1
|
Uppin V, Zarei M, Acharya P, Nair D, Kempaiah B, Talahalli R. Zerumbone exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing eicosanoid signaling: Evidence from LPS-induced peripheral blood leukocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 173:106852. [PMID: 38761959 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Zerumbone, a sesquiterpene isolated from Zingiber zerumbet, has many bioactivities, exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of zerumbone on the eicosanoid signaling pathway has yet to be examined. Here, we deciphered the anti-eicosanoid properties of zerumbone isolated from ginger. The molecular interaction between zerumbone and eicosanoid metabolizing enzymes (COX-2, 5-LOX, FLAP, and LTA4-hydrolase) and receptors (EP-4, BLT-1, and ICAM-1) along with NOS-2 were assessed using Auto-Dock 4.2 and visualized by chimera and Liggplot+ software. Further, the leukocytes were treated with zerumbone (1-20 μM) and activated using bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS-10 nM). The oxidative stress (OS) markers, antioxidant enzymes, and the eicosanoid pathway mediators such as COX-2, 5-LOX, BLT-1, and EP-4 were assessed. The molecular interaction of zerumbone with eicosanoids showed a higher binding affinity with mPGES-1, followed by NOS-2, FLAP, COX-2, LTA-4-hydrolase, and BLT-1. The concentration of 5 μM zerumbone effectively prevented the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Likewise, zerumbone significantly (p<0.05) inhibited COX-2, 5-LOX, NOS-2, EP-4, BLT-1, and ICAM-1 expression in LPS-induced peripheral blood leukocytes from rats. Further, the zerumbone treatment on the human PBMCs activated with LPS showed significant inhibition in the expression of ICAM1, COX-2, 5-LOX, and the generation of inflammatory cytokines compared to the control. Overall, the data presented infers that zerumbone positively modulates critical enzymes and receptors of eicosanoids in leukocytes activated with lipopolysaccharides. Thus, zerumbone can be a potential anti-eicosanoid drug in managing inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Uppin
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Mehrdad Zarei
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Pooja Acharya
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Devika Nair
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Bettadaiah Kempaiah
- Dept. of Spices and Flavor Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Ramaprasad Talahalli
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bapputty R, Sapa H, Masaru M, Gubitosi-Klug RA. Diabetes Modulates Iodothyronine Deiodinase 2 Expression in the Mouse Retina: A Role for Thyroid Hormone in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:3. [PMID: 38038617 PMCID: PMC10697172 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical investigations associate hypothyroidism with an increased risk for microvascular complications, yet the mechanism by which thyroid hormone regulates the development of diabetic retinopathy is not clearly understood. We investigated the role of iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Methods Retinas from streptozotocin-induced diabetic and nondiabetic mice were evaluated by RNA sequencing, RT-PCR, and immunostaining. Media and cell lysates from mouse retinal microvascular endothelial cells and retinal astrocytes exposed to physiologic (5 mM) and high glucose (25 mM) containing media were assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure tetraiodothyronine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations and by Western blot analysis to determine the relationship of T4/T3 to oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Cell death was determined by Trypan Blue exclusion assay. Results At 12 weeks of diabetes duration, retinas from diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic mice demonstrated a significant decrease in Dio2 transcripts and Dio2 gene and protein (P < 0.05) expression. When cultured in the presence of high glucose, both mouse retinal astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells demonstrated a significant reduction of DIO2 protein compared with cells cultured in physiologic glucose. High glucose inhibited generation of T3, leading to a significantly increased T4/T3 (P < 0.0079). Supplementation of cells with T3, but not T4, prevented the high glucose-induced rise in endothelial nitric oxide synthase, intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, and endothelial cell death (P < 0.0079). Conclusions Decreased intraretinal T3 owing to diabetes-induced loss of DIO2 may lead to dysfunction and death of cells in the retina, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of early diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Bapputty
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Hima Sapa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Miyagi Masaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Rose A. Gubitosi-Klug
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saadane A, Veenstra AA, Minns MS, Tang J, Du Y, Abubakr Elghazali F, Lessieur EM, Pearlman E, Kern TS. CCR2-positive monocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of early diabetic retinopathy in mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:590-602. [PMID: 36698021 PMCID: PMC9892100 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Accumulating evidence suggests that leucocytes play a critical role in diabetes-induced vascular lesions and other abnormalities that characterise the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. However, the role of monocytes has yet to be fully investigated; therefore, we used Ccr2-/- mice to study the role of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries. METHODS Experimental diabetes was induced in wild-type and Ccr2-/- mice using streptozotocin. After 2 months, superoxide levels, expression of inflammatory genes, leucostasis, leucocyte- and monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against retinal endothelial cell death, retinal thickness and visual function were evaluated. Retinal capillary degeneration was determined after 8 months of diabetes. Flow cytometry of peripheral blood for differential expression of CCR2 in monocytes was assessed. RESULTS In nondiabetic mice, CCR2 was highly expressed on monocytes, and Ccr2-/- mice lack CCR2+ monocytes in the peripheral blood. Diabetes-induced retinal superoxide, expression of proinflammatory genes Inos and Icam1, leucostasis and leucocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against retinal endothelial cells were inhibited in diabetic Ccr2-deficient mice and in chimeric mice lacking Ccr2 only from myeloid cells. In order to focus on monocytes, these cells were immuno-isolated after 2 months of diabetes, and they significantly increased monocyte-mediated endothelial cell cytotoxicity ex vivo. Monocytes from Ccr2-deficient mice caused significantly less endothelial cell death. The diabetes-induced retinal capillary degeneration was inhibited in Ccr2-/- mice and in chimeric mice lacking Ccr2 only from myeloid cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of early lesions of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Saadane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | | | - Martin S Minns
- Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Emma M Lessieur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahadi M, Ebrahimi A, Ramin S. Long-Term Outcome of Photobiomodulation for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Case Report. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:742-746. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2022.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ahadi
- Optometry and Vision Science, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahrokh Ramin
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lessieur EM, Liu H, Saadane A, Du Y, Kiser J, Kern TS. ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells is induced to a greater extent in mouse retina than in other tissues in diabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1734-1744. [PMID: 35852587 PMCID: PMC9481679 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been implicated in the development of macrovascular and microvascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Lesions of diabetic retinopathy are unique to the retina but the reason for this is unclear, as all tissues are exposed to the same hyperglycaemic insult. We tested whether diabetes induces ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells to a greater extent in the retina than in other tissues and the role of vision itself in that induction. METHODS Experimental diabetes was induced in C57Bl/6J, P23H opsin mutant and Gnat1-/- × Gnat2-/- double knockout mice using streptozotocin. The relative abundance of ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of endothelial cells in retina and other tissues was determined by conjugating anti-ICAM-1 antibodies to fluorescent microspheres (2 μm), injecting them intravenously and allowing them to circulate for 30 min. After transcardial perfusion, quantification of microspheres adherent to the endothelium in tissues throughout the body was carried out by fluorescent microscopy or flow cytometry. Mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as positive controls. The difference in leucostasis between retinal and non-retinal vasculature was evaluated. RESULTS Diabetes significantly increased ICAM-1-mediated adherence of microspheres to retinal microvessels by almost threefold, independent of sex. In contrast, diabetes had a much smaller effect on endothelial ICAM-1 in other tissues, and more tissues showed a significant induction of endothelial ICAM-1 with LPS than with diabetes. The diabetes-induced increase in endothelial ICAM-1 in retinal vasculature was inhibited by blocking phototransduction in photoreceptor cells. Diabetes significantly increased leucostasis in the retina by threefold compared with a non-ocular tissue (cremaster). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The diabetes-induced upregulation of ICAM-1 on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium varies considerably among tissues and is highest in the retina. Induction of ICAM-1 on retinal vascular endothelial cells in diabetes is influenced by vision-related processes in photoreceptor cells. The unique presence of photoreceptors in the retina might contribute to the greater susceptibility of this tissue to vascular disease in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Lessieur
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jianying Kiser
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
An D, Tan B, Yu DY, Balaratnasingam C. Differentiating Microaneurysm Pathophysiology in Diabetic Retinopathy Through Objective Analysis of Capillary Nonperfusion, Inflammation, and Pericytes. Diabetes 2022; 71:733-746. [PMID: 35043147 PMCID: PMC9375447 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microaneurysms are biomarkers of microvascular injury in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Impaired retinal capillary perfusion is a critical pathogenic mechanism in the development of microvascular abnormalities. Targeting fundamental molecular disturbances resulting from capillary nonperfusion, such as increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression, does not always reverse the anatomic complications of DR, suggesting that other pathogenic mechanisms independent of perfusion also play a role. We stratify the effects of capillary nonperfusion, inflammation, and pericyte loss on microaneurysm size and leakage in DR through three-dimensional analysis of 636 microaneurysms using high-resolution confocal scanning laser microscopy. Capillary nonperfusion, pericyte loss, and inflammatory cells were found to be independent predictors of microaneurysm size. Nonperfusion alone without pericyte loss or inflammation was not a significant predictor of microaneurysm leakage. Microaneurysms found in regions without nonperfusion were significantly smaller than those found in regions with nonperfusion, and their size was not associated with pericyte loss or inflammation. In addition, microaneurysm size was a significant predictor of leakage in regions with nonperfusion only. This report refines our understanding of the disparate pathophysiologic mechanisms in DR and provides a histologic rationale for understanding treatment failure for microvascular complications in DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong An
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bryan Tan
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dao-Yi Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author: Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kern TS, Du Y, Tang J, Lee CA, Liu H, Dreffs A, Leinonen H, Antonetti DA, Palczewski K. Regulation of Adrenergic, Serotonin, and Dopamine Receptors to Inhibit Diabetic Retinopathy: Monotherapies versus Combination Therapies. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:470-479. [PMID: 34393108 PMCID: PMC9175131 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared monotherapies and combinations of therapies that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with respect to their abilities to inhibit early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Metoprolol (MTP; 0.04-1.0 mg/kg b.wt./day), bromocriptine (BRM; 0.01-0.1 mg/kg b.wt./day), doxazosin (DOX; 0.01-1.0 mg/kg b.wt./day), or tamsulosin (TAM; 0.05-0.25 mg/kg b.wt./day) were injected individually daily for 2 months in dose-response studies to assess their effects on the diabetes-induced increases in retinal superoxide and leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against vascular endothelial cells, both of which abnormalities have been implicated in the development of DR. Each of the individual drugs inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in retinal superoxide at the higher concentrations tested, but the inhibition was lost at lower doses. To determine whether combination therapies had superior effects over individual drugs, we intentionally selected for each drug a low dose that had little or no effect on the diabetes-induced retinal superoxide for use separately or in combinations in 8-month studies of retinal function, vascular permeability, and capillary degeneration in diabetes. At the low doses used, combinations of the drugs generally were more effective than individual drugs, but the low-dose MTP alone totally inhibited diabetes-induced reduction in a vision task, BRM or DOX alone totally inhibited the vascular permeability defect, and DOX alone totally inhibited diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries. Although low-dose MTP, BRM, DOX, or TAM individually had beneficial effects on some endpoints, combination of the therapies better inhibited the spectrum of DR lesions evaluated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The pathogenesis of early stages of diabetic retinopathy remains incompletely understood, but multiple different cell types are believed to be involved in the pathogenic process. We have compared the effects of monotherapies to those of combinations of drugs that regulate GPCR signaling pathways with respect to their relative abilities to inhibit the development of early diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - Jie Tang
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - Chieh Allen Lee
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - Haitao Liu
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - Alyssa Dreffs
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - Henri Leinonen
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - David A Antonetti
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute (T.S.K., Y.D., H.L., K.P.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.P.), and Department of Chemistry (K.P.), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach Healthcare System, Research Service, Long Beach, California (T.S.K.); Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.T., C.A.L.); and Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.D., D.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zarei M, Acharya P, Talahalli RR. Ginger and turmeric lipid-solubles attenuate heated oil-induced hepatic inflammation via the downregulation of NF-kB in rats. Life Sci 2021; 265:118856. [PMID: 33278395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reusing deep-fried vegetable oils multiple times is a common practice to save costs, and their chronic consumption may cause hepatic dysfunction. In this investigation, we assessed the modulatory effects of ginger and turmeric lipid-solubles that may migrate to oils during heating on the hepatic inflammatory response in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed with; 1) control {native canola (N-CNO) or native sunflower (N-SFO)} oil, 2) heated (heated canola {(H-CNO) or heated sunflower (H-SFO)} oil, and 3) heated oil with ginger or turmeric {heated canola with ginger (H-CNO + GI) or heated canola oil with turmeric (H-CNO + TU), heated sunflower oil with ginger (H-SFO + GI) or heated sunflower oil with turmeric (H-SFO + TU)} for 120 days. Hepatic inflammatory response comprising eicosanoids, cytokines, and NF-kB were assessed. RESULTS Compared to respective controls, feeding heated oils significantly (p < 0.05); 1) increased eicosanoids (PGE2, LTB4, and LTC4) and cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6), 2) increased nuclear translocation of NF-kB in the liver, and 3) increased the hepatic expression of 5-LOX, COX-2, BLT-1, and EP-4. However, feeding oils heated with ginger or turmeric positively countered the changes induced by consumption of heated oils. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of repeatedly heated oil may cause hepatic dysfunction by inducing inflammatory stress through NF-kB upregulation. Lipid-solubles from ginger and turmeric that may migrate to oil during heating prevent the hepatic inflammatory response triggered by heated oils in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Zarei
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
| | - Pooja Acharya
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saadane A, Lessieur EM, Du Y, Liu H, Kern TS. Successful induction of diabetes in mice demonstrates no gender difference in development of early diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238727. [PMID: 32941450 PMCID: PMC7498040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Female mice have been found to be resistant to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, and pre-clinical research related to diabetic complications commonly omits females. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to induce diabetes in female mice, and to determine if retinas of diabetic female mice develop molecular changes and histopathological abnormalities comparable to those which develop in male diabetic mice. Methods To induce diabetes, animals of both sexes received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ for 5 consecutive days at 55 mg/kg BW (a dose that is known to induce diabetes in male mice) or for females, 75 mg/kg BW of STZ. Retinal abnormalities that have been implicated in the development of the retinopathy (superoxide generation and expression of inflammatory proteins, iNOS and ICAM-1) were evaluated at 2 months of diabetes, and retinal capillary degeneration was evaluated at 8 months of diabetes. Results Daily i.p. injection of STZ for 5 consecutive days at a concentration of 55 mg/kg BW was sufficient to induce diabetes in 100% of male mice, but only 33% of female mice. However, females did become hyperglycemic when the dose of STZ administered was increased to 75 mg/kg BW. The resulting STZ-induced hyperglycemia in female and male mice was sustained for at least 8 months. After induction of the diabetes, both sexes responded similarly with respect to the oxidative stress, expression of iNOS, and degeneration of retinal capillaries, but differed in the limited population evaluated with respect to expression of ICAM-1. Conclusions The resistance of female mice to STZ-induced diabetes can be overcome by increasing the dose of STZ used. Female mice can, and should, be included in pre-clinical studies of diabetes and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Saadane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma M. Lessieur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Murphy RC. Lipid mass spectrometry: A path traveled for 50 years. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4492. [PMID: 31896171 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the middle of the 1960s, I began graduate school and at the same time started on the path of using mass spectrometry to gain insight into various aspects of lipid biochemistry. This was not a straight path but one that went from organic geochemistry, to lunar sample analysis, to a pursuit of the structure of an elusive and very active, lipid mediator slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). The discovery of the structure of SRS-A opened important questions about phospholipid biochemistry and the arachidonate cycle in cells. I have written this reflection to highlight the various advances in mass spectrometry that occurred during this time that had a great impact on our ability to study lipid biochemistry. I specifically applied these new advances to studies of leukotriene biosynthesis in vivo, leukotriene metabolism, and arachidonate-containing phospholipids that are essential in providing arachidonic acid for the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Along the way, imaging mass spectrometry was shown to be a powerful tool to probe lipids as they exist in tissue slices. We found this as just one of the ways to use the emerging technology of lipidomics to study human pathophysiology. Our studies of neutral lipids and oxidized phospholipids were especially challenging due to the total number of molecular species that could be found in cells. Many challenges remain in using mass spectrometry for lipid studies, and a few are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bettadahalli S, Acharya P, Talahalli R. Evidence on n-3 Fatty Acids and Oleic Acid Role in Retinal Inflammation and Microvascular Integrity: Insight from a Hyperlipidemic Rat Model. Inflammation 2020; 43:868-877. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Bapputty R, Talahalli R, Zarini S, Samuels I, Murphy R, Gubitosi-Klug R. Montelukast Prevents Early Diabetic Retinopathy in Mice. Diabetes 2019; 68:2004-2015. [PMID: 31350303 PMCID: PMC6754245 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are critical components in the pathogenic cascade of early diabetic retinopathy, characterized by neuronal and vascular degeneration. We investigated pharmacologic inhibition of the proinflammatory leukotriene cascade for therapeutic benefit in early diabetic retinopathy. Using the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mouse model, we administered montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, and diabetes-related retinal pathology was assessed. Early biochemical and cellular function measures were evaluated at 3 months' diabetes duration and included vascular permeability, superoxide production, leukotriene generation, leukocyte-induced microvascular endothelial cell death, and retinal function by electroretinography. Histopathology assessments at 9 months' diabetes duration included capillary degeneration and retinal ganglion cell loss. Leukotriene receptor antagonism resulted in a significant reduction of early, diabetes-induced retinal capillary leakage, superoxide generation, leukocyte adherence, and leukotriene generation. After 9 months of diabetes, the retinal microvasculature from untreated diabetic mice demonstrated a nearly threefold increase in capillary degeneration compared with nondiabetic mice. Montelukast inhibited the diabetes-induced capillary and neuronal degeneration, whether administered as a prevention strategy, immediately after induction of diabetes, or as an intervention strategy starting at 4.5 months after confirmation of diabetes. Pharmacologic blockade of the leukotriene pathway holds potential as a novel therapy to prevent or slow the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Bapputty
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ramaprasad Talahalli
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Ivy Samuels
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Robert Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Rose Gubitosi-Klug
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kern TS, Antonetti DA, Smith LEH. Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy: Contribution and Limitations of Laboratory Research. Ophthalmic Res 2019; 62:196-202. [PMID: 31362288 PMCID: PMC6872907 DOI: 10.1159/000500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new therapies. They are, however, imperfect facsimiles of diabetic retinopathy in humans. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and physiological and pathological relevance of preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy. The judicious interpretation and extrapolation of data derived from these models to humans and a correspondingly greater emphasis placed on translational medical research in early-stage clinical trials are essential to more successfully inhibit the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kern
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA,
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
| | - David A Antonetti
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ran Q, Wang J, Wang L, Zeng HR, Yang XB, Huang QW. Rhizoma coptidis as a Potential Treatment Agent for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:805. [PMID: 31396083 PMCID: PMC6661542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has become a significant public health burden. Rhizoma coptidis (RC), known as Huang Lian, is widely used for treating diabetes in China. The bioactive compounds of RC, especially alkaloids, have the potential to suppress T2DM-induced lesions, including diabetic vascular dysfunction, diabetic heart disease, diabetic hyperlipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic encephalopathy, diabetic osteopathy, diabetic enteropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes the effects of RC and its bioactive compounds on T2DM and T2DM complications. Less research has been conducted on non-alkaloid fractions of RC, which may exert synergistic action with alkaloids. Moreover, we summarized the pharmacokinetic properties and structure-activity relationships of RC on T2DM with reference to extant literature and showed clearly that RC has potential therapeutic effect on T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-rong Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang-bo Yang
- Ya’an Xun Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ya’an, China
| | - Qin-wan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu H, Tang J, Du Y, Saadane A, Samuels I, Veenstra A, Kiser JZ, Palczewski K, Kern TS. Transducin1, Phototransduction and the Development of Early Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1538-1546. [PMID: 30994864 PMCID: PMC6736377 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent evidence suggests that retinal photoreceptor cells have an important role in the pathogenesis of retinal microvascular lesions in diabetes. We investigated the role of rod cell phototransduction on the pathogenesis of early diabetic retinopathy (DR) using Gnat1-/- mice (which causes permanent inhibition of phototransduction in rod cells without degeneration). Methods Retinal thickness, oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory proteins, electroretinograms (ERG) and optokinetic responses, and capillary permeability and degeneration were evaluated at up to 8 months of diabetes. Results The diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries was significantly inhibited in the Gnat1-/- diabetics. The effect of the Gnat1 deletion on the diabetes-induced increase in permeability showed a nonuniform accumulation of albumin in the neural retina; the defect was inhibited in diabetic Gnat1-/- mice in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), but neither in the outer plexiform (OPL) nor inner nuclear (INL) layers. In Gnat1-deficient animals, the diabetes-induced increase in expression of inflammatory associated proteins (iNOS and ICAM-1, and phosphorylation of IĸB) in the retina, and the leukocyte mediated killing of retinal endothelial cells were inhibited, however the diabetes-mediated induction of oxidative stress was not inhibited. Conclusions In conclusion, deletion of transducin1 (and the resulting inhibition of phototransduction in rod cells) inhibits the development of retinal vascular pathology in early DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ivy Samuels
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Alex Veenstra
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jianying Z. Kiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fatty acids modulate the efficacy of lutein in cataract prevention: Assessment of oxidative and inflammatory parameters in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:435-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
17
|
Cheng Y, Du Y, Liu H, Tang J, Veenstra A, Kern TS. Photobiomodulation Inhibits Long-term Structural and Functional Lesions of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 2018; 67:291-298. [PMID: 29167189 PMCID: PMC5780063 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that brief (3 to 4 min) daily application of light at 670 nm to diabetic rodents inhibited molecular and pathophysiologic processes implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and reversed diabetic macular edema in small numbers of patients studied. Whether or not this therapy would inhibit the neural and vascular lesions that characterize the early stages of the retinopathy was unknown. We administered photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy daily for 8 months to streptozotocin-diabetic mice and assessed effects of PBM on visual function, retinal capillary permeability, and capillary degeneration using published methods. Vitamin D receptor and Cyp24a1 transcripts were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR, and the abundance of c-Kit+ stem cells in blood and retina were assessed. Long-term daily administration of PBM significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced leakage and degeneration of retinal capillaries and also significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced reduction in visual function. PBM also inhibited diabetes-induced reductions in retinal Cyp24a1 mRNA levels and numbers of circulating stem cells (CD45-/c-Kit+), but these effects may not account for the beneficial effects of PBM on the retinopathy. PBM significantly inhibits the functional and histopathologic features of early DR, and these effects likely are mediated via multiple mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alex Veenstra
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, OH
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu M, Zhang X, Li A, Zhang X, Wang B, Li B, Liu S, Li H, Xiu R. Insulin treatment restores islet microvascular vasomotion function in diabetic mice. J Diabetes 2017; 9:958-971. [PMID: 27976498 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microcirculation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. We hypothesized that pancreatic islet microvascular (PIM) vasomotion, as a parameter of pancreatic islet microcirculation function, is abnormal in diabetic mice and that insulin treatment may reverse this dysfunction. METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to non-diabetic control, untreated diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic groups (n = 6 in each group). Separate groups of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and high-fat diet-fed mice were used as a model of hyperglycemia. Insulin-treated diabetic mice were treated with 1-1.5 IU/day insulin for 1 week. Laser Doppler monitors were used to evaluate PIM vasomotion. Morphological and ultrastructural changes in islet endothelial cells were determined by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Glucagon, insulin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS In both untreated diabetic groups, the pancreatic islet microcirculation was unable to regulate PIM vasomotion. The rhythm of vasomotion was irregular, and the average blood perfusion, amplitude, frequency, and relative velocity of vasomotion were significantly lower than in non-diabetic controls. Insulin treatment restored the functional status of PIM vasomotion. In islet endothelial cells from both untreated diabetic groups, the mitochondria were swollen with disarrangement of the cristae, and the distribution of PECAM-1 was discontinuous. Insulin treatment significantly increased the reduced expression of PECAM-1 in both untreated diabetic groups and VEGF-A expression in untreated STZ-diabetic mice. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the functional status of PIM vasomotion is impaired in diabetic mice but can be restored by insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Institute of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tonade D, Liu H, Palczewski K, Kern TS. Photoreceptor cells produce inflammatory products that contribute to retinal vascular permeability in a mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2111-2120. [PMID: 28755268 PMCID: PMC5660634 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent studies suggest that photoreceptor cells produce mediators or products that contribute to retinal capillary damage in diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine if photoreceptor cells release soluble factors that contribute to retinal vascular permeability in diabetes. METHODS To assess retinal vascular leakage, a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes, with hyperglycaemia for 8 months, and age-matched control mice, were injected with FITC-BSA. Fluorescence microscopy was used to detect leakage of FITC-BSA from the retinal vasculature into the neural retina. Ex vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to determine if photoreceptor cells released products that directly increased retinal endothelial cell permeability or cell death. Effects of products released by photoreceptors on tight junction and cell adhesion proteins were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Inflammatory products released by photoreceptors into media were measured using protein arrays. RESULTS Eight months duration of diabetes increased retinal vascular permeability in wild-type mice, but this defect was inhibited in opsin-deficient diabetic mice in which photoreceptor cells had degenerated earlier. Photoreceptor cells from diabetic wild-type mice released inflammatory products (e.g. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 [CXCL1], monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1], CXCL12a, I-309, chemokine ligand 25 [CCL25] and TNF-α), which directly contributed to increased retinal endothelial cell permeability, at least in part via changes in claudin (tight junction) mRNA. Products released from photoreceptor cells from diabetic mice or under diabetes-like conditions did not directly kill retinal endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Photoreceptor cells can produce inflammatory products that contribute to retinal vascular permeability in mouse models of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology, W309 Wood Building, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, W309 Wood Building, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, W309 Wood Building, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu H, Tang J, Du Y, Saadane A, Tonade D, Samuels I, Veenstra A, Palczewski K, Kern TS. Photoreceptor Cells Influence Retinal Vascular Degeneration in Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration and Diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:4272-81. [PMID: 27548901 PMCID: PMC5015983 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Loss of photoreceptor cells is associated with retinal vascular degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa, whereas the presence of photoreceptor cells is implicated in vascular degeneration in diabetic retinopathy. To investigate how both the absence and presence of photoreceptors could damage the retinal vasculature, we compared two mouse models of photoreceptor degeneration (opsin−/− and RhoP23H/P23H ) and control C57Bl/5J mice, each with and without diabetes. Methods Retinal thickness, superoxide, expression of inflammatory proteins, ERG and optokinetic responses, leukocyte cytotoxicity, and capillary degeneration were evaluated at 1 to 10 months of age using published methods. Results Retinal photoreceptor cells degenerated completely in the opsin mutants by 2 to 4 months of age, and visual function subsided correspondingly. Retinal capillary degeneration was substantial while photoreceptors were still present, but slowed after the photoreceptors degenerated. Diabetes did not further exacerbate capillary degeneration in these models of photoreceptor degeneration, but did cause capillary degeneration in wild-type animals. Photoreceptor cells, however, did not degenerate in wild-type diabetic mice, presumably because the stress responses in these cells were less than in the opsin mutants. Retinal superoxide and leukocyte damage to retinal endothelium contributed to the degeneration of retinal capillaries in diabetes, and leukocyte-mediated damage was increased in both opsin mutants during photoreceptor cell degeneration. Conclusions Photoreceptor cells affect the integrity of the retinal microvasculature. Deterioration of retinal capillaries in opsin mutants was appreciable while photoreceptor cells were present and stressed, but was less after photoreceptors degenerated. This finding proves relevant to diabetes, where persistent stress in photoreceptors likewise contributes to capillary degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Department of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ivy Samuels
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Alex Veenstra
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 3Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 4Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Do photoreceptor cells cause the development of retinal vascular disease? Vision Res 2017; 139:65-71. [PMID: 28438678 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinal vasculature is affected in a number of clinically important retinopathies, including diabetic retinopathy. There has been a considerable amount of research into the pathogenesis of retinal microvascular diseases, but the potential contribution of the most abundant cell population in the retina, photoreceptor cells, has been largely overlooked. This review summarizes ongoing research suggesting that photoreceptor cells play a critical role in the development of retinal vascular disease in diabetic retinopathy and other retinopathies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Roy S, Kern TS, Song B, Stuebe C. Mechanistic Insights into Pathological Changes in the Diabetic Retina: Implications for Targeting Diabetic Retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:9-19. [PMID: 27846381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to inflammation as one of the key players in diabetes-mediating adverse effects to the neuronal and vascular components of the retina. Sustained inflammation induces biochemical and molecular changes, ultimately contributing to retinal complications and vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. In this review, we describe changes involving metabolic abnormalities secondary to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and activation of transcription factors, together with neuroglial alterations in the diabetic retina. Changes in biochemical pathways and how they promote pathophysiologic developments involving proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules are discussed. Inflammation-mediated leukostasis, retinal ischemia, and neovascularization and their contribution to pathological and clinical stages leading to vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR) are highlighted. In addition, potential treatment strategies involving fibrates, connexins, neuroprotectants, photobiomodulation, and anti-inflammatory agents against the development and progression of DR lesions are reviewed. The importance of appropriate animal models for testing novel strategies against DR lesions is discussed; in particular, a novel nonhuman primate model of DR and the suitability of rodent models are weighed. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current understanding of the pathogenesis of DR and to summarize recent advances using novel approaches or targets to investigate and inhibit the retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Brian Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caren Stuebe
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Presence of retinal pericyte-reactive autoantibodies in diabetic retinopathy patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20341. [PMID: 26839120 PMCID: PMC4738258 DOI: 10.1038/srep20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of retinal pericytes (RPCs) is a hallmark of early stage diabetic retinopathy (DR), but the mechanism underlying RPC death is unclear. Although it was postulated in previous studies using bovine RPCs that autoantibodies against RPCs might develop and induce RPC death, it is unknown whether autoantibodies against cell-surface antigens on human RPCs exist in DR patients, whether such autoantibodies contribute to RPC damage/loss, and if they do, through which mechanism. We screened serum samples from DR patients and controls using primary human RPCs and found that that levels of IgGs reactive to RPCs were significantly higher in the DR group than the control group. Serum samples with higher RPC-reactive IgG levels induced more severe complement-mediated RPC damage than those with lower RPC-reactive IgG levels. We also assessed levels of the complement-activation products C3a, C4a and C5a in these serum samples, and found that serum levels of C3a and C5a, but not C4a, were higher in the DR group than control group. These data provide evidence the first time showing that autoantibodies against RPCs can develop in DR patients, and that these autoantibodies could contribute to pericyte damage through complement activation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Filgueiras LR, Serezani CH, Jancar S. Leukotriene B4 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders. Front Immunol 2015; 6:515. [PMID: 26500652 PMCID: PMC4597104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Saliba A, Du Y, Liu H, Patel S, Roberts R, Berkowitz BA, Kern TS. Photobiomodulation Mitigates Diabetes-Induced Retinopathy by Direct and Indirect Mechanisms: Evidence from Intervention Studies in Pigmented Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139003. [PMID: 26426815 PMCID: PMC4591336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Daily application of far-red light from the onset of diabetes mitigated diabetes-induced abnormalities in retinas of albino rats. Here, we test the hypothesis that photobiomodulation (PBM) is effective in diabetic, pigmented mice, even when delayed until weeks after onset of diabetes. Direct and indirect effects of PBM on the retina also were studied. Methods Diabetes was induced in C57Bl/6J mice using streptozotocin. Some diabetics were exposed to PBM therapy (4 min/day; 670 nm) daily. In one study, mice were diabetic for 4 weeks before initiation of PBM for an additional 10 weeks. Retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, and retinal function were measured. In some mice, heads were covered with a lead shield during PBM to prevent direct illumination of the eye, or animals were treated with an inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1. In a second study, PBM was initiated immediately after onset of diabetes, and administered daily for 2 months. These mice were examined using manganese-enhanced MRI to assess effects of PBM on transretinal calcium channel function in vivo. Results PBM intervention improved diabetes-induced changes in superoxide generation, leukostasis, expression of ICAM-1, and visual performance. PBM acted in part remotely from the retina because the beneficial effects were achieved even with the head shielded from the light therapy, and because leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of retinal endothelial cells was less in diabetics treated with PBM. SnPP+PBM significantly reduced iNOS expression compared to PBM alone, but significantly exacerbated leukostasis. In study 2, PBM largely mitigated diabetes-induced retinal calcium channel dysfunction in all retinal layers. Conclusions PBM induces retinal protection against abnormalities induced by diabetes in pigmented animals, and even as an intervention. Beneficial effects on the retina likely are mediated by both direct and indirect mechanisms. PBM is a novel non-pharmacologic treatment strategy to inhibit early changes of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Saliba
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haitao Liu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shyam Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Veenstra A, Liu H, Lee CA, Du Y, Tang J, Kern TS. Diabetic Retinopathy: Retina-Specific Methods for Maintenance of Diabetic Rodents and Evaluation of Vascular Histopathology and Molecular Abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:247-270. [PMID: 26331759 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo140190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of visual impairment, which continues to increase in prevalence as more and more people develop diabetes. Despite the importance of vision, the retina is one of the smallest tissues in the body, and specialized techniques have been developed to study retinopathy. This article summarizes several methods used to (i) induce diabetes in mice, (ii) maintain the diabetic animals throughout the months required for development of typical vascular histopathology, (iii) evaluate vascular histopathology of diabetic retinopathy, and (iv) quantitate abnormalities implicated in the development of the retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Veenstra
- Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Haitao Liu
- Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chieh Allen Lee
- Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jie Tang
- Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jenkins AJ, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA, Keech AC, O'Neal DN, Januszewski AS. Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 12:159-95. [PMID: 26676667 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a global diabetes epidemic correlating with an increase in obesity. This coincidence may lead to a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. There is also an as yet unexplained increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes, which is not related to adiposity. Whilst improved diabetes care has substantially improved diabetes outcomes, the disease remains a common cause of working age adult-onset blindness. Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequently occurring complication of diabetes; it is greatly feared by many diabetes patients. There are multiple risk factors and markers for the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, yet residual risk remains. Screening for diabetic retinopathy is recommended to facilitate early detection and treatment. Common biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy and its risk in clinical practice today relate to the visualization of the retinal vasculature and measures of glycemia, lipids, blood pressure, body weight, smoking, and pregnancy status. Greater knowledge of novel biomarkers and mediators of diabetic retinopathy, such as those related to inflammation and angiogenesis, has contributed to the development of additional therapeutics, in particular for late-stage retinopathy, including intra-ocular corticosteroids and intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors ('anti-VEGFs') agents. Unfortunately, in spite of a range of treatments (including laser photocoagulation, intraocular steroids, and anti-VEGF agents, and more recently oral fenofibrate, a PPAR-alpha agonist lipid-lowering drug), many patients with diabetic retinopathy do not respond well to current therapeutics. Therefore, more effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy are necessary. New analytical techniques, in particular those related to molecular markers, are accelerating progress in diabetic retinopathy research. Given the increasing incidence and prevalence of diabetes, and the limited capacity of healthcare systems to screen and treat diabetic retinopathy, there is need to reliably identify and triage people with diabetes. Biomarkers may facilitate a better understanding of diabetic retinopathy, and contribute to the development of novel treatments and new clinical strategies to prevent vision loss in people with diabetes. This article reviews key aspects related to biomarker research, and focuses on some specific biomarkers relevant to diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Anthony C Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - David N O'Neal
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu H, Tang J, Du Y, Lee CA, Golczak M, Muthusamy A, Antonetti DA, Veenstra AA, Amengual J, von Lintig J, Palczewski K, Kern TS. Retinylamine Benefits Early Diabetic Retinopathy in Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21568-79. [PMID: 26139608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests an important role for outer retinal cells in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Here we investigated the effect of the visual cycle inhibitor retinylamine (Ret-NH2) on the development of early DR lesions. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice (male, 2 months old when diabetes was induced) were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and some were given Ret-NH2 once per week. Lecithin-retinol acyltransferase (LRAT)-deficient mice and P23H mutant mice were similarly studied. Mice were euthanized after 2 (WT and Lrat(-/-)) and 8 months (WT) of study to assess vascular histopathology, accumulation of albumin, visual function, and biochemical and physiological abnormalities in the retina. Non-retinal effects of Ret-NH2 were examined in leukocytes treated in vivo. Superoxide generation and expression of inflammatory proteins were significantly increased in retinas of mice diabetic for 2 or 8 months, and the number of degenerate retinal capillaries and accumulation of albumin in neural retina were significantly increased in mice diabetic for 8 months compared with nondiabetic controls. Administration of Ret-NH2 once per week inhibited capillary degeneration and accumulation of albumin in the neural retina, significantly reducing diabetes-induced retinal superoxide and expression of inflammatory proteins. Superoxide generation also was suppressed in Lrat(-/-) diabetic mice. Leukocytes isolated from diabetic mice treated with Ret-NH2 caused significantly less cytotoxicity to retinal endothelial cells ex vivo than did leukocytes from control diabetics. Administration of Ret-NH2 once per week significantly inhibited the pathogenesis of lesions characteristic of early DR in diabetic mice. The visual cycle constitutes a novel target for inhibition of DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Tang
- From the Departments of Medicine and
| | | | | | - Marcin Golczak
- Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Arivalagan Muthusamy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | | | - Jaume Amengual
- Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | | | - Timothy S Kern
- From the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lipid mediators are critical in resolving inflammation: a review of the emerging roles of eicosanoids in diabetes mellitus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:568408. [PMID: 25866794 PMCID: PMC4383369 DOI: 10.1155/2015/568408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis pathway of eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, relates to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM). A better understanding of how lipid mediators modulate the inflammatory process may help recognize key factors underlying the progression of diabetes complications. Our review presents recent knowledge about eicosanoid synthesis and signaling in DM-related complications, and discusses eicosanoid-related target therapeutics.
Collapse
|
30
|
Shin ES, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Diabetes and retinal vascular dysfunction. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 9:362-73. [PMID: 25667739 PMCID: PMC4307665 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.143378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes predominantly affects the microvascular circulation of the retina resulting in a range of structural changes unique to this tissue. These changes ultimately lead to altered permeability, hyperproliferation of endothelial cells and edema, and abnormal vascularization of the retina with resulting loss of vision. Enhanced production of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress are primary insults with significant contribution to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We have determined the identity of the retinal vascular cells affected by hyperglycemia, and have delineated the cell autonomous impact of high glucose on function of these cells. We discuss some of the high glucose specific changes in retinal vascular cells and their contribution to retinal vascular dysfunction. This knowledge provides novel insight into the molecular and cellular defects contributing to the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, and will aid in the development of innovative, as well as target specific therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui Seok Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA ; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA ; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee CA, Li G, Patel MD, Petrash JM, Benetz BA, Veenstra A, Amengual J, von Lintig J, Burant CJ, Tang J, Kern TS. Diabetes-induced impairment in visual function in mice: contributions of p38 MAPK, rage, leukocytes, and aldose reductase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2904-10. [PMID: 23920367 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Visual function is impaired in diabetes, but molecular causes of this dysfunction are not clear. We assessed effects of diabetes on visual psychophysics in mice, and tested the effect of therapeutic approaches reported previously to inhibit vascular lesions of the retinopathy. METHODS We used the optokinetic test to assess contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency threshold in diabetic C57Bl/6J mice and age-matched nondiabetic controls between 2 and 10 months of diabetes. Contributions of p38 MAP kinase (MAPK), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), leukocytes, and aldose reductase (AR) to the defect in contrast sensitivity were investigated. Cataract, a potential contributor to reductions in vision, was scored. RESULTS Diabetes of 2 months' duration impaired contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency threshold in mice. The defect in contrast sensitivity persisted for at least 10 months, and cataract did not account for this impairment. Diabetic mice deficient in AR were protected significantly from development of the diabetes-induced defects in contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency threshold. In contrast, pharmacologic inhibition of p38 MAPK or RAGE, or deletion of inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS) from bone marrow-derived cells did not protect the visual function in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes reduces spatial frequency threshold and contrast sensitivity in mice, and the mechanism leading to development of these defects involves AR. The mechanism by which AR contributes to the diabetes-induced defect in visual function can be probed by identifying which molecular abnormalities are corrected by AR deletion, but not other therapies that do not correct the defect in visual function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Allen Lee
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kojima H, Kim J, Chan L. Emerging roles of hematopoietic cells in the pathobiology of diabetic complications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:178-87. [PMID: 24507996 PMCID: PMC3975817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic complications encompass macrovascular events, mainly the result of accelerated atherosclerosis, and microvascular events that strike the eye (retinopathy), kidney (nephropathy), and nervous system (neuropathy). The traditional view is that hyperglycemia-induced dysregulated biochemical pathways cause injury and death of cells intrinsic to the organs affected. There is emerging evidence that diabetes compromises the function of the bone marrow (BM), producing a stem cell niche-dependent defect in hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Furthermore, dysfunctional BM-derived hematopoietic cells contribute to diabetic complications. Thus, BM cells are not only a victim but also an accomplice in diabetes and diabetic complications. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and/or treat diabetic complications by specifically targeting these perpetrators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kojima
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Jongoh Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Leukocytes from diabetic patients kill retinal endothelial cells: effects of berberine. Mol Vis 2013; 19:2092-105. [PMID: 24146542 PMCID: PMC3800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulating evidence in animals suggests that leukocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The present study was designed to investigate whether leukocytes from diabetic patients could kill retinal endothelial cells and whether that cytotoxicity could be inhibited in vivo by administration of berberine. METHODS Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were cocultured (24 h) with leukocytes freshly isolated from nondiabetic and diabetic patients, and leukocyte-mediated death of HRECs was analyzed with flow cytometry. HRECs or leukocytes were incubated with antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) or integrin beta-2, or with various concentrations of berberine. The protein expression levels of inflammatory factors were investigated using western blots, and activities of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde content were examined as markers of oxidative stress. In addition, leukocytes were isolated from 28 diabetic patients with retinopathy and nondiabetic patients before and after 1 month in vivo therapy with berberine. The effects of the berberine on leukocyte-mediated killing of endothelial cells was again assessed. RESULTS Leukocytes from diabetic patients induced more apoptosis of HRECs in a coculture system than did cells from nondiabetic patients, and this killing occurred primarily via direct cell-cell contact. Berberine inhibited the leukocyte-mediated killing of HRECs in vitro, the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B, and the increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and malondialdehyde content in HRECs cultured in high glucose. Berberine also decreased integrin beta-2 expression of leukocytes in vitro and in vivo. Oral consumption of berberine for 1 month likewise inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in leukocyte-mediated killing of HRECs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that leukocytes from diabetic patients kill retinal endothelial cells, and that berberine can inhibit this leukocyte-mediated killing of vascular endothelium. Coculture of leukocytes with HRECs might serve as a biomarker to study the role of leukocytes in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and the data are consistent with berberine being a therapy against diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu J, Feener EP. Plasma kallikrein-kinin system and diabetic retinopathy. Biol Chem 2013; 394:319-28. [PMID: 23362193 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs, to some extent, in most people with at least 20 years' duration of diabetes mellitus. The progression of DR to its sight-threatening stages is usually associated with the worsening of underlying retinal vascular dysfunction and disease. The plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is activated during vascular injury, where it mediates important functions in innate inflammation, blood flow, and coagulation. Recent findings from human vitreous proteomics and experimental studies on diabetic animal models have implicated the KKS in contributing to DR. Vitreous fluid from people with advanced stages of DR contains increased levels of plasma KKS components, including plasma kallikrein (PK), coagulation factor XII, and high-molecular-weight kininogen. Both bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor isoforms (B1R and B2R, respectively) are expressed in human retina, and retinal B1R levels are increased in diabetic rodents. The activation of the intraocular KKS induces retinal vascular permeability, vasodilation, and retinal thickening, and these responses are exacerbated in diabetic rats. Preclinical studies have shown that the administration of PK inhibitors and B1R antagonists to diabetic rats ameliorates retinal vascular hyperpermeability and inflammation. These findings suggest that components of plasma KKS are potential therapeutic targets for diabetic macular edema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tang J, Allen Lee C, Du Y, Sun Y, Pearlman E, Sheibani N, Kern TS. MyD88-dependent pathways in leukocytes affect the retina in diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68871. [PMID: 23874797 PMCID: PMC3708907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies by us and other have provided evidence that leukocytes play a critical role in the development of diabetic retinopathy, suggesting a possible role of the innate immune system in development of the retinopathy. Since MyD88 is a convergence point for signaling pathways of the innate immune system (including Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)), the purpose of this study was to assess the role of MyD88 and its dependent pathways on abnormalities that develop in retina and white blood cells related to diabetic retinopathy. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin. Chimeric mice were generated in which MyD88-dependent pathways were deleted from bone marrow-derived only. Mice were sacrificed at 2 mos of diabetes for assessment of, leukostasis, albumin accumulation in neural retina, leukocyte-mediated killing of retinal endothelial cells, and cytokine/chemokine generation by retinas of diabetic mice in response to TLR agonists. RESULTS IL-6 and CXCL1 were generated in retinas from diabetic (but not nondiabetic mice) following incubation with Pam3CysK/TLR2, but incubation with other TLR ligands or IL-1ß did not induce cytokine production in retinas from nondiabetic or diabetic mice. Diabetes-induced abnormalities (leukostasis, ICAM-1 expression on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium, retinal superoxide generation) were significantly inhibited by removing either MyD88 or the signaling pathways regulated by it (TLRs 2 and 4, and IL-1ß) from bone marrow-derived cells only. Leukocyte-mediated killing of endothelial cells tended to be decreased in the marrow-derived cells lacking TLR2/4, but the killing was significantly exacerbated if the marrow cells lacked MyD88 or the receptor for IL-1ß (IL-1ßr). CONCLUSIONS MyD88-dependent pathways play an important role in the development of diabetes-induced inflammation in the retina, and inhibition of MyD88 might be a novel target to inhibit early abnormalities of diabetic retinopathy and other complications of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chieh Allen Lee
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tang J, Du Y, Petrash JM, Sheibani N, Kern TS. Deletion of aldose reductase from mice inhibits diabetes-induced retinal capillary degeneration and superoxide generation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62081. [PMID: 23614016 PMCID: PMC3628579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pharmacologic inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) previously has been studied with respect to diabetic retinopathy with mixed results. Since drugs can have off-target effects, we studied the effects of AR deletion on the development and molecular abnormalities that contribute to diabetic retinopathy. Since recent data suggests an important role for leukocytes in the development of the retinopathy, we determined also if AR in leukocytes contributes to leukocyte-mediated death of retinal endothelial cells in diabetes. Methods Wild-type (WT; C57BL/6J) and AR deficient (AR−/−) mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin. Mice were sacrificed at 2 and 10 months of diabetes to evaluate retinal vascular histopathology, to quantify retinal superoxide production and biochemical and physiological abnormalities in the retina, and to assess the number of retinal endothelial cells killed by blood leukocytes in a co-culture system. Results Diabetes in WT mice developed the expected degeneration of retinal capillaries, and increased generation of superoxide by the retina. Leukocytes from diabetic WT mice also killed more retinal endothelial cells than did leukocytes from nondiabetic animals (p<0.0001). Deletion of AR largely (P<0.05) inhibited the diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries, as well as the increase in superoxide production by retina. AR-deficiency significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in retina, but had no significant effect on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), phosphorylated p38 MAPK, or killing of retinal endothelial cells by leukocytes. Conclusions AR contributes to the degeneration of retinal capillaries in diabetic mice. Deletion of the enzyme inhibits the diabetes-induced increase in expression of iNOS and of superoxide production, but does not correct a variety of other pro-inflammatory abnormalities associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland VAMC Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy remains the most common complication of diabetes mellitus and is a leading cause of visual loss in industrialized nations. The clinicopathology of the diabetic retina has been extensively studied, although the precise pathogenesis and cellular and molecular defects that lead to retinal vascular, neural and glial cell dysfunction remain somewhat elusive. This lack of understanding has seriously limited the therapeutic options available for the ophthalmologist and there is a need to identify the definitive pathways that initiate retinal cell damage and drive progression to overt retinopathy. The present review begins by outlining the natural history of diabetic retinopathy, the clinical features and risk factors. Reviewing the histopathological data from clinical specimens and animal models, the recent paradigm that neuroretinal dysfunction may play an important role in the early development of the disease is discussed. The review then focuses on the molecular pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy with perspective provided on new advances that have furthered our understanding of the key mechanisms underlying early changes in the diabetic retina. Studies have also emerged in the past year suggesting that defective repair of injured retinal vessels by endothelial progenitor cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. We assess these findings and discuss how they could eventually lead to new therapeutic options for diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
|