1
|
Panda D, Pandit RS, Sahu B, Kamaraju R, Barik TK. Understanding Mosquito Faunal Diversity: An Approach to Assess the Burden of Vector-Borne Diseases in Three Representative Topographies (Rural, Urban, and Peri-Urban) of Ganjam District in Odisha State, India. J Trop Med 2024; 2024:9701356. [PMID: 39372239 PMCID: PMC11455597 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9701356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the best-known disease vectors for most vector-borne diseases that significantly impact global health in terms of morbidity and mortality. In a geographical area, mosquito faunal diversity often alters with changing climatic factors and variable breeding habitats that differ across seasons. Using biodiversity indicators as tools, a study was conducted in rural, peri-urban, and urban areas of district Ganjam, Odisha state, to determine mosquito faunal diversity as an approach to forecast the possible risk of disease transmission in the three representative topographies. A two-year study was undertaken to assess the alpha diversity of mosquito species by the numerical strength of the species using various eco-diversity indices. Species richness and abundance of mosquito species are significantly higher in peri-urban areas compared to urban and rural areas. The species dominance of Culex quinquefasciatus was observed in all three topographies, while Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles stephensi were in urban areas. Species richness may dilute the risk of disease in an area, but increased species dominance, mostly vector species, in a new habitat often allows pathogens to infect newer communities at risk, leading to the emergence of new diseases. The current study indicates the possible risk of lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection in all three topographies. On the other hand, the risk of malaria and dengue/chikungunya transmission is higher in urban areas. With routine entomological monitoring, including vector incrimination, the biodiversity indicators will be the best tool to forecast the risk of vector-borne diseases in an area; accordingly, judicious vector control strategies can be adopted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Panda
- Department of ZoologyBerhampur University, Bhanja Bihar 760007, Odisha, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Pandit
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP)State Surveillance Unit, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751001, India
| | - Bijayalaxmi Sahu
- Department of ZoologyBerhampur University, Bhanja Bihar 760007, Odisha, India
| | - Raghavendra Kamaraju
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector–8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Barik
- Department of ZoologyBerhampur University, Bhanja Bihar 760007, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sabtiu ARM, Hinne IA, Sraku IK, Doe RT, Attah SK, Aboagye-Antwi F, Afrane YA. Larval habitat diversity, physicochemical characterization and their effect on the density of larval malaria vectors in the city of Accra, Ghana. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4953028. [PMID: 39372923 PMCID: PMC11451729 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4953028/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Background Malaria is more prevalent in rural areas due to fewer mosquito breeding habitats in urban settings. However, urban factors such as irrigated farming, open sewers, and discarded containers create mosquito breeding sites. This study investigates the diversity and distribution of larval habitats and the impact of physicochemical characteristics on the presence and density of Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae in Accra, Ghana. Methods Larval surveys and collections were conducted at fifteen locations in Accra, divided into five categories: Irrigated Urban Farming (IUF), Lower Socioeconomic Status (LS), Middle Socioeconomic Status (MS), High Socioeconomic Status (HS), and Peri-urban (PU) areas. Physicochemical parameters were measured, and species identification was performed using morphological and molecular methods. Results A total of 727 breeding habitats were identified, with 65.34% (475/727) positive for Anopheles larvae. Drainage ditches were the most common habitat type (48.21%, 229/475). The highest abundance of An. gambiae s.l. was found in IUF sites (6,244/22,919), especially during the rainy season (77.01%, 17,650/22,919; R2 = 3.46, P = 0.000). Polluted habitats, including household effluents, had higher ammonium levels (3.4 mg/L NH -N) compared to unpolluted ones (1.3 mg/L NH -N). Other distinguishing parameters included dissolved oxygen (34% vs 52.9%), conductivity (5106 μS/cm vs 2049 μS/cm), and total dissolved solids (3181 mg/L vs 1255 mg/L). The predominant malaria vector was An. coluzzii(54.4%, 368/677). Additionally, the invasive An. stephensi, previously unreported in Ghana, was detected. Conclusion Malaria vectors breed in diverse and often polluted urban habitats, with high larval densities in urban agricultural areas. The detection of the invasive An. Stephensi highlights the need for continuous monitoring and vector control strategies in urban settings.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gutiérrez JD, Ávila-Jiménez J, Altamiranda-Saavedra M. Causal association between environmental variables and the excess cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: are we looking to the wrong side? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00484-024-02723-4. [PMID: 38884797 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Our main aim was to estimate and compare the effects of six environmental variables (air temperature, soil temperature, rainfall, runoff, soil moisture, and the enhanced vegetation index) on excess cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. We used epidemiological data from the Colombian Public Health Surveillance System (January 2007 to December 2019). Environmental data were obtained from remote sensing sources including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. Data on population were obtained from the TerriData dataset. We implemented a causal inference approach using a machine learning algorithm to estimate the causal association of the environmental variables on the monthly occurrence of excess cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The results showed that the largest causal association corresponded to soil moisture with a lag of 3 months, with an average increase of 8.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7-8.3%) in the occurrence of excess cases. The temperature-related variables (air temperature and soil temperature) had a positive causal effect on the excess cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is noteworthy that rainfall did not have a statistically significant causal effect. This information could potentially help to monitor and control cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia, providing estimates of causal effects using remote sensor variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Gutiérrez
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Instituto Masira, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.
| | - Julián Ávila-Jiménez
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Longo-Pendy NM, Sevidzem SL, Makanga BK, Ndotit-Manguiengha S, Boussougou-Sambe ST, Obame Ondo Kutomy P, Obame-Nkoghe J, Nkoghe-Nkoghe LC, Ngossanga B, Mvoubou FK, Koumba CRZ, Adegnika AA, Razack AS, Mavoungou JF, Mintsa-Nguema R. Assessment of environmental and spatial factors influencing the establishment of Anopheles gambiae larval habitats in the malaria endemic province of Woleu-Ntem, northern Gabon. Malar J 2024; 23:158. [PMID: 38773512 PMCID: PMC11106858 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of Anopheles mosquito larval habitats and the environmental factors associated with them, as a prerequisite for the implementation of larviciding. METHODS The study was conducted in December 2021, during the transition period between the end of the short rainy season (September-November) and the short dry season (December-February). Physical, biological, and land cover data were integrated with entomological observations to collect Anopheles larvae in three major towns: Mitzic, Oyem, and Bitam, using the "dipping" method during the transition from rainy to dry season. The collected larvae were then reared in a field laboratory established for the study period. After the Anopheles mosquitoes had emerged, their species were identified using appropriate morphological taxonomic keys. To determine the influence of environmental factors on the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes, multiple-factor analysis (MFA) and a binomial generalized linear model were used. RESULTS According to the study, only 33.1% out of the 284 larval habitats examined were found to be positive for Anopheles larvae, which were primarily identified as belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex. The findings of the research suggested that the presence of An. gambiae complex larvae in larval habitats was associated with various significant factors such as higher urbanization, the size and type of the larval habitats (pools and puddles), co-occurrence with Culex and Aedes larvae, hot spots in ambient temperature, moderate rainfall, and land use patterns. CONCLUSIONS The results of this research mark the initiation of a focused vector control plan that aims to eradicate or lessen the larval habitats of An. gambiae mosquitoes in Gabon's Woleu Ntem province. This approach deals with the root causes of malaria transmission through larvae and is consistent with the World Health Organization's (WHO) worldwide objective to decrease malaria prevalence in regions where it is endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil-Michel Longo-Pendy
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Silas Lendzele Sevidzem
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Saturnin Ndotit-Manguiengha
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville, Gabon
- Agence Gabonaise d'Etudes et d'Observations Spatiales (AGEOS), Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Piazzy Obame Ondo Kutomy
- Programme National de Lutte Contre Le Paludisme (PNLP), Libreville, Gabon
- Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, Republic of South Africa
| | - Lynda-Chancelya Nkoghe-Nkoghe
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | - Ayôla Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut Für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), P.O. Box 88, Cotonou, Benin
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rodrigue Mintsa-Nguema
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Maladies Transmissibles (LEMAT), Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Libreville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville, Gabon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdelkrim O, Said Z, Souad L. Anopheles mosquitoes in Morocco: implication for public health and underlined challenges for malaria re-establishment prevention under current and future climate conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2085-2095. [PMID: 38127359 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential reappearance and/or expansion of vector-borne diseases is one of the terrifying issues awaiting humanity in the context of climate change. The presence of competent Anopheles vectors, as well as suitable environmental circumstances, may result in the re-emergence of autochthonous Malaria, after years of absence. In Morocco, international travel and migration movements from Malaria-endemic areas have recently increased the number of imported cases, raising awareness of Malaria's possible reintroduction. Using machine learning we developed model predictions, under current and future (2050) climate, for the prospective distribution of Anopheles claviger, Anopheles labranchiae, Anopheles multicolor, and Anopheles sergentii implicated or incriminated in Malaria transmission. RESULTS All modelled species are expected to find suitable habitats and have the potential to become established in the northern and central parts of the country, under present-day conditions. Distinct changes in the distributions of the four mosquitoes are to be expected under climate change. Even under the most optimistic scenario, all investigated species are likely to acquire new habitats that are now unsuitable, placing further populations in danger. We also observed a northward and altitudinal shift in their distribution towards higher altitudes. CONCLUSION Climate change is expected to expand the potential range of malaria vectors in Morocco. Our maps and predictions offer a way to intelligently focus efforts on surveillance and control programmes. To reduce the threat of human infection, it is crucial for public health authorities, entomological surveillance teams, and control initiatives to collaborate and intensify their actions, continuously monitoring areas at risk. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Outammassine Abdelkrim
- Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Zouhair Said
- Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Avicienne Hospital Military, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Loqman Souad
- Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Virologie de l'Hôpital Ar-Razi, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mohammed VI, Marrakech, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gilioli G, Defilippo F, Simonetto A, Heinzl A, Migliorati M, Calzolari M, Canziani S, Lelli D, Lavazza A. Characterization of environmental drivers influencing the abundance of Anopheles maculipennis complex in Northern Italy. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:109. [PMID: 38449059 PMCID: PMC10916043 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Italy, malaria was endemic until the 1970s, when it was declared eradicated by WHO. Nowadays, with the persistence of competent mosquito populations, the effect of climate change, and increased possibility of importing malaria parasites from endemic counties due to growing migration, a malaria resurgence in Italy has become more likely. Hence, enhancing the understanding of the current distribution of the Anopheles maculipennis complex and the factors that influence the presence of this malaria vector is crucial, especially in Northern Italy, characterised by a high density of both human population and livestock. METHODS To assess the presence and abundance of malaria vectors, a 4-year field survey in the plain areas of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna region in Italy was conducted. Every sampling point was characterised in space by the land use in a 500-m radius and in time considering meteorological data collected in the short and long time periods before sampling. We combined the results of a linear regression model with a random forest analysis to understand the relative importance of the investigated niche dimensions in determining Anopheles mosquito presence and abundance. RESULTS The estimated normalised variable importance indicates that rice fields were the most important land use class explaining the presence of Anopheles, followed by transitional woodlands and shrubland. Farm buildings were the third variable in terms of importance, likely because of the presence of animal shelters, followed by urbanised land. The two most important meteorological variables influencing the abundance of Anopheles in our study area were mean temperature in the 24 h before the sampling date and the sum of degree-days with temperature between 18 °C and 30 °C in the 14 days before the sampling date. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study could be helpful in predicting the risk of autochthonous malaria transmission, based on local information on land cover classes that might facilitate the presence of malaria vectors and presence of short- and medium-term meteorological conditions favourable to mosquito development and activity. The results can support the design of vector control measures through environmental management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gilioli
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Defilippo
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Simonetto
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Heinzl
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manlio Migliorati
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ambadiang M, Fouet C, Ashu F, Bouaka C, Penlap-Beng V, Kamdem C. Anopheles gambiae larvae's ability to grow and emerge in water containing lethal concentrations of clothianidin, acetamiprid, or imidacloprid is consistent with cross-resistance to neonicotinoids. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:98. [PMID: 38429846 PMCID: PMC10905935 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For decades, various agrochemicals have been successfully repurposed for mosquito control. However, preexisting resistance caused in larval and adult populations by unintentional pesticide exposure or other cross-resistance mechanisms poses a challenge to the efficacy of this strategy. A better understanding of larval adaptation to the lethal and sublethal effects of residual pesticides in aquatic habitats would provide vital information for assessing the efficacy of repurposed agrochemicals against mosquitoes. METHODS We reared field-collected mosquito larvae in water containing a concentration of agrochemical causing 100% mortality in susceptible mosquitoes after 24 h (lethal concentration). Using this experimental setup, we tested the effect of lethal concentrations of a pyrrole (chlorfenapyr, 0.10 mg/l), a pyrethroid (deltamethrin, 1.5 mg/l), and three neonicotinoids including imidacloprid (0.075 mg/l), acetamiprid (0.15 mg/l), and clothianidin (0.035 mg/l) on mortality rates, growth, and survival in third-instar larvae of the two sibling species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii collected from Yaoundé, Cameroon. RESULTS We found that An. gambiae and An. coluzzii larvae were susceptible to chlorfenapyr and were killed within 24 h by a nominal concentration of 0.10 mg/l. Consistent with strong resistance, deltamethrin induced low mortality in both species. Lethal concentrations of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin strongly inhibited survival, growth, and emergence in An. coluzzii larvae. By contrast, depending on the active ingredient and the population tested, 5-60% of immature stages of An. gambiae were able to grow and emerge in water containing a lethal concentration of neonicotinoids, suggesting cross-resistance to this class of insecticides. CONCLUSIONS These findings corroborate susceptibility profiles observed in adults and suggest that unintentional pesticide exposure or other cross-resistance processes could contribute to the development of resistance to neonicotinoids in some Anopheles populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Ambadiang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Caroline Fouet
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Fred Ashu
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Calmes Bouaka
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Véronique Penlap-Beng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Colince Kamdem
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jaramillo-Underwood A, Herman C, Jean SE, Nace D, Elder ES, Robinson K, Knipes A, Worrell CM, Fox LM, Desir L, Fayette C, Javel A, Monestime F, Mace KE, Udhayakumar V, Won KY, Chang MA, Lemoine JF, Rogier E. Geospatial analysis of Plasmodium falciparum serological indicators: school versus community sampling in a low-transmission malaria setting. BMC Med 2024; 22:31. [PMID: 38254075 PMCID: PMC10804471 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to low numbers of active infections and persons presenting to health facilities for malaria treatment, case-based surveillance is inefficient for understanding the remaining disease burden in low malaria transmission settings. Serological data through the detection of IgG antibodies from previous malaria parasite exposure can fill this gap by providing a nuanced picture of where sustained transmission remains. Study enrollment at sites of gathering provides a potential approach to spatially estimate malaria exposure and could preclude the need for more intensive community-based sampling. METHODS This study compared spatial estimates of malaria exposure from cross-sectional school- and community-based sampling in Haiti. A total of 52,405 blood samples were collected from 2012 to 2017. Multiplex bead assays (MBAs) tested IgG against P. falciparum liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). Predictive geospatial models of seropositivity adjusted for environmental covariates, and results were compared using correlations by coordinate points and communes across Haiti. RESULTS Consistent directional associations were observed between seroprevalence and environmental covariates for elevation (negative), air temperature (negative), and travel time to urban centers (positive). Spearman's rank correlation for predicted seroprevalence at coordinate points was lowest for LSA-1 (ρ = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.09-0.11), but improved for AMA1 (ρ = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.35-0.37) and MSP1 (ρ = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.47-0.49). CONCLUSIONS In settings approaching P. falciparum elimination, case-based prevalence data does not provide a resolution of ongoing malaria transmission in the population. Immunogenic antigen targets (e.g., AMA1, MSP1) that give higher population rates of seropositivity provide moderate correlation to gold standard community sampling designs and are a feasible approach to discern foci of residual P. falciparum transmission in an area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Jaramillo-Underwood
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Camelia Herman
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Samuel E Jean
- Population Services International, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Doug Nace
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - E Scott Elder
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Keri Robinson
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Alaine Knipes
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Caitlin M Worrell
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - LeAnne M Fox
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | - Carl Fayette
- IMA World Health, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti
- RTI International, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Alain Javel
- IMA World Health, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti
- RTI International, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Kimberly E Mace
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Y Won
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Michelle A Chang
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jean F Lemoine
- Ministère de La Santé Publique Et de La Population, Port Au Prince, Haiti
| | - Eric Rogier
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ismail RBY, Bozorg-Omid F, Osei JHN, Pi-Bansa S, Frempong KK, Ofei MK, Boakye HA, Ansah-Owusu J, Akorful SCA, Tawiah-Mensah CNL, Abudu M, Asafu-Adjaye A, Appawu MA, Boakye DA, Vatandoost H, Sedaghat MM, Youssefi F, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Dadzie SK. Predicting the environmental suitability for Anopheles stephensi under the current conditions in Ghana. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1116. [PMID: 38212448 PMCID: PMC10784561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases emergence, particularly malaria, present a significant public health challenge worldwide. Anophelines are predominant malaria vectors, with varied distribution, and influenced by environment and climate. This study, in Ghana, modelled environmental suitability for Anopheles stephensi, a potential vector that may threaten advances in malaria and vector control. Understanding this vector's distribution and dynamics ensures effective malaria and vector control programmes implementation. We explored the MaxEnt ecological modelling method to forecast An. stephensi's potential hotspots and niches. We analysed environmental and climatic variables to predict spatial distribution and ecological niches of An. stephensi with a spatial resolution of approximately 5 km2. Analysing geospatial and species occurrence data, we identified optimal environmental conditions and important factors for its presence. The model's most important variables guided hotspot prediction across several ecological zones aside from urban and peri-urban regions. Considering the vector's complex bionomics, these areas provide varying and adaptable conditions for the vector to colonise and establish. This is shown by the AUC = 0.943 prediction accuracy of the model, which is considered excellent. Based on our predictions, this vector species would thrive in the Greater Accra, Ashanti Central, Upper East, Northern, and North East regions. Forecasting its environmental suitability by ecological niche modelling supports proactive surveillance and focused malaria management strategies. Public health officials can act to reduce the risk of malaria transmission by identifying areas where mosquitoes may breed, which will ultimately improve health outcomes and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Bint Yusif Ismail
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Faramarz Bozorg-Omid
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Sellase Pi-Bansa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremeh Frempong
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Mavis Koryo Ofei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Helena Anokyewaa Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jane Ansah-Owusu
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Sandra-Candys Adwirba Akorful
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Mufeez Abudu
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Andy Asafu-Adjaye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Alexander Appawu
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Daniel Adjei Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Youssefi
- Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Zoonoses Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samuel Kweku Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tewari P, Ma P, Gan G, Janhavi A, Choo ELW, Koo JR, Dickens BL, Lim JT. Non-linear associations between meteorological factors, ambient air pollutants and major mosquito-borne diseases in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011763. [PMID: 38150471 PMCID: PMC10752508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission intensity for mosquito-borne diseases are highly heterogenous and multi-factorial. Understanding risk factors associated to disease transmission allow the optimization of vector control. This study sets out to understand and compare the combined anthropogenic and environmental risk factors of four major mosquito-borne diseases, dengue, malaria, chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis in Thailand. METHODS An integrated analysis of mosquito-borne diseases, meteorological and ambient air pollutants of 76 provinces of Thailand was conducted over 2003-2021. We explored the use of generalized linear models and generalized additive models to consider both linear and non-linear associations between meteorological factors, ambient air pollutants and mosquito-borne disease incidence. Different assumptions on spatio-temporal dependence and nonlinearity were considered through province-specific and panel models, as well as different spline functions. Disease-specific model evidence was assessed to select best-fit models for epidemiological inference downstream. RESULTS Analyses indicated several findings which can be generally applied to all diseases explored: (1) higher AH above mean values was positively associated with disease case counts (2) higher total precipitation above mean values was positively associated with disease case counts (3) extremely high temperatures were negatively associated with disease case counts (4) higher SO2 and PM2.5 surface concentrations were negatively associated with disease case counts. However, the relationships between disease and RH, non-extreme temperatures and CO surface concentration were more mixed, with directions of associations changing across the different diseases considered. CONCLUSIONS This study found protective and enhancing effects of meteorological and ambient air pollutant factors on mosquito-borne diseases burdens in Thailand. Further studies should employ these factors to understand and predict risk factors associated with mosquito-borne disease transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Tewari
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Ma
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregory Gan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A. Janhavi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esther Li Wen Choo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Ruihan Koo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Borame Lee Dickens
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jue Tao Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hasyim H, Dewi WC, Lestari RAF, Flora R, Novrikasari N, Liberty IA, Marini H, Elagali A, Herlinda S, Maharani FE. Risk factors of malaria transmission in mining workers in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14755. [PMID: 37679466 PMCID: PMC10484942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliminating malaria by 2030 is stated as goal three in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, malaria still remains a significant public health problem. This study aims to identify the factors determining malaria transmission in artisanal or small-scale miner (ASM) communities in three villages: Tanjung Agung, Tanjung Lalang, and Penyandingan, located in the Tanjung Enim District, Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study involving 92 participants from the study area. They used a logistic regression model to investigate the risk factors related to malaria occurrence. The multivariable analysis revealed that age (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR) = 7.989 with 95% CI 1.724-37.002) and mosquito breeding (APR = 7.685 with 95% CI 1.502-39.309) were risk factors for malaria. On the other hand, higher education (APR = 0.104 with 95% CI 0.027-0.403), the use of mosquito repellent (APR = 0.138 with 95% CI 0.035-0.549), and the condition of house walls (APR = 0.145 with 95% CI 0.0414-0.511) were identified as protective factors. The current study highlights age and mosquito breeding sites as risk factors for malaria. Additionally, higher education, insect repellent use, and the condition of house walls are protective factors against malaria. Therefore, reducing risk factors and increasing protective measures through effective communication, information, and education are highly recommended to eliminate malaria in mining areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Hasyim
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Wita Citra Dewi
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | | | - Rostika Flora
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | | | - Iche Andriyani Liberty
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Heni Marini
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Ahmed Elagali
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Minderoo Foundation, Perth, Australia
| | - Siti Herlinda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
- Research Center for Sub-Optimal Lands (PUR-PLSO), Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Fadhilah Eka Maharani
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Biology Department, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ozodiegwu ID, Ogunwale AO, Surakat O, Akinyemi JO, Bamgboye EA, Fagbamigbe AF, Bello MM, Adamu AMY, Uhomobhi P, Ademu C, Okoronkwo C, Adeleke M, Ajayi IO. Description of the design of a mixed-methods study to assess the burden and determinants of malaria transmission for tailoring of interventions (microstratification) in Ibadan and Kano metropolis. Malar J 2023; 22:255. [PMID: 37661263 PMCID: PMC10476435 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid urbanization in Nigerian cities may lead to localized variations in malaria transmission, particularly with a higher burden in informal settlements and slums. However, there is a lack of available data to quantify the variations in transmission risk at the city level and inform the selection of appropriate interventions. To bridge this gap, field studies will be undertaken in Ibadan and Kano, two major Nigerian cities. These studies will involve a blend of cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological research, coupled with longitudinal entomological studies. The primary objective is to gain insights into the variation of malaria risk at the smallest administrative units, known as wards, within these cities. METHODS/RESULTS The findings will contribute to the tailoring of interventions as part of Nigeria's National Malaria Strategic Plan. The study design incorporates a combination of model-based clustering and on-site visits for ground-truthing, enabling the identification of environmental archetypes at the ward-level to establish the study's framework. Furthermore, community participatory approaches will be utilized to refine study instruments and sampling strategies. The data gathered through cross-sectional and longitudinal studies will contribute to an enhanced understanding of malaria risk in the metropolises of Kano and Ibadan. CONCLUSIONS This paper outlines pioneering field study methods aimed at collecting data to inform the tailoring of malaria interventions in urban settings. The integration of multiple study types will provide valuable data for mapping malaria risk and comprehending the underlying determinants. Given the importance of location-specific data for microstratification, this study presents a systematic process and provides adaptable tools that can be employed in cities with limited data availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma D Ozodiegwu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Akintayo O Ogunwale
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Olabanji Surakat
- Department of Zoology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Joshua O Akinyemi
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Eniola A Bamgboye
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Adeniyi F Fagbamigbe
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Musa Muhammad Bello
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Al-Mukhtar Y Adamu
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Cyril Ademu
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Monsuru Adeleke
- Department of Zoology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria.
| | - IkeOluwapo O Ajayi
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IAMRAT), College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria.
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mutinda J, Mwamburi SM, Oduor KO, Vincent Omolo M, Ntabo RM, Gathiru JM, Mwangangi J, Nonoh JOM. Profiles of bacterial communities and environmental factors associated with proliferation of malaria vector mosquitoes within the Kenyan Coast. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000606.v4. [PMID: 37691847 PMCID: PMC10484320 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000606.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since Anopheles mosquitoes which transmit and maintain the malaria parasite breed in the outdoor environment, there is an urgent need to manage these mosquito breeding sites. In order to elaborate more on the ecological landscape of mosquito breeding sites, the bacterial community structure and their interactions with physicochemical factors in mosquito larval habitats was characterised in Kwale County (Kenya), where malaria is endemic. Methods The physical characteristics and water physicochemical parameters of the habitats were determined and recorded. Water samples were also collected from the identified sites for total metagenomic DNA extraction in order to characterise the bacterial communities within the breeding sites. Results and Discussion Sites where mosquito larvae were found were described as positive and those without mosquito larvae as negative. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity and ammonia were lower in the rainy season than in the dry season, which also coincided with a high proportion of positive sites. Pseudomonadota was the most common phyla recovered in all samples followed by Bacteroidota and then Actinomycetota. The presence or absence of mosquito larvae in a potential proliferation site was not related to the bacterial community structure in the sampled sites, but was positively correlated with bacterial richness and evenness. Conclusion Generally, the presence of Anopheles mosquito larvae was found to be positively correlated with rainy season, bacterial richness and evenness, and negatively correlated with electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity and ammonia. The findings of this study have implications for predicting the potential of environmental water samples to become mosquito proliferation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Mwakisha Mwamburi
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 81651- 80100, English Point, Mkomani, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Omondi Oduor
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O Box 81651- 80100, English Point, Mkomani, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Maurice Vincent Omolo
- Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Centre for African Medicinal and Nutritional Flora and Fauna (CAMNFF), P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | | | | | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi P.O. Box 428, Kilifi - 80108, Kenya
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Teka H, Golassa L, Medhin G, Balkew M, Sisay C, Gadisa E, Nekorchuk DM, Wimberly MC, Tadesse FG. Trend analysis of malaria in urban settings in Ethiopia from 2014 to 2019. Malar J 2023; 22:235. [PMID: 37580690 PMCID: PMC10426206 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urbanization generally improves health outcomes of residents and is one of the potential factors that might contribute to reducing malaria transmission. However, the expansion of Anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector, poses a threat for malaria control and elimination efforts in Africa. In this paper, malaria trends in urban settings in Ethiopia from 2014 to 2019 are reported with a focus on towns and cities where An. stephensi surveys were conducted. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to determine malaria trends in urban districts using passive surveillance data collected at health facilities from 2014 to 2019. Data from 25 towns surveyed for An. stephensi were used in malaria trend analysis. Robust linear models were used to identify outliers and impute missing and anomalous data. The seasonal Mann-Kendal test was used to test for monotonic increasing or decreasing trends. RESULTS A total of 9,468,970 malaria cases were reported between 2014 and 2019 through the Public Health Emergency Management (PHEM) system. Of these, 1.45 million (15.3%) cases were reported from urban settings. The incidence of malaria declined by 62% between 2014 and 2018. In 2019, the incidence increased to 15 per 1000 population from 11 to 1000 in 2018. Both confirmed (microscopy or RDT) Plasmodium falciparum (67%) and Plasmodium vivax (28%) were reported with a higher proportion of P. vivax infections in urban areas. In 2019, An. stephensi was detected in 17 towns where more than 19,804 malaria cases were reported, with most of the cases (56%) being P. falciparum. Trend analysis revealed that malaria cases increased in five towns in Afar and Somali administrative regions, decreased in nine towns, and had no obvious trend in the remaining three towns. CONCLUSION The contribution of malaria in urban settings is not negligible in Ethiopia. With the rapid expansion of An. stephensi in the country, the receptivity is likely to be higher for malaria. Although the evidence presented in this study does not demonstrate a direct linkage between An. stephensi detection and an increase in urban malaria throughout the country, An. stephensi might contribute to an increase in malaria unless control measures are implemented as soon as possible. Targeted surveillance and effective response are needed to assess the contribution of this vector to malaria transmission and curb potential outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiwot Teka
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- Abt Associate PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Dawn M Nekorchuk
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA
| | - Michael C Wimberly
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lempang MEP, Permana DH, Asih PBS, Wangsamuda S, Dewayanti FK, Rozi IE, Syahrani L, Setiadi W, Malaka R, Muslimin L, Syafruddin D. Diversity of Anopheles species and zoonotic malaria vector of the Buton Utara Wildlife Sanctuary, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Malar J 2023; 22:221. [PMID: 37528368 PMCID: PMC10394925 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent deforestation for agricultural, mining, and human re-settlement has significantly reduced the habitat of many non-human primates (NHPs) in Indonesia and intensifies interaction between the NHPs and humans and thus opening the possibility of pathogen spill-over. The emergence of zoonotic malaria, such as Plasmodium knowlesi, poses an immense threat to the current malaria control and elimination that aims for the global elimination of malaria by 2030. As malaria in humans and NHPs is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, malaria vector control is very important to mitigate the spill-over of the malaria parasite to humans. The present study aims to explore the Anopheles species diversity in human settlements adjacent to the wildlife sanctuary forest in Buton Utara Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, and identify the species that potentially transmit the pathogen from monkey to human in the area. METHODS Mosquito surveillance was conducted using larval and adult collection, and the collected mosquitoes were identified morphologically and molecularly using the barcoding markers, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and internal transcribed species 2 (ITS2) genes. Plasmodium sporozoite carriage was conducted on mosquitoes collected through human landing catch (HLC) and human-baited double net trap (HDNT). RESULTS The results revealed several Anopheles species, such as Anopheles flavirostris (16.6%), Anopheles sulawesi (3.3%), Anopheles maculatus (3.3%), Anopheles koliensis (1.2%), and Anopheles vagus (0.4%). Molecular analysis of the sporozoite carriage using the primate-specific malaria primers identified An. sulawesi, a member of the Leucosphyrus group, carrying Plasmodium inui sporozoite. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the transmission of zoonotic malaria in the area is possible and alerts to the need for mitigation efforts through a locally-tailored vector control intervention and NHPs habitat conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meyby Eka Putri Lempang
- Doctoral Programme in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi Hadi Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Puji Budi Setia Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Suradi Wangsamuda
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Farahana Kresno Dewayanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Ekoprayitno Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Wuryantari Setiadi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ratmawati Malaka
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Muslimin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Forson AO, Hinne IA, Sraku IK, Afrane YA. Larval habitat stability and productivity in two sites in Southern Ghana. Malar J 2023; 22:74. [PMID: 36864430 PMCID: PMC9983185 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito larval source management (LSM) is a valuable additional tool for malaria vector control. Understanding the characteristics of mosquito larval habitats and its ecology in different land use types can give valuable insight for an effective larval control strategy. This study determined the stability and productivity of potential anopheline larval habitats in two different ecological sites: Anyakpor and Dodowa in southern Ghana. METHODS A total of 59 aquatic habitats positive for anopheline larvae were identified, and sampled every two weeks for a period of 30 weeks using a standard dipping method. Larvae were collected using standard dippers and were raised in the insectary for identification. Sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were further identified by polymerase chain reaction. The presence of larval habitats, their stability and larvae positive habitats were compared between the two sites using Mann-Whitney U and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Factors affecting the presence of An. gambiae larvae and physicochemical properties at the sites were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis and Spearman's correlation. RESULTS Out of a total of 13,681 mosquito immatures collected, 22.6% (3095) were anophelines and 77.38% (10,586) were culicines. Out of the 3095 anophelines collected, An. gambiae s.l. was predominant (99.48%, n = 3079), followed by Anopheles rufipes (0.45%, n = 14), and Anopheles pharoensis (0.064%, n = 2). Sibling species of the An. gambiae consisted of Anopheles coluzzii (71%), followed by An. gambiae s.s. (23%), and Anopheles melas (6%). Anopheles mean larval density was highest in wells [6.44 (95% CI 5.0-8.31) larvae/dip], lowest in furrows [4.18 (95% CI 2.75-6.36) larvae/dip] and man-made ponds [1.20 (95% CI 0.671-2.131) larvae/dip].The results also revealed habitat stability was highly dependent on rainfall intensity, and Anopheles larval densities were also dependent on elevated levels of pH, conductivity and TDS. CONCLUSION The presence of larvae in the habitats was dependent on rainfall intensity and proximity to human settlements. To optimize the vector control measures of malaria interventions in southern Ghana, larval control should be focused on larval habitats that are fed by underground water, as these are more productive habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akua O Forson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac A Hinne
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kwame Sraku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kristan M, Acford-Palmer H, Campos MO, Collins EL, Phelan J, Portwood NM, Pelloquin B, Clarke S, Lines J, Clark TG, Walker T, Campino S, Messenger LA. Towards environmental detection, quantification, and molecular characterization of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti from experimental larval breeding sites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2729. [PMID: 36792622 PMCID: PMC9932160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion and establishment of An. stephensi mosquitoes in the Horn of Africa represents a significant regional threat, which may jeopardise malaria control, particularly in urban areas which were formally free from disease transmission. Novel vector surveillance methods are urgently needed, both agnostic to mosquito larval morphology, and simple to implement at the sampling stage. Using new multiplex TaqMan assays, specifically targeting An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, we validated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for simultaneous vector detection in shared artificial breeding sites. Study findings demonstrated that An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti eDNA deposited by as few as one second instar larva in 1L of water was detectable. Characterization of molecular insecticide resistance mechanisms, using novel amplicon-sequencing panels for both vector species, was possible from eDNA shed by as few as 16-32 s instar larvae in 50 ml of water. An. stephensi eDNA, derived from emergent pupae for 24 h, was remarkably stable, and still detectable ~ 2 weeks later. eDNA surveillance has the potential to be implemented in local endemic communities and at points of country entry, to monitor the spread of invasive vector species. Further studies are required to validate the feasibility of this technique under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Kristan
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Holly Acford-Palmer
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Monica Oliveira Campos
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emma L Collins
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Natalie M Portwood
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Bethanie Pelloquin
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sian Clarke
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jo Lines
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
García GA, Fuseini G, Donfack OT, Wofford RN, Nlang JAM, Efiri PB, Maye VON, Weppelmann TA, Galick D, Phiri WP, DeBoer K, Smith JM, Eyono JNM, Rivas MR, Guerra CA, von Fricken ME. The need for larval source management accompanying urban development projects in malaria endemic areas: a case study on Bioko Island. Malar J 2022; 21:328. [PMCID: PMC9664620 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In 2017, several new housing districts were constructed on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. This case study assessed the impact construction projects had on mosquito larval habitats and the effectiveness of larval source management in reducing malaria vector density within the surrounding area.
Methods
Anopheline larval presence was assessed at 11 new construction sites by the proportion of larval habitats containing Anopheline pupae and late instar larval stages. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) larvicide was applied weekly to nine locations for 30 weeks, while two locations received no larvicide and acted as controls. Adult mosquito density was monitored via human landing collections in adjacent communities of six construction sites, including the two control sites.
Results
The sites that received Bti had significantly lower observation rates of both pupae (3.2% vs. 18.0%; p < 0.001) and late instar Anopheles spp. mosquitoes (14.1 vs. 43.6%; p < 0.001) compared to the two untreated sites. Anopheles spp. accounted for 67% of mosquitoes collected with human landing collections and were captured at significantly lower levels in communities adjacent to treated construction sites compared to untreated sites (p < 0.001), with an estimated 38% reduction in human biting rate (IRR: 0.62, 95% CI IRR: 0.55, 0.69). Seven months after the start of the study, untreated sites were treated due to ethical concerns given results from treatment sties, necessitating immediate Bti application. The following week, the number of habitats, the proportion of larval sites with Anopheles spp. pupae, late instars, and adult biting rates in adjacent communities to these sites all decreased to comparable levels across all sites.
Conclusion
Findings suggest larval source management represents an effective intervention to suppress mosquito populations during infrastructure development. Incorporating larval source management into ongoing and planned construction initiatives represents an opportunity to fine tune vector control in response to anthropogenetic changes. Ideally, this should become standard practice in malaria-endemic regions in order to reduce viable mosquito habitats that are common by-products of construction.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jaramillo-Underwood A, Herman C, Impoinvil D, Sutcliff A, Knipes A, Worrell CM, Fox LM, Desir L, Fayette C, Javel A, Monestime F, Mace KE, Chang MA, Lemoine JF, Won K, Udhayakumar V, Rogier E. Spatial, environmental, and individual associations with Anopheles albimanus salivary antigen IgG in Haitian children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1033917. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG serology can be utilized to estimate exposure to Anopheline malaria vectors and the Plasmodium species they transmit. A multiplex bead-based assay simultaneously detected IgG to Anopheles albimanus salivary gland extract (SGE) and four Plasmodium falciparum antigens (CSP, LSA-1, PfAMA1, and PfMSP1) in 11,541 children enrolled at 350 schools across Haiti in 2016. Logistic regression estimated odds of an above-median anti-SGE IgG response adjusting for individual- and environmental-level covariates. Spatial analysis detected statistically significant clusters of schools with students having high anti-SGE IgG levels, and spatial interpolation estimated anti-SGE IgG levels in unsampled locations. Boys had 11% (95% CI: 0.81, 0.98) lower odds of high anti-SGE IgG compared to girls, and children seropositive for PfMSP1 had 53% (95% CI: 1.17, 2.00) higher odds compared to PfMSP1 seronegatives. Compared to the lowest elevation, quartiles 2-4 of higher elevation were associated with successively lower odds (0.81, 0.43, and 0.34, respectively) of high anti-SGE IgG. Seven significant clusters of schools were detected in Haiti, while spatially interpolated results provided a comprehensive picture of anti-SGE IgG levels in the study area. Exposure to malaria vectors by IgG serology with SGE is a proxy to approximate vector biting in children and identify risk factors for vector exposure.
Collapse
|
20
|
Jaramillo-Underwood A, Impoinvil D, Sutcliff A, Hamre KES, Joseph V, van den Hoogen L, Lemoine JF, Ashton RA, Chang MA, Existe A, Boncy J, Drakeley C, Stresman G, Druetz T, Eisele T, Rogier E. Factors Associated With Human IgG Antibody Response to Anopheles albimanus Salivary Gland Extract, Artibonite Department, Haiti, 2017. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1461-1469. [PMID: 35711005 PMCID: PMC10982684 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological data can provide estimates of human exposure to both malaria vector and parasite based on antibody responses. A multiplex bead-based assay was developed to simultaneously detect IgG to Anopheles albimanus salivary gland extract (SGE) and 23 Plasmodium falciparum antigens among 4185 participants enrolled in Artibonite department, Haiti in 2017. Logistic regression adjusted for participant- and site-level covariates and found children under 5 years and 6-15 years old had 3.7- and 5.4-fold increase in odds, respectively, of high anti-SGE IgG compared to participants >15 years. Seropositivity to P. falciparum CSP, Rh2_2030, and SEA-1 antigens was significantly associated with high IgG response against SGE, and participant enrolment at elevations under 200 m was associated with higher anti-SGE IgG levels. The ability to approximate population exposure to malaria vectors through SGE serology data is very dependent by age categories, and SGE antigens can be easily integrated into a multiplex serological assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Jaramillo-Underwood
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Impoinvil
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alice Sutcliff
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen E. S. Hamre
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vena Joseph
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lotus van den Hoogen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Frantz Lemoine
- Programme National de Contrôle de la Malaria, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Ruth A. Ashton
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michelle A. Chang
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexandre Existe
- Laboratorie National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratorie National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Stresman
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Druetz
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal School of Public Health, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Eisele
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric Rogier
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kawaguchi K, Donkor E, Lal A, Kelly M, Wangdi K. Distribution and Risk Factors of Malaria in the Greater Accra Region in Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12006. [PMID: 36231306 PMCID: PMC9566805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a serious public health challenge in Ghana including the Greater Accra Region. This study aimed to quantify the spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal patterns of malaria in the Greater Accra Region to inform targeted allocation of health resources. Malaria cases data from 2015 to 2019 were obtained from the Ghanaian District Health Information and Management System and aggregated at a district and monthly level. Spatial analysis was conducted using the Global Moran's I, Getis-Ord Gi*, and local indicators of spatial autocorrelation. Kulldorff's space-time scan statistics were used to investigate space-time clustering. A negative binomial regression was used to find correlations between climatic factors and sociodemographic characteristics and the incidence of malaria. A total of 1,105,370 malaria cases were reported between 2015 and 2019. Significant seasonal variation was observed, with June and July being the peak months of reported malaria cases. The hotspots districts were Kpone-Katamanso Municipal District, Ashaiman Municipal Districts, Tema Municipal District, and La-Nkwantanang-Madina Municipal District. While La-Nkwantanang-Madina Municipal District was high-high cluster. The Spatio-temporal clusters occurred between February 2015 and July 2017 in the districts of Ningo-Prampram, Shai-Osudoku, Ashaiman Municipal, and Kpone-Katamanso Municipal with a radius of 26.63 km and an relative risk of 4.66 (p < 0.001). Malaria cases were positively associated with monthly rainfall (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.005, 1.016) and the previous month's cases (AOR = 1.064; 95% CI 1.062, 1.065) and negatively correlated with minimum temperature (AOR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.823, 0.899) and population density (AOR = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.994, 0.998). Malaria control and prevention should be strengthened in hotspot districts in the appropriate months to improve program effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koh Kawaguchi
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Elorm Donkor
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aparna Lal
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew Kelly
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Visa Shalini P, Shriram AN, Elango A, Natarajan R, Vijayakumar B, Raju KHK, Dengel L, Gunasekaran K, Kumar A. Mosquito Diversity in an Experimental Township in Tamil Nadu, India. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1615-1624. [PMID: 35703108 PMCID: PMC9473653 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To glean more information on mosquito diversity and distribution in Auroville, a cross-sectional study was carried out by mapping the distribution of water bodies and habitats supporting immature stages on the one hand and the distribution of water bodies/habitats supporting mosquito immature stages on the other. A satellite image covering an area of 8.08 km2 was overlaid with a grid of 500 × 500 m. Fifteen modules were selected and the area of each module served as the sampling site for the entomological survey. Adult and larval stages were sampled. Diversity indices were analyzed to compare mosquito diversity. Rarefaction estimations were used to compare abundance and richness of the mosquito species between different zones. In total, 750 mosquito larvae and 84 resting adults were sampled. Eighteen species of mosquitoes belonging to 11 subgenera and 7 genera were documented. Genera included Aedes (Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818, Diptera, Culicidae), Anopheles (Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818, Diptera, Culicidae), Armigeres (Theobald 1901, Diptera, Culicidae), Culex (Carl Linnaeus 1758, Diptera, Culicidae), Lutzia (Theobald 1903, Diptera, Culicidae), and Mimomyia (Theobald 1903, Diptera, Culicidae). Of the 18 mosquito species identified, 8 species are new records for Auroville. The Alpha (α) biodiversity indices show that the mosquito fauna is diverse (S = 18; DMg = 2.732 [95% CI: 2.732-2.732]). The Shannon-Weiner (H' = 2.199 [95% CI: 2.133-2.276]) and Simpson indices (λ = 0.8619 [95% CI: 0.8496-0.8723]) measured species richness, evenness, and dominance. The values of these indices suggest high species richness, evenness, and dominance. Prevailing conditions can provide suitable environment for establishment of different mosquito species in this ecosystem. Given the sociodemographic characteristics of this area, research on mosquito diversity and risk of vector-borne diseases will be of great use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Visa Shalini
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | | | - A Elango
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - R Natarajan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - B Vijayakumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - K H K Raju
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Lucas Dengel
- EcoPro, Aurosarjan Complex, Auroshilpam, Auroville, Tamil Nadu 605 101, India
| | - K Gunasekaran
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GOI, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605 006, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kinga H, Kengne-Ouafo JA, King SA, Egyirifa RK, Aboagye-Antwi F, Akorli J. Water Physicochemical Parameters and Microbial Composition Distinguish Anopheles and Culex Mosquito Breeding Sites: Potential as Ecological Markers for Larval Source Surveillance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1817-1826. [PMID: 35920087 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mosquitoes in an area is dependent on the availability of suitable breeding sites that are influenced by several environmental factors. Identification of breeding habitats for vector surveillance and larval source management is key to disease control programs. We investigated water quality parameters and microbial composition in selected mosquito breeding sites in urban Accra, Ghana and associated these with abundance of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Physicochemical parameters and microbial composition explained up to 72% variance among the breeding sites and separated Anopheles and Culex habitats (P < 0.05). Anopheles and Culex abundances were commonly influenced by water temperature, pH, nitrate, and total hardness with contrasting impacts on the two mosquito species. In addition, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and alkalinity uniquely influenced Anopheles abundance, while total suspended solids, phosphate, sulphate, ammonium, and salinity were significant determinants for Culex. The correlation of these multiple parameters with the occurrence of each mosquito species was high (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). Bacterial content assessment of the breeding ponds revealed that the most abundant bacterial phyla were Patescibacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria, constituting >70% of the total bacterial richness. The oligotrophic Patescibacteria was strongly associated with Anopheles suggestive of the mosquito's adaptation to environments with less nutrients, while predominance of Cyanobacteria, indicative of rich nutritional source was associated with Culex larval ponds. We propose further evaluation of these significant abiotic and biotic parameters in field identification of larval sources and how knowledge of these can be harnessed effectively to reduce conducive breeding sites for mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Kinga
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jonas A Kengne-Ouafo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sandra A King
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Richardson K Egyirifa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hessou-Djossou D, Djègbè I, Ahadji-Dabla KM, Nonfodji OM, Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Cornelie S, Djogbenou L, Akogbeto M, Chandre F. Diversity of larval habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes in urban areas of Benin and influence of their physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics on larval density. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:207. [PMID: 35698161 PMCID: PMC9195272 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The implementation of anti-larval strategies in the fight against malaria vectors requires fundamental knowledge of their oviposition sites. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles breeding sites as well as the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the proliferation of larvae in urban and non-urban areas of Benin. Methods Sampling of Anopheles larvae was carried out during the rainy and dry seasons in urbanized and non-urbanized areas of the cities of Cotonou, Bohicon, Parakou, and Natitingou in Benin. The Anopheles larval breeding sites were georeferenced and characterized by their nature, type, physicochemical (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, salinity) and biological attributes (larval density and coliform density). Results A total of 198 positive breeding sites for Anopheles larvae were identified, comprising 163 (82.3%) in the rainy season and 35 (17.7%) in the dry season. Out of these larval habitats, 61.9% were located in urbanized areas, and were predominantly puddles. Principal component analysis revealed a high positive correlation of larval density with temperature and dissolved oxygen, and with salinity in the coastal zone. In addition, cross-sectional analysis of the microbiological results with larval density showed a significant negative correlation between larval productivity and faecal coliform load. Conclusions This study indicated the presence of multiple larval habitats of Anopheles in the urban areas which were created through human activities, and associations between larval density and intrinsic factors of the habitats such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and faecal coliform load. This type of information may be useful for the implementation of appropriate control strategies in urban areas, including regulation of the human activities that lead to the creation of breeding sites, proper environmental management and targeted larvicidal use. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hessou-Djossou
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin. .,Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Koffi Mensah Ahadji-Dabla
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie (LaEE), Département de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Odilon M Nonfodji
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin.,Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (LCEE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Geneviève Tchigossou
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique (IRSP), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Ouidah, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Akorli J, Akorli EA, Tetteh SNA, Amlalo GK, Opoku M, Pwalia R, Adimazoya M, Atibilla D, Pi-Bansa S, Chabi J, Dadzie SK. Microsporidia MB is found predominantly associated with Anopheles gambiae s.s and Anopheles coluzzii in Ghana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18658. [PMID: 34545153 PMCID: PMC8452686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A vertically transmitted microsporidian, Microsporidia MB, with the ability to disrupt Plasmodium development was reported in Anopheles arabiensis from Kenya, East Africa. To demonstrate its range of incidence, archived DNA samples from 7575 Anopheles mosquitoes collected from Ghana were screened. MB prevalence was observed at 1.8%. An. gambiae s.s constituted 87% of positive mosquitoes while the remaining were from An. coluzzii. Both sibling species had similar positivity rates (24% and 19%; p = 0.42) despite the significantly higher number of An. gambiae s.s analysed (An. gambiae s.s = 487; An. coluzzii = 94; p = 0.0005). The microsporidian was also more prevalent in emerged adults from field-collected larvae than field-caught adults (p < 0.0001) suggestive of an efficient vertical transmission and/or horizontal transfer among larvae. This is the first report of Microsporidia MB in Anopheles mosquitoes in West Africa. It indicates possible widespread among malaria vector species and warrants investigations into the symbiont’s diversity across sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Esinam Abla Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seraphim Naa Afoley Tetteh
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwame Amlalo
- Vestergaard-NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Millicent Opoku
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rebecca Pwalia
- Vestergaard-NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michelle Adimazoya
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Atibilla
- Entomology Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Sellase Pi-Bansa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Vestergaard-NMIMR Vector Labs, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kweku Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Doumbe-Belisse P, Kopya E, Ngadjeu CS, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Awono-Ambene HP, Wondji CS, Njiokou F, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic of the vectorial system and the entomological inoculation rate. Malar J 2021; 20:364. [PMID: 34493280 PMCID: PMC8424958 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is registering one of the highest urban population growth across the world. It is estimated that over 75% of the population in this region will be living in urban settings by 2050. However, it is not known how this rapid urbanization will affect vector populations and disease transmission. The present study summarizes findings from studies conducted in urban settings between the 1970s and 2020 to assess the effects of urbanization on the entomological inoculation rate pattern and anopheline species distribution. Different online databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Google were screened. A total of 90 publications were selected out of 1527. Besides, over 200 additional publications were consulted to collate information on anopheline breeding habitats and species distribution in urban settings. The study confirms high malaria transmission in rural compared to urban settings. The study also suggests that there had been an increase in malaria transmission in most cities after 2003, which could also be associated with an increase in sampling, resources and reporting. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were the predominant vectors in most urban settings. Anopheline larvae were reported to have adapted to different aquatic habitats. The study provides updated information on the distribution of the vector population and the dynamic of malaria transmission in urban settings. The study also highlights the need for implementing integrated control strategies in urban settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - E Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C S Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - N Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - A Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - L Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - H P Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - C S Wondji
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - F Njiokou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun. .,Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Acheampong DO, Adu P, Ampomah P, Duedu KO, Aninagyei E. Immunological, haematological, and clinical attributes of rural and urban malaria: a case-control study in Ghana. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:806-816. [PMID: 34475663 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare clinical presentations, haematological and immunological parameters in urban and rural malaria patients. Clinically suspected malaria patients, resident in either rural or urban communities, were selected from seven health facilities in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. For each suspected malaria patient, parasites were detected microscopically and quantified subsequently. In each study site, an equal number of cases and age-matched controls were selected. In both cases and controls, clinical presentations, nutritional status, haematological, and immunological parameters were profiled. A total of 149 malaria patients and 149 nonmalaria controls were selected. Compared to rural dwellers with malaria, parasitaemia was significantly higher in both males and females and in the various age groups in urban dwellers with malaria. Additionally, mean lymphocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell haemoglobin, platelets, and mean platelet volume levels were significantly lower in urban dwellers with malaria. However, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 levels in urban dwellers with malaria were significantly higher, while IL-10, CD4+, CD3+, CD8+ T-cells levels and CD4+/ CD3+ ratio were significantly lower in urban dwellers with malaria. Furthermore, chills, diarrhoea, fever, and pallor were significantly associated with urban dwellers with malaria. This study concluded that urban dwellers are more prone to severe malaria while rural dwellers tend to have more measured immune response against malaria infection, and therefore experienced better controlled inflammatory processes associated with mild form of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Patrick Adu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Paulina Ampomah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Obeng Duedu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Volta Region, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Volta Region, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nicholas K, Bernard G, Bryson N, Mukabane K, Kilongosi M, Ayuya S, Mulama DH. Abundance and Distribution of Malaria Vectors in Various Aquatic Habitats and Land Use Types in Kakamega County, Highlands of Western Kenya. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 31:247-256. [PMID: 34158776 PMCID: PMC8188073 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Management of malaria transmission relies heavily on vector control. Implementation and sustenance of effective control measures require regular monitoring of malaria vector occurrences, species abundance and distribution. The study assessed mosquito larval species composition, distribution and productivity in Kakamega County, western Kenya. Methods A cross-sectional survey of Anopheline larvae was conducted in various aquatic habitats and land use types in Kakamega County, highlands of western Kenya between the month of March and June 2019. Results One thousand, five hundred and seventy six aquatic habitats were sampled in various land use types. The mean densities of An. gambiae s.l (46.2), An. funestus (5.3), An. coustani (1.7), An. implexus (0.13) and An. squamosus (2.0) were observed in fish ponds, burrow pits, drainage ditches, and tire tracks, respectively. High mean densities of An. gambiae s.l was reported in farmland (20.4) while high mean abundance of An. funestus s.l (8.2) and An. coustani s.l (4.0) were observed in artificial forests. Conclusion The study revealed that the productivity of anopheles larvae varied across various habitat types and land use types. Therefore, treatment of potential breeding sites should be considered as an additional strategy for malaria vector control in Kakamega County, western Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kitungulu Nicholas
- School of Public Health & Community Development, Maseno University, Kenya.,School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| | - Guyah Bernard
- School of Public Health & Community Development, Maseno University, Kenya
| | - Ndenga Bryson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kipcho Mukabane
- School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| | | | - Stephen Ayuya
- School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| | - David Hughes Mulama
- School of Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Longo-Pendy NM, Tene-Fossog B, Tawedi RE, Akone-Ella O, Toty C, Rahola N, Braun JJ, Berthet N, Kengne P, Costantini C, Ayala D. Ecological plasticity to ions concentration determines genetic response and dominance of Anopheles coluzzii larvae in urban coastal habitats of Central Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15781. [PMID: 34349141 PMCID: PMC8338965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Central Africa, the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii is predominant in urban and coastal habitats. However, little is known about the environmental factors that may be involved in this process. Here, we performed an analysis of 28 physicochemical characteristics of 59 breeding sites across 5 urban and rural sites in coastal areas of Central Africa. We then modelled the relative frequency of An. coluzzii larvae to these physicochemical parameters in order to investigate environmental patterns. Then, we assessed the expression variation of 10 candidate genes in An. coluzzii, previously incriminated with insecticide resistance and osmoregulation in urban settings. Our results confirmed the ecological plasticity of An. coluzzii larvae to breed in a large range of aquatic conditions and its predominance in breeding sites rich in ions. Gene expression patterns were comparable between urban and rural habitats, suggesting a broad response to ions concentrations of whatever origin. Altogether, An. coluzzii exhibits a plastic response to occupy both coastal and urban habitats. This entails important consequences for malaria control in the context of the rapid urban expansion in Africa in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert E. Tawedi
- grid.473396.cInstitut de Recherches Géologiques Et Minières / Centre de Recherches Hydrologiques, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Celine Toty
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Nil Rahola
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Braun
- grid.473396.cInstitut de Recherches Géologiques Et Minières / Centre de Recherches Hydrologiques, Yaoundé, Cameroon ,grid.462928.30000 0000 9033 1612Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France ,International Joint Laboratory DYCOFAC, IRGM-UY1-IRD, BP 1857, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- grid.418115.80000 0004 1808 058XCIRMF, Franceville, Gabon ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement Et Risque Infectieux, Cellule D’Intervention Biologique D’Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Kengne
- grid.418115.80000 0004 1808 058XCIRMF, Franceville, Gabon ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Carlo Costantini
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Diego Ayala
- grid.418115.80000 0004 1808 058XCIRMF, Franceville, Gabon ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Savi MK, Callo-Concha D, Tonnang HEZ, Borgemeister C. Emerging properties of malaria transmission and persistence in urban Accra, Ghana: evidence from a participatory system approach. Malar J 2021; 20:321. [PMID: 34281554 PMCID: PMC8287558 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies that aim to enhance the understanding of malaria transmission and persistence in urban settings failed to address its underlining complexity. This study aims at doing that by applying qualitative and participatory-based system analysis and mapping to elicit the system’s emergent properties. Methods In two experts’ workshops, the system was sketched and refined. This system was represented through a causal loop diagram, where the identification of leverage points was done using network analysis. Results 45 determinants interplaying through 56 linkages, and three subsystems: urbanization-related transmission, infection-prone behaviour and healthcare efficiency, and Plasmodium resistance were identified. Apart from the number of breeding sites and malaria-positive cases, other determinants such as drug prescription and the awareness of householders were identified by the network analysis as leverage points and emergent properties of the system of transmission and persistence of malaria. Conclusion Based on the findings, the ongoing efforts to control malaria, such as the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and larvicide applications should continue, and new ones focusing on the public awareness and malaria literacy of city dwellers should be included. The participatory approach strengthened the legitimacy of the recommendations and the co-learning of participants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03851-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Callo-Concha
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES), University of Koblenz-Landau, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Henri E Z Tonnang
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Human immune response against salivary antigens of Simulium damnosum s.l.: A new epidemiological marker for exposure to blackfly bites in onchocerciasis endemic areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009512. [PMID: 34157020 PMCID: PMC8253393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulium damnosum sensu lato (s.l.) blackflies transmit Onchocerca volvulus, a filarial nematode that causes human onchocerciasis. Human landing catches (HLCs) is currently the sole method used to estimate blackfly biting rates but is labour-intensive and questionable on ethical grounds. A potential alternative is to measure host antibodies to vector saliva deposited during bloodfeeding. In this study, immunoassays to quantify human antibody responses to S. damnosum s.l. saliva were developed, and the salivary proteome of S. damnosum s.l. was investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Blood samples from people living in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in Ghana were collected during the wet season; samples from people living in Accra, a blackfly-free area, were considered negative controls and compared to samples from blackfly-free locations in Sudan. Blackflies were collected by HLCs and dissected to extract their salivary glands. An ELISA measuring anti-S. damnosum s.l. salivary IgG and IgM was optimized and used to quantify the humoral immune response of 958 individuals. Both immunoassays differentiated negative controls from endemic participants. Salivary proteins were separated by gel-electrophoresis, and antigenic proteins visualized by immunoblot. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed to characterize the proteome of S. damnosum s.l. salivary glands. Several antigenic proteins were recognized, with the major ones located around 15 and 40 kDa. LC-MS/MS identified the presence of antigen 5-related protein, apyrase/nucleotidase, and hyaluronidase. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study validated for the first time human immunoassays that quantify humoral immune responses as potential markers of exposure to blackfly bites. These assays have the potential to facilitate understanding patterns of exposure as well as evaluating the impact of vector control on biting rates. Future studies need to investigate seasonal fluctuations of these antibody responses, potential cross-reactions with other bloodsucking arthropods, and thoroughly identify the most immunogenic proteins.
Collapse
|
32
|
Seasonality modulates the direct and indirect influences of forest cover on larval anopheline assemblages in western Amazônia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12721. [PMID: 34135444 PMCID: PMC8208974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious concerns have arisen regarding urbanization processes in western Amazônia, which result in the creation of artificial habitats, promoting the colonization of malaria vectors. We used structural equation modelling to investigate direct and indirect effects of forest cover on larval habitats and anopheline assemblages in different seasons. We found 3474 larvae in the dry season and 6603 in the rainy season, totalling ten species and confirming the presence of malaria vectors across all sites. Forest cover had direct and indirect (through limnological variables) effects on the composition of larval anopheline assemblages in the rainy season. However, during the dry season, forest cover directly affected larval distribution and habitat variables (with no indirect affects). Additionally, artificial larval habitats promote ideal conditions for malaria vectors in Amazonia, mainly during the rainy season, with positive consequences for anopheline assemblages. Therefore, the application of integrated management can be carried out during both seasons. However, we suggest that the dry season is the optimal time because larval habitats are more limited, smaller in volume and more accessible for applying vector control techniques.
Collapse
|
33
|
Buxton M, Wasserman RJ, Nyamukondiwa C. Disease Vector Relative Spatio-Temporal Abundances to Water Bodies and Thermal Fitness Across Malaria Endemic Semi-Arid Areas. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:682-691. [PMID: 33107574 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical environment plays an important role in the spatio-temporal abundance and distribution of mosquitoes. This has implications for the spread of vectors and diseases they cause across diverse landscapes. Here, we assessed vector mosquito abundances in relation to large water bodies, from three malaria districts in a semi-arid environment. Furthermore, we explored thermal limits to activity of the dominant and most medically important malaria vector across malaria-endemic areas. Mosquitoes were trapped near permanent water bodies across different districts. Critical thermal limits (critical thermal-maxima and -minima) to activity of wild adults and 4th instar larvae Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) were assessed. Our results showed that Anopheles spp. dominate mosquito communities across all three districts, but that their numbers were far greater in Okavango than in other regions. At the Okavango sites, the numbers of Anopheles spp. decreased with distance from main water source. Anopheles spp. sampled in this region comprised Anopheles gambiae (Giles,1902) and Anopheles funestus (Giles, 1900) species complexes, with the former dominating in numbers. Thermal activity assays showed An. arabiensis females had wider thermal tolerance windows than males while larval thermal activity limits differed significantly across space. These results confirm that the Okavango district should be prioritized for vector control measures. Moreover, intervention strategies should consider recommendations for proximity effects to large water bodies, given the differential risk associated with distance from water. The wider thermal window on female vectors has implications for possible future malaria transmission and diverse habitat utilization under changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mmabaledi Buxton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Ryan J Wasserman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wat'senga Tezzo F, Fasine S, Manzambi Zola E, Marquetti MDC, Binene Mbuka G, Ilombe G, Mundeke Takasongo R, Smitz N, Bisset JA, Van Bortel W, Vanlerberghe V. High Aedes spp. larval indices in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:92. [PMID: 33522947 PMCID: PMC7852359 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika are among the most important emerging infectious vector-borne diseases worldwide. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), increases in cases of dengue and outbreaks of yellow fever and chikungunya have been reported since 2010. The main vectors of these arboviruses, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, have been reported in DRC, but there is a lack of detailed information on their presence and spread to guide disease control efforts. METHODS In 2018, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Kinshasa province (DRC), one in the rainy (January/February) and one in the dry season (July). Four hundred houses were visited in each of the four selected communes (N'Djili, Mont Ngafula, Lingwala and Kalamu). Within the peri-domestic area of each household, searches were conducted for larval habitats, which were then surveyed for the presence of Aedes larvae and pupae. A subset of the immature specimens were reared to adults for morphological identification followed by DNA barcoding of the specimens to validate identifications. RESULTS The most rural commune (Mont Ngafula) had the highest pupal index (number of Aedes spp. pupae per 100 inspected houses) at 246 (20) pupae/100 houses, and Breteau index (BI; number of containers positive for immature stages of Aedes spp. per 100 households) at 82.2 (19.5) positive containers/100 houses for the rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The BI was 21.5 (4.7), 36.7 (9.8) and 41.7 (7.5) in Kalamu, Lingwala and N'Djili in the rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The house index (number of houses positive for at least one container with immature stages of Aedes spp. per 100 inspected houses) was, on average, across all communes, 27.5% (7.6%); and the container index (number of containers positive for immature stages of Aedes spp. per 100 inspected containers) was 15.0% (10.0%) for the rainy (and dry) season, respectively. The vast majority of Aedes-positive containers were found outside the houses [adjusted odds ratio 27.4 (95% confidence interval 14.9-50.1)]. During the dry season, the most productive containers were the ones used for water storage, whereas in the rainy season rubbish and tires constituted key habitats. Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found. Anopheles larvae were found in different types of Aedes larval habitats, especially during the rainy season. CONCLUSIONS In both surveys and in all communes, the larval indices (BI) were higher than the arbovirus transmission threshold values established by the World Health Organization. Management strategies for controlling Aedes in Kinshasa need to target the key types of containers for Aedes larvae, which are mainly located in outdoor spaces, for larval habitat destruction or reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Wat'senga Tezzo
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvie Fasine
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile Manzambi Zola
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Maria Del Carmen Marquetti
- Department of Vector Control, Instituto Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (IPK), Avenida Novia del Mediodía, KM 6 1/2, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Guillaume Binene Mbuka
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gillon Ilombe
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Mundeke Takasongo
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, 5345 Avenue De la Démocratie, Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nathalie Smitz
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo), Leuvensesteenweg 13-17, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Juan Andre Bisset
- Department of Vector Control, Instituto Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (IPK), Avenida Novia del Mediodía, KM 6 1/2, La Lisa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit of Entomology, Biomedical Science Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Tropical Infectious Disease Group, Public Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang PL, Nelson-Hurwitz DC, Katz AR. Evaluating Potential Mosquito Breeding Sites on a University Campus. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF HEALTH & SOCIAL WELFARE 2020; 79:347-352. [PMID: 33313516 PMCID: PMC7726621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) such as Zika, chikungunya, malaria, and dengue have spread to more urban areas previously free of such diseases. Globalization has increased the infection potential for diseases and their vectors, placing tropical tourist destinations, such as Hawai'i, at risk for MBD epidemics. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa campus to assess potential mosquito breeding sites. The campus was stratified by land use designation and randomly sampled. Residential areas had the highest potential for breeding sites with high numbers of discarded plastic food and beverage containers. Recommended prevention strategies to curb littering in the residential area include awareness campaigns and encouraging collaboration between maintenance authorities to enhance oversight. This study highlights the importance of individual awareness and prevention of environment modifications that could contribute to the development of mosquito breeding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pua Lani Yang
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI
| | - Denise C. Nelson-Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI
| | - Alan R. Katz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hawaria D, Demissew A, Kibret S, Lee MC, Yewhalaw D, Yan G. Effects of environmental modification on the diversity and positivity of anopheline mosquito aquatic habitats at Arjo-Dedessa irrigation development site, Southwest Ethiopia. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:9. [PMID: 31987056 PMCID: PMC6986026 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irrigated agriculture is key to increase agricultural productivity and ensure food security in Africa. However, unintended negative public health impacts (e.g. malaria) of such environmental modification have been a challenge. This study assessed the diversity and distribution of breeding habitats of malaria vector mosquitoes around Arjo-Dedessa irrigation development site in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods Anopheline mosquito larvae were surveyed from two agroecosystems, ‘irrigated’ and ‘non-irrigated’ areas during the dry (December 2017–February 2018) and wet (June 2018–August 2018) seasons. Mosquito habitat diversity and larval abundance were compared between the irrigated and non-irrigated areas. The association between anopheline mosquito larvae occurrence and environmental parameters was analysed using Pearson chi-square. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine primary parameters that influence the occurrence of anopheline larvae. Results Overall, 319 aquatic habitats were surveyed during the study period. Around 60% (n = 152) of the habitats were positive for anopheline mosquito larvae, of which 63.8% (n = 97) and 36.2% (n = 55) were from irrigated and non-irrigated areas, respectively. The number of anopheline positive habitats was two-fold higher in irrigated than non-irrigated areas. Anopheline larval abundance in the irrigated area was 16.6% higher than the non-irrigated area. Pearson’s chi-square analysis showed that season (χ2 = 63.122, df = 1, P < 0.001), agroecosystem (being irrigated or non-irrigated) (χ2 = 6.448, df = 1, P = 0.011), and turbidity (χ2 = 7.296, df = 2, P = 0.025) had a significant association with larval anopheline occurrence. Conclusions The study showed a higher anopheline mosquito breeding habitat diversity, larval occurrence and abundance in the irrigated than non-irrigated areas in both dry and wet seasons. This indicates that irrigation development activities contribute to proliferation of suitable mosquito breeding habitats that could increase the risk of malaria transmission. Incorporating larval source management into routine malaria vector control strategies could help reduce mosquito population density and malaria transmission around irrigation schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Hawaria
- Yirgalem Hospital Medical College, Yirgalem, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Assalif Demissew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Kibret
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. .,Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Effects of Propoxur Exposure on Insecticidal Susceptibility and Developmental Traits in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090288. [PMID: 31500284 PMCID: PMC6780599 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Propoxur-sel strains of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were derived from a lab-bred strain following 16 generations of propoxur exposure under sublethal concentrations of LC25 (lethal concentration of 25%) and LC50 (lethal concentration of 50%), respectively. This resulted in resistance development in F16 with ratios of 8.8× and 6.3×, respectively, compared with F0. The fecundity, longevity, sex ratio (F/M), and hatchability of the propoxur-exposed Cx. quinquefasciatus adult survivors and their offspring were decreased, with no effect on the emergence ratio and pupa survival rate. In addition, the intrinsic rates of increase (r), the net reproduction (R0), and the finite rate of increase (λ) of the Cx. quinquefasciatus offspring generations were also decreased significantly compared to F0. Correspondingly, the mean generation time (T) and the population double time (DT) in propoxur-sels were increased. Enhanced activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and esterase were also observed in propoxur-sels, indicating that a detoxification mechanism might be responsible for resistance development in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Except for the three genes cyp4d42v1, cyp4c52v1, and cyp6aa9 which displayed a coincidence in some degree in different treatments, induction by different doses of propoxur and constitutive expression in different generations of propoxur-sel strains resulted in an inconsistent identification of the P450 genes probably related with resistance.
Collapse
|
38
|
Akpodiete NO, Diabate A, Tripet F. Effect of water source and feed regime on development and phenotypic quality in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.): prospects for improved mass-rearing techniques towards release programmes. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:210. [PMID: 31060574 PMCID: PMC6503376 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many malaria-endemic sub-Saharan countries, insecticide resistance poses a threat to existing mosquito control measures, underscoring the need for complementary control methods such as sterile and/or genetically-modified mosquito release programmes. The sibling species Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii are responsible for malaria transmission in most of this region. In their natural habitat, these species generally breed in clean, soft water and it is believed that divergent preference in their larval breeding sites have played a role in their speciation process. Mosquito release programmes rely on the rearing of mosquitoes at high larval densities. Current rearing protocols often make use of deionised water regardless of the strain reared. They also depend on a delicate balance between the need for adequate feeding and the negative effect of toxic ammonia and food waste build-up on mosquito development, making managing and improving water quality in the insectary imperative. Methods Here, we investigated the impact of water source and feed regimes on emergence rate and phenotypic quality of mosquitoes in the insectary. First-instar larvae of An. gambiae (Kisumu strain) and An. coluzzii (Mopti and VK3 strains) were reared in three water sources with varying degrees of hardness (deionised, mineral and a mix of the two), with a daily water change. Larvae were fed daily using two standardised feeding regimes, solution and powder feed. Results Water source had a significant impact on mosquito size and development time for all strains. Earlier emergence of significantly larger mosquitoes was observed in mineral water with the smallest mosquitoes developing later from deionised water. Wing-length was significantly longer in mineral, mixed water and in powder feed, irrespective of sex, strains or water types. Deionised water was the least favourable for mosquito quality across all strains. Conclusions Mineral water and powder feed should be used in rearing protocols to improve mosquito quality where the optimal quality of mosquitoes is desired. Although results obtained were not significant for improved mosquito numbers, the phenotypic quality of mosquitoes reared was significantly improved in mineral water and mix water. Further studies are recommended on the impact mineral water has on other fitness traits such as longevity, fecundity and mating competitiveness. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3465-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nwamaka O Akpodiete
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Doumbe-Belisse P, Ngadjeu CS, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Kopya E, Bamou R, Toto JC, Mounchili S, Tabue R, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji CS, Njiokou F, Antonio-Nkondjio C. High malaria transmission sustained by Anopheles gambiae s.l. occurring both indoors and outdoors in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:164. [PMID: 30756096 PMCID: PMC6364383 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14963.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon; however, despite reports on the adaptation of anopheline species to urban habitats, there is still not enough information on malaria transmission pattern in urban settings. In the frame of a larval control trial in the city of Yaoundé, we conducted baseline surveys to assess malaria transmission dynamics in this city. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using CDC light traps and human landing catches from March 2017 to March 2018 in 30 districts of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Mosquitoes were sorted by genus and identified to the species level using PCR. The TaqMan method and ELISA were used to determine mosquito infection status to Plasmodium. Bioassays were conducted to assess female Anopheles gambiae susceptibility to insecticides. Results: A total of 218,991 mosquitoes were collected. The main malaria vectors were An. gambiae s.l. (n=6154) and An. funestus s.l. (n=229). Of the 1476 An. gambiae s.l. processed by PCR, 92.19% were An. coluzzii and 7.81% An. gambiae. An. funestus s.l. was composed of 93.01% (173/186) An. funestus and 4.84% (13/186) An. leesoni. The average biting rate of anopheline was significantly high outdoor than indoor (P=0.013). Seasonal variation in mosquito abundance and biting rate was recorded. The infection rate by Plasmodium falciparum was 2.13% (104/4893 mosquitoes processed). The annual entomological inoculation rate was found to vary from 0 to 92 infective bites/man/year (ib/m/y). Malaria transmission risk was high outdoor (66.65 ib/m/y) compared to indoor (31.14 ib/m/y). An. gambiae s.l. was found highly resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. High prevalence of the West Africa kdr allele 1014F was recorded and this was not found to influence An. gambiae s.l. infection status. Conclusion: The study suggests high malaria transmission occurring in the city of Yaoundé and call for immediate actions to improve control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Doumbe-Belisse
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carmene Sandra Ngadjeu
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Abdou Talipouo
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Landre Djamouko-Djonkam
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Edmond Kopya
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Raymond Tabue
- National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Decision Making within the Built Environment as a Strategy for Mitigating the Risk of Malaria and Other Vector-Borne Diseases. BUILDINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although significant efforts have been made to combat the spread of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), they still account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 216 million estimated cases in 2016. The efforts that resulted in these positive outcomes lack long-term financial sustainability because of the significant amount of funding involved. There is, therefore, a need for more cost-effective intervention. The authors contend that design decisions in the built environment can have a positive impact on the efforts directed at mitigating the risk of malaria in a more cost-effective manner. It is known that the built environment, through features such as openings, can propagate the spread of malaria. There have been some significant efforts directed at addressing this risk. This notwithstanding, an extensive review of closely related work established that built environment professionals have limited access to information on specific ways through which their design decisions can contribute to mitigating the risk of malaria. The validity of this hypothesis was tested through evaluating the opportunities for synergies in selected parts of East Africa. Secondary data derived from relevant urban health journals as well as repositories curated by leading health agencies such as WHO were synthesized and analyzed using a web of causation approach. The outcome of the analysis is a schema of primary and secondary source (risk) factors. The use of the web of causation approach revealed the existing factor-to-factor interactions that could have a reinforcing effect. This information was used to identify the critical linkages and interdependencies across different factors. The outcome of the analysis was mapped against risk factors that can be linked to decisions made during the six primary phases of the construction life cycle: Preliminary phase, conceptual design, detailed design, construction, facilities management, and end of life/disuse. A conceptual architecture for a decision support framework has been proposed and will be developed into a prototype in subsequent efforts.
Collapse
|
41
|
Amadi JA, Ong'amo GO, Olago DO, Oriaso SO, Nyamongo IK, Estambale BBA. Mapping potential Anopheles gambiae s.l. larval distribution using remotely sensed climatic and environmental variables in Baringo, Kenya. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:417-426. [PMID: 29926974 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) is responsible for the transmission of the devastating Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) strain of malaria in Africa. This study investigated the relationship between climate and environmental conditions and An. gambiae s.l. larvae abundance and modelled the larval distribution of this species in Baringo County, Kenya. Mosquito larvae were collected using a 350-mL dipper and a pipette once per month from December 2015 to December 2016. A random forest algorithm was used to generate vegetation cover classes. A negative binomial regression was used to model the association between remotely sensed climate (rainfall and temperature) and environmental (vegetation cover, vegetation health, topographic wetness and slope) factors and An. gambiae s.l. for December 2015. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was significantly more frequent in the riverine zone (P < 0.05, r = 0.59) compared with the lowland zone. Rainfall (b = 6.22, P < 0.001), slope (b = - 4.81, P = 0.012) and vegetation health (b = - 5.60, P = 0.038) significantly influenced the distribution of An. gambiae s.l. larvae. High An. gambiae s.l. abundance was associated with cropland and wetland environments. Effective malaria control will require zone-specific interventions such as a focused dry season vector control strategy in the riverine zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Amadi
- Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - G O Ong'amo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D O Olago
- Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S O Oriaso
- Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - I K Nyamongo
- Cooperative Development, Research and Innovation, Cooperative University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B B A Estambale
- Division of Research Innovation and Outreach, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wyse AP, dos Santos AJB, Azevedo JDS, de Lima JS, de Faria JR. Modeling the spreading and interaction between wild and transgenic mosquitoes with a random dispersal. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205879. [PMID: 30379965 PMCID: PMC6209212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to recent advances in genetic manipulation, transgenic mosquitoes may be a viable alternative to reduce some diseases. Feasibility conditions are obtained by simulating and analyzing mathematical models that describe the behavior of wild and transgenic populations living in the same geographic area. In this paper, we present a reaction-diffusion model in which the reaction term is a nonlinear function that describes the interaction between wild and transgenic mosquitoes, considering the zygosity, and the diffusive term that represents a nonuniform spatial spreading characterized by a random diffusion parameter. The resulting nonlinear system of partial differential equations is numerically solved using the sequential operator splitting technique, combining the finite element method and Runge-Kutta method. This scheme is numerically implemented considering uncertainty in the diffusion parameters of the model. Several scenarios simulating spatial release strategies of transgenic mosquitoes are analyzed, demonstrating an intrinsic association between the transgene frequency in the total population and the strategy adopted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Wyse
- Department of Scientific Computing, Informatic Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Juarez dos Santos Azevedo
- Exact and Technology Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Josenildo Silva de Lima
- Graduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Informatic Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Jairo Rocha de Faria
- Department of Scientific Computing, Informatic Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
As humans increasingly alter the surface geomorphology of the Earth, a multitude of artificial aquatic systems have appeared, both deliberately and accidentally. Human modifications to the hydroscape range from alteration of existing waterbodies to construction of new ones. The extent of these systems makes them important and dynamic components of modern landscapes, but their condition and provisioning of ecosystem services by these systems are underexplored, and likely underestimated. Instead of accepting that artificial ecosystems have intrinsically low values, environmental scientists should determine what combination of factors, including setting, planning and construction, subsequent management and policy, and time, impact the condition of these systems. Scientists, social scientists, and policymakers should more thoroughly evaluate whether current study and management of artificial aquatic systems is based on the actual ecological condition of these systems, or judged differently, due to artificiality, and consider resultant possible changes in goals for these systems. The emerging recognition and study of artificial aquatic systems presents an exciting and important opportunity for science and society.
Collapse
|
44
|
Awareness of Environmental Change, Climate Variability, and Their Role in Prevalence of Mosquitoes among Urban Dwellers in Southern Ghana. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:5342624. [PMID: 29853925 PMCID: PMC5964614 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5342624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the extent to which urban residents of Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi (all of southern Ghana) were aware of environment and climate-related variability. A total of 150 questionnaires were given to adults of 40 years and above who lived in the cities for at least 35 years. SPSS version 16 was used to process the data. Results show that all respondents in Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) and 96% of them in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Area (STMA) noted the deteriorating vegetation cover over the cities. Similarly, 93% and 83% of them in AMA and STMA, respectively, observed that land use pattern of the two cities has changed considerably. There was positive and statistically significant correlation between respondents' educational attainment and their awareness of changes in land use/land cover (r = 0.18, n = 140, p = 0.03). Also, 71% in AMA and 89% in STMA stated that temperature of the cities had been increasing over the years. In all, 82.9% of the respondents mentioned that they had problem with the increasing population of mosquitoes. Respondents demonstrated ample knowledge of environment and climate variability and should be engaged in preventing further environmental degradation. The top-down approach to environmental issues has failed; the bottom-up approach to environmental maintenance is needed.
Collapse
|
45
|
Koudou BG, de Souza DK, Biritwum NK, Bougma R, Aboulaye M, Elhassan E, Bush S, Molyneux DH. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis in west African urban areas: is implementation of mass drug administration necessary? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e214-e220. [PMID: 29402636 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis in Africa is caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and remains a major cause of morbidity and disability in 74 countries globally. A key strategy of the Global Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis, which has a target elimination date of 2020, is the treatment of entire endemic communities through mass drug administration of albendazole in combination with either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Although the strategy of mass drug administration in combination with other interventions, such as vector control, has led to elimination of the infection and its transmission in many rural communities, urban areas in west Africa present specific challenges to achieving the 2020 targets. In this Personal View, we examine these challenges and the relevance of mass drug administration in urban areas, exploring the rationale for a reassessment of policy in these settings. The community-based mass treatment approach is best suited to rural areas, is challenging and costly in urban areas, and cannot easily achieve the 65% consistent coverage required for elimination of transmission. In our view, the implementation of mass drug administration might not be essential to interrupt transmission of lymphatic filariasis in urban areas in west Africa. Evidence shows that transmission levels are low and that effective mass drug distribution is difficult to implement, with assessments suggesting that specific control measures against filariasis in such dynamic settings is not an effective use of limited resources. Instead, we recommend that individuals who have clinical disease or who test positive for W bancrofti infection in surveillance activities should be offered antifilarial drugs through a passive surveillance approach, as well as morbidity management for their needs. We also recommend that more precise studies are done, so that mass drug administration in urban areas is considered if sustainable transmission is found to be ongoing. Otherwise, the limited resources should be directed towards other elements of the lymphatic filariasis programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Koudou
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; UFR Science de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Roland Bougma
- National Programme for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Meite Aboulaye
- National Programme for Control of Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths, Ministry of Health and Control of HIV/AIDS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | - David H Molyneux
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
King SA, Onayifeke B, Akorli J, Sibomana I, Chabi J, Manful-Gwira T, Dadzie S, Suzuki T, Wilson MD, Boakye DA, de Souza DK. The Role of Detoxification Enzymes in the Adaptation of the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae (Giles; Diptera: Culicidae) to Polluted Water. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1674-1683. [PMID: 28968911 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa, the Anopheles gambiae (Giles; Diptera: Culicidae), normally breed in clean water sources. However, evidence suggests an on-going adaptation of Anopheline species to polluted breeding habitats in urban settings. This study aimed at understanding the adaptation to breeding in water bodies with different qualities, in five selected mosquito breeding sites in urban Accra, Ghana. The study sites were also evaluated for the WHO water-quality parameters as a measure of pollution, and insecticide residues. Field mosquitoes were evaluated for five genes; CYP6P3, CYP4H19, CYP4H24, GSTD1-4, and ABCC11-associated with insecticide detoxification-using quantitative RT-PCR, as well as Mono-oxygenase, Alpha Esterase, Glutathione S-transferase, and insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using biochemical enzyme assays. The lab-reared, insecticide susceptible An. gambiae Kisumu strain was bred in the most polluted water source for 10 generations and evaluated for the same genes and enzymes. The results revealed that the fold expression of the genes was higher in the larvae compared with the adults. The results also suggest that detoxification enzymes could be involved in the adaptation of An. gambiae to polluted breeding sites. Correlation analysis revealed a highly positive significant correlation between calcium levels and all five genes (P < 0.05). Stepwise linear regression to understand which of the variables predicted the expression of the genes revealed that sulphate was responsible for ABCC11 and CYP4H24, alkalinity for GSTD1-4, and calcium for CYP4H19 and CYP6P3. The detailed genetic basis of this adaptation need to be further investigated. A further understanding of this adaptation may provide outlooks for controlling malaria and other disease vectors adapted to polluted breeding water sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A King
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Bibian Onayifeke
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaie Sibomana
- Molecular Bioeffects Branch, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Theresa Manful-Gwira
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Kobe-Tokiwa University, Japan
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel A Boakye
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|