM, Chesney SA, Lee TS, Brasel K, Larson CL, Hillard CJ, deRoon-Cassini TA. Circulating endocannabinoids and prospective risk for depression in trauma-injury survivors. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100304. [PMID: 33614866 PMCID: PMC7876629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological mechanisms associated with response to trauma may impact risk for depression. One such mechanism is endocannabinoid signaling (eCB), a neuromodulatory system comprised of the CB1 subtype of cannabinoid receptors (CB1R), encoded by the CNR1 gene, and two primary endogenous ligands: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA), hydrolyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase (gene name MGLL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (gene name FAAH). Preclinical data suggest that eCB/CB1R signaling acts as a stress buffer and its loss or suppression increases depression-like behaviors. We examined circulating concentrations of the eCBs (2-AG and AEA) days and six months after a traumatic injury as a marker of eCB/CB1R signaling and as predictors of Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale-Revised [CESD-R] scores as a measure of depression severity six months after injury. We also explored associations of CNR1, FAAH, and MGLL genetic variance with depression severity at six months. Results from hierarchical multiple linear regressions showed that higher 2-AG serum concentrations after trauma predicted greater depression at six months (β = 0.23, p = 0.007); neither AEA after trauma, nor 2-AG and AEA at six months were significant predictors (p's > 0.305). Carriers of minor allele for the putative single nucleotide polymorphism in the CNR1 gene rs806371 (β = 0.19, p = 0.024) experienced greater depression at six months. These data suggest that the eCB signaling system is highly activated following trauma and that eCB/CB1R activity contributes to long-term depression risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha A. Chesney
- Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital - Neurological Rehabilitation Services, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Karen Brasel
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christine L. Larson
- University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Cecilia J. Hillard
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Terri A. deRoon-Cassini
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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25
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Rana T, Behl T, Sehgal A, Mehta V, Singh S, Kumar R, Bungau S. Integrating Endocannabinoid Signalling In Depression. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2022-2034. [PMID: 33471311 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder and is the leading cause of suicide globally. Because of the significant diversity in mental disorders, accurate diagnosis is difficult. Hence, the investigation of novel biomarkers is a key research perspective in psychotherapy to enable an individually tailored treatment approach. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a vital cortical region whose circuitry has been implicated in the development of depressive disorder. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has garnered increasing attention because of its involvement in several diverse physiological brain processes including regulation of emotional, motivational and cognitive functions. The current review article explores the function of the key elements of the ECS as a biomarker in depressive disorder. The activity of endocannabinoids is thought to be moderated by the CB1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Variations in the concentration of endocannabinoids and the binding affinity of CB1 receptors and their density have been identified in the PFC of persons with depression. Such discoveries support our theory that alteration in endocannabinoid function leads to the pathophysiological features of depressive disorders. Moreover, evidence from animal and human studies has revealed that dysfunction in endocannabinoid signalling can produce depression-like behaviours; therefore, improvement of endocannabinoid signalling may represent a new therapeutic approach for the management of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Distt. Shimla, Government College of Pharmacy, Himachal Pradesh, Rohru, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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26
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Portugalov A, Akirav I. Do Adolescent Exposure to Cannabinoids and Early Adverse Experience Interact to Increase the Risk of Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Rodent Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020730. [PMID: 33450928 PMCID: PMC7828431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been growing concerns about the protracted effects of cannabis use in adolescents on emotion and cognition outcomes, motivated by evidence of growing cannabis use in adolescents, evidence linking cannabis use to various psychiatric disorders, and the increasingly perceived notion that cannabis is harmless. At the same time, studies suggest that cannabinoids may have therapeutic potential against the impacts of stress on the brain and behavior, and that young people sometimes use cannabinoids to alleviate feelings of depression and anxiety (i.e., “self-medication”). Exposure to early adverse life events may predispose individuals to developing psychopathology in adulthood, leading researchers to study the causality between early life factors and cognitive and emotional outcomes in rodent models and to probe the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we aim to better understand the long-term effects of cannabinoids administered in sensitive developmental periods (mainly adolescence) in rodent models of early life stress. We suggest that the effects of cannabinoids on emotional and cognitive function may vary between different sensitive developmental periods. This could potentially affect decisions regarding the use of cannabinoids in clinical settings during the early stages of development and could raise questions regarding educating the public as to potential risks associated with cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Portugalov
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| | - Irit Akirav
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
- Correspondence:
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27
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Graczyk M, Łukowicz M, Dzierzanowski T. Prospects for the Use of Cannabinoids in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:620073. [PMID: 33776815 PMCID: PMC7994770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.620073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests an essential role of the endocannabinoid system in modulating cognitive abilities, mood, stress, and sleep. The psychoactive effects of cannabis are described as euphoric, calming, anxiolytic, and sleep-inducing and positively affect the mood, but can also adversely affect therapy. The responses to cannabinoid medications depend on the patient's endocannabinoid system activity, the proportion of phytocannabinoids, the terpenoid composition, and the dose used. There is some evidence for a therapeutic use of phytocannabinoids in psychiatric conditions. THC and CBD may have opposing effects on anxiety. Current guidelines recommend caution in using THC in patients with anxiety or mood disorders. In a small number of clinical trials, cannabinoids used to treat cancer, HIV, multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, Crohn's disease, and chronic neuropathic pain report decreases in anxiety or depression symptoms and presented sedative and anxiolytic effects. Several studies have investigated the influence of potential genetic factors on psychosis and schizophrenia development after cannabis use. THC may increase the risk of psychosis, especially in young patients with an immature central nervous system. There is limited evidence from clinical trials that cannabinoids are effective therapy for sleep disorders associated with concomitant conditions. There is evidence for a possible role of cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and drugs, also in the context of the risks of opioid use (e.g., opioid-related mortality). In this narrative review of the recent evidence, we discuss the prospects of using the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids in treating mental and psychiatric disorders. However, this evidence is weak for some clinical conditions and well-designed randomized controlled trials are currently lacking. Furthermore, some disorders may be worsened by cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Graczyk
- Department of Palliative Care, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Łukowicz
- Department of Rehabilitation, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Gruca Orthopedic and Trauma Teaching Hospital in Otwock, Otwock, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dzierzanowski
- Laboratory of Palliative Medicine, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Fonseca R, Madeira N, Simoes C. Resilience to fear: The role of individual factors in amygdala response to stressors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 110:103582. [PMID: 33346000 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience to stress is an adaptive process that varies individually. Resilience refers to the adaptation, or the ability to maintain or regain mental health, despite being subject to adverse situation. Resilience is a dynamic concept that reflects a combination of internal individual factors, including age and gender interacting with external factors such as social, cultural and environmental factors. In the last decade, we have witnessed an increase in the prevalence of anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Given that stress in unavoidable, it is of great interest to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms of resilience, the individual factors that may contribute to susceptibility and promote efficacious approaches to improve resilience. Here, we address this complex question, attempting at defining clear and operational definitions that may allow us to improve our analysis of behavior incorporating individuality. We examine how individual perception of the stressor can alter the outcome of an adverse situation using as an example, the fear-conditioning paradigm and discuss how individual differences in the reward system can contribute to resilience. Given the central role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating fear responses and anxiety, we discuss the evidence that polymorphisms in several molecules of this signaling system contribute to different anxiety phenotypes. The endocannabinoid system is highly interconnected with the serotoninergic and dopaminergic modulatory systems, contributing to individual differences in stress perception and coping mechanisms. We review how the individual variability in these modulatory systems can be used towards a multivariable assessment of stress risk. Incorporating individuality in our research will allow us to define biomarkers of anxiety disorders as well as assess prognosis, towards a personalized clinical approach to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Fonseca
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Natália Madeira
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Simoes
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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29
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deRoon-Cassini TA, Stollenwerk TM, Beatka M, Hillard CJ. Meet Your Stress Management Professionals: The Endocannabinoids. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:953-968. [PMID: 32868170 PMCID: PMC7530069 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid signaling system (ECSS) is altered by exposure to stress and mediates and modulates the effects of stress on the brain. Considerable preclinical data support critical roles for the endocannabinoids and their target, the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, in the adaptation of the brain to repeated stress exposure. Chronic stress exposure increases vulnerability to mental illness, so the ECSS has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology. We discuss human genetic studies indicating that the ECSS contributes to risk for mental illness in those exposed to severe stress and trauma early in life, and we explore the potential difficulties in pharmacological manipulation of the ECSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Neuroscience Research Center, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Todd M Stollenwerk
- Neuroscience Research Center, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Margaret Beatka
- Neuroscience Research Center, USA; Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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30
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Gao W, Walther A, Wekenborg M, Penz M, Kirschbaum C. Determination of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in human hair with LC-MS/MS and their relation to symptoms of depression, burnout, and anxiety. Talanta 2020; 217:121006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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31
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Ferber SG, Roth TL, Weller A. Epigenetic fragility of the endocannabinoid system under stress: risk for mood disorders and pharmacogenomic implications. Epigenomics 2020; 12:657-660. [PMID: 32396405 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Goldstein Ferber
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tania L Roth
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, DE 19716, USA
| | - Aron Weller
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Newsom RJ, Stafford J, Garcia RJ, Campeau S. Endocannabinoid signaling as an intrinsic component of the circuits mediating adaptive responses to repeated stress exposure in adult male sprague dawley rats. Stress 2020; 23:174-189. [PMID: 31506004 PMCID: PMC7054150 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1655538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence implicates the endocannabinoid (eCB) system as a negative modulator of neural and endocrine responses to acute stressors. Recently, eCB signaling was also reported to contribute to habituation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to repeated homotypic stress. The present studies were initiated to distinguish a potential role of eCB signaling in the expression vs. the acquisition of habituation of the HPA axis response to repeated stress. In each of three experiments, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to daily, 30-minute sessions of loud white noise (95 dB), which resulted in a progressive decrease in HPA axis response over successive days. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist AM251 (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to examine the role of eCB signaling in homotypic stressor habituation and heterotypic (novel) stressor cross-sensitization of neuroendocrine activity. Pretreatment with high dose (2.0 mg/kg) AM251 before each of 7 consecutive, daily loud noise exposures (acquisition of habituation) resulted in potentiation of stress-induced HPA axis activation and disruption of habituation. After an 8th loud noise exposure without AM251 pretreatment, the same group of rats displayed a habituated plasma corticosterone (CORT) level similar to that of controls, indicating that CB1 receptor antagonist pretreatments did not disrupt the acquisition of habituation. In two additional experiments, rats acquired habituation to loud noise drug free, then lower doses of AM251 (0.5 and 1.0 mg.kg) were administered before a final exposure (expression of habituation) to the homotypic stressor and/or a novel heterotypic stressor. CB1 receptor antagonism disrupted the expression of CORT response habituation and some of the c-fos mRNA reduction associated with it and facilitated novel stressor sensitization in doses that did not potentiate acute responses to these stressors. Collectively, these data suggest a progressive intensification of neural eCB signaling at CB1 receptors with repeated stress exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Newsom
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Jacob Stafford
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Robert J. Garcia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Serge Campeau
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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Marcus DJ, Bedse G, Gaulden AD, Ryan JD, Kondev V, Winters ND, Rosas-Vidal LE, Altemus M, Mackie K, Lee FS, Delpire E, Patel S. Endocannabinoid Signaling Collapse Mediates Stress-Induced Amygdalo-Cortical Strengthening. Neuron 2020; 105:1062-1076.e6. [PMID: 31948734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional coupling between the amygdala and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) has been implicated in the generation of negative affective states; however, the mechanisms by which stress increases amygdala-dmPFC synaptic strength and generates anxiety-like behaviors are not well understood. Here, we show that the mouse basolateral amygdala (BLA)-prelimbic prefrontal cortex (plPFC) circuit is engaged by stress and activation of this pathway in anxiogenic. Furthermore, we demonstrate that acute stress exposure leads to a lasting increase in synaptic strength within a reciprocal BLA-plPFC-BLA subcircuit. Importantly, we identify 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-mediated endocannabinoid signaling as a key mechanism limiting glutamate release at BLA-plPFC synapses and the functional collapse of multimodal 2-AG signaling as a molecular mechanism leading to persistent circuit-specific synaptic strengthening and anxiety-like behaviors after stress exposure. These data suggest that circuit-specific impairment in 2-AG signaling could facilitate functional coupling between the BLA and plPFC and the translation of environmental stress to affective pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marcus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gaurav Bedse
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew D Gaulden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James D Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Veronika Kondev
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nathan D Winters
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Luis E Rosas-Vidal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Megan Altemus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Hindocha C, Cousijn J, Rall M, Bloomfield MAP. The Effectiveness of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review. J Dual Diagn 2020; 16:120-139. [PMID: 31479625 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2019.1652380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a potentially debilitating mental health problem. There has been a recent surge of interest regarding the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of PTSD. We therefore sought to systematically review and assess the quality of the clinical evidence of the effectiveness of cannabinoids for the treatment of PTSD. Method: We included all studies published until December 2018 where a patient has had PTSD diagnosed and had been prescribed or were using a cannabinoid for the purpose of reducing PTSD symptoms. Our primary outcome measure was the reduction in PTSD symptoms using a validated instrument. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, we included the next best available levels of evidence including observational and retrospective studies and case reports. We assessed risk of bias and quality using validated tools appropriate for the study design. Results: We included 10 studies in this review, of which only one study was a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Every identified study had medium to high risk of bias and was of low quality. We found that cannabinoids may decrease PTSD symptomology, in particular sleep disturbances and nightmares. Conclusions: Most studies to date are small and of low quality, with significant limitations to the study designs precluding any clinical recommendations about its use in routine clinical practice. Evidence that cannabinoids may help reduce global PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbances, and nightmares indicates that future well-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials are highly warranted.PROSPERO registration number: 121646.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Rall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M A P Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St Pancras Hospital, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Brellenthin AG, Crombie KM, Hillard CJ, Brown RT, Koltyn KF. Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients. Subst Abus 2019; 42:272-283. [PMID: 31729933 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1680480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been examined as an adjunctive treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs), yet few exercise interventions have been conducted among patients undergoing intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment, who may be the most vulnerable to relapse and for whom exercise could provide the most benefits. This study examined the effects of aerobic exercise, in addition to IOP treatment, on psychological variables and endocannabinoids in individuals with SUDs. Methods: Twenty-one SUD patients (mean age 35 years) were recruited from local IOPs. Participants were randomized to either treatment-as-usual (TAU, at their outpatient clinic) or TAU plus aerobic exercise training (EX). EX participants engaged in supervised, moderate-intensity exercise for 30 min, 3 times/week for 6 weeks. TAU participants came into the laboratory once per week for assessments and a 30-min quiet rest session. Participants provided blood samples and completed questionnaires evaluating substance use, mood states, depression, anxiety, perceived stress, self-efficacy to abstain from substance use, and craving. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U tests or mixed model ANOVAs to determine group differences in outcomes acutely and over 6 weeks. Results: Over 6 weeks, there were reductions in perceived stress (p < 0.01) and craving (p < 0.05) for both groups. There were no group differences in abstinence rates or changes from baseline in self-efficacy, depression, or anxiety (p > 0.05). Acutely, both exercise and quiet rest sessions led to reductions in craving, tension, depression, anger, confusion, and total mood disturbance (all ps < 0.05). In addition, the EX group experienced acute increases in vigor and circulating concentrations of the endocannabinoid, anandamide (p < 0.01). Conclusions: An adjunctive aerobic exercise program during SUD treatment was associated with similar reductions in perceived stress and drug craving as standard care. Thirty minutes of exercise or quiet rest led to acute improvements in mood, but exercise produced the additional benefit of increases in vigor and circulating anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique G Brellenthin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kevin M Crombie
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Randall T Brown
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kelli F Koltyn
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Crombie KM, Leitzelar BN, Brellenthin AG, Hillard CJ, Koltyn KF. Loss of exercise- and stress-induced increases in circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol concentrations in adults with chronic PTSD. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wirz L, Reuter M, Felten A, Schwabe L. An endocannabinoid receptor polymorphism modulates affective processing under stress. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 13:1177-1189. [PMID: 30239920 PMCID: PMC6234318 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress has a critical impact on affective and cognitive processing. Based on rodent data suggesting that endocannabinoid signaling via CB1 receptors serves as an emotional buffer, we hypothesized that a common variant of the gene coding for the CB1 receptor modulates affective processing under stress (CNR1; rs1049353 A vs G allele). Therefore, 139 participants, genotyped for this polymorphism, underwent a stress or control manipulation before they viewed emotionally neutral and negative pictures in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex, known for its crucial role in emotion regulation, was significantly more activated in AA/AG vs GG genotype carriers when viewing negative pictures after stress. Under no-stress conditions, AA/AG genotype carriers showed enhanced crosstalk between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. We further assessed participants' 24 h-delayed memory for the presented pictures and found that memory performance correlated with amygdala and hippocampus activity and connectivity in stressed carriers of the AA/AG but not the GG genotype. These findings underline the modulatory role of the endocannabinoid system in stress effects on emotion and cognition and provide insights into the neural mechanisms that may contribute to the suggested protective effect of the AA/AG genotype of the CB1 receptor polymorphism against stress-related psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wirz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Germany
| | - Martin Reuter
- Department of Differential and Biological Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Felten
- Department of Differential and Biological Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Germany
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Gärtner A, Dörfel D, Diers K, Witt SH, Strobel A, Brocke B. Impact of FAAH genetic variation on fronto-amygdala function during emotional processing. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:209-221. [PMID: 30291441 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent translational studies identified a common endocannabinoid polymorphism, FAAH C385A, in the gene for the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This polymorphism alters endocannabinoid anandamide levels, which are known to be involved in the fronto-amygdala circuitry implicated in mood regulation and anxiety-like behaviors. While it has been shown that the variant that selectively enhances fronto-amygdala connectivity at rest is associated with decreased anxiety-like behaviors, no study so far has investigated whether this finding of FAAH-related differential plasticity extends to task-related differential functional expression and regulation during negative emotional processing. Using an imaging genetics approach, this study aimed to replicate and extend prior findings by examining functional activity and task-related connectivity in fronto-amygdala regions during emotion reactivity and emotional down-regulation of negative affect. Therefore, 48 healthy young adults underwent a functional MRI resting state measurement, completed an emotion regulation paradigm and provided self-reports on anxiety and use of emotion regulation strategies. In line with previous studies, preliminary evidence suggests that A-allele carriers demonstrate stronger fronto-amygdala connectivity during rest. In addition, exploratory whole-brain analyses indicate differential functional activity of A-allele carriers during emotion reactivity and emotion regulation. There were no associations with anxiety-related self-reports and use of emotional regulation strategies. Further research using larger samples and polygenic approaches is indicated to clarify the precise role and its underlying mechanisms in emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gärtner
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Denise Dörfel
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kersten Diers
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Burkhard Brocke
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Yin AQ, Wang F, Zhang X. Integrating endocannabinoid signaling in the regulation of anxiety and depression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:336-341. [PMID: 30002489 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) signaling seems to harmonize appropriate behavioral responses, which are essential for the organism's long-term viability and homeostasis. Dysregulation of eCB signaling contributes to negative emotional states and increased stress responses. An understanding of the underlying neural cell populations and neural circuit regulation will enable the development of therapeutic strategies to mitigate behavioral maladaptation and provide insight into the influence of eCB on the neural circuits involved in anxiety and depression. This review focuses on recent evidence that has added a new layer of complexity to the idea of targeting the eCB system for therapeutic benefits in neuropsychiatric disease and on the future research direction of neural circuit modulation.
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40
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of psychological disorders. Preclinical studies have provided us with key insights into the mechanisms by which the microbiome influences bidirectional gut-brain communication. There are many signaling pathways involved, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune modulation, tryptophan and serotonin metabolism, bile acid transformation, microbial production of neuroactive compounds, and regulation of the endocannabinoid system. The complex and widespread influence of the microbiome on many physiological and psychological processes has generated a keen interest in its therapeutic potential for depression, anxiety, autism, and other psychiatric disorders. It has been shown that the microbiome composition of people suffering with such conditions differs significantly from that of healthy controls, and although the area is in its infancy, interventional studies that alter a person's microbiome through the use of probiotics, prebiotics, or dietary change can alleviate psychopathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary I Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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Li M, Wang D, Bi W, Jiang ZE, Piao R, Yu H. N-Palmitoylethanolamide Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects in Rats: Involvement of PPAR α Pathway in the Hippocampus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:163-172. [PMID: 30635472 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endocannabinoid-like molecule, participates in controlling behaviors associated with mental disorders as an endogenous neuroprotective factor. On the basis of accumulating evidence and our previous data, we tested the hypothesis that the antidepressant-like effects of PEA observed during chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) are mediated by possible targets in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) pathway. In this study, rats were subjected to 35 days of CUMS and treated with drugs such as PEA (2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg/kg, by mouth), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, by mouth), or the combination of PEA and MK886 (1-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-3-[(1,1-dimethylethyl) thio]-α,α-dimethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1H-indole-2-propanoic acid). After behavioral tests, the animals were sacrificed and their hippocampi were dissected for subsequent studies. PEA normalized weight gain, sucrose preferences, locomotor activity in an open-field test, and levels of the PPARα mRNA and protein in the hippocampus, and it reduced serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) levels in rats subjected to CUMS. PEA reversed the abnormal levels of several oxidative stress biomarkers and increased the concentrations of two neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced rats. In addition, PEA alleviated the decrease in hippocampal weight. However, the aforementioned effects of PEA were completely or partially abolished by MK886, a selective PPARα antagonist. On the basis of these findings, the PPARα pathway in the hippocampus is a possible target of the antidepressant effects of PEA, and the maintenance of a stable hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the antioxidant defenses, and normalization of neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus are involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Departments of Functional Science (M.L., W.B., Z.-e.J., R.P., H.Y.) and Pharmacology (D.W.), College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Departments of Functional Science (M.L., W.B., Z.-e.J., R.P., H.Y.) and Pharmacology (D.W.), College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Wenpeng Bi
- Departments of Functional Science (M.L., W.B., Z.-e.J., R.P., H.Y.) and Pharmacology (D.W.), College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Er Jiang
- Departments of Functional Science (M.L., W.B., Z.-e.J., R.P., H.Y.) and Pharmacology (D.W.), College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Rilong Piao
- Departments of Functional Science (M.L., W.B., Z.-e.J., R.P., H.Y.) and Pharmacology (D.W.), College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Yu
- Departments of Functional Science (M.L., W.B., Z.-e.J., R.P., H.Y.) and Pharmacology (D.W.), College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, P. R. China
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42
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Hill MN, Eiland L, Lee TTY, Hillard CJ, McEwen BS. Early life stress alters the developmental trajectory of corticolimbic endocannabinoid signaling in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2018; 146:154-162. [PMID: 30496752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress modulates the development of cortico-limbic circuits and increases vulnerability to adult psychopathology. Given the important stress-buffering role of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, we performed a comprehensive investigation of the developmental trajectory of the eCB system and the impact of exposure to early life stress induced by repeated maternal separation (MS; 3 h/day) from postnatal day 2 (PND2) to PND12. Tissue levels of the eCB molecules anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were measured after MS exposures, as well under basal conditions at juvenile (PND14), adolescent (PND40) and adult (PND70) timepoints in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and hippocampus. We also examined the effects of MS on CB1 receptor binding in these three brain regions at PND40 and PND70. AEA content was found to increase from PND2 into adulthood in a linear manner across all brain regions, while 2-AG was found to exhibit a transient spike during the juvenile period (PND12-14) within the amygdala and PFC, but increased in a linear manner across development in the hippocampus. Exposure to MS resulted in bidirectional changes in AEA and 2-AG tissue levels within the amygdala and hippocampus and produced a sustained reduction in eCB function in the hippocampus at adulthood. CB1 receptor densities across all brain regions were generally found to be downregulated later in life following exposure to MS. Collectively, these data demonstrate that early life stress can alter the normative ontogeny of the eCB system, resulting in a sustained deficit in eCB function, particularly within the hippocampus, in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lisa Eiland
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany T Y Lee
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Gilio L, Maffei P, Dolcetti E, Bruno A, Buttari F, Centonze D, Iezzi E. Exploiting the Multifaceted Effects of Cannabinoids on Mood to Boost Their Therapeutic Use Against Anxiety and Depression. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:424. [PMID: 30515077 PMCID: PMC6256035 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been recently recognized as a prominent promoter of the emotional homeostasis, mediating the effects of different environmental signals including rewarding and stressing stimuli. The ECS modulates the rewarding effects of environmental stimuli, influencing synaptic transmission in the dopaminergic projections to the limbic system, and mediates the neurophysiological and behavioral consequences of stress. Notably, the individual psychosocial context is another key element modulating the activity of the ECS. Finally, inflammation represents an additional factor that could alter the cannabinoid signaling in the CNS inducing a "sickness behavior," characterized by anxiety, anhedonia, and depressive symptoms. The complex influences of the ECS on both the environmental and internal stimuli processing, make the cannabinoid-based drugs an appealing option to treat different psychiatric conditions. Although ample experimental evidence shows beneficial effects of ECS modulation on mood, scarce clinical indication limits the use of cannabis-based treatments. To better define the possible clinical indications of cannabinoid-based drugs in psychiatry, a number of issues should be better addressed, including genetic variability and psychosocial factors possibly affecting the individual response. In particular, better knowledge of the multifaceted effects of cannabinoids could help to understand how to boost their therapeutic use in anxiety and depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Maffei
- Unit of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ennio Iezzi
- Unit of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Modulation of the endocannabinoid system by sex hormones: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:302-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Stopponi S, Fotio Y, Domi A, Borruto AM, Natividad L, Roberto M, Ciccocioppo R, Cannella N. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase in the central amygdala alleviates co-morbid expression of innate anxiety and excessive alcohol intake. Addict Biol 2018; 23:1223-1232. [PMID: 29071769 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that prominently degrades the major endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide). Inhibition of this enzyme leads to increased anandamide levels in brain regions that modulate stress and anxiety. Recently, we found that genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats display hyperactive FAAH in amygdalar regions that was associated with increased stress sensitivity and a hyper-anxious phenotype. Our previous work has also demonstrated that msPs display an innate preference for and excessive consumption of alcohol, potentially reflecting a form of self-medication to gain relief from hyper-anxious states. Here, we expand on our previous work by microinjecting the selective FAAH inhibitor URB597 (vehicle, 0.03, 0.1 and 1.0 μg per rat) into the central amygdala (CeA) and basolateral amygdala in msP versus non-selected Wistar rats to evaluate the effects of localized FAAH inhibition on operant alcohol self-administration and restraint-induced anxiety using the elevated plus maze. Intra-CeA URB597 significantly reduced alcohol self-administration in msP but not in Wistar rats. Intra-basolateral amygdala URB597 also attenuated alcohol drinking in msPs, although the effect was less pronounced relative to CeA treatment. In contrast, control experiments administering URB597 into the ventral tegmental area produced no genotypic differences in drinking. We also found that URB597 treatment in the CeA significantly reduced the anxiogenic effects of restraint stress in msPs, although no effects were detected in Wistars. Dysregulation of FAAH regulated systems in the major output region of the amygdala may drive the propensity for co-morbid expression of anxiety and excessive alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Yannick Fotio
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Ana Domi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Anna Maria Borruto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Luis Natividad
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Nazzareno Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
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Selvam R, Yeh ML, Levine ES. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate the effect of BDNF at CA1 inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus. Synapse 2018; 73:e22075. [PMID: 30334291 PMCID: PMC6470051 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), traditionally known for promoting neuronal growth and development, is also a modulator of synaptic transmission. In addition to the well-characterized effects at excitatory synapses, BDNF has been shown to acutely suppress inhibitory neurotransmission; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have previously shown that at inhibitory synapses in layer 2/3 of the somatosensory cortex, BDNF induces the mobilization of endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) that act retrogradely to suppress GABA release. Here, we hypothesized that in the hippocampus, BDNF acts similarly via eCB signaling to suppress GABAergic transmission. We found that the acute application of BDNF reduced the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) via postsynaptic TrkB receptor activation. The suppressive effects of BDNF required eCB signaling, as this effect on sIPSCs was prevented by a CB1 receptor antagonist. Further, blocking the postsynaptic eCB release prevented the effect of BDNF, whereas eCB reuptake inhibition enhanced the effect of BDNF. These results suggest that BDNF triggers the postsynaptic release of eCBs. To identify the specific eCB release by BDNF, we tested the effects of disrupting the synthesis or degradation of 2-arachidonoylcglycerol (2-AG). Blocking 2-AG synthesis prevented the effect of BDNF and blocking 2-AG degradation enhanced the effect of BDNF. However, there was no change in the effect of BDNF when anandamide degradation was blocked. Collectively, these results suggest that in the hippocampus, BDNF-TrkB signaling induces the postsynaptic release of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-AG, which acts retrogradely on the presynaptic CB1 receptors to suppress GABA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamani Selvam
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mason L Yeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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Pinna G. Biomarkers for PTSD at the Interface of the Endocannabinoid and Neurosteroid Axis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:482. [PMID: 30131663 PMCID: PMC6091574 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Deficient endocannabinoid signaling in the central amygdala contributes to alcohol dependence-related anxiety-like behavior and excessive alcohol intake. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1840-1850. [PMID: 29748627 PMCID: PMC6046053 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Negative emotional states that are associated with excessive alcohol intake, particularly anxiety-like states, have been linked to opponent processes in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), affecting stress-related transmitters and monoamines. This study extends these observations to include endocannabinoid signaling in alcohol-dependent animals. Rats and mice were exposed to chronic intermittent alcohol with vapor inhalation or liquid diet to induce dependence. In vivo microdialysis was used to estimate interstitial concentrations of endocannabinoids [N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)] and amino acids (glutamate and GABA) in rat CeA. Additionally, we evaluated the inhibition of endocannabinoids clearance enzymes [monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase] on anxiety-like behavior and alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent rats and mice. Results revealed that alcohol dependence produced decreases in baseline 2-AG dialysate levels and increases in baseline levels of glutamate and GABA. Acute alcohol abstinence induced an enhancement of these dependence-induced effects and the levels of 2-AG and GABA were restored upon alcohol re-exposure. Additional studies showed that the increased CeA 2-AG levels induced by restraint stress and alcohol self-administration were blunted in alcohol-dependent rats. Pharmacological studies in rats and mice showed that anxiety-like behavior and alcohol consumption were increased in alcohol-dependent animals, and these behavioral effects were attenuated mainly by MAGL inhibitors [MJN110 (10 and 20 mg/kg) in rats and JZL184 (1 and 3 mg/kg) in mice]. The present results suggest a key role for endocannabinoid signaling in motivational neuroadaptations during alcohol dependence, in which a deficiency in CeA 2-AG signaling in alcohol-dependent animals is linked to stress and excessive alcohol consumption.
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Fang G, Wang Y. Effects of rTMS on Hippocampal Endocannabinoids and Depressive-like Behaviors in Adolescent Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1756-1765. [PMID: 29987693 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder in adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 5.6%. Current anti-depressive options for adolescents are limited: psychological intervention and conventional antidepressants have low efficacy, a delayed onset of action and increased possibility of suicidal risk. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as an effective and noninvasive physical therapy for adult depression has been investigated in recent years. However, whether it also produces similar effects on juvenile depression and the underlying mechanism are not clearly understood. In this study, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CMS) was applied to 3-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats for 21 days. Then rTMS was performed for seven consecutive days, and the anti-depressive effects were evaluated by behavioral tests including the sucrose preference test (SPT), the forced swimming test (FST), and the novelty suppressed feeding test (NSF). Expression of hippocampal cannabinoid type I receptor (CB1R), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and relative synthetase and degradative enzymes-diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) were also investigated. The behavioral parameters were also observed after the administration of the selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251. The results showed that CMS induced a significant decrease in sucrose preference, a significant increase of immobility time in the FST, and an increased latency to feed in the NSF. In addition, reduced hippocampal CB1 receptor, 2-AG level and increased MAGL protein expression level were also observed in CMS rats. Meanwhile, rTMS treatment upregulated 2-AG level in the hippocampus and ameliorated depressive-like behaviors. The anti-depressive effect of rTMS was attenuated by AM251, a specific CB1R antagonist that was administered 30 min before the onset of rTMS by either intraperitoneal administration or hippocampal microinjection. These results indicate that rTMS can be used as an antidepressive therapy for juvenile depression at least partly mediated by increasing hippocampal 2-AG and CB1 receptor expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an NO.3 hospital (The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University), Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Baggelaar MP, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A signaling lipid with manifold actions in the brain. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:1-17. [PMID: 29751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. It is involved in a wide array of (patho)physiological functions, such as emotion, cognition, energy balance, pain sensation and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of 2-AG and how chemical and genetic perturbation of these pathways has led to insight in the biological role of this signaling lipid. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating 2-AG levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands..
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