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Abolfazli S, Butler AE, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. The beneficial impact of curcumin on cardiac lipotoxicity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024; 76:1269-1283. [PMID: 39180454 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is defined as a prolonged metabolic imbalance of lipids that results in ectopic fat distribution in peripheral organs such as the liver, heart, and kidney. The harmful consequences of excessive lipid accumulation in cardiomyocytes cause cardiac lipotoxicity, which alters the structure and function of the heart. Obesity and diabetes are linked to lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. These anomalies might be caused by a harmful metabolic shift that accumulates toxic lipids and shifts glucose oxidation to less fatty acid oxidation. Research has linked fatty acids, fatty acyl coenzyme A, diacylglycerol, and ceramide to lipotoxic stress in cells. This stress can be brought on by apoptosis, impaired insulin signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein kinase C activation, p38 Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, or modification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) family members. Curcuma longa is used to extract curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol derivative with a variety of pharmacological characteristics. Throughout the years, curcumin has been utilized as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity drug. Curcumin reduces cardiac lipotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and decreasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, activating the autophagy signaling pathway, and inhibiting the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress marker proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Abolfazli
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Basri NI, Murthi P, Abd Rahman R. Hydroxychloroquine as an Adjunct Therapy for Diabetes in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9681. [PMID: 39273629 PMCID: PMC11395545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the pathophysiology of diabetes in pregnancy in relation to the placental function. We review the potential use of hydroxychloroquine in improving pregnancy outcomes affected by diabetes. The review focuses on the mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine and its potential effects on diabetes. There are several pathways in which hydroxychloroquine mediates its effects: through the inflammasome complex, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, modulatory effects, and antihyperglycemic effects. As a safe drug to be used in pregnancy, it is worth exploring the possible use hydroxychloroquine as an adjunct treatment to the current therapy of diabetes in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Iftida Basri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rahana Abd Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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3
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Tobita K, Iwasa S. Levilactobacillus brevis IBARAKI-TS3 Isolated From Pickles Promotes Production of Interleukin-10 via Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Human M2 Macrophages. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4110. [PMID: 39210693 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
M2 macrophages play an important role in food allergy. Several studies have reported that lactic acid bacteria isolated from pickles exert antiallergic effects. We investigated the effects of several strains of lactic acid bacteria on the immune function of M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cell line by interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 strongly expressed CD163, CD206, and HMOX1 mRNA. Levilactobacillus brevis IBARAKI-TS3 (IBARAKI-TS3) isolated from pickles was identified as a lactic acid bacterium that enhances the expressions of IL-10 and EBI3 mRNA in M2 macrophages. IBARAKI-TS3 induced the expression of genes involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, such as IRAK, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and NF-κB mRNA. IBARAKI-TS3-induced IL-10 production was suppressed by anti-TLR2-neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the IBARAKI-TS3-induced increase in IL-10 levels was significantly reduced in TLR2-knockdown M2 macrophages compared to M2 macrophages. These results suggest that IBARAKI-TS3 promotes of IL-10 production via TLR2 in M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tobita
- Industrial Technology Innovation Center of Ibaraki Prefecture, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwasa
- Industrial Technology Innovation Center of Ibaraki Prefecture, Ibaraki, Japan
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4
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Malicevic U, Rai V, Skrbic R, Agrawal DK. NLRP3 Inflammasome and Gut Dysbiosis Linking Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE RESEARCH 2024; 7:200-218. [PMID: 39328924 PMCID: PMC11426418 DOI: 10.26502/aimr.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease are chronic conditions with significant overlap in their pathophysiology, primarily driven by chronic inflammation. Both diseases are characterized by an aberrant immune response and disrupted homeostasis in various tissues. However, it remains unclear which disease develops first, and which one contributes to the other. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease may increase the risk of developing diabetes. This review focuses on comprehensively discussing the factors commonly contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease to draw a relationship between them and the possibility of targeting common factors to attenuate the incidence of one if the other is present. A key player in the intersection of diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease is the NLRP3 inflammasome, which regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to prolonged inflammation and tissue damage. Additionally, toll-like receptors via sensing microbial components contribute to diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease by initiating inflammatory responses. Gut dysbiosis, a common link in both diseases, further intensifies inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Alterations in gut microbiota composition affect intestinal permeability and immune modulation, perpetuating a vicious cycle of inflammation and disease progression by changing protein expression. The overlap in the underlying inflammatory mechanisms has led to the potential of targeting mediators of chronic inflammation using anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics that benefit both conditions or attenuate the incidence of one in the presence of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugljesa Malicevic
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Departments of Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
| | - Ranko Skrbic
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Departments of Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
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Bajinka O, Sylvain Dovi K, Simbilyabo L, Conteh I, Tan Y. The predicted mechanisms and evidence of probiotics on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:475-490. [PMID: 36630122 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2022.2163260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious endocrine and metabolic disease that is highly prevalent and causes high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. This review aims to focus on the potential of probiotics in the management of T2DM and its complications and to summarise the various mechanisms of action of probiotics with respect to T2DM. In this review, experimental studies conducted between 2016 and 2022 were explored. The possible mechanisms of action are based on their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, boost the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and glucagon-like peptides, inhibit α-glucosidase, elevate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels while reducing fetuin-A levels, and regulate the level of inflammatory cytokines. This review recommends carrying out further studies, especially human trials, to provide robust evidence-based knowledge on the use of probiotics for the treatment of T2DM.IMPACT STATEMENTT2DM is prevalent worldwide causing high rates of morbidity and mortality.Gut microbiota play a significant role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.Probiotics can be used as possible therapeutic tools for the management of T2DM.The possible mechanisms of action of probiotics include modulation of the gut microbiota, production of SCFAs and glucagon-like peptides, inhibition of α-glucosidase, raising SIRT1, reducing fetuin-A levels, and regulating the level of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Bajinka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kodzovi Sylvain Dovi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lucette Simbilyabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ishmail Conteh
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of public health central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Qin WJ, Shi JJ, Chen RY, Li CY, Liu YJ, Lu JF, Yang GJ, Cao JF, Chen J. Curriculum vitae of CUG binding protein 1 (CELF1) in homeostasis and diseases: a systematic review. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:32. [PMID: 38443798 PMCID: PMC10916161 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are kinds of proteins with either singular or multiple RNA-binding domains (RBDs), and they can assembly into ribonucleic acid-protein complexes, which mediate transportation, editing, splicing, stabilization, translational efficiency, or epigenetic modifications of their binding RNA partners, and thereby modulate various physiological and pathological processes. CUG-BP, Elav-like family 1 (CELF1) is a member of the CELF family of RBPs with high affinity to the GU-rich elements in mRNA, and thus exerting control over critical processes including mRNA splicing, translation, and decay. Mounting studies support that CELF1 is correlated with occurrence, genesis and development and represents a potential therapeutical target for these malignant diseases. Herein, we present the structure and function of CELF1, outline its role and regulatory mechanisms in varieties of homeostasis and diseases, summarize the identified CELF1 regulators and their structure-activity relationships, and prospect the current challenges and their solutions during studies on CELF1 functions and corresponding drug discovery, which will facilitate the establishment of a targeted regulatory network for CELF1 in diseases and advance CELF1 as a potential drug target for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jia Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jin-Jin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ru-Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chang-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jian-Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Jia-Feng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Piron A, Szymczak F, Papadopoulou T, Alvelos MI, Defrance M, Lenaerts T, Eizirik DL, Cnop M. RedRibbon: A new rank-rank hypergeometric overlap for gene and transcript expression signatures. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302203. [PMID: 38081640 PMCID: PMC10709657 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput omics technologies have generated a wealth of large protein, gene, and transcript datasets that have exacerbated the need for new methods to analyse and compare big datasets. Rank-rank hypergeometric overlap is an important threshold-free method to combine and visualize two ranked lists of P-values or fold-changes, usually from differential gene expression analyses. Here, we introduce a new rank-rank hypergeometric overlap-based method aimed at gene level and alternative splicing analyses at transcript or exon level, hitherto unreachable as transcript numbers are an order of magnitude larger than gene numbers. We tested the tool on synthetic and real datasets at gene and transcript levels to detect correlation and anticorrelation patterns and found it to be fast and accurate, even on very large datasets thanks to an evolutionary algorithm-based minimal P-value search. The tool comes with a ready-to-use permutation scheme allowing the computation of adjusted P-values at low time cost. The package compatibility mode is a drop-in replacement to previous packages. RedRibbon holds the promise to accurately extricate detailed information from large comparative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Piron
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Brussels, Belgium
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Szymczak
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Theodora Papadopoulou
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Inês Alvelos
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Brussels, Belgium
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Lenaerts
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Brussels, Belgium
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Décio L Eizirik
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- https://ror.org/01r9htc13 Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Kwon DH, Hwang J, You H, Kim NY, Lee GY, Han SN. Effects of an in vitro vitamin D treatment on the inflammatory responses in visceral adipose tissue from Ldlr-/- mice. Nutr Res Pract 2024; 18:19-32. [PMID: 38352213 PMCID: PMC10861343 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2024.18.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Atherosclerosis is associated with increased inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Vitamin D has been reported to modulate the inflammatory responses of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and adipocytes in adipose tissue, but the role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis biology is unclear. This study examined the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) treatment on the inflammatory responses of SVCs and adipocytes from atherosclerotic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided randomly into 2 groups and fed a 10% kcal fat control diet (control group, CON) or 41% kcal fat, 0.21% cholesterol (high fat + cholesterol, HFC) diet (obese group, OB), and B6.129S7-Ldlrtm1Her/J (Ldlr-/-) mice were fed a HFC diet (obese with atherosclerosis group, OBA) for 16 weeks. SVCs and adipocytes isolated from VAT were pre-incubated with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 24 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccarides for the next 24 h. Proinflammatory cytokine production by adipocytes and SVCs, the immune cell population in SVCs, and the expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway in SVCs were determined. RESULTS The numbers of total macrophages and SVCs per mouse were higher in OB and OBA groups than the CON group. The in vitro 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment significantly reduced macrophages/SVCs (%) in the OBA group. Consistent with this change, the production of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by SVCs from the OBA group was decreased by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. The 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment significantly reduced the toll-like receptor 4 and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1) mRNA levels in SVCs and MCP-1 production by adipocytes from all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that vitamin D can attribute to the inhibition of the inflammatory response in VAT from atherosclerotic mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Hoon Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung You
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ga Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Nematollahi Z, Karimian S, Taghavirashidizadeh A, Darvishi M, Pakmehr S, Erfan A, Teimoury MJ, Mansouri N, Alipourfard I. Hub genes, key miRNAs and interaction analyses in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an integrative in silico approach. Integr Biol (Camb) 2024; 16:zyae002. [PMID: 38366952 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is a rising global metabolic disorder and leads to long-term consequences. As a multifactorial disease, the gene-associated mechanisms are important to know. This study applied a bioinformatics approach to explore the molecular underpinning of type 2 diabetes mellitus through differential gene expression analysis. We used microarray datasets GSE16415 and GSE29226 to identify differentially expressed genes between type 2 diabetes and normal samples using R software. Following that, using the STRING database, the protein-protein interaction network was constructed and further analyzed by Cytoscape software. The EnrichR database was used for Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analysis to explore key pathways and functional annotations of hub genes. We also used miRTarBase and TargetScan databases to predict miRNAs targeting hub genes. We identified 21 hub genes in type 2 diabetes, some showing more significant changes in the PPI network. Our results revealed that GLUL, SLC32A1, PC, MAPK10, MAPT, and POSTN genes are more important in the PPI network and can be experimentally investigated as therapeutic targets. Hsa-miR-492 and hsa-miR-16-5p are suggested for diagnosis and prognosis by targeting GLUL, SLC32A1, PC, MAPK10, and MAPT genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway. Insight: Type 2 diabetes, as a rising global and multifactorial disorder, is important to know the gene-associated mechanisms. In an integrative bioinformatics analysis, we integrated different finding datasets to put together and find valuable diagnostic and prognostic hub genes and miRNAs. In contrast, genes, RNAs, and enzymes interact systematically in pathways. Using multiple databases and software, we identified differential expression between hub genes of diabetes and normal samples. We explored different protein-protein interaction networks, gene ontology, key pathway analysis, and predicted miRNAs that target hub genes. This study reported 21 significant hub genes and some miRNAs in the insulin signaling pathway for innovative and potential diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiva Karimian
- Electrical and Computer Research Center, Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Taghavirashidizadeh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center(IDTMC), School of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amin Erfan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical and Vocational University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Neda Mansouri
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) IBSAL and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Xie S, Song S, Liu S, Li Q, Zou W, Ke J, Wang C. (Pro)renin receptor mediates tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis in diabetic kidney disease via DPP4-JNK pathway. J Transl Med 2024; 22:26. [PMID: 38183100 PMCID: PMC10768114 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is highly expressed in renal tubules, which is involved in physiological and pathological processes. However, the role of PRR, expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells, in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, kidney biopsies, urine samples, and public RNA-seq data from DKD patients were used to assess PRR expression and cell pyroptosis in tubular epithelial cells. The regulation of tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis by PRR was investigated by in situ renal injection of adeno-associated virus9 (AAV9)-shRNA into db/db mice, and knockdown or overexpression of PRR in HK-2 cells. To reveal the underlined mechanism, the interaction of PRR with potential binding proteins was explored by using BioGrid database. Furthermore, the direct binding of PRR to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), a pleiotropic serine peptidase which increases blood glucose by degrading incretins under diabetic conditions, was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assay and immunostaining. RESULTS Higher expression of PRR was found in renal tubules and positively correlated with kidney injuries of DKD patients, in parallel with tubular epithelial cells pyroptosis. Knockdown of PRR in kidneys significantly blunted db/db mice to kidney injury by alleviating renal tubular epithelial cells pyroptosis and the resultant interstitial inflammation. Moreover, silencing of PRR blocked high glucose-induced HK-2 pyroptosis, whereas overexpression of PRR enhanced pyroptotic cell death of HK-2 cells. Mechanistically, PRR selectively bound to cysteine-enrich region of C-terminal of DPP4 and augmented the protein abundance of DPP4, leading to the downstream activation of JNK signaling and suppression of SIRT3 signaling and FGFR1 signaling, and then subsequently mediated pyroptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the significant role of PRR in the pathogenesis of DKD; specifically, PRR promoted tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis via DPP4 mediated signaling, highlighting that PRR could be a promising therapeutic target in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shicong Song
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Sirui Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianting Ke
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Alkudmani ZS, Alzailai AA, Aburisheh KH, Alshammary AF, Ali Khan I. Toll-like Receptor 9 Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1439. [PMID: 37998038 PMCID: PMC10669332 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with a wide range of manifestations. Diabetes, notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is becoming more common in Saudi Arabia as a result of obesity and an aging population. T2DM is classified as a noncommunicable disease, and its incidence in the Saudi population continues to grow as a consequence of socioeconomic changes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that mediate the inflammatory response in diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have documented the relationship between different SNPs in the TLR9 gene in different forms of diabetes. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rs187084, rs352140, and rs5743836 SNPs in the TLR9 gene among T2DM patients in the Saudi population. This was a case-control study that included 100 T2DM cases and 100 control subjects. The three SNPs were identified in the study population (n = 200) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes for rs352140, and Sanger sequencing for rs187084 and rs5783836. Next, statistical analyses were performed using various software to determine the association between the SNPs and T2DM. rs187084 and rs5743836 were associated with an increased risk of T2DM development. rs187084 and rs5743836 allelic frequencies were associated with a 3.2 times increased risk of T2DM development (p < 0.05). DBP was associated with T2DM (p = 0.02). rs187084 was associated with TC and HDLc; rs352140 was associated with DBP, HbA1c, and HDLc; rs5743836 was associated with waist (p < 0.05). The CGT haplotype was strongly associated with T2DM (p < 0.003). Gene-gene interaction, graphical presentation, and dendrogram showed the strong association with T2DM patients (p < 0.05). This study concluded that rs187084 and rs5743836 were strongly associated with T2DM in Saudi Arabian patients. This study provides further evidence that SNPs in the TLR9 gene play a significant role in T2DM development in a Saudi community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina S. Alkudmani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Aminah Ahmad Alzailai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Khaled H. Aburisheh
- University Diabetes Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amal F. Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
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12
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Mazzarino M, Cetin E, Bartosova M, Marinovic I, Ipseiz N, Hughes TR, Schmitt CP, Ramji DP, Labéta MO, Raby AC. Therapeutic targeting of chronic kidney disease-associated DAMPs differentially contributing to vascular pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240679. [PMID: 37849759 PMCID: PMC10577224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with markedly increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, a hallmark of both CKD and CV diseases (CVD), is believed to drive this association. Pro-inflammatory endogenous TLR agonists, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), have been found elevated in CKD patients' plasma and suggested to promote CVD, however, confirmation of their involvement, the underlying mechanism(s), the extent to which individual DAMPs contribute to vascular pathology in CKD and the evaluation of potential therapeutic strategies, have remained largely undescribed. A multi-TLR inhibitor, soluble TLR2, abrogated chronic vascular inflammatory responses and the increased aortic atherosclerosis-associated gene expression observed in nephropathic mice, without compromising infection clearance. Mechanistically, we confirmed elevation of 4 TLR DAMPs in CKD patients' plasma, namely Hsp70, Hyaluronic acid, HMGB-1 and Calprotectin, which displayed different abilities to promote key cellular responses associated with vascular inflammation and progression of atherosclerosis in a TLR-dependent manner. These included loss of trans-endothelial resistance, enhanced monocyte migration, increased cytokine production, and foam cell formation by macrophages, the latter via cholesterol efflux inhibition. Calprotectin and Hsp70 most consistently affected these functions. Calprotectin was further elevated in CVD-diagnosed CKD patients and strongly correlated with the predictor of CV events CRP. In nephropathic mice, Calprotectin blockade robustly reduced vascular chronic inflammatory responses and pro-atherosclerotic gene expression in the blood and aorta. Taken together, these findings demonstrated the critical extent to which the DAMP-TLR pathway contributes to vascular inflammatory and atherogenic responses in CKD, revealed the mechanistic contribution of specific DAMPs and described two alternatives therapeutic approaches to reduce chronic vascular inflammation and lower CV pathology in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Mazzarino
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Esra Cetin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iva Marinovic
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natacha Ipseiz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dipak P. Ramji
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mario O. Labéta
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Catherine Raby
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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13
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Panzer B, Kopp CW, Neumayer C, Koppensteiner R, Jozkowicz A, Poledniczek M, Gremmel T, Jilma B, Wadowski PP. Toll-like Receptors as Pro-Thrombotic Drivers in Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:1865. [PMID: 37508529 PMCID: PMC10377790 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in the pathogenesis and disease course of viral infections. The induced pro-inflammatory responses result in the disturbance of the endovascular surface layer and impair vascular homeostasis. The injury of the vessel wall further promotes pro-thrombotic and pro-coagulatory processes, eventually leading to micro-vessel plugging and tissue necrosis. Moreover, TLRs have a direct role in the sensing of viruses and platelet activation. TLR-mediated upregulation of von Willebrand factor release and neutrophil, as well as macrophage extra-cellular trap formation, further contribute to (micro-) thrombotic processes during inflammation. The following review focuses on TLR signaling pathways of TLRs expressed in humans provoking pro-thrombotic responses, which determine patient outcome during viral infections, especially in those with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Panzer
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelminenspital, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph W Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael Poledniczek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Interventional Cardiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia P Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Choudhary S, Khan NS, Verma R, Saxena P, Singh H, Jain AK, Thomas G, Pradhan D, Kumar N. Exploring the molecular underpinning of psoriasis and its associated comorbidities through network approach: cross talks of genes and pathways. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:130. [PMID: 37064002 PMCID: PMC10102268 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with psoriasis often complain of several linked disorders including autoimmune and cardiometabolic diseases. Understanding of molecular link between psoriasis and associated comorbidities would be of great interest at the point of patient care management. Integrative unbiased network approach, indicates significant unidirectional gene overlap between psoriasis and its associated comorbid condition including obesity (31 upregulated and 26 downregulated), ischemic stroke (14 upregulated and 2 downregulated), dyslipidaemia (5 upregulated, 5 downregulated), atherosclerosis (8 upregulated and 1 downregulated) and type II diabetes (5 upregulated, 5 downregulated). The analysis revealed substantial gene sharing among the different psoriasis-associated comorbidities. Molecular comorbidity index determining the strength of the interrelation between psoriasis and its comorbidities indicates prevalence of dyslipidaemia followed by type II diabetes among psoriasis patients. The Jaccard coefficient indices revealed psoriasis shared maximum number of biological pathways with dyslipidaemia followed by type 2 diabetes, ischemic stroke, obesity and atherosclerosis. Moreover, pathway annotation highlighted nearly 45 shared pathways amongst psoriasis and its comorbidities and a substantial number of shared pathways was found among multi-morbidities. Overall, the present study established conceivable link between psoriasis and comorbid diseases. The shared genes and overlapped pathways may be explored as a common productive target for psoriasis and its comorbid conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03533-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Choudhary
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029 India
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), 211007 India
| | - Noor Saba Khan
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Rashi Verma
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Pallavi Saxena
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre (ISRM) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Arun Kumar Jain
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - George Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), 211007 India
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre (ISRM) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029 India
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15
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Phoswa WN, Mokgalaboni K. Immunological Imbalances Associated with Epileptic Seizures in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050732. [PMID: 37239204 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health burden that leads to an increased morbidity and mortality rate arising from microvascular and macrovascular complications. Epilepsy leads to complications that cause psychological and physical distress to patients and carers. Although these conditions are characterized by inflammation, there seems to be a lack of studies that have evaluated inflammatory markers in the presence of both conditions (T2DM and epilepsy), especially in low-middle-income countries where T2DM is epidemic. Summary findings: In this review, we describe the role of immunity in the seizure generation of T2DM. Current evidence shows an increase in the levels of biomarkers such as interleukin (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), and toll-like receptors (TLRs) in epileptic seizures and T2DM. However, there is limited evidence to show a correlation between inflammatory markers in the central and peripheral levels of epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the pathophysiological mechanism behind epileptic seizures in T2DM through an investigation of immunological imbalances might improve diagnosis and further counter the risks of developing complications. This might also assist in delivering safe and effective therapies to T2DM patients affected, thus reducing morbidity and mortality by preventing or reducing associated complications. Moreover, this review also provides an overview approach on inflammatory cytokines that can be targeted when developing alternative therapies, in case these conditions coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Phoswa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Kabelo Mokgalaboni
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
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16
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Shete A, Deshpande S, Sawant J, Warthe N, Thakar M, Madkaikar M, Pradhan V, Rao P, Rohatgi S, Mukherjee A, Anand T, Satija A, Sharma Velamuri P, Das M, Deasi N, Kumar Tembhurne A, Yadav R, Pawaskar S, Rajguru C, Sankhe LR, Chavan SS, Panda S. Higher proinflammatory responses possibly contributing to suppressed cytotoxicity in patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152384. [PMID: 37071959 PMCID: PMC10089671 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM), an opportunistic fungal infection, surged during the second wave of SARS Cov-2 pandemic. Since immune responses play an important role in controlling this infection in immunocompetent hosts, it is required to understand immune perturbations associated with this condition for devising immunotherapeutic strategies for its control. We conducted a study to determine different immune parameters altered in CAM cases as compared to COVID-19 patients without CAM. METHODOLOGY Cytokine levels in serum samples of CAM cases (n = 29) and COVID-19 patients without CAM (n = 20) were determined using luminex assay. Flow cytometric assays were carried out in 20 CAM cases and 10 controls for determination of frequency of NK cells, DCs, phagocytes, T cells and their functionalities. The cytokine levels were analyzed for their association with each other as well as with T cell functionality. The immune parameters were also analyzed with respect to the known risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and steroid treatment. RESULTS Significant reduction in frequencies of total and CD56 + CD16 + NK cells (cytotoxic subset) was noted in CAM cases. Degranulation responses indicative of cytotoxicity of T cell were significantly hampered in CAM cases as compared to the controls. Conversely, phagocytic functions showed no difference in CAM cases versus their controls except for migratory potential which was found to be enhanced in CAM cases. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-18 and MCP-1 were significantly elevated in cases as compared to the control with IFN-γ and IL-18 levels correlating negatively with CD4 T cell cytotoxicity. Steroid administration was associated with higher frequency of CD56 + CD16- NK cells (cytokine producing subset) and higher MCP-1 levels. Whereas diabetic participants had higher phagocytic and chemotactic potential and had higher levels of IL-6, IL-17 and MCP-1. CONCLUSION CAM cases differed from the controls in terms of higher titers of proinflammatory cytokines, reduced frequency of total and cytotoxic CD56 + CD16 + NK cell. They also had reduced T cell cytotoxicity correlating inversely with IFN-γ and IL-18 levels, possibly indicating induction of negative feedback mechanisms while diabetes mellitus or steroid administration did not affect the responses negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune, India.
| | | | - Jyoti Sawant
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune, India
| | - Nidhi Warthe
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR-NIIH), Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Pradhan
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR-NIIH), Mumbai, India
| | - Prajwal Rao
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Shalesh Rohatgi
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | | | - Tanu Anand
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Nidhi Deasi
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR-NIIH), Mumbai, India
| | | | - Reetika Yadav
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR-NIIH), Mumbai, India
| | - Swapnal Pawaskar
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR-NIIH), Mumbai, India
| | - Chhaya Rajguru
- Grant Government Medical College and J J group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Shrinivas S Chavan
- Grant Government Medical College and J J group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR-NARI), Pune, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
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17
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Pellegrino A, Coppola G, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Role of Akkermansia in Human Diseases: From Causation to Therapeutic Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081815. [PMID: 37111034 PMCID: PMC10142179 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of host metabolism and immune response, and its impairment has been implicated in many gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Current evidence shows the well-documented role of A. muciniphila in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating the host immune response, and improving several metabolic pathways, making it a key element in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In this scenario, A. muciniphila is the most promising next-generation probiotic and one of the first microbial species suitable for specific clinical use when compared with traditional probiotics. Further studies are needed to provide more accurate insight into its mechanisms of action and to better elucidate its properties in several major areas, paving the way for a more integrated and personalized therapeutic approach that finally makes the most of our knowledge of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Coppola
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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18
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Effect of Immunomodulating Extract and Some Isolates from Etlingera rubroloba A.D. Poulsen Fruits on Diabetic Patients with Tuberculosis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052401. [PMID: 36903646 PMCID: PMC10005397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease easily complicated by tuberculosis (TB) due to impaired function of the innate immune response. The successes of the discovery of immunomodulatory compounds needs to be continued to introduce new insights into the innate immune response. In previous studies, plant compounds of Etlingera rubroloba A.D. Poulsen (E.rubroloba) were demonstrated to have potential as an immunomodulators. This study aims to isolate and identify the structure of the compounds of E.rubroloba fruit that could effectively improve the function of the innate immune response in individuals with DM infected with TB. The isolation and purification of the compounds of the E.rubroloba extract were carried out by radial chromatography (RC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Identification of the isolated compound structures was determined by measuring the proton (1H) and carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In vitro testing was performed on the immunomodulating activity of the extracts and isolated compounds on DM model macrophages infected with TB antigens. This study succeeded at isolating and identifying the structures of two isolate compounds, namely Sinaphyl alcohol diacetat (BER-1), and Ergosterol peroxide (BER-6). The two isolates were more effective as immunomodulators than the positive controls were, which differed significantly (* p < 0.05) at the reducing interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) protein expression and increasing the human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) protein expression in DM infected with TB. The isolated compound was discovered in E. rubroloba fruits, which has been reported to have the potential to be developed as an immunomodulatory agent. Follow-up testing to determine the mechanism and effectiveness of these compounds as immunomodulators for DM patients is required so that they are not susceptible to TB infection.
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Role of TLRs in HIV-1 Infection and Potential of TLR Agonists in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Treatment Strategies. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010092. [PMID: 36678440 PMCID: PMC9866513 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a family of pattern recognition receptors, play an important role in the recognition of HIV-1 molecular structures by various cells of the innate immune system, but also provide a functional association with subsequent mechanisms of adaptive immunity. TLR7 and TLR8 play a particularly important role in the innate immune response to RNA viruses due to their ability to recognise GU-rich single-stranded RNA molecules and subsequently activate intracellular signalling pathways resulting in expression of genes coding for various biological response modifiers (interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines). The aim of this review is to summarise the most recent knowledge on the role of TLRs in the innate immune response to HIV-1 and the role of TLR gene polymorphisms in the biology and in the clinical aspects of HIV infections. In addition, the role of TLR agonists as latency reversing agents in research to treat HIV infections and as immunomodulators in HIV vaccine research will be discussed.
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20
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Mansouri A, Yousef MS, Kowsar R, Usui N, Akthar I, Miyamoto A. Sperm activate TLR2/TLR1 heterodimerization to induce a weak proinflammatory response in the bovine uterus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158090. [PMID: 37180107 PMCID: PMC10174305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway is involved in the sperm-triggered uterine inflammatory response at insemination, but its precise mechanism at molecular-level remains unknown. According to the ligand specificity, TLR2 forms a heterodimer with TLR1 or TLR6 as an initial step to mediate intracellular signaling, leading to a specific type of immune response. Hence, the present study aimed to identify the active TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/1 or TLR2/6) that is involved in sperm-uterine immune crosstalk in bovine using various models. First, in-vitro (bovine endometrial epithelial cells, BEECs) and ex-vivo (bovine uterine explant) models were employed to test different TLR2 dimerization pathways in endometrial epithelia after exposure to sperm or TLR2 agonists; PAM3 (TLR2/1 agonist), and PAM2 (TLR2/6 agonist). Additionally, in-silico approaches were performed to confirm the dimer stability using de novo protein structure prediction model for bovine TLRs. The in-vitro approach revealed that sperm triggered the mRNA and protein expression of TLR1 and TLR2 but not TLR6 in BEECs. Moreover, this model disclosed that activation of TLR2/6 heterodimer, triggers a much stronger inflammatory response than TLR2/1 and sperm in bovine uterine epithelia. In the ex-vivo model that mimics the intact uterine tissue at insemination, sperm also induced the protein expression of both TLR1 and TLR2, but not TLR6, in bovine endometrium, particularly in uterine glands. Importantly, PAM3 and sperm induced similar and low mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TNFA protein to a lesser extent than PAM2 in endometrial epithelia. This implied that sperm might trigger a weak inflammatory response via TLR2/TLR1 activation which is similar to that of PAM3. Additionally, the in-silico analyses showed that the existence of bridging ligands is essential for heterodimer stability in bovine TLR2 with either TLR1 or TLR6. Altogether, the present findings revealed that sperm utilize TLR2/1, but not TLR2/6, heterodimerization to trigger a weak physiological inflammatory response in the bovine uterus. This might be the way to remove excess dead sperm remaining in the uterine lumen without tissue damage for providing an ideal uterine environment for early embryo reception and implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mansouri
- Global AgroMedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mohamed Samy Yousef
- Global AgroMedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rasoul Kowsar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nonoka Usui
- Global AgroMedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ihshan Akthar
- Global AgroMedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Global AgroMedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akio Miyamoto,
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21
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Therapeutic efficacy of dapagliflozin on diabetic kidney disease in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Srivastava P, Sondak T, Sivashanmugam K, Kim KS. A Review of Immunomodulatory Reprogramming by Probiotics in Combating Chronic and Acute Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2436. [PMID: 36365254 PMCID: PMC9699442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are characterized by a lack of angiogenesis and distal limb diabetic neuropathy. This makes it possible for opportunistic pathogens to protect the biofilm-encased micro-communities, causing a delay in wound healing. The acute and chronic phases of DFU-associated infections are distinguished by the differential expression of innate proinflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α and -β). Efforts are being made to reduce the microbial bioburden of wounds by using therapies such as debridement, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, shock wave therapy, and empirical antibiotic treatment. However, the constant evolution of pathogens limits the effectiveness of these therapies. In the wound-healing process, continuous homeostasis and remodeling processes by commensal microbes undoubtedly provide a protective barrier against diverse pathogens. Among commensal microbes, probiotics are beneficial microbes that should be administered orally or topically to regulate gut-skin interaction and to activate inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production. The goal of this review is to bridge the gap between the role of probiotics in managing the innate immune response and the function of proinflammatory mediators in diabetic wound healing. We also highlight probiotic encapsulation or nanoformulations with prebiotics and extracellular vesicles (EVs) as innovative ways to tackle target DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Tesalonika Sondak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Karthikeyan Sivashanmugam
- School of Biosciences and Technology, High Throughput Screening Lab, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kwang-sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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23
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Xie X, Bai G, Zhang L, Liu H, Qiang D, Li L. Changes in plasma IRAK-M in patients with prediabetes and its relationship with related metabolic indexes: a cross-sectional study. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221111275. [PMID: 36039603 PMCID: PMC9437484 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-M is associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, enrolled subjects were assigned to different groups according to their fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values. IRAK-M and metabolic parameters, including fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-β), and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), were evaluated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of IRAK-M and TXNIP for prediabetes and T2D was determined. RESULTS IRAK-M decreased significantly with increasing FPG levels. IRAK-M was negatively correlated with TXNIP, FPG, FINS, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR and positively correlated with HOMA-β. The diagnostic cutoff value of IRAK-M was 3.76 ng/mL for prediabetes and 3.45 ng/mL for T2D. After stratifying by IRAK-M (<3.76 and ≥3.76 ng/mL), patients with a higher TXNIP level showed a greater risk of prediabetes or T2D in the subgroup with low IRAK-M (<3.76 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS IRAK-M is independently and positively associated with prediabetes and T2D, while TXNIP is independently and negatively associated with prediabetes and T2D. IRAK-M and TXNIP serve as diagnostic factors for prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Guirong Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Dan Qiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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24
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The Yin and Yang of toll-like receptors in endothelial dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35309296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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26
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Jiang L, Cheng M. Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcomes of patients with sepsis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:39. [PMID: 35248158 PMCID: PMC8898404 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of concurrent diabetes on the outcome of sepsis is not conclusively known. A meta-analysis published in 2017 indicated that diabetes did not influence the mortality of patients with sepsis but increased the risk of acute renal injury. In view of publication of several new studies in recent years, there is a need for updated evidence. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. Studies that were done in patients with sepsis, were observational in design- either cohort or case-control or analysed retrospective data were considered for inclusion. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA software. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were included. The risk of in-hospital mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.93, 1.04) and mortality at latest follow up i.e., within 90 days of discharge (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.86, 1.04) among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects was statistically similar. There was an increased risk of in-hospital mortality among those with high blood glucose level at admission (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.01, 2.09). Among those who were diabetic, the risk of acute renal failure (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.34, 1.78) was higher than non-diabetics. The risk of respiratory failure, adverse cardiac events, need for additional hospitalization post-discharge and length of hospital stay was similar among diabetics and non-diabetics. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes is not associated with poor survival outcomes in patients with sepsis but is associated with increased risk of acute renal failure. High blood glucose levels, irrespective of the diabetes status, are associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Findings underscore the need for better evaluation of renal function in diabetic patients with concurrent sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengdi Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China.
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27
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Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812774. [PMID: 35309296 PMCID: PMC8927970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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28
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Lipke K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A. Molecular Mechanism of Lipotoxicity as an Interesting Aspect in the Development of Pathological States-Current View of Knowledge. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050844. [PMID: 35269467 PMCID: PMC8909283 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) play numerous vital roles in the organism, such as contribution to energy generation and reserve, serving as an essential component of the cell membrane, or as ligands for nuclear receptors. However, the disturbance in fatty acid homeostasis, such as inefficient metabolism or intensified release from the site of storage, may result in increased serum FFA levels and eventually result in ectopic fat deposition, which is unfavorable for the organism. The cells are adjusted for the accumulation of FFA to a limited extent and so prolonged exposure to elevated FFA levels results in deleterious effects referred to as lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity contributes to the development of diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation. The nonobvious organs recognized as the main lipotoxic goal of action are the pancreas, liver, skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, and kidneys. However, lipotoxic effects to a significant extent are not organ-specific but affect fundamental cellular processes occurring in most cells. Therefore, the wider perception of cellular lipotoxic mechanisms and their interrelation may be beneficial for a better understanding of various diseases’ pathogenesis and seeking new pharmacological treatment approaches.
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29
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Zhang R, Zhang Q, Zhu S, Liu B, Liu F, Xu Y. Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.): A review of its potential influences in mechanisms of action on metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106029. [PMID: 34896248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Morus alba L. (called Sangye in Chinese, ML), which belong to the genus Morus., are highly valuable edible plants in nutrients and nutraceuticals. In Asian countries including China, Japan and Korea, ML are widely used as functional foods including beverages, noodles and herbal tea because of its biological and nutritional value. Meanwhile, ML-derived products in the form of powders, extracts and capsules are widely consumed as dietary supplements for controlling blood glucose and sugar. Clinical studies showed that ML play an important role in the treatment of metabolic diseases including the diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, atherosclerosis and hypertension. People broadly use ML due to their nutritiousness, deliciousness, safety, and abundant active benefits. However, the systematic pharmacological mechanisms of ML on metabolic diseases have not been fully revealed. Therefore, in order to fully utilize and scale relevant products about ML, this review summarizes the up-to-date information about the ML and its constituents effecting on metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Zhu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Nguyen MM, Perlman G, Kim N, Wu CY, Daher V, Zhou A, Mathers EH, Anita NZ, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Pakosh M, Swardfager W. Depression in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of blood inflammatory markers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 134:105448. [PMID: 34687965 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of depression is higher among people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Individually, both conditions are associated with systemic inflammation. This study aimed to summarize the clinical data comparing peripheral inflammatory markers in blood between people with T2DM, with and without comorbid depression. From 2187 records, we identified 20 original peer-reviewed articles from which blood inflammatory marker concentrations could be combined and compared between people with T2DM and comorbid depression (D) vs. no depression (ND) as standardized mean differences (SMD) in random effects meta-analysis. Concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP; ND/NND = 1742/15244, SMD = 0.31 95% confidence interval [0.16, 0.45], Z16 = 4.03, p < 0.01; I2 = 84.0%) and interleukin-6 (IL-6; ND/NND = 677/4349, SMD = 0.17 [0.04, 0.30], Z4 = 2.58, p = 0.01; I2 = 48.1%), were higher, and concentrations of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; ND/NND = 358/1512, SMD = -0.37 95% confidence interval [-0.64,-0.10], Z2 = -2.68, p = 0.01; I2 = 61.2%) were lower, among those with depression. Depression in T2DM was associated with systemic inflammation and lower peripheral blood BDNF concentrations. Inconsistency between studies suggests the need to explore further population heterogeneity and pathophysiological elements. PROSPERO (CRD42020188509).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Nguyen
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Sleep and Cardiopulmonary Program, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - George Perlman
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Sleep and Cardiopulmonary Program, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Nakyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Che-Yuan Wu
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Valerie Daher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Angela Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Emily H Mathers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Natasha Z Anita
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Sleep and Cardiopulmonary Program, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Sleep and Cardiopulmonary Program, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- Library & Information Services, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Sleep and Cardiopulmonary Program, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Road, Toronto M4G 2V6, Canada.
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31
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Hamouda HA, Mansour SM, Elyamany MF. Vitamin D Combined with Pioglitazone Mitigates Type-2 Diabetes-induced Hepatic Injury Through Targeting Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress. Inflammation 2021; 45:156-171. [PMID: 34468908 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major pathophysiological factor in development of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vitamin D (VITD) plays an imperative role in modulation of several inflammatory responses. The current study aimed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of coadministration of VITD with pioglitazone (PIO), a PPAR-γ agonist, in fructose/streptozotocin (F/STZ) T2DM model in male Wistar rats. T2DM was induced by maintaining rats on 10% (w/v) fructose in drinking water for 9 weeks with an intraperitoneal injection of sub-diabetogenic dose of STZ (35 mg/kg) by the end of the fourth week. One week after STZ injection, PIO (10 mg/kg/day) alone or with VITD (500 IU/kg/day) was administered orally to diabetic rats till the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected, livers were homogenized to determine biochemical parameters, and samples of livers were fixed in 10% formalin in saline for histological examination. Administration of PIO alone improved diabetes-induced inflammatory and oxidative states besides controlling hyperglycemia and decreasing apoptosis. Coadministration of VIT D with PIO promoted additional improvement in glycemic and lipid profiles, provided further control on diabetic-induced hepatic inflammation evident by downregulating TLR2, TLR4, and IKK-β while upregulating IκB-α expression and reducing inflammatory cytokines namely; NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, decreasing apoptosis and oxidative stress by hampering caspase-3 and MDA contents, respectively, and improved liver histology than PIO alone. These beneficial effects of VIT D may expand its use by diabetics combined with antidiabetic drugs due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend A Hamouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Suzan M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F Elyamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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A Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Mechanism of Erjing Prescription in Type 2 Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9933236. [PMID: 34349832 PMCID: PMC8328705 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9933236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Erjing prescription (EJP) was an ancient formula that was recorded in the General Medical Collection of Royal Benevolence of the Song Dynasty. It has been frequently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the long history of China. The formula consists of Lycium barbarum L. and Polygonatum sibiricum F. Delaroche with a ratio of 1 : 1. This study aimed to identify the potential effects and mechanisms of EJP treatment T2DM. The target proteins and possible pathways of EJP in T2DM treatment were investigated by the approach of network pharmacology and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). 99 diabetes-related proteins were regulated by 56 bioactive constituents in EJP in 26 signal pathways by Cytoscape determination. According to GO analysis, 606 genes entries have been enriched. The PPI network suggested that AKT1, EGF, EGFR, MAPK1, and GSK3β proteins were core genes. Among the 26 signal pathways, the PI3K-AKT signal pathway was tested by the RT-PCR. The expression level of PI3K p85, AKT1, GSK3β, and Myc mRNA of this pathway was regulated by EJP. The study based on network pharmacology and RT-PCR analysis revealed that the blood sugar level was regulated by EJP via regulating the PI3K-AKT signal pathway. Plenty of new treatment methods for T2DM using EJP were provided by network pharmacology analysis.
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Iskender H, Dokumacioglu E, Terim Kapakin KA, Yenice G, Mohtare B, Bolat I, Hayirli A. Effects of oleanolic acid on inflammation and metabolism in diabetic rats. Biotech Histochem 2021; 97:269-276. [PMID: 34261397 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1954691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that threatens the health of the world population. We investigated the effects of oleanolic acid (OA) administration on inflammation status and metabolic profile in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Four experimental groups were established: healthy rats not administered OA, healthy rats administered OA, diabetic rats not administered OA, diabetic rats administered OA. OA, 5 mg/kg, was administered by oral gavage for 21 days. Serum samples collected at the end of the experiment and analyzed for toll-like receptor-9, interleukin-18, nuclear factor kappa B, malondialdehyde MDA, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. Pancreas tissue was examined for pathology. Induction of DM caused increased serum concentrations of inflammation and oxidative damage markers. DM also caused hyperglycemia-hyperlipidemia and decreased serum concentration of minerals. The islets of Langerhans were degenerated and necrotic. Administration of OA reversed the adverse effects of DM. OA treatment can ameliorate inflammation and oxidative damage due to DM by normalizing hyperglycemia and decreasing TLR-9, IL-18, NF-κB and MDA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Iskender
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Eda Dokumacioglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | | | - Guler Yenice
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Behzat Mohtare
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ismail Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Armagan Hayirli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Abstract
Historically, the focus of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research has been on host metabolism and hormone action. However, emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome, commensal microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, also play a significant role in T2DM pathogenesis. Specifically, gut microbes metabolize what is available to them through the host diet to produce small molecule metabolites that can have endocrine-like effects on human cells. In fact, the meta-organismal crosstalk between gut microbe-generated metabolites and host receptor systems may represent an untapped therapeutic target for those at risk for or suffering from T2DM. Recent evidence suggests that gut microbe-derived metabolites can impact host adiposity, insulin resistance, and hormone secretion to collectively impact T2DM progression. Here we review the current evidence that structurally diverse gut microbe-derived metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, aromatic metabolites, trimethylamine-N-oxide, polyamines, and N-acyl amides, that can engage with host receptors in an endocrine-like manner to promote host metabolic disturbance associated with T2DM. Although these microbe-host signaling circuits are not as well understood as host hormonal signaling, they hold untapped potential as new druggable targets to improve T2DM complications. Whether drugs that selectively target meta-organismal endocrinology will be safe and efficacious in treating T2DM is a key new question in the field of endocrinology. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges in targeting the gut microbial endocrine organ for the treatment of diabetes and potentially many other diseases where diet-microbe-host interactions play a contributory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Correspondence: J. Mark Brown, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Kaur A, Kaushik D, Piplani S, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. TLR2 Agonistic Small Molecules: Detailed Structure-Activity Relationship, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Med Chem 2020; 64:233-278. [PMID: 33346636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in microbial species. Among the various TLRs, TLR2 has a special place due to its ability to sense the widest repertoire of PAMPs owing to its heterodimerization with either TLR1 or TLR6, broadening its ligand diversity against pathogens. Various scaffolds are reported to activate TLR2, which include naturally occurring lipoproteins, synthetic lipopeptides, and small heterocyclic molecules. We described a detailed SAR in TLR2 agonistic scaffolds and also covered the design and chemistry for the conjugation of TLR2 agonists to antigens, carbohydrates, polymers, and fluorophores. The approaches involved in delivery of TLR2 agonists such as lipidation of antigen, conjugation to polymers, phosphonic acids, and other linkers to achieve surface adsorption, liposomal formulation, and encapsulating nanoparticles are elaborated. The crystal structure analysis and computational modeling are also included with the structural features that facilitate TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Wu L, Sun J, Liu L, Du X, Liu Y, Yan X, Kombo Osoro E, Zhang F, Feng L, Liang D, Li Y, Chen Q, Sun S, Zhang L, Lan X, Li D, Lu S. Anti-toll-like receptor 2 antibody ameliorates hepatic injury, inflammation, fibrosis and steatosis in obesity-related metabolic disorder rats via regulating MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106368. [PMID: 32151955 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide, which includes a spectrum of histological liver changes. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered to be the progressive subtype of NAFLD, which is characterized by lobular inflammation and cellular ballooning on the basis of steatosis. There is a critical need to develop novel and effective therapeutic approaches for NAFLD/NASH. The activation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway plays a key role in high-fat-related inflammation, triggering the occurrence and development of NASH. Herein, the anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody (TLR2 mAb) was prepared and investigated for its ability to ameliorate the inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. The anti-inflammatory role of TLR2 mAb in vitro was examined in NR8383 macrophage cells and THP-1 derived macrophage cells. For confirmation in vivo, three groups of SD rats were treated for 20 weeks: rats in the control were fed with a standard diet; rates in the IgG and TLR2 mAb groups were fed with a high-fat diet and with IgG or TLR2 mAb, respectively. Liver tissue and serum were collected for further analysis. Results showed that after 4-week treatment with TLR2 mAb, metabolic parameters in rats were improved markedly (body weight, fasting blood glucose level, liver steatosis, inflammatory response and fibrosis). Moreover, western blotting demonstrated that the TLR2 mAb blocked MAPKs and NF-κB activation, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in rat liver tissue. These effects suggested that TLR2 mAb could improve HFD-induced hepatic injury, inflammation, fibrosis and steatosis by suppressing inflammatory response and regulating the hepatic MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. This suggests that TLR2 may be a novel therapeutic target for metabolic diseases especially NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Juan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province 261061, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Ezra Kombo Osoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lina Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yazhao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Sha Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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Martínez-García MÁ, Ojeda-Ojeda M, Rodríguez-Martín E, Insenser M, Moncayo S, Álvarez-Blasco F, Luque-Ramírez M, Escobar-Morreale HF. TLR2 and TLR4 Surface and Gene Expression in White Blood Cells after Fasting and Oral Glucose, Lipid and Protein Challenges: Influence of Obesity and Sex Hormones. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010111. [PMID: 31936430 PMCID: PMC7023426 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied if macronutrients of the diet have different effects on leukocyte activation, and if these effects are influenced by sex hormones or obesity. We analyzed leukocyte cell surface and gene expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) during fasting and after macronutrient loads in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and female and male controls. Fasting TLR2 surface expression in neutrophils was higher in men than in women. Obese subjects presented higher TLR2 gene expression than nonobese individuals, particularly in men. In contrast, surface TLR4 expression was lower in men and in obese individuals. Postprandial cell-surface expression decreased similarly after all macronutrient loads. Neutrophil TLR2 decreased only in obese subjects whereas TLR4 showed a greater decrease in nonobese individuals. However, TLR2 gene expression increased after glucose ingestion and decreased during the lipid load, while TLR4 was induced in response to lipids and mostly to glucose. Postprandial TLR gene expression was not influenced by group of subjects or obesity. Both cell-surface and gene postprandial expression inversely correlated with their fasting levels. These responses suggest a transient compensatory response aiming to prevent postprandial inflammation. However, obesity and sex hormones showed opposite influences on surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4, but not on their gene expression, pointing to regulatory posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ángeles Martínez-García
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal &Universidad de Alcalá &Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.M.-G.); (M.O.-O.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (F.Á.-B.); (M.L.-R.)
| | - Miriam Ojeda-Ojeda
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal &Universidad de Alcalá &Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.M.-G.); (M.O.-O.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (F.Á.-B.); (M.L.-R.)
| | | | - María Insenser
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal &Universidad de Alcalá &Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.M.-G.); (M.O.-O.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (F.Á.-B.); (M.L.-R.)
| | - Samuel Moncayo
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal &Universidad de Alcalá &Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.M.-G.); (M.O.-O.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (F.Á.-B.); (M.L.-R.)
| | - Francisco Álvarez-Blasco
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal &Universidad de Alcalá &Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.M.-G.); (M.O.-O.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (F.Á.-B.); (M.L.-R.)
| | - Manuel Luque-Ramírez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal &Universidad de Alcalá &Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.M.-G.); (M.O.-O.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (F.Á.-B.); (M.L.-R.)
| | - Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal &Universidad de Alcalá &Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.M.-G.); (M.O.-O.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (F.Á.-B.); (M.L.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-3369164
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Sun Q, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yan H, Li J, Wan X. Mechanism analysis of improved glucose homeostasis and cholesterol metabolism in high-fat-induced obese mice treated with La-SJLH001 via transcriptomics and culturomics. Food Funct 2019; 10:3556-3566. [PMID: 31157351 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the functional and probiotic properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus SJLH001 (La-SJLH001) isolated from fermented food via mechanism analysis based on transcriptomics and culturomics. La-SJLH001 exhibited good tolerance to acid and bile salt conditions with anti-diabetic ability and cholesterol assimilation activity in vitro. Supplementation with La-SJLH001 also resulted in a significant reduction in host oral glucose and serum total cholesterol levels in vivo. Transcriptome profiles and qPCR analysis suggested that La-SJLH001 significantly regulated the transcription of key genes involved in glucose transportation, cholesterol metabolism, ion channels, and immune response, resulting in improved glucose homeostasis and cholesterol metabolism. La-SJLH001 significantly affected the structure of intestinal microbiota when analyzed by using culturomics coupled with MALDI-TOF MS. These results indicated that La-SJLH001 may be a mechanistic target for the control of diabetes with great potential in the application of probiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 7th Floor of Complex Building, Guanzhuang Campus, USTB, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100024, China.
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Tian S, Wang M, Liu C, Zhao H, Zhao B. Mulberry leaf reduces inflammation and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice by TLRs and insulin Signalling pathway. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:326. [PMID: 31752797 PMCID: PMC6873489 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background It has been testified that Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a close association with chronic inflammation and Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), and DM could be prevented by mulberry leaf. Therefore, a hypothesis came into being that mulberry leaf could ameliorate proinflammation and insulin resistance (IR) through TLRs and insulin signalling pathways. Methods Water extracts of mulberry leaf (WEM) was given to diabetic mice by gavage for 10 weeks, and the diabetic mice was injected with low-dose streptozocin, fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were conducted. At the same time, homeostasis model assessment of insulin (HOMA-IR) and the level of the inflammatory factor, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was measured. The expressions of critical nodes of TLRs and insulin signalling pathway were also examined. Results WEM contributed to a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, AUC from the investigation of OGTTs and HOMA-IR. The levels of the inflammatory factor, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) also declined. Moreover, WEM suppressed the expression of TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumour-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the skeletal muscle. WEM could up-regulate the expression of insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), and down-regulate the phosphorylation of IRS1 in adipose tissue. Conclusion Through this study, a conclusion could be made that WEM mitigates hyperglycemia, IR, and inflammation through the interactions among TLR2 signalling pathway, insulin signalling pathway and TNF-α.
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Munipalli SB, Mounika MR, Aisha J, Yenugu S. Tlr1-13, Nod1/2 and antimicrobial gene expression in the epididymis and testis of rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13437. [PMID: 31637753 DOI: 10.1111/and.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD) receptors along with antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are crucial for innate immunity. The pathology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with the disrupted expression of TLRs, NODs and AMPs in the kidney, lungs and other organs. However, such a relation in the male reproductive tract is not yet investigated. In this study, we analysed the expression pattern of Tlr1-13, Nod1/2 receptors and AMPs (β-defensins and defensin-like proteins of the Sperm-Associated Antigen 11 (Spag11) family) in the male reproductive tissues (caput, cauda and testis) obtained from diabetic or insulin-treated diabetic or untreated control rats. Alterations in the expression pattern of Tlr1-13, Nod 1/ 2, Defb1, 2, 21, 24, 27, 30 and Spag11a/ c/ t were observed under diabetic conditions. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats could modulate the expression pattern of only some these genes. Results of our study indicate perturbed gene expression profile of Tlrs, Nod1/2, Defbs and Spag11 isoforms in the epididymis and testis of diabetic rats, and this could be one of the important reasons for the increased risk of infections in the male genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Babu Munipalli
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Marri Reddy Mounika
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jamil Aisha
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Safari-Arababadi M, Modarressi MH, Arababadi MK. Up-regulation of RIP1 and IPS-1 in chronic HBV infected patients. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:337-343. [PMID: 31429854 PMCID: PMC6726166 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IPS-1 and RIP1 are the main downstream molecules of RIG1 and MDA5, as
intracytoplasmic receptors, which are the main receptors involved in recognition
of internal and external viral double-stranded RNA. In this project, mRNA levels
of IPS-1 and RIP1 were investigated in the peripheral blood immune cells of
chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. IPS-1 and RIP1 mRNA levels were measured in
60 CHB patients and 120 healthy subjects, using RT-qPCR technique. A significant
increase in expression levels of IPS-1 and
RIP1 was found in patients when compared to healthy
individuals. There was no correlation between IPS-1 and RIP1expression levels
with the serum levels of hepatitis B e-Antigen (HBeAg) and liver enzymes in
patients. Based on the results, it seems that IPS-1 and RIP1 can participate in
the induction of low chronic inflammation, which is a main cause of liver
cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Safari-Arababadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Ahuja S, Uniyal A, Akhtar A, Sah SP. Alpha lipoic acid and metformin alleviates experimentally induced insulin resistance and cognitive deficit by modulation of TLR2 signalling. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:614-623. [PMID: 31176103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is commonly found to be co-morbid with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In obese diabetic patients, TLR-2 receptor induced inflammation leads to the development of insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, the IR is considered to be the most important cause for promoting cognitive decline which is evident in brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease related dementia (ADRD). METHODS In this study, the effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) has been examined in rodent model of zymosan induced insulin resistance and cognitive deficits, targeting at TLR-2 signalling. TLR-2 agonist, Zymosan initiates inflammatory cascade, resulting in IR and cognitive dysfunction. Zymosan (50 mg/kg ip) was given to mice on 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd day to induce IR which was confirmed by hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidimea, increased glycated haemoglobin and HOMA-IR. Further the cognitive performance was assessed in Morris water maze revealing cognitive deficit in zymosan treated mice. RESULTS Daily treatment with ALA for 28 days (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, ip) significantly improved insulin sensitivity and cognitive performance in mice by decreasing insulin resistance, corticosterone, IL-6 levels, acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and oxidative stress in liver, cortex and hippocampus. ALA also increased adiponectin level and reduced body weight. Combination of ALA (100 mg/kg, ip) with metformin (100 mg/kg, ip) exhibited a potentiating effect in improving cognitive performance and insulin signalling. CONCLUSION The findings of the study supported the hypothesis that TLR-2 induced inflammation leads to insulin resistance and cognitive impairment and provides an evidence for the therapeutic effect of ALA in IR and ADRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ahuja
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ansab Akhtar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and toll-like receptors: A mutual avenue. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:508-513. [PMID: 29331619 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium leading to several complications in humans. M. pneumoniae is cleared in some cases and induces complications in others. The main responsible mechanisms regarding the controversy are yet to be cleared. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the important cell membrane and intracellular receptors which recognize a wide range of microbial macromolecules. The roles of TLRs in the eradication of several pathogens and also induction of their related complications have been demonstrated. This review article presents recent data about the roles of TLRs in the induction of immune responses which lead to M. pneumoniae eradication and related complications.
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Ermiş Karaali Z, Candan G, Aktuğlu MB, Velet M, Ergen A. Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR-2) Gene Polymorphisms in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:559-563. [PMID: 30124003 PMCID: PMC6099132 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Innate immunity factors are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its complications. Therefore, T2DM has
been suggested to be an immune-dependent disease. Elevated fasting glucose level and higher concentrations of innate
immunity soluble molecules are not only related with insulin resistance, but inflammation is also an important factor in beta
cell dysfunction in T2DM. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), which has an important role in inducing innate immune cells, is thought
to have suppressive roles on immune responses in T2DM. We therefore aimed to investigate the possible role of TLR-2 del
-196-174 and Arg753Gln variants in T2DM pathogenesis.
Materials and Methods This study was designed as a case-control study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment
length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to genotype the two variants in 100 T2DM patients and 98 age-
matched controls.
Results We found significantly higher frequencies of TLR-2 del -196-174 DD genotype (P=0.003), ID genotype
(P=0.009) and D allele (P=0.001) in patients compared with controls. In addition, the II genotype (P=0.001) and the I
allele (P=0.003) frequencies were elevated in healthy controls. We did not find any significant differences in frequency
distribution for the Arg753Gln variant in study groups.
Conclusion We suggest that carrying the D allele of the TLR-2 del -196-174 variant may be related as a risk factor for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ermiş Karaali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gonca Candan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Burak Aktuğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Velet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ergen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic Address:
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Arababadi MK, Nosratabadi R, Asadikaram G. Vitamin D and toll like receptors. Life Sci 2018; 203:105-111. [PMID: 29596922 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that vitamin D (VD) significantly modulates immune responses. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the main innate immunity receptors which are expressed on the cell membrane and intracellular vesicles and recognize several pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to induce immune responses. Based on the important roles played by TLRs in physiologic and pathologic functions of immune responses and due to the immunomodulatory functions of VD, it has been hypothesized that VD may present its immunomodulatory functions via modulation of TLRs. This review article collates recent studies regarding the interactions between VD and TLRs and discussed the controversial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020203. [PMID: 29438282 PMCID: PMC5852779 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to their relevance in regulating the inflammatory response in the GIT, we will focus here on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. In particular, we describe (a) the molecular pathways activated by the stimulation of these receptors with their known bacterial ligands; (b) the non-bacterial ligands known to interact directly with TLR2 and TLR4 and their soluble forms. The scope of this minireview is to highlight the importance of bacterial and non-bacterial compounds in affecting the gut immune functions via the activation of the TLRs.
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48
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Kato AS, Witkin JM. Protein complexes as psychiatric and neurological drug targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 151:263-281. [PMID: 29330067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The need for improved medications for psychiatric and neurological disorders is clear. Difficulties in finding such drugs demands that all strategic means be utilized for their invention. The discovery of forebrain specific AMPA receptor antagonists, which selectively block the specific combinations of principal and auxiliary subunits present in forebrain regions but spare targets in the cerebellum, was recently disclosed. This discovery raised the possibility that other auxiliary protein systems could be utilized to help identify new medicines. Discussion of the TARP-dependent AMPA receptor antagonists has been presented elsewhere. Here we review the diversity of protein complexes of neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system to highlight the broad range of protein/protein drug targets. We briefly outline the structural basis of protein complexes as drug targets for G-protein-coupled receptors, voltage-gated ion channels, and ligand-gated ion channels. This review highlights heterodimers, subunit-specific receptor constructions, multiple signaling pathways, and auxiliary proteins with an emphasis on the later. We conclude that the use of auxiliary proteins in chemical compound screening could enhance the detection of specific, targeted drug searches and lead to novel and improved medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko S Kato
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Willmer T, Johnson R, Louw J, Pheiffer C. Blood-Based DNA Methylation Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes: Potential for Clinical Applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:744. [PMID: 30564199 PMCID: PMC6288427 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. It is a chronic metabolic disorder that develops due to an interplay of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. The biological onset of the disease occurs long before clinical symptoms develop, thus the search for early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, which could facilitate intervention strategies to prevent or delay disease progression, has increased considerably in recent years. Epigenetic modifications represent important links between genetic, environmental and lifestyle cues and increasing evidence implicate altered epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation, the most characterized and widely studied epigenetic mechanism, in the pathogenesis of T2D. This review provides an update of the current status of DNA methylation as a biomarker for T2D. Four databases, Scopus, Pubmed, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar were searched for studies investigating DNA methylation in blood. Thirty-seven studies were identified, and are summarized with respect to population characteristics, biological source, and method of DNA methylation quantification (global, candidate gene or genome-wide). We highlight that differential methylation of the TCF7L2, KCNQ1, ABCG1, TXNIP, PHOSPHO1, SREBF1, SLC30A8, and FTO genes in blood are reproducibly associated with T2D in different population groups. These genes should be prioritized and replicated in longitudinal studies across more populations in future studies. Finally, we discuss the limitations faced by DNA methylation studies, which include including interpatient variability, cellular heterogeneity, and lack of accounting for study confounders. These limitations and challenges must be overcome before the implementation of blood-based DNA methylation biomarkers into a clinical setting. We emphasize the need for longitudinal prospective studies to support the robustness of the current findings of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Willmer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Tarryn Willmer
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Ahmadishoar S, Kariminik A. Toll-like receptor 2 and its roles in immune responses against Legionella pneumophila. Life Sci 2017; 188:158-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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