1
|
Khan AL. Silicon: A valuable soil element for improving plant growth and CO 2 sequestration. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00217-0. [PMID: 38806098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si), the second most abundant and quasi-essential soil element, is locked as a recalcitrant silicate mineral in the Earth's crust. The physical abundance of silicates can play an essential role in increasing plant productivity. Plants store Si as biogenic silica (phytoliths), which is mobilized through a chemical weathering process in the soil. AIM OF REVIEW Although Si is a critical element for plant growth, there is still a considerable need to understand its dissolution, uptake, and translocation in agroecosystems. Here, we show recent progress in understanding the interactome of Si, CO2, the microbiome, and soil chemistry, which can sustainably govern silicate dissolution and cycling in agriculture. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THIS REVIEW Si cycling is directly related to carbon cycling, and the resulting climate stability can be enhanced by negative feedback between atmospheric CO2 and the silicate uptake process. Improved Si mobilization in the rhizosphere by the presence of reactive elements (for example, Ca, Na, Al, Zn, and Fe) and Si uptake through genetic transporters in plants are crucial to achieving the dual objectives of (i) enhancing crop productivity and (ii) abiotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, the microbiome is a symbiotic partner of plants. Bacterial and fungal microbiomes can solubilize silicate minerals through intriguingly complex bioweathering mechanisms by producing beneficial metabolites and enzymes. However, the interaction of Si with CO2 and the microbiome's function in mobilization have been understudied. This review shows that enhancing our understanding of Si, CO2, the microbiome, and soil chemistry can help in sustainable crop production during climatic stress events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iqbal S, Hussain M, Sadiq S, Seleiman MF, Sarkhosh A, Chater JM, Shahid MA. Silicon nanoparticles confer hypoxia tolerance in citrus rootstocks by modulating antioxidant activities and carbohydrate metabolism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22960. [PMID: 38163208 PMCID: PMC10756966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus is a remarkable fruit crop, extremely sensitive to flooding conditions, which frequently trigger hypoxia stress and cause severe damage to citrus plants. Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are beneficial and have the potential to overcome this problem. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of silicon nanoparticles to overcome hypoxia stress through modulating antioxidant enzyme activity and carbohydrate metabolism. Three citrus rootstocks (Carrizo citrange, Roubidoux, and Rich 16-6) were exposed to flooding (with and without oxygen) through different SiNP treatments via foliar and root zone. SiNPs applied treatment plants showed a significant increase in photosynthesis, leaf greenness, antioxidant enzymes, and carbohydrate metabolic activities, besides the higher accumulation of proline and glycine betaine. The rate of lipid peroxidation was drastically higher in flooded plants; however, SiNPs application reduced it significantly, ultimately reducing oxidative damage. Overall, Rich16-6 rootstock showed good performance via root zone application compared to other rootstocks, possibly due to genotypical variation in silicon uptake. Our outcomes demonstrate that SiNPs significantly affect plant growth during hypoxia stress conditions, and their use is an optimal strategy to overcome this issue. This study laid the foundation for future research to use at the commercial level to overcome hypoxia stress and a potential platform for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Iqbal
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
| | - Mujahid Hussain
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
| | - Saleha Sadiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - John M. Chater
- Horticultural Science Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asgher M, Rehaman A, Nazar Ul Islam S, Khan NA. Multifaceted roles of silicon nano particles in heavy metals-stressed plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122886. [PMID: 37952923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contamination has emerged as one of the most damaging abiotic stress factors due to their prominent release into the environment through industrialization and urbanization worldwide. The increase in HMs concentration in soil and the environment has invited attention of researchers/environmentalists to minimize its' impact by practicing different techniques such as application of phytohormones, gaseous molecules, metalloids, and essential nutrients etc. Silicon (Si) although not considered as the essential nutrient, has received more attention in the last few decades due to its involvement in the amelioration of wide range of abiotic stress factors. Silicon is the second most abundant element after oxygen on earth, but is relatively lesser available for plants as it is taken up in the form of mono-silicic acid, Si(OH)4. The scattered information on the influence of Si on plant development and abiotic stress adaptation has been published. Moreover, the use of nanoparticles for maintenance of plant functions under limited environmental conditions has gained momentum. The current review, therefore, summarizes the updated information on Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) synthesis, characterization, uptake and transport mechanism, and their effect on plant growth and development, physiological and biochemical processes and molecular mechanisms. The regulatory connect between SiNPs and phytohormones signaling in counteracting the negative impacts of HMs stress has also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, India
| | - Abdul Rehaman
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, India
| | - Syed Nazar Ul Islam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hussain B, Riaz L, Li K, Hayat K, Akbar N, Hadeed MZ, Zhu B, Pu S. Abiogenic silicon: Interaction with potentially toxic elements and its ecological significance in soil and plant systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122689. [PMID: 37804901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Abiogenic silicon (Si), though deemed a quasi-nutrient, remains largely inaccessible to plants due to its prevalence within mineral ores. Nevertheless, the influence of Si extends across a spectrum of pivotal plant processes. Si emerges as a versatile boon for plants, conferring a plethora of advantages. Notably, it engenders substantial enhancements in biomass, yield, and overall plant developmental attributes. Beyond these effects, Si augments the activities of vital antioxidant enzymes, encompassing glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), among others. It achieves through the augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging gene expression, thus curbing the injurious impact of free radicals. In addition to its effects on plants, Si profoundly ameliorates soil health indicators. Si tangibly enhances soil vitality by elevating soil pH and fostering microbial community proliferation. Furthermore, it exerts inhibitory control over ions that could inflict harm upon delicate plant cells. During interactions within the soil matrix, Si readily forms complexes with potentially toxic metals (PTEs), encapsulating them through Si-PTEs interactions, precipitative mechanisms, and integration within colloidal Si and mineral strata. The amalgamation of Si with other soil amendments, such as biochar, nanoparticles, zeolites, and composts, extends its capacity to thwart PTEs. This synergistic approach enhances soil organic matter content and bolsters overall soil quality parameters. The utilization of Si-based fertilizers and nanomaterials holds promise for further increasing food production and fortifying global food security. Besides, gaps in our scientific discourse persist concerning Si speciation and fractionation within soils, as well as its intricate interplay with PTEs. Nonetheless, future investigations must delve into the precise functions of abiogenic Si within the physiological and biochemical realms of both soil and plants, especially at the critical juncture of the soil-plant interface. This review seeks to comprehensively address the multifaceted roles of Si in plant and soil systems during interactions with PTEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babar Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Luqman Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohsar University Murree, 47150, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kun Li
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu, 610081, Sichuan, China
| | - Kashif Hayat
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Naveed Akbar
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | | | - Bowei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Shengyan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Application of Exogenous Silicon for Alleviating Photosynthetic Inhibition in Tomato Seedlings under Low−Calcium Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113526. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the low Ca−induced growth inhibition of tomato plants, the mitigation effect of exogenous Si on tomato seedlings under low−Ca stress was investigated using different application methods. We specifically analyzed the effects of root application or foliar spraying of 1 mM Si on growth conditions, leaf photosynthetic properties, stomatal status, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, ATP activity and content, Calvin cycle−related enzymatic activity, and gene expression in tomato seedlings under low vs. adequate calcium conditions. We found that the low−Ca environment significantly affected (reduced) these parameters, resulting in growth limitation. Surprisingly, the application of 1 mM Si significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, and biomass accumulation, protected photosynthetic pigments, improved gas exchange, promoted ATP production, enhanced the activity of Calvin cycle key enzymes and expression of related genes, and ensured efficient photosynthesis to occur in plants under low−Ca conditions. Interestingly, when the same amount of Si was applied, the beneficial effects of Si were more pronounced under low−Ca conditions that under adequate Ca. We speculate that Si might promote the absorption and transport of calcium in plants. The effects of Si also differed depending on the application method; foliar spraying was better in alleviating photosynthetic inhibition in plants under low−Ca stress, whereas root application of Si significantly promoted root growth and development. Enhancing the photosynthetic capacity by foliar Si application is an effective strategy for ameliorating the growth inhibition of plants under low−Ca stress.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mukarram M, Petrik P, Mushtaq Z, Khan MMA, Gulfishan M, Lux A. Silicon nanoparticles in higher plants: Uptake, action, stress tolerance, and crosstalk with phytohormones, antioxidants, and other signalling molecules. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119855. [PMID: 35940485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is absorbed as uncharged mono-silicic acid by plant roots through passive absorption of Lsi1, an influx transporter belonging to the aquaporin protein family. Lsi2 then actively effluxes silicon from root cells towards the xylem from where it is exported by Lsi6 for silicon distribution and accumulation to other parts. Recently, it was proposed that silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) might share a similar route for their uptake and transport. SiNPs then initiate a cascade of morphophysiological adjustments that improve the plant physiology through regulating the expression of many photosynthetic genes and proteins along with photosystem I (PSI) and PSII assemblies. Subsequent improvement in photosynthetic performance and stomatal behaviour correspond to higher growth, development, and productivity. On many occasions, SiNPs have demonstrated a protective role during stressful environments by improving plant-water status, source-sink potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and enzymatic profile. The present review comprehensively discusses the crop improvement potential of SiNPs stretching their role during optimal and abiotic stress conditions including salinity, drought, temperature, heavy metals, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Moreover, in the later section of this review, we offered the understanding that most of these upgrades can be explained by SiNPs intricate correspondence with phytohormones, antioxidants, and signalling molecules. SiNPs can modulate the endogenous phytohormones level such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxins (IAAs), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ET), gibberellins (GAs), and jasmonic acid (JA). Altered phytohormones level affects plant growth, development, and productivity at various organ and tissue levels. Similarly, SiNPs regulate the activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle leading to an upgraded defence system. At the cellular and subcellular levels, SiNPs crosstalk with various signalling molecules such as Ca2+, K+, Na+, nitric oxide (NO), ROS, soluble sugars, and transcription factors (TFs) was also explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mukarram
- Advance Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India; Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96001, Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Petrik
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zeenat Mushtaq
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Advance Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mohd Gulfishan
- Glocal School of Agricultural Science, Glocal University, Saharanpur, 247121, India
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao H, Yu W, Yang X, Liang J, Sun X, Sun M, Xiao Y, Peng F. Silicon enhances the drought resistance of peach seedlings by regulating hormone, amino acid, and sugar metabolism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:422. [PMID: 36045325 PMCID: PMC9434905 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is one of the main concerns worldwide and restricts the development of agriculture. Silicon improves the drought resistance of plants, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. RESULTS We sequenced the transcriptomes of both control and silicon-treated peach seedlings under drought stress to identify genes or gene networks that could be managed to increase the drought tolerance of peach seedlings. Peach (Prunus persica) seedlings were used to analyse the effects of silicon on plant growth and physiological indexes related to drought resistance under drought stress. The results showed that silicon addition improved the water use efficiency, antioxidant capacity, and net photosynthetic rate, inhibition of stomatal closure, promoted the development of roots, and further regulated the synthesis of hormones, amino acids and sugars in peach seedlings. A comparative transcriptome analysis identified a total of 2275 genes that respond to silicon under drought stress. These genes were mainly involved in ion transport, hormone and signal transduction, biosynthetic and metabolic processes, stress and defence responses and other processes. We analysed the effects of silicon on the modulation of stress-related hormonal crosstalk and amino acid and sugar metabolism. The results showed that silicon promotes zeatin, gibberellin, and auxin biosynthesis, inhibits the synthesis of abscisic acid, then promote lateral root development and inhibit stomatal closure, and regulates the signal transduction of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin and salicylic acid. Silicon also regulates the metabolism of various amino acids and promotes the accumulation of sucrose and glucose to improve drought resistance of peach seedlings. CONCLUSIONS Silicon enhanced the drought resistance of peach seedlings by regulating stress-related hormone synthesis and signal transduction, and regulating amino acid and sugar metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaifeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Xiwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Maoxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song A, Li Z, Wang E, Xu D, Wang S, Bi J, Wang H, Jeyakumar P, Li Z, Fan F. Supplying silicon alters microbial community and reduces soil cadmium bioavailability to promote health wheat growth and yield. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148797. [PMID: 34273835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil amendments of black bone (BB), biochar (BC), silicon fertilizer (SI), and leaf fertilizer (LF) play vital roles in decreasing cadmium (Cd) availability, thereby supporting healthy plant growth and food security in agroecosystems. However, the effect of their additions on soil microbial community and the resulting soil Cd bioavailability, plant Cd uptake and health growth are still unknown. Therefore, in this study, BB, BC, SI, and LF were selected to evaluate Cd amelioration in wheat grown in Cd-contaminated soils. The results showed that relative to the control, all amendments significantly decreased both soil Cd bioavailability and its uptake in plant tissues, promoting healthy wheat growth and yield. This induced-decrease effect in seeds was the most obvious, wherein the effect was the highest in SI (52.54%), followed by LF (43.31%), and lowest in BC (35.24%) and BB (31.98%). Moreover, the induced decrease in soil Cd bioavailability was the highest in SI (29.56%), followed by BC (28.85%), lowest in LF (17.55%), and BB (15.30%). The significant effect in SI likely resulted from a significant increase in both the soil bioavailable Si and microbial community (Acidobacteria and Thaumarchaeota), which significantly decreased soil Cd bioavailability towards plant roots. In particular, a co-occurrence network analysis indicated that soil microbes played a substantial role in wheat yield under Si amendment. Therefore, supplying Si alters the soil microbial community, positively and significantly interacting with soil bioavailable Si and decreasing Cd bioavailability in soils, thereby sustaining healthy crop development and food quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alin Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zimin Li
- Earth and Life Institute, Soil Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.10, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Enzhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Duanyang Xu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Sai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Bi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China.
| | - Fenliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Naz R, Batool S, Shahid M, Keyani R, Yasmin H, Nosheen A, Hassan MN, Mumtaz S, Siddiqui MH. Exogenous silicon and hydrogen sulfide alleviates the simultaneously occurring drought stress and leaf rust infection in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:558-571. [PMID: 34174661 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are known to enhance plant defense against multiple stresses. Current study was conducted to investigate the application of Si and H2S alone as well as in combination, improved physiological resilience of wheat plants to drought stress (DS) and pathogen-Puccinia triticina (Pt) infection. We aimed to increase the wheat plant growth and to enhance the DS tolerance and Pt resistance with the concurrent applications of H2S and Si. In the first experiment, we selected the best growth enhancing concentration of H2S (0.3 mM) and Si (6 mM) to further investigate their tolerance and resistance potential in the pot experiment under DS and pathogen infection conditions. The obtained results reveal that DS has further increased the susceptibility of wheat plants to leaf rust pathogen infection while, the sole application of Si and the simultaneous exogenous treatments of H2S + Si enhanced the plant growth, decreased disease incidence, and significantly improved tolerance and defense mechanisms of wheat under individual and interactive stress conditions. The exogenous treatment of H2S + Si improved the growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments, osmoprotectants, and defense related enzyme activities. The same treatment also reinforced the endogenous H2S, Si, ABA and SA contents while decreased the disease incidence and oxidative stress indicators under individual and combined stress conditions. Overall, results from this study presents the influence of combined drought and P. triticina stress in wheat and reveal the beneficial impacts of concurrent exogenous treatment of H2S + Si to mitigate the drought and pathogen (P. triticina) induced adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Naz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sana Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Vehari Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rumana Keyani
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Yasmin
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asia Nosheen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Saqib Mumtaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Manzer Hussain Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Malik MA, Wani AH, Mir SH, Rehman IU, Tahir I, Ahmad P, Rashid I. Elucidating the role of silicon in drought stress tolerance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:187-195. [PMID: 34049031 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Predicted changes in climate, with more severe droughts and more extreme weather variability, are gaining considerable attention from stakeholders because of the already stressed and seriously challenging agricultural ecosystems of the contemporary world. One of the greatest challenges faced by these unique ecosystems due to climate change is drought stress, which affects plant growth, development and metabolic processes, thus reducing production, yield, and quality of crop plants. Plants counter this stress by employing complex mechanisms through a series of physiological, cellular, and molecular processes. Among the myriad of stress tolerance mechanisms, the positive effects of Si on water status of plants have been widely appreciated. Here, we review the potential of Si supplementation in alleviating drought stress and highlight the imported mechanisms involved in Si mediated reduction of drought stress in plants. Si fertilization not only enhances the photosynthetic pigments, growth, biomass, antioxidant enzymes, gene expression, osmolyte concentrations and nutrient uptake but also improves crop production, yield and grain quality during drought stress. In addition, it provides insights on important mechanisms involved in the modification of gas exchange attributes, gene modification, nutritional homeostasis, control synthesis of compatible solutes, osmotic adjustment and stimulation of phytohormone biosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. We also highlight knowledge gaps and future research prospects to understand Si mediated role in alleviating drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad Malik
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abid Hussain Wani
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Showkat Hamid Mir
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ishfaq Ul Rehman
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Inayatullah Tahir
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Irfan Rashid
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pavlovic J, Kostic L, Bosnic P, Kirkby EA, Nikolic M. Interactions of Silicon With Essential and Beneficial Elements in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697592. [PMID: 34249069 PMCID: PMC8261142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential element for plants, but numerous studies have demonstrated its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental conditions, including low nutrient availability. Application of Si shows the potential to increase nutrient availability in the rhizosphere and root uptake through complex mechanisms, which still remain unclear. Silicon-mediated transcriptional regulation of element transporters for both root acquisition and tissue homeostasis has recently been suggested as an important strategy, varying in detail depending on plant species and nutritional status. Here, we summarize evidence of Si-mediated acquisition, uptake and translocation of nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), and nickel (Ni) under both deficiency and excess conditions. In addition, we discuss interactions of Si-with beneficial elements: aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), and selenium (Se). This review also highlights further research needed to improve understanding of Si-mediated acquisition and utilization of nutrients and vice versa nutrient status-mediated Si acquisition and transport, both processes which are of high importance for agronomic practice (e.g., reduced use of fertilizers and pesticides).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlovic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Kostic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Bosnic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ernest A. Kirkby
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khan MIR, Ashfaque F, Chhillar H, Irfan M, Khan NA. The intricacy of silicon, plant growth regulators and other signaling molecules for abiotic stress tolerance: An entrancing crosstalk between stress alleviators. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:36-47. [PMID: 33667965 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable environmental conditions are the critical inimical to the sustainable agriculture. Among various novel strategies designed to protect plants from abiotic stress threats, use of mineral elements as 'stress mitigators' has emerged as the most crucial and interesting aspect. Silicon (Si) is a quasi-essential nutrient that mediates plant growth and development and interacts with plant growth regulators (PGRs) and signaling molecules to combat abiotic stress induced adversities in plants and increase stress tolerance. PGRs are one of the most important chemical messengers that mediate plant growth and development during stressful conditions. However, the individual roles of Si and PGRs have extensively defined but their exquisite crosstalk with each other to mediate plant stress responses is still indiscernible. The present review is an upfront effort to delineate an intricate crosstalk/interaction between Si and PGRs to reduce abiotic stress adversities. The combined effects of interaction of Si with other signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca2+) for the survival of plants under stress and optimal conditions are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Farha Ashfaque
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Mohammad Irfan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tripathi DK, Vishwakarma K, Singh VP, Prakash V, Sharma S, Muneer S, Nikolic M, Deshmukh R, Vaculík M, Corpas FJ. Silicon crosstalk with reactive oxygen species, phytohormones and other signaling molecules. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124820. [PMID: 33516974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous applications of silicon (Si) can initiate cellular defence pathways to enhance plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant Si accumulation is regulated by several transporters of silicic acid (e.g. Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi6), but the precise mechanisms involved in overall Si transport and its beneficial effects remains unclear. In stressed plants, the accumulation of Si leads to a defence mechanism involving the formation of amorphous or hydrated silicic acid caused by their polymerization and interaction with other organic substances. Silicon also regulates plant ionic homeostasis, which involves the nutrient acquisition, availability, and replenishment in the soil through biogeochemical cycles. Furthermore, Si is implicated in modulating ethylene-dependent and jasmonate pathways, as well as other phytohormones, particularly under stress conditions. Crosstalk between Si and phytohormones could lead to improvements in Si-mediated crop growth, especially when plants are exposed to stress. The integration of Si with reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism appears to be a part of the signaling cascade that regulates plant phytohormone homeostasis, as well as morphological, biochemical, and molecular responses. This review aims to provide an update on Si interplays with ROS, phytohormones, and other signaling molecules that regulate plant development under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Kanchan Vishwakarma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent PG College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Sowbiya Muneer
- School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Miroslav Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Botany, Plant Science. and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iqbal Z, Sarkhosh A, Balal RM, Gómez C, Zubair M, Ilyas N, Khan N, Shahid MA. Silicon Alleviate Hypoxia Stress by Improving Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidants and Regulating Nutrient Uptake in Muscadine Grape ( Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:618873. [PMID: 33643333 PMCID: PMC7902783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flooding induces low oxygen (hypoxia) stress to plants, and this scenario is mounting due to hurricanes followed by heavy rains, especially in subtropical regions. Hypoxia stress results in the reduction of green pigments, gas exchange (stomatal conductance and internal CO2 concentration), and photosynthetic activity in the plant leaves. In addition, hypoxia stress causes oxidative damage by accelerating lipid peroxidation due to the hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaf and root tissues. Furthermore, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant activity increase, whereas micronutrient uptake decreases under hypoxia stress. Plant physiology and development get severely compromised by hypoxia stress. This investigation was, therefore, aimed at appraising the effects of regular silicon (Si) and Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) to mitigate hypoxia stress in muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.) plants. Our results demonstrated that hypoxia stress reduced muscadine plants' growth by limiting the production of root and shoot dry biomass, whereas the root zone application of both Si and SiNP effectively mitigated oxidative and osmotic cell damage. Compared to Si, SiNP yielded better efficiency by improving the activity of enzymatic antioxidants [including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)], non-enzymatic antioxidants [ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione contents], and accumulation of organic osmolytes [proline and glycinebetaine (GB)]. SiNP also regulated the nutrient profile of the plants by increasing N, P, K, and Zn contents while limiting Mn and Fe concentration to a less toxic level. A negative correlation between antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation rates was observed in SiNP-treated plants under hypoxia stress. Conclusively, SiNP-treated plants combat hypoxia more efficiently stress than conventional Si by boosting antioxidant activities, osmoprotectant accumulation, and micronutrient regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Celina Gómez
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Khan
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hussain S, Mumtaz M, Manzoor S, Shuxian L, Ahmed I, Skalicky M, Brestic M, Rastogi A, Ulhassan Z, Shafiq I, Allakhverdiev SI, Khurshid H, Yang W, Liu W. Foliar application of silicon improves growth of soybean by enhancing carbon metabolism under shading conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:43-52. [PMID: 33338819 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was set up to investigate physiological responses of soybeans to silicon (Si) under normal light and shade conditions. Two soybean varieties, Nandou 12 (shade resistant), and Nan 032-4 (shade susceptible), were tested. Our results revealed that under shading, the net assimilation rate and the plant growth were significantly reduced. However, foliar application of Si under normal light and shading significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci). The net photosynthetic rate of Nandou 12 under normal light and shading increased by 46.4% and 33.3% respectively with Si treatment (200 mg/kg) compared to controls. Si application also enhanced chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, fresh weight, root length, root surface area, root volume, root-shoot ratio, and root dry weight under both conditions. Si application significantly increased the accumulation of some carbohydrates such as soluble sugar and sucrose in stems and leaves ensuring better stem strength under both conditions. Si application significantly increased the yield by increasing the number of effective pods per plant, the number of beans per plant and the weight of beans per plant. After Si treatment, the yield increased 24.5% under mono-cropping, and 17.41% under intercropping. Thus, Si is very effective in alleviating the stress effects of shading in intercropped soybeans by increasing the photosynthetic efficiency and lodging resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Maryam Mumtaz
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Sumaira Manzoor
- Department of Botany, Government College University of Faisalabad, Layyah Campus, 31200, Pakistan
| | - Li Shuxian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Irshan Ahmed
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Anshu Rastogi
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zaid Ulhassan
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Iram Shafiq
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Haris Khurshid
- Oil Seed Research Program, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xue X, Geng T, Liu H, Yang W, Zhong W, Zhang Z, Zhu C, Chu Z. Foliar Application of Silicon Enhances Resistance Against Phytophthora infestans Through the ET/JA- and NPR1- Dependent Signaling Pathways in Potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:609870. [PMID: 33584769 PMCID: PMC7876464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.609870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Late blight (LB), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potato that is necessary to control by regularly treatment with fungicides. Silicon (Si) has been used to enhance plant resistance against a broad range of bacterial and fungal pathogens; however, the enhanced LB resistance and the molecular mechanisms involving the plant hormone pathways remain unclear. In this study, Si treatment of potato plants was found to enhance LB resistance in both detached leaves and living plants accompanied by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and pathogenesis-related genes expression. Regarding the hormone pathways involved in Si-mediated LB resistance, we found a rapidly increased content of ethylene (ET) 15 min after spraying with Si. Increased jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-Ile and decreased salicylic acid (SA) were identified in plants at 1 day after spraying with Si and an additional 1 day after P. infestans EC1 infection. Furthermore, pretreatment with Me-JA enhanced resistance to EC1, while pretreatment with DIECA, an inhibitor of JA synthesis, enhanced the susceptibility and attenuated the Si-mediated resistance to LB. Consistent with these hormonal alterations, Si-mediated LB resistance was significantly attenuated in StETR1-, StEIN2-, StAOS-, StOPR3-, StNPR1-, and StHSP90-repressed plants but not in StCOI1- and StSID2-repressed plants using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The Si-mediated accumulation of JA/JA-Ile was significantly attenuated in StETR1-, StEIN2-, StOPR3- and StHSP90-VIGS plants but not in StCOI1-, StSID2- and StNPR1-VIGS plants. Overall, we reveal that Si can be used as a putative alternative to fungicides to control LB, and conclude that Si-mediated LB resistance is dependent on the ET/JA-signaling pathways in a StHSP90- and StNPR1-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Tiantian Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiran Zhong
- Institute of Characteristics Crops, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- Institute of Characteristics Crops, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Regulatory Role of Silicon in Mitigating Plant Nutritional Stresses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121779. [PMID: 33333938 PMCID: PMC7765459 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that silicon (Si) plays important roles in plant productivity by improving mineral nutrition deficiencies. Despite the fact that Si is considered as ‘quasi–essential’, the positive effect of Si has mostly been described in resistance to biotic and tolerance to abiotic stresses. During the last decade, much effort has been aimed at linking the positive effects of Si under nutrient deficiency or heavy metal toxicity (HM). These studies highlight the positive effect of Si on biomass production, by maintaining photosynthetic machinery, decreasing transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and regulating uptake and root to shoot translocation of nutrients as well as reducing oxidative stress. The mechanisms of these inputs and the processes driving the alterations in plant adaptation to nutritional stress are, however, largely unknown. In this review, we focus on the interaction of Si and macronutrient (MaN) deficiencies or micro-nutrient (MiN) deficiency, summarizing the current knowledge in numerous research fields that can improve our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this cross-talk. To this end, we discuss the gap in Si nutrition and propose a working model to explain the responses of individual MaN or MiN disorders and their mutual responses to Si supplementation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh A, Kumar A, Hartley S, Singh IK. Silicon: its ameliorative effect on plant defense against herbivory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6730-6743. [PMID: 32591824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants protect themselves against pest attack utilizing both direct and indirect modes of defense. The direct mode of defense includes morphological, biochemical, and molecular barriers that affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores whereas the indirect mode of defense includes release of a blend of volatiles that attract natural enemies of the pests. Both of these strategies adopted by plants are reinforced if the plants are supplied with one of the most abundant metalloids, silicon (Si). Plants absorb Si as silicic acid (Si(OH)4) and accumulate it as phytoliths, which strengthens their physical defense. This deposition of Si in plant tissue is up-regulated upon pest attack. Further, Si deposited in the apoplast, suppresses pest effector molecules. Additionally, Si up-regulates the expression of defense-related genes and proteins and their activity and enhances the accumulation of secondary metabolites, boosting induced molecular and biochemical defenses. Moreover, Si plays a crucial role in phytohormone-mediated direct and indirect defense mechanisms. It is also involved in the reduction of harmful effects of oxidative stress resulting from herbivory by accelerating the scavenging process. Despite increasing evidence of its multiple roles in defense against pests, the practical implications of Si for crop protection have received less attention. Here, we highlight recent developments in Si-mediated improved plant resistance against pests and its significance for future use in crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Susan Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahanger MA, Bhat JA, Siddiqui MH, Rinklebe J, Ahmad P. Integration of silicon and secondary metabolites in plants: a significant association in stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6758-6774. [PMID: 32585681 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are unable to avoid being subjected to environmental stresses that negatively affect their growth and productivity. Instead, they utilize various mechanisms at the morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels to alleviate the deleterious effects of such stresses. Amongst these, secondary metabolites produced by plants represent an important component of the defense system. Secondary metabolites, namely phenolics, terpenes, and nitrogen-containing compounds, have been extensively demonstrated to protect plants against multiple stresses, both biotic (herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms) and abiotic (e.g. drought, salinity, and heavy metals). The regulation of secondary metabolism by beneficial elements such as silicon (Si) is an important topic. Silicon-mediated alleviation of both biotic and abiotic stresses has been well documented in numerous plant species. Recently, many studies have demonstrated the involvement of Si in strengthening stress tolerance through the modulation of secondary metabolism. In this review, we discuss Si-mediated regulation of the synthesis, metabolism, and modification of secondary metabolites that lead to enhanced stress tolerance, with a focus on physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects. Whilst mechanisms involved in Si-mediated regulation of pathogen resistance via secondary metabolism have been established in plants, they are largely unknown in the case of abiotic stresses, thus leaving an important gap in our current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Environment, Energy, and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, S.P. College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ligaba-Osena A, Guo W, Choi SC, Limmer MA, Seyfferth AL, Hankoua BB. Silicon Enhances Biomass and Grain Yield in an Ancient Crop Tef [ Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:608503. [PMID: 33329679 PMCID: PMC7732538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.608503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the beneficial plant mineral nutrients which is known to improve biotic and abiotic stress resilience and productivity in several crops. However, its beneficial role in underutilized or "orphan" crop such as tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] has never been studied before. In this study, we investigated the effect of Si application on tef plant performance. Plants were grown in soil with or without exogenous application of Na2SiO3 (0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mM), and biomass and grain yield, mineral content, chlorophyll content, plant height, and expression patterns of putative Si transporter genes were studied. Silicon application significantly increased grain yield (100%) at 3.0 mM Si, and aboveground biomass yield by 45% at 5.0 mM Si, while it had no effect on plant height. The observed increase in grain yield appears to be due to enhanced stress resilience and increased total chlorophyll content. Increasing the level of Si increased shoot Si and Na content while it significantly decreased the content of other minerals including K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, and Mn in the shoot, which is likely due to the use of Na containing Si amendment. A slight decrease in grain Ca, P, S, and Mn was also observed with increasing Si treatment. The increase in Si content with increasing Si levels prompted us to analyze the expression of Si transporter genes. The tef genome contains seven putative Si transporters which showed high homology with influx and efflux Lsi transporters reported in various plant species including rice. The tef Lsi homologs were deferentially expressed between tissues (roots, leaves, nodes, and inflorescences) and in response to Si, suggesting that they may play a role in Si uptake and/or translocation. Taken together, these results show that Si application improves stress resilience and yield and regulates the expression of putative Si transporter genes. However, further study is needed to determine the physiological function of the putative Si transporters, and to study the effect of field application of Si on tef productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Ligaba-Osena
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Wanli Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sang Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Alan Limmer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Angelia L. Seyfferth
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Bertrand B. Hankoua
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Waterman JM, Hall CR, Mikhael M, Cazzonelli CI, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Short‐term resistance that persists: Rapidly induced silicon anti‐herbivore defence affects carbon‐based plant defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Waterman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Casey R. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| | - Meena Mikhael
- School of Medicine Western Sydney University Campbelltown NSW Australia
| | | | | | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Richmond NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Singh A, Roychoudhury A. Silicon-regulated antioxidant and osmolyte defense and methylglyoxal detoxification functions co-ordinately in attenuating fluoride toxicity and conferring protection to rice seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:758-769. [PMID: 32801080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this manuscript was to demonstrate the efficacy of silicon supplementation in relieving the fluoride-induced damages in rice cultivar, Khitish. The exposure of seedlings to two different concentrations of fluoride, viz., 25 and 50 mg L-1 NaF caused increase in fluoride accumulation, as a result of which the seedlings suffered severe oxidative stress, as evident from growth inhibition, reduction in seed germination, tissue biomass, root and shoot length, decline in chlorophyll content, increases in electrolyte leakage, H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content and lipoxygenase activity), protein carbonylation and protease activity. The extent of damage was more at higher fluoride concentration. Silicon amendment, irrespective of fluoride concentrations, led to large build-up of endogenous silicon level and brought considerable improvement in all the parameters examined with respect to fluoride stress. The fluoride-mediated enhancement in methylglyoxal level was lowered by silicon, because of the prominent activation of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. While the stress-mediated induction in antioxidative enzymes like GPOX, APX, SOD, GPX and GR was lowered by silicon, the inhibition in CAT activity was relieved. The antioxidative defense mechanism was also boosted up via enhanced content of total phenolics and carotenoids. However, the fluoride-mediated increase in anthocyanins, flavonoids, xanthophyll, ascorbate and reduced glutathione, and osmolytes like total amino acids, proline and glycine-betaine, were all lowered in presence of silicon, together with reduced PAL and P5CS activity. Overall, silicon reduced oxidative damages to develop fluoride-tolerant rice plants through augmentation of different antioxidant and osmolyte defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thorne SJ, Hartley SE, Maathuis FJM. Is Silicon a Panacea for Alleviating Drought and Salt Stress in Crops? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1221. [PMID: 32973824 PMCID: PMC7461962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salinity affects around 20% of all arable land while an even larger area suffers from recurrent drought. Together these stresses suppress global crop production by as much as 50% and their impacts are predicted to be exacerbated by climate change. Infrastructure and management practices can mitigate these detrimental impacts, but are costly. Crop breeding for improved tolerance has had some success but is progressing slowly and is not keeping pace with climate change. In contrast, Silicon (Si) is known to improve plant tolerance to a range of stresses and could provide a sustainable, rapid and cost-effective mitigation method. The exact mechanisms are still under debate but it appears Si can relieve salt stress via accumulation in the root apoplast where it reduces "bypass flow of ions to the shoot. Si-dependent drought relief has been linked to lowered root hydraulic conductance and reduction of water loss through transpiration. However, many alternative mechanisms may play a role such as altered gene expression and increased accumulation of compatible solutes. Oxidative damage that occurs under stress conditions can be reduced by Si through increased antioxidative enzymes while Si-improved photosynthesis has also been reported. Si fertilizer can be produced relatively cheaply and to assess its economic viability to improve crop stress tolerance we present a cost-benefit analysis. It suggests that Si fertilization may be beneficial in many agronomic settings but may be beyond the means of smallholder farmers in developing countries. Si application may also have disadvantages, such as increased soil pH, less efficient conversion of crops into biofuel and reduced digestibility of animal fodder. These issues may hamper uptake of Si fertilization as a routine agronomic practice. Here, we critically evaluate recent literature, quantifying the most significant physiological changes associated with Si in plants under drought and salinity stress. Analyses show that metrics associated with photosynthesis, water balance and oxidative stress all improve when Si is present during plant exposure to salinity and drought. We further conclude that most of these changes can be explained by apoplastic roles of Si while there is as yet little evidence to support biochemical roles of this element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Thorne
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Silicon Regulates Source to Sink Metabolic Homeostasis and Promotes Growth of Rice Plants Under Sulfur Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103677. [PMID: 32456188 PMCID: PMC7279143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Being an essential macroelement, sulfur (S) is pivotal for plant growth and development, and acute deficiency in this element leads to yield penalty. Since the last decade, strong evidence has reported the regulatory function of silicon (Si) in mitigating plant nutrient deficiency due to its significant diverse benefits on plant growth. However, the role of Si application in alleviating the negative impact of S deficiency is still obscure. In the present study, an attempt was undertaken to decipher the role of Si application on the metabolism of rice plants under S deficiency. The results showed a distinct transcriptomic and metabolic regulation in rice plants treated with Si under both short and long-term S deficiencies. The expression of Si transporters OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 was reduced under long-term deficiency, and the decrease was more pronounced when Si was provided. The expression of OsLsi6, which is involved in xylem loading of Si to shoots, was decreased under short-term S stress and remained unchanged in response to long-term stress. Moreover, the expression of S transporters OsSULTR tended to decrease by Si supply under short-term S deficiency but not under prolonged S stress. Si supply also reduced the level of almost all the metabolites in shoots of S-deficient plants, while it increased their level in the roots. The levels of stress-responsive hormones ABA, SA, and JA-lle were also decreased in shoots by Si application. Overall, our finding reveals the regulatory role of Si in modulating the metabolic homeostasis under S-deficient condition.
Collapse
|
25
|
Galindo FS, Pagliari PH, Buzetti S, Rodrigues WL, Santini JMK, Boleta EHM, Rosa PAL, Rodrigues Nogueira TA, Lazarini E, Filho MCMT. Can silicon applied to correct soil acidity in combination with Azospirillum brasilense inoculation improve nitrogen use efficiency in maize? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230954. [PMID: 32267854 PMCID: PMC7141695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative management practices are needed to minimize the need for chemical fertilizer use in non-leguminous cropping systems. The use of biological agents that can fix atmospheric N has shown potential to improve nutrient availability in grass crops. This research was developed to investigate if inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in combination with silicon (Si) can enhance N use efficiency (NUE) in maize. The study was set up in a Rhodic Hapludox under a no-till system, in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Treatments were tested in a full factorial design and included: i) five side dress N rates (0 to 200 kg ha-1); ii) two liming sources (Ca and Mg silicate and dolomitic limestone); and iii) with and without seed inoculation with A. brasilense. Inoculation with A. brasilense was found to increase grain yield by 15% when N was omitted and up to 10% when N was applied. Inoculation also increased N accumulation in plant tissue. Inoculation and limestone application were found to increase leaf chlorophyll index, number of grains per ear, harvest index, and NUE. Inoculation increased harvest index and NUE by 9.5 and 19.3%, respectively, compared with non-inoculated plots. Silicon application increased leaf chlorophyll index and N-leaf concentration. The combination of Si and inoculation provided greater Si-shoot accumulation. This study showed positive improvements in maize growth production parameters as a result of inoculation, but the potential benefits of Si use were less evident. Further research should be conducted under growing conditions that provide some level of biotic or abiotic stress to study the true potential of Si application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Shintate Galindo
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Humberto Pagliari
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Southwest Research and Outreach Center, Lamberton, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Salatiér Buzetti
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Lima Rodrigues
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Lazarini
- Department of Plant Health, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chung YS, Kim KS, Hamayun M, Kim Y. Silicon Confers Soybean Resistance to Salinity Stress Through Regulation of Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1725. [PMID: 32117330 PMCID: PMC7031409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stressors that causes huge losses to the agricultural industry worldwide. Different strategies have been adopted over time to mitigate the negative impact of salt stress on plants and reclaim salt-affected lands. In the current study, we used silicon (Si) as a tool for salinity alleviation in soybean and investigated the influence of exogenous Si application on the regulation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and other salt stress-related parameters of the treated plants. Our results revealed that the canopy temperature was much higher in sole NaCl-treated plants but declined in Si + NaCl-treated plants. Furthermore, the chlorophyll contents decreased with sole NaCl treatment, whereas Si + NaCl-treated plants showed improved chlorophyll contents. In addition, Si application normalized the photosynthetic responses, such as transpiration rate (E) and net photosynthesis rate (PN ) in salt-treated plants, and reduced the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione under salt stress. The expression levels of antioxidant-related genes GmCAT1, GmCAT2, and GmAPX1 started to decline at 12 h after addition of Si to NaCl-treated plants. Similarly, the S-nitrosothiol and nitric oxide (NO)-related genes were upregulated in the salt stress condition but reduced after Si supplementation. Si application downregulated genes associated with reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of the treated plants. Results of the current study conclude that Si mitigated the adverse effects of NaCl-induced stress by modulating the crosstalk between antioxidants and NO scavengers. It is suggested that Si may be used in agricultural systems for alleviating salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Suk Chung
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Yoonha Kim
- School of Applied Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chung YS, Lee U, Heo S, Silva RR, Na CI, Kim Y. Image-Based Machine Learning Characterizes Root Nodule in Soybean Exposed to Silicon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:520161. [PMID: 33193467 PMCID: PMC7655541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.520161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicon promotes nodule formation in legume roots which is crucial for nitrogen fixation. However, it is very time-consuming and laborious to count the number of nodules and to measure nodule size manually, which led nodule characterization not to be study as much as other agronomical characters. Thus, the current study incorporated various techniques including machine learning to determine the number and size of root nodules and identify various root phenotypes from root images that may be associated with nodule formation with and without silicon treatment. Among those techniques, the machine learning for characterizing nodule is the first attempt, which enabled us to find high correlations among root phenotypes including root length, number of forks, and average link angles, and nodule characters such as number of nodules and nodule size with silicon treatments. The methods here could greatly accelerate further investigation such as delineating the optimal concentration of silicon for nodule formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Suk Chung
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, South Korea
| | - Unseok Lee
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung-si, South Korea
| | - Seong Heo
- Department of Horticulture, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
| | | | - Chae-In Na
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, South Korea
| | - Yoonha Kim
- School of Applied Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yoonha Kim, ;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khan A, Kamran M, Imran M, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Amri I, Lee IJ, Khan AL. Silicon and salicylic acid confer high-pH stress tolerance in tomato seedlings. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19788. [PMID: 31874969 PMCID: PMC6930214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkalinity is a known threat to crop plant growth and production, yet the role of exogenous silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) application has been largely unexplored. Here, we sought to understand the beneficial impacts of Si and SA on tomato seedlings during high-pH (9.0) stress. Results showed that Si- and SA-treated plants displayed higher biomass, chlorophyll contents, relative leaf water and better root system than none-treated plants under alkaline conditions. Both Si and SA counteracted the alkaline stress-induced oxidative damage by lowering the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. The major antioxidant defence enzyme activities were largely stimulated by Si and SA, and these treatments caused significantly increased K+ and lowered Na+ concentrations in shoot and root under stress. Moreover, Si and SA treatments modulated endogenous SA levels and dramatically decreased abscisic acid levels in both shoot and root. Additionally, key genes involved in Si uptake, SA biosynthesis, the antioxidant defence system and rhizosphere acidification were up-regulated in Si and SA treatments under alkaline conditions. These results demonstrate that Si and SA play critical roles in improving alkaline stress tolerance in tomato seedlings, by modifying the endogenous Na+ and K+ contents, regulating oxidative damage and key genes and modulating endogenous hormone levels. These findings will help to broaden our understanding regarding the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with the alkaline soil tolerance in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Issa Al-Amri
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Silicon Compensates Phosphorus Deficit-Induced Growth Inhibition by Improving Photosynthetic Capacity, Antioxidant Potential, and Nutrient Homeostasis in Tomato. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency in soils is a major problem for sustainable crop production worldwide. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that can promote plant growth, development and responses to stresses. However, the effect of Si on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth, photosynthesis and mineral uptake under P deficit conditions and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we showed that low P (LP) supply inhibited tomato growth as revealed by significantly decreased fresh and dry weights of shoots and impaired root morphological traits. LP-induced growth inhibition was associated with decreased photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency. However, exogenous Si application alleviated LP-induced decreases in growth and physiological parameters. In particular, Si increased Pn by 65.2%, leading to a significantly increased biomass accumulation. Biochemical quantification and in situ visualization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed increased ROS (O2−· and H2O2) accumulation under LP stress, which eventually elevated lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, exogenous Si decreased ROS and malondialdehyde levels by substantially increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. In addition, Si increased concentrations of osmoregulatory substances, such as proline, soluble sugar, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and organic acids under LP stress. Analysis of major element concentrations revealed that exogenous Si application under LP stress not only increased Si uptake but also enhanced the concentrations of most essential elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in different tissues (roots, leaves, and stems). These results reveal that Si mitigates LP stress by improving photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant potential, and nutrient homeostasis and that it can be used for agronomic management of vegetable crops in P-deficient soils.
Collapse
|
30
|
Hall CR, Waterman JM, Vandegeer RK, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. The Role of Silicon in Antiherbivore Phytohormonal Signalling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1132. [PMID: 31620157 PMCID: PMC6759751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of plant silicon (Si) in the alleviation of abiotic and biotic stress is now widely recognised and researched. Amongst the biotic stresses, Si is known to increase resistance to herbivores through biomechanical and chemical mechanisms, although the latter are indirect and remain poorly characterised. Chemical defences are principally regulated by several antiherbivore phytohormones. The jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway is particularly important and has been linked to Si supplementation, albeit with some contradictory findings. In this Perspectives article, we summarise existing knowledge of how Si affects JA in the context of herbivory and present a conceptual model for the interactions between Si and JA signalling in wounded plants. Further, we use novel information from the model grass Brachypodium distachyon to underpin aspects of this model. We show that Si reduces JA concentrations in plants subjected to chemical induction (methyl jasmonate) and herbivory (Helicoverpa armigera) by 34% and 32%, respectively. Moreover, +Si plants had 13% more leaf macrohairs than -Si plants. From this study and previous work, our model proposes that Si acts as a physical stimulus in the plant, which causes a small, transient increase in JA. When +Si plants are subsequently attacked by herbivores, they potentially show a faster induction of JA due to this priming. +Si plants that have already invested in biomechanical defences (e.g. macrohairs), however, have less utility for JA-induced defences and show lower levels of JA induction overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey R. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie M. Waterman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca K. Vandegeer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environment and Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Scott Johnson,
| |
Collapse
|