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Brunner S, Höring M, Liebisch G, Schweizer S, Scheiber J, Giansanti P, Hidrobo M, Hermeling S, Oeckl J, Prudente de Mello N, Perocchi F, Seeliger C, Strohmeyer A, Klingenspor M, Plagge J, Küster B, Burkhardt R, Janssen KP, Ecker J. Mitochondrial lipidomes are tissue specific - low cholesterol contents relate to UCP1 activity. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402828. [PMID: 38843936 PMCID: PMC11157264 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid composition is conserved within sub-cellular compartments to maintain cell function. Lipidomic analyses of liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria revealed substantial differences in their glycerophospholipid (GPL) and free cholesterol (FC) contents. The GPL to FC ratio was 50-fold higher in brown than white adipose tissue mitochondria. Their purity was verified by comparison of proteomes with ER and mitochondria-associated membranes. A lipid signature containing PC and FC, calculated from the lipidomic profiles, allowed differentiation of mitochondria from BAT of mice housed at different temperatures. Elevating FC in BAT mitochondria prevented uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 function, whereas increasing GPL boosted it. Similarly, STARD3 overexpression facilitating mitochondrial FC import inhibited UCP1 function in primary brown adipocytes, whereas a knockdown promoted it. We conclude that the mitochondrial GPL/FC ratio is key for BAT function and propose that targeting it might be a promising strategy to promote UCP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brunner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schweizer
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Piero Giansanti
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry at the University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Hidrobo
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sven Hermeling
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Josef Oeckl
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Natalia Prudente de Mello
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Akim Strohmeyer
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Plagge
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Küster
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Josef Ecker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- https://ror.org/02kkvpp62 ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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2
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Nakamura J, Shiohama Y, Röth D, Haruta T, Yamashita Y, Mitsuzono T, Mochizuki C, Kalkum M, Nakamura M. Size and Surface Properties of Functionalized Organosilica Particles Impact Cell-Particle Interactions Including Mitochondrial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30980-30996. [PMID: 38857433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding of the interactions between macrophages and multifunctional nanoparticles is important for development of novel macrophage-based immunotherapies. Here, we investigated the effects of fluorescent thiol-organosilica particle size and surface properties on cell-particle interactions, including mitochondrial activity, using the mouse macrophage cell line J774A.1. Three different sizes of thiol-organosilica particles (150, 400, and 680 nm in diameter) containing fluorescein (OS/F150, OS/F400, and OS/F680) and particles surface functionalized with polyethylenimine (PEI) (OS/F150PEI, OS/F400PEI, and OS/F680PEI) were prepared. Flow cytometric analysis, time-lapse imaging, and single-cell analysis of particle uptake and mitochondrial activity of J774A.1 cells demonstrated variations in uptake and kinetics depending on the particle size and surface as well as on each individual cell. Cells treated with OS/F150 and OS/F150PEI showed higher uptake and mitochondrial activity than those treated with other particles. The interaction between endosomes and mitochondria was observed using 3D fluorescent imaging and was characterized by the involvement of iron transport into mitochondria by iron-containing proteins adsorbed on the particle surface. Scanning electron microscopy of the cells treated with the particles revealed alterations in cell membrane morphology, depending on particle size and surface. We performed correlative light and electron microscopy combined with time-lapse and 3D imaging to develop an integrated correlation analysis of particle uptake, mitochondrial activity, and cell membrane morphology in single macrophages. These cell-specific characteristics of macrophages against functional particles and their evaluation methods are crucial for understanding the immunological functions of individual macrophages and developing novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Nakamura
- Department of Organ Anatomy and Nanomedicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Core Clusters for Research Initiatives of Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shiohama
- Department of Organ Anatomy and Nanomedicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Core Clusters for Research Initiatives of Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Daniel Röth
- Department of Department of Immunology & Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Tomohiro Haruta
- EM application group, EM business unit, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo JP 196-8558, Japan
| | - Yukari Yamashita
- Department of Organ Anatomy and Nanomedicine, School of Medicine, Facuelty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mitsuzono
- Department of Organ Anatomy and Nanomedicine, School of Medicine, Facuelty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mochizuki
- Department of Organ Anatomy and Nanomedicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Core Clusters for Research Initiatives of Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Department of Immunology & Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Michihiro Nakamura
- Department of Organ Anatomy and Nanomedicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Core Clusters for Research Initiatives of Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Research Institute for Cell Design Medical Science, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Korucu AN, Inandiklioglu N. Is STARD3 A New Biomarker for Breast Cancer? Eur J Breast Health 2024; 20:89-93. [PMID: 38571685 PMCID: PMC10985577 DOI: 10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2024.2024-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer is still one of the three most common cancers in the world and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Lipids play a role in many basic physiological pathways in cells, from regulating cell homeostasis to energy expenditure. As in many types of cancer, changes in lipid metabolism and their relationship have been reported in breast cancer. The STARD3 gene encodes a member of the subfamily of lipid trafficking proteins. It is a sterol-binding protein that mediates the transport of cholesterol from the endoplasmic reticulum to endosomes. It has been shown that STARD3 is correlated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification since it has the same localization as HER2 in the chromosome. In this review, we aimed to emphasize that investigating lipid metabolism together with the STARD3 biomarker has great potential not only for subtype-specific strategies but also for patient-specific strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nihal Inandiklioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
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4
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He N, Depta L, Sievers S, Laraia L. Fluorescent probes and degraders of the sterol transport protein Aster-A. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 103:117673. [PMID: 38518734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of sterol transport proteins (STPs) has increased exponentially in the last decades with advances in the cellular and structural biology of these important proteins. However, small molecule probes have only recently been developed for a few selected STPs. Here we describe the synthesis and evaluation of potential proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) based on inhibitors of the STP Aster-A. Based on the reported Aster-A inhibitor autogramin-2, ten PROTACs were synthesized. Pomalidomide-based PROTACs functioned as fluorescent probes due to the intrinsic fluorescent properties of the aminophthalimide core, which in some cases was significantly enhanced upon Aster-A binding. Most PROTACs maintained excellent binary affinity to Aster-A, and one compound, NGF3, showed promising Aster-A degradation in cells. The tools developed here lay the foundation for optimizing Aster-A fluorescent probes and degraders and studying its activity and function in vitro and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzhe He
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura Depta
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max Planck Institute of molecular physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Laraia
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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5
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Fang XX, Wei P, Zhao K, Sheng ZC, Song BL, Yin L, Luo J. Fatty acid-binding proteins 3, 7, and 8 bind cholesterol and facilitate its egress from lysosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202211062. [PMID: 38429999 PMCID: PMC10909654 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol from low-density lipoprotein (LDL) can be transported to many organelle membranes by non-vesicular mechanisms involving sterol transfer proteins (STPs). Fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) 7 was identified in our previous study searching for new regulators of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Whether FABP7 is a bona fide STP remains unknown. Here, we found that FABP7 deficiency resulted in the accumulation of LDL-derived cholesterol in lysosomes and reduced cholesterol levels on the plasma membrane. A crystal structure of human FABP7 protein in complex with cholesterol was resolved at 2.7 Å resolution. In vitro, FABP7 efficiently transported the cholesterol analog dehydroergosterol between the liposomes. Further, the silencing of FABP3 and 8, which belong to the same family as FABP7, caused robust cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes. These two FABP proteins could transport dehydroergosterol in vitro as well. Collectively, our results suggest that FABP3, 7, and 8 are a new class of STPs mediating cholesterol egress from lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xiu Fang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Chen Sheng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Holloway J, Seeley A, Cobbe N, Turkington RC, Longley DB, Evergren E. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates death receptor and cholesterol trafficking to affect TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:40. [PMID: 38216558 PMCID: PMC10786908 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The activation of apoptosis signalling by TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) through receptor binding is a fundamental mechanism of cell death induction and is often perturbed in cancer cells to enhance their cell survival and treatment resistance. Ubiquitination plays an important role in the regulation of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and here we investigate the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in oesophageal cancer cells. Knockdown of Itch expression results in resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage and also promotes cisplatin resistance. Whilst the assembly of the death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) at the plasma membrane is not perturbed relative to the control, TRAIL-R2 is mis-localised in the Itch-knockdown cells. Further, we observe significant changes to mitochondrial morphology alongside an increased cholesterol content. Mitochondrial cholesterol is recognised as an important anti-apoptotic agent in cancer. Cells treated with a drug that increases mitochondrial cholesterol levels, U18666A, shows a protection from TRAIL-induced apoptosis, reduced caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage and cisplatin resistance. We demonstrate that Itch knockdown cells are less sensitive to a Bcl-2 inhibitor, show impaired activation of Bax, cytochrome c release and an enhanced stability of the cholesterol transfer protein STARD1. We identify a novel protein complex composed of Itch, the mitochondrial protein VDAC2 and STARD1. We propose a mechanism where Itch regulates the stability of STARD1. An increase in STARD1 expression enhances cholesterol import to mitochondria, which inhibits Bax activation and cytochrome c release. Many cancer types display high mitochondrial cholesterol levels, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma tumours show a correlation between chemotherapy resistance and STARD1 expression which is supported by our findings. This establishes an important role for Itch in regulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial cholesterol levels and provides insight to mechanisms that contribute to TRAIL, Bcl-2 inhibitor and cisplatin resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holloway
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, Belfast, UK
| | - Aidan Seeley
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, Belfast, UK
| | - Neville Cobbe
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, Belfast, UK
| | - Richard C Turkington
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, Belfast, UK
| | - Emma Evergren
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, Belfast, UK.
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7
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Asady B, Sampels V, Romano JD, Levitskaya J, Lige B, Khare P, Le A, Coppens I. Function and regulation of a steroidogenic CYP450 enzyme in the mitochondrion of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011566. [PMID: 37651449 PMCID: PMC10499268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As an obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii must import essential nutrients from the host cell into the parasitophorous vacuole. We previously reported that the parasite scavenges cholesterol from host endocytic organelles for incorporation into membranes and storage as cholesteryl esters in lipid droplets. In this study, we have investigated whether Toxoplasma utilizes cholesterol as a precursor for the synthesis of metabolites, such as steroids. In mammalian cells, steroidogenesis occurs in mitochondria and involves membrane-bound type I cytochrome P450 oxidases that are activated through interaction with heme-binding proteins containing a cytochrome b5 domain, such as members of the membrane-associated progesterone receptor (MAPR) family. Our LC-MS targeted lipidomics detect selective classes of hormone steroids in Toxoplasma, with a predominance for anti-inflammatory hydroxypregnenolone species, deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. The genome of Toxoplasma contains homologs encoding a single type I CYP450 enzyme (we named TgCYP450mt) and a single MAPR (we named TgMAPR). We showed that TgMAPR is a hemoprotein with conserved residues in a heme-binding cytochrome b5 domain. Both TgCYP450 and TgMAPR localize to the mitochondrion and show interactions in in situ proximity ligation assays. Genetic ablation of cyp450mt is not tolerated by Toxoplasma; we therefore engineered a conditional knockout strain and showed that iΔTgCYP450mt parasites exhibit growth impairment in cultured cells. Parasite strains deficient for mapr could be generated; however, ΔTgMAPR parasites suffer from poor global fitness, loss of plasma membrane integrity, aberrant mitochondrial cristae, and an abnormally long S-phase in their cell cycle. Compared to wild-type parasites, iΔTgCYP450mt and ΔTgMAPR lost virulence in mice and metabolomics studies reveal that both mutants have reduced levels of steroids. These observations point to a steroidogenic pathway operational in the mitochondrion of a protozoan that involves an evolutionary conserved TgCYP450mt enzyme and its binding partner TgMAPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beejan Asady
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vera Sampels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia D. Romano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jelena Levitskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bao Lige
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pratik Khare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Nara A, Inoue A, Aoyama Y, Yazawa T. The ultrastructural function of MLN64 in the late endosome-mitochondria membrane contact sites in placental cells. Exp Cell Res 2023:113668. [PMID: 37245582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The close apposition between two different organelles is critical in essential processes such as ion homeostasis, signaling, and lipid transition. However, information related to the structural features of membrane contact sites (MCSs) is limited. This study used immuno-electron microscopy and immuno-electron tomography (I-ET) to analyze the two- and three-dimensional structures of the late endosome-mitochondria contact sites in placental cells. Filamentous structures or tethers were identified that connected the late endosomes and mitochondria. Lamp1 antibody-labeled I-ET revealed enrichment of tethers in the MCSs. The cholesterol-binding endosomal protein metastatic lymph node 64 (MLN64) encoded by STARD3 was required for the formation of this apposition. The distance of the late endosome-mitochondria contact sites was <20 nm, shorter than that in STARD3-knockdown cells (<150 nm). The perturbation of cholesterol egress from the endosomes induced by U18666A treatment produced a longer distance in the contact sites than that in knockdown cells. The late endosome-mitochondria tethers failed to form correctly in STARD3-knockdown cells. Our results unravel the role of MLN64 involved in MCSs between late endosomes and mitochondria in placental cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Nara
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.
| | - Akimi Inoue
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aoyama
- EM Application Department, EM Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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9
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Van Acker ZP, Perdok A, Hellemans R, North K, Vorsters I, Cappel C, Dehairs J, Swinnen JV, Sannerud R, Bretou M, Damme M, Annaert W. Phospholipase D3 degrades mitochondrial DNA to regulate nucleotide signaling and APP metabolism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2847. [PMID: 37225734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) polymorphisms are linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Being a lysosomal 5'-3' exonuclease, its neuronal substrates remained unknown as well as how a defective lysosomal nucleotide catabolism connects to AD-proteinopathy. We identified mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as a major physiological substrate and show its manifest build-up in lysosomes of PLD3-defective cells. mtDNA accretion creates a degradative (proteolytic) bottleneck that presents at the ultrastructural level as a marked abundance of multilamellar bodies, often containing mitochondrial remnants, which correlates with increased PINK1-dependent mitophagy. Lysosomal leakage of mtDNA to the cytosol activates cGAS-STING signaling that upregulates autophagy and induces amyloid precursor C-terminal fragment (APP-CTF) and cholesterol accumulation. STING inhibition largely normalizes APP-CTF levels, whereas an APP knockout in PLD3-deficient backgrounds lowers STING activation and normalizes cholesterol biosynthesis. Collectively, we demonstrate molecular cross-talks through feedforward loops between lysosomal nucleotide turnover, cGAS-STING and APP metabolism that, when dysregulated, result in neuronal endolysosomal demise as observed in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë P Van Acker
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anika Perdok
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Hellemans
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katherine North
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Vorsters
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cedric Cappel
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Transgenic Research, Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ragna Sannerud
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marine Bretou
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Damme
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Transgenic Research, Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 602, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Liu YT, Senkler J, Herrfurth C, Braun HP, Feussner I. Defining the lipidome of Arabidopsis leaf mitochondria: Specific lipid complement and biosynthesis capacity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:2185-2203. [PMID: 36691154 PMCID: PMC10069894 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are often considered as the power stations of the cell, playing critical roles in various biological processes such as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, stress responses, and programmed cell death. To maintain the structural and functional integrities of mitochondria, it is crucial to achieve a defined membrane lipid composition between different lipid classes wherein specific proportions of individual lipid species are present. Although mitochondria are capable of self-synthesizing a few lipid classes, many phospholipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to mitochondria via membrane contact sites, as mitochondria are excluded from the vesicular transportation pathway. However, knowledge on the capability of lipid biosynthesis in mitochondria and the precise mechanism of maintaining the homeostasis of mitochondrial lipids is still scarce. Here we describe the lipidome of mitochondria isolated from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves, including the molecular species of glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and sterols, to depict the lipid landscape of mitochondrial membranes. In addition, we define proteins involved in lipid metabolism by proteomic analysis and compare our data with mitochondria from cell cultures since they still serve as model systems. Proteins putatively localized to the membrane contact sites are proposed based on the proteomic results and online databases. Collectively, our results suggest that leaf mitochondria are capable-with the assistance of membrane contact site-localized proteins-of generating several lipid classes including phosphatidylethanolamines, cardiolipins, diacylgalactosylglycerols, and free sterols. We anticipate our work to be a foundation to further investigate the functional roles of lipids and their involvement in biochemical reactions in plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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11
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Lin JX, Xu CY, Wu XM, Che L, Li TY, Mo SM, Guo DB, Lin ZN, Lin YC. Rab7a-mTORC1 signaling-mediated cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome to mitochondria ameliorates hepatic lipotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138071. [PMID: 36754296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common contaminant in many foodstuffs and is considered a public health concern worldwide due to its hepatotoxicity caused by lipid metabolism disorders. However, the molecular mechanism underlying AFB1-induced lipotoxicity-dependent liver injury via regulating cholesterol metabolism remains unclear. We established a cholesterol trafficking disorder-mediated hepatic lipotoxicity model with AFB1 mixture exposure in vitro (HepaRG and HepG2 cells, 1.6 μM for 36 h) and in vivo (C57BL/6 mice, 3 mg kg-1, i.g., every other day for 6 weeks). In vitro, the interaction between lysosomal Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) protein and mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) regulated lipotoxicity induced by AFB1 mixture exposure, including lysosomal membrane permeabilization and mitochondria-dependent necroptosis. Moreover, the downregulation of lysosomal Ras-associated protein 7a (Rab7a) enhanced the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-mediated disorders of cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome to mitochondria. Furthermore, cholesterol trafficking disorder-mediated hepatic lipotoxicity induced by the low-dose level of AFB1 exposure was relieved by genetic or pharmaceutic activation of Rab7a to inhibit mTORC1 in vitro and ex vivo. In vivo, mTORC1 inhibitor (Torin1, 4 mg kg-1, i.p., every other day for 3 weeks) alleviated the cholesterol trafficking disorder-mediated hepatic lipotoxicity via upregulating the molecular machinery of lysosomes and mitochondria contact mediated by NPC1 and TSPO interaction in the low dose of AFB1 exposure. Altogether, our data suggested a novel mechanism that lysosomal Rab7a-mTORC1 signaling determined the cholesterol trafficking regulated by NPC1-TSPO from the lysosome to mitochondria, which promoted hepatic lipotoxicity via lysosomal quality control and mitochondria-dependent necroptosis signaling pathways in chemical mixture exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chi-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xin-Mou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Su-Min Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dong-Bei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhong-Ning Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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12
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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13
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Sun XH, Lv MW, Zhao YX, Zhang H, Ullah Saleem MA, Zhao Y, Li JL. Nano-Selenium Antagonized Cadmium-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Chicken. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:846-856. [PMID: 36541832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a global ecological toxic pollutant; in animals, hepatotoxic fibrosis is caused by bioaccumulation of Cd through food chains. We determined the path of nano-Se antagonism in Cd-induced hepatocyte pyroptosis by targeting the APJ-AMPK-PGC1α pathway, using an in vivo model of hepatotoxicity. All 1-day-old chicks were treated with Cd (140 mg/kg BW/day) and/or nano-Se (0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg BW/day) for 90 days. The result showed that Cd (1.55 ± 0.148) activated NLRP3 inflammasome 49.903% as compared to the Con group (1.034 ± 0.008) to release the inflammasome as a result of hepatocyte pyroptosis (2.824 ± 0.057). Compared with the Con group (1.010 ± 0.021), Kupffer cells were 219.109% more to activate astrocytes through the APJ-AMPK-PGC1α pathway, resulting in 185.149% more hepatic fibrosis. However, the fibrosis degree of the H-Se + Cd group (1.252 ± 0.056) was 56.5278% (p < 0.001) lower than that of the Cd group (2.880 ± 0.124). Therefore, this study established that pyroptotic hepatocytes and Kupffer cells could be targeted for nano-Se antagonizing Cd toxicity, which reveals a potential new approach targeting astrocytes for the treatment of liver fibrosis triggered by Cd pollution.
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14
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Ng MYW, Charsou C, Lapao A, Singh S, Trachsel-Moncho L, Schultz SW, Nakken S, Munson MJ, Simonsen A. The cholesterol transport protein GRAMD1C regulates autophagy initiation and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6283. [PMID: 36270994 PMCID: PMC9586981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During autophagy, cytosolic cargo is sequestered into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. The contributions of specific lipids, such as cholesterol, to the membranes that form the autophagosome, remain to be fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate that short term cholesterol depletion leads to a rapid induction of autophagy and a corresponding increase in autophagy initiation events. We further show that the ER-localized cholesterol transport protein GRAMD1C functions as a negative regulator of starvation-induced autophagy and that both its cholesterol transport VASt domain and membrane binding GRAM domain are required for GRAMD1C-mediated suppression of autophagy initiation. Similar to its yeast orthologue, GRAMD1C associates with mitochondria through its GRAM domain. Cells lacking GRAMD1C or its VASt domain show increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting that GRAMD1C may facilitate cholesterol transfer at ER-mitochondria contact sites. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of GRAMD family proteins is linked to clear cell renal carcinoma survival, highlighting the pathophysiological relevance of cholesterol transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Yoke Wui Ng
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Chara Charsou
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Lapao
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sakshi Singh
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Trachsel-Moncho
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian W. Schultz
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigve Nakken
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J. Munson
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway ,grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Present Address: Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne Simonsen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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15
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Li P, Zhang Z, lv H, Sun P. Inhibiting the expression of STARD3 induced apoptosis via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway on ER+ Breast Cancer. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Macrophages take up VLDL-sized emulsion particles through caveolae-mediated endocytosis and excrete part of the internalized triglycerides as fatty acids. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001516. [PMID: 36026438 PMCID: PMC9455861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides are carried in the bloodstream as part of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and chylomicrons, which represent the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants contribute to atherosclerosis, possibly by carrying remnant cholesterol and/or by exerting a proinflammatory effect on macrophages. Nevertheless, little is known about how macrophages process triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Here, using VLDL-sized triglyceride-rich emulsion particles, we aimed to study the mechanism by which VLDL triglycerides are taken up, processed, and stored in macrophages. Our results show that macrophage uptake of VLDL-sized emulsion particles is dependent on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and requires the lipoprotein-binding C-terminal domain but not the catalytic N-terminal domain of LPL. Subsequent internalization of VLDL-sized emulsion particles by macrophages is carried out by caveolae-mediated endocytosis, followed by triglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lysosomal acid lipase. It is shown that STARD3 is required for the transfer of lysosomal fatty acids to the ER for subsequent storage as triglycerides, while NPC1 likely is involved in promoting the extracellular efflux of fatty acids from lysosomes. Our data provide novel insights into how macrophages process VLDL triglycerides and suggest that macrophages have the remarkable capacity to excrete part of the internalized triglycerides as fatty acids. How do macrophages take up and process very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles? This study reveals that endocytic uptake of VLDLs depends on lipoprotein lipase and caveolae; internalized VLDLs are then processed by lysosomes, and the lipids are hydrolyzed and translocated to the ER for storage as triglycerides.
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17
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O’Neill KI, Kuo LW, Williams MM, Lind H, Crump LS, Hammond NG, Spoelstra NS, Caino MC, Richer JK. NPC1 Confers Metabolic Flexibility in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3543. [PMID: 35884604 PMCID: PMC9319388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often undergoes at least partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to facilitate metastasis. Identifying EMT-associated characteristics can reveal novel dependencies that may serve as therapeutic vulnerabilities in this aggressive breast cancer subtype. We found that NPC1, which encodes the lysosomal cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick type C1 is highly expressed in TNBC as compared to estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, and is significantly elevated in high-grade disease. We demonstrated that NPC1 is directly targeted by microRNA-200c (miR-200c), a potent suppressor of EMT, providing a mechanism for its differential expression in breast cancer subtypes. The silencing of NPC1 in TNBC causes an accumulation of cholesterol-filled lysosomes, and drives decreased growth in soft agar and invasive capacity. Conversely, overexpression of NPC1 in an ER+ cell line increases invasion and growth in soft agar. We further identified TNBC cell lines as cholesterol auxotrophs, however, they do not solely depend on NPC1 for adequate cholesterol supply. The silencing of NPC1 in TNBC cell lines led to altered mitochondrial function and morphology, suppression of mTOR signaling, and accumulation of autophagosomes. A small molecule inhibitor of NPC1, U18666A, decreased TNBC proliferation and synergized with the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. This work suggests that NPC1 promotes aggressive characteristics in TNBC, and identifies NPC1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I. O’Neill
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Michelle M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Hanne Lind
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Lyndsey S. Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nia G. Hammond
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nicole S. Spoelstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - M. Cecilia Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Jennifer K. Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
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18
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Linking Late Endosomal Cholesterol with Cancer Progression and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137206. [PMID: 35806209 PMCID: PMC9267071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo drastic metabolic adaptions to cover increased bioenergetic needs, contributing to resistance to therapies. This includes a higher demand for cholesterol, which often coincides with elevated cholesterol uptake from low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and overexpression of the LDL receptor in many cancers. This implies the need for cancer cells to accommodate an increased delivery of LDL along the endocytic pathway to late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/Lys), providing a rapid and effective distribution of LDL-derived cholesterol from LE/Lys to other organelles for cholesterol to foster cancer growth and spread. LDL-cholesterol exported from LE/Lys is facilitated by Niemann–Pick Type C1/2 (NPC1/2) proteins, members of the steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain (StARD) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) families. In addition, lysosomal membrane proteins, small Rab GTPases as well as scaffolding proteins, including annexin A6 (AnxA6), contribute to regulating cholesterol egress from LE/Lys. Here, we summarize current knowledge that links upregulated activity and expression of cholesterol transporters and related proteins in LE/Lys with cancer growth, progression and treatment outcomes. Several mechanisms on how cellular distribution of LDL-derived cholesterol from LE/Lys influences cancer cell behavior are reviewed, some of those providing opportunities for treatment strategies to reduce cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance.
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19
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Vrijsen S, Vrancx C, Del Vecchio M, Swinnen JV, Agostinis P, Winderickx J, Vangheluwe P, Annaert W. Inter-organellar Communication in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: Looking Beyond Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contact Sites. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:900338. [PMID: 35801175 PMCID: PMC9253489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.900338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are generally considered proteinopathies but whereas this may initiate disease in familial cases, onset in sporadic diseases may originate from a gradually disrupted organellar homeostasis. Herein, endolysosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and altered lipid metabolism are commonly observed in early preclinical stages of major NDs, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the multitude of underlying defective molecular mechanisms that have been suggested in the past decades, dysregulation of inter-organellar communication through the so-called membrane contact sites (MCSs) is becoming increasingly apparent. Although MCSs exist between almost every other type of subcellular organelle, to date, most focus has been put on defective communication between the ER and mitochondria in NDs, given these compartments are critical in neuronal survival. Contributions of other MCSs, notably those with endolysosomes and lipid droplets are emerging, supported as well by genetic studies, identifying genes functionally involved in lysosomal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the molecular identity of the organelle interactome in yeast and mammalian cells, and critically evaluate the evidence supporting the contribution of disturbed MCSs to the general disrupted inter-organellar homeostasis in NDs, taking PD and AD as major examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vrijsen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Vrancx
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mara Del Vecchio
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johannes V. Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Johannes V. Swinnen
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, VIB-Center for Cancer Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Patrizia Agostinis
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Joris Winderickx
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Peter Vangheluwe
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Wim Annaert
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20
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Acat1/Soat1 knockout extends the mutant Npc1 mouse lifespan and ameliorates functional deficiencies in multiple organelles of mutant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201646119. [PMID: 35507892 PMCID: PMC9170141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201646119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) is an incurable genetic neurological disorder. Cells with NPC mutations fail to export cholesterol from endosomal organelle to multiple other organelles. ACAT1 is an enzyme that converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters for storage. In mutant NPC cells, cholesterol storage still occurs, although at reduced rate. Here we show that in mutant NPC cells, ACAT1 blockade (A1B) decreases cholesterol storage such that it can be utilized to fulfill cholesterol needs in multiple organelles. In mutant NPC1 mice, Acat1 gene knockout reduces pathological onset and prolongs the lifespan by 34%. This work identifies ACAT1 as a target to treat NPCD and may help to explain why A1B has been reported to ameliorate preclinical models for Alzheimer’s disease. Multiple membrane organelles require cholesterol for proper function within cells. The Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) proteins export cholesterol from endosomes to other membrane compartments, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plasma membrane (PM), trans-Golgi network (TGN), and mitochondria, to meet their cholesterol requirements. Defects in NPC cause malfunctions in multiple membrane organelles and lead to an incurable neurological disorder. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), a resident enzyme in the ER, converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters for storage. In mutant NPC cells, cholesterol storage still occurs in an NPC-independent manner. Here we report the interesting finding that in a mutant Npc1 mouse (Npc1nmf), Acat1 gene (Soat1) knockout delayed the onset of weight loss, motor impairment, and Purkinje neuron death. It also improved hepatosplenic pathology and prolonged lifespan by 34%. In mutant NPC1 fibroblasts, ACAT1 blockade (A1B) increased cholesterol content associated with TGN-rich membranes and mitochondria, while decreased cholesterol content associated with late endosomes. A1B also restored proper localization of syntaxin 6 and golgin 97 (key proteins in membrane trafficking at TGN) and improved the levels of cathepsin D (a key protease in lysosome and requires Golgi/endosome transport for maturation) and ABCA1 (a key protein controlling cholesterol release at PM). This work supports the hypothesis that diverting cholesterol from storage can benefit multiple diseases that involve cholesterol deficiencies in cell membranes.
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Chen Z, Tang Y, Jiang W, Zhou X. Stard 3 (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory-Related Lipid Transfer Domain-Containing Protein 3) Play Important Role in Preadipocyte Differentiation. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate Stard 3’s effects and relative mechanisms in preadipocyto differentiation by vitro study. Materials and Methods: The 3T3-L1 cell were divided into 5 groups as NC, si-Stard 3, ROS agonist, ROS inhibitor and si-Stard 3+ROS agonist groups. The cell
of different groups were evaluated by Oil red O staining and Triglyceride. Evaluating ROS production by DHE and NBT assay. Using RT-qPCR and WB methods to evaluate gene and protein expressions. Results: Compared with NC group, Triglyceride, DHE fluorescence intensity and NBT positive
rate were significantly down-regulation in si-Stard 3 and ROS inhibitor groups (P < 0.001, respectively), and were significantly up-regulation in ROS agonist group (P < 0.001, respectively); However, with si-Stard 3 transfection and ROS agonist treatment, compared with
si-Stard 3 group, Triglyceride, DHE fluorescence intensity and NBT positive rate were significantly increased in si-Stard 3+ROS agonist group (P < 0.001, respectively). With RT-qPCR and WB assay, Compared with NC group, Stard 3 gene and protein expressions of si-Stard 3 and si-Stard
3+ROS agonist group were significantly depressed (P < 0.001, respectively), AMPK, PPARγ, CEBPα and FABP4 gene expressions were significantly differences in si-Stard 3, ROS agonist and ROS inhibitor groups (P < 0.001, respectively) and p-AMPK, PPARγ,
CEBPα and FABP4 protein expressions were significantly differences in si-Stard 3, ROS agonist and ROS inhibitor groups (P < 0.001, respectively), with si-Stard 3 transfection and ROS agonist the relative gene and protein expressions were significantly resumed compared
with si-Stard 3 group (P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Stard 3 knockdown had effects to suppress 3T3-L1 cells transformation into adipocytes in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonge Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Gui Yang, Gui Yang, Gui Zhou Province, 550000, China
| | - Yanhua Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Gui Yang, Gui Yang, Gui Zhou Province, 550000, China
| | - Wenyong Jiang
- The First People’s Hospital of Gui Yang, Gui Yang, Gui Zhou Province, 550000, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Gui Yang, Gui Yang, Gui Zhou Province, 550000, China
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22
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Shi Q, Chen J, Zou X, Tang X. Intracellular Cholesterol Synthesis and Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:819281. [PMID: 35386193 PMCID: PMC8978673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.819281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is related to multiple diseases in humans, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative and hepatic diseases. The cholesterol levels in cells are balanced dynamically by uptake, biosynthesis, transport, distribution, esterification, and export. In this review, we focus on de novo cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol synthesis regulation, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. In addition, the progression of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) at multiple contact sites between organelles is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Shi
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Tang,
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23
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Human Placental Intracellular Cholesterol Transport: A Focus on Lysosomal and Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030500. [PMID: 35326150 PMCID: PMC8944475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta participates in cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism and regulates exchange between the maternal and fetal compartments. The fetus has high cholesterol requirements, and it is taken up and synthesized at elevated rates during pregnancy. In placental cells, the major source of cholesterol is the internalization of lipoprotein particles from maternal circulation by mechanisms that are not fully understood. As in hepatocytes, syncytiotrophoblast uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol involves lipoprotein receptors such as low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Efflux outside the cells requires proteins such as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. However, mechanisms associated with intracellular traffic of cholesterol in syncytiotrophoblasts are mostly unknown. In hepatocytes, uptaken cholesterol is transported to acidic late endosomes (LE) and lysosomes (LY). Proteins such as Niemann–Pick type C 1 (NPC1), NPC2, and StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 3 (STARD3) are required for cholesterol exit from the LE/LY. These proteins transfer cholesterol from the lumen of the LE/LY into the LE/LY-limiting membrane and then export it to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or plasma membrane. Although the production, metabolism, and transport of cholesterol in placental cells are well explored, there is little information on the role of proteins related to intracellular cholesterol traffic in placental cells during physiological or pathological pregnancies. Such studies would be relevant for understanding fetal and placental cholesterol management. Oxidative stress, induced by generating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a critical role in regulating various cellular and biological functions and has emerged as a critical common mechanism after lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of cholesterol, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS in the development and progression of hypercholesterolemic pregnancies.
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24
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Mitochondria-lysosome contact site dynamics and misregulation in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:312-322. [PMID: 35249745 PMCID: PMC8930467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons rely heavily on properly regulated mitochondrial and lysosomal homeostasis, with multiple neurodegenerative diseases linked to dysfunction in these two organelles. Interestingly, mitochondria-lysosome membrane contact sites have been identified as a key pathway mediating their crosstalk in neurons. Recent studies have further elucidated the regulation of mitochondria-lysosome contact dynamics via distinct tethering/untethering protein machinery. Moreover, this pathway has been shown to have additional functions in regulating organelle network dynamics and metabolite transfer between lysosomes and mitochondria. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of mitochondria-lysosome contact sites and their misregulation across multiple neurodegenerative disorders, which further underscore a potential role for this pathway in neuronal homeostasis and disease.
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25
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Liedtke M, Völkner C, Hermann A, Frech MJ. Impact of Organelle Transport Deficits on Mitophagy and Autophagy in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030507. [PMID: 35159316 PMCID: PMC8833886 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective mitochondria are pathophysiological features of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of the rare lysosomal storage diseases Niemann–Pick disease type C1 and type C2 (NP-C1 and NP-C2). Mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene lead to cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes, resulting in impaired cholesterol homeostasis. The extent to which this may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction has been poorly studied so far. Therefore, we investigated the morphology, function, and transport of mitochondria, as well as their degradation via mitophagy, in a disease-associated human neural cell model of NP-C. By performing live cell imaging, we observed markedly reduced mitochondrial transport, although morphology and function were not appreciably altered. However, we observed a defective mitophagy induction shown by a reduced capability to elevate parkin expression and engulf mitochondria in autophagosomes after treatment with carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). This was accompanied by defects in autophagy induction, exhibited by a hampered p62 expression and progression, shown by increased LC3BII levels and a defective fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. The latter might have been additionally influenced by the observed reduced lysosomal transport. Hence, we hypothesized that a reduced recycling of mitochondria contributes to the pathophysiology of NP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Liedtke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.H.)
| | - Christin Völkner
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (M.L.); (C.V.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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26
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Islam MM, Hlushchenko I, Pfisterer SG. Low-Density Lipoprotein Internalization, Degradation and Receptor Recycling Along Membrane Contact Sites. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826379. [PMID: 35141225 PMCID: PMC8819725 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) internalization, degradation, and receptor recycling is a fundamental process underlying hypercholesterolemia, a high blood cholesterol concentration, affecting more than 40% of the western population. Membrane contact sites influence endosomal dynamics, plasma membrane lipid composition, and cellular cholesterol distribution. However, if we focus on LDL-related trafficking events we mostly discuss them in an isolated fashion, without cellular context. It is our goal to change this perspective and to highlight that all steps from LDL internalization to receptor recycling are likely associated with dynamic membrane contact sites in which endosomes engage with the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles.
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27
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Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis: The Role of PINK1 in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113022. [PMID: 34831247 PMCID: PMC8616241 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive reduction of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is the fundamental process underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD), while the mechanism of susceptibility of this specific neuronal population is largely unclear. Disturbances in mitochondrial function have been recognized as one of the main pathways in sporadic PD since the finding of respiratory chain impairment in animal models of PD. Studies on genetic forms of PD have provided new insight on the role of mitochondrial bioenergetics, homeostasis, and autophagy. PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) gene mutations, although rare, are the second most common cause of recessively inherited early-onset PD, after Parkin gene mutations. Our knowledge of PINK1 and Parkin function has increased dramatically in the last years, with the discovery that a process called mitophagy, which plays a key role in the maintenance of mitochondrial health, is mediated by the PINK1/Parkin pathway. In vitro and in vivo models have been developed, supporting the role of PINK1 in synaptic transmission, particularly affecting dopaminergic neurons. It is of paramount importance to further define the role of PINK1 in mitophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis in PD pathogenesis in order to delineate novel therapeutic targets.
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28
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Gu J, Geng M, Qi M, Wang L, Zhang Y, Gao J. The role of lysosomal membrane proteins in glucose and lipid metabolism. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21848. [PMID: 34582051 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002602r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes have long been regarded as the "garbage dump" of the cell. More recently, however, researchers have revealed novel roles for lysosomal membranes in autophagy, ion transport, nutrition sensing, and membrane fusion and repair. With active research into lysosomal membrane proteins (LMP), increasing evidence has become available showing that LMPs are inextricably linked to glucose and lipid metabolism, and this relationship represents mutual influence and regulation. In this review, we summarize the roles of LMPs in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism, and describe their roles in glucose transport, glycolysis, cholesterol transport, and lipophagy. The role of transport proteins can be traced back to the original discoveries of GLUT8, NPC1, and NPC2, which were all found to have significant roles in the pathways involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. CLC-5 and SIDT2-knockout animals show serious phenotypic disorders of metabolism, and V-ATPase and LAMP-2 have been found to interact with proteins related to glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings all emphasize the critical role of LMPs in glycolipid metabolism and help to strengthen our understanding of the independent and close relationship between LMPs and glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Mengya Geng
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Mengxiang Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Lizhuo Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jialin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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Asif K, Memeo L, Palazzolo S, Frión-Herrera Y, Parisi S, Caligiuri I, Canzonieri V, Granchi C, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F. STARD3: A Prospective Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4693. [PMID: 34572920 PMCID: PMC8472075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death in developed countries and current therapies are based on surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, and radiation. To overcome side effects induced by chemo- and radiotherapy, in recent decades, targeted therapies have been proposed in second and even first lines. Targeted drugs act on the essential pathways involved in tumor induction, progression, and metastasis, basically all the hallmark of cancers. Among emerging pathways, the cholesterol metabolic pathway is a strong candidate for this purpose. Cancer cells have an accelerated metabolic rate and require a continuous supply of cholesterol for cell division and membrane renewal. Steroidogenic acute regulatory related lipid transfer (START) proteins are a family of proteins involved in the transfer of lipids and some of them are important in non-vesicular cholesterol transportation within the cell. The alteration of their expression levels is implicated in several diseases, including cancers. In this review, we report the latest discoveries on StAR-related lipid transfer protein domain 3 (STARD3), a member of the START family, which has a potential role in cancer, focusing on the structural and biochemical characteristics and mechanisms that regulate its activity. The role of the STARD3 protein as a molecular target for the development of cancer therapies is also discussed. As STARD3 is a key protein in the cholesterol movement in cancer cells, it is of interest to identify inhibitors able to block its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Asif
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, PhD School in Science and Technology of Bio and Nanomaterials, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy;
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefano Palazzolo
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Yahima Frión-Herrera
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
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30
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Torres S, Solsona-Vilarrasa E, Nuñez S, Matías N, Insausti-Urkia N, Castro F, Casasempere M, Fabriás G, Casas J, Enrich C, Fernández-Checa JC, Garcia-Ruiz C. Acid ceramidase improves mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in Niemann-Pick type C disease by repressing STARD1 expression and mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102052. [PMID: 34175669 PMCID: PMC8254009 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, a lysosomal storage disorder caused by defective NPC1/NPC2 function, results in the accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in lysosomes of affected organs, such as liver and brain. Moreover, increase of mitochondrial cholesterol (mchol) content and impaired mitochondrial function and GSH depletion contribute to NPC disease. However, the underlying mechanism of mchol accumulation in NPC disease remains unknown. As STARD1 is crucial in intramitochondrial cholesterol trafficking and acid ceramidase (ACDase) has been shown to regulate STARD1, we explored the functional relationship between ACDase and STARD1 in NPC disease. Liver and brain of Npc1-/- mice presented a significant increase in mchol levels and STARD1 expression. U18666A, an amphiphilic sterol that inhibits lysosomal cholesterol efflux, increased mchol levels in hepatocytes from Stard1f/f mice but not Stard1ΔHep mice. We dissociate the induction of STARD1 expression from endoplasmic reticulum stress, and establish an inverse relationship between ACDase and STARD1 expression and LRH-1 levels. Hepatocytes from Npc1+/+ mice treated with U18666A exhibited increased mchol accumulation, STARD1 upregulation and decreased ACDase expression, effects that were reversed by cholesterol extraction with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Moreover, transfection of fibroblasts from NPC patients with ACDase, decreased STARD1 expression and mchol accumulation, resulting in increased mitochondrial GSH levels, improved mitochondrial functional performance, decreased oxidative stress and protected NPC fibroblasts against oxidative stress-mediated cell death. Our results demonstrate a cholesterol-dependent inverse relationship between ACDase and STARD1 and provide a novel approach to target the accumulation of cholesterol in mitochondria in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Torres
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estel Solsona-Vilarrasa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Nuñez
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Matías
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naroa Insausti-Urkia
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernanda Castro
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Casasempere
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriás
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain; Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Univerisity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain; Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Univerisity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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31
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Mareninova OA, Vegh ET, Shalbueva N, Wightman CJ, Dillon DL, Malla S, Xie Y, Takahashi T, Rakonczay Z, French SW, Gaisano HY, Gorelick FS, Pandol SJ, Bensinger SJ, Davidson NO, Dawson DW, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Dysregulation of mannose-6-phosphate-dependent cholesterol homeostasis in acinar cells mediates pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146870. [PMID: 34128834 PMCID: PMC8321573 DOI: 10.1172/jci146870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Disordered lysosomal/autophagy pathways initiate and drive pancreatitis, but the underlying mechanisms and links to disease pathology are poorly understood. Here, we show that the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) pathway of hydrolase delivery to lysosomes critically regulates pancreatic acinar cell cholesterol metabolism. Ablation of the Gnptab gene encoding a key enzyme in the M6P pathway disrupted acinar cell cholesterol turnover, causing accumulation of nonesterified cholesterol in lysosomes/autolysosomes, its depletion in the plasma membrane, and upregulation of cholesterol synthesis and uptake. We found similar dysregulation of acinar cell cholesterol, and a decrease in GNPTAB levels, in both WT experimental pancreatitis and human disease. The mechanisms mediating pancreatic cholesterol dyshomeostasis in Gnptab-/- and experimental models involve a disordered endolysosomal system, resulting in impaired cholesterol transport through lysosomes and blockage of autophagic flux. By contrast, in Gnptab-/- liver the endolysosomal system and cholesterol homeostasis were largely unaffected. Gnptab-/- mice developed spontaneous pancreatitis. Normalization of cholesterol metabolism by pharmacologic means alleviated responses of experimental pancreatitis, particularly trypsinogen activation, the disease hallmark. The results reveal the essential role of the M6P pathway in maintaining exocrine pancreas homeostasis and function, and implicate cholesterol disordering in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eszter T. Vegh
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Natalia Shalbueva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carli J.M. Wightman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dustin L. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sudarshan Malla
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yan Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Zoltan Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | | | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Departments of Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and VA West Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David W. Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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32
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Dadsena S, King LE, García-Sáez AJ. Apoptosis regulation at the mitochondria membrane level. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183716. [PMID: 34343535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a key checkpoint in apoptosis that activates the caspase cascade and irreversibly causes the majority of cells to die. The proteins of the Bcl-2 family are master regulators of apoptosis that form a complex interaction network within the mitochondrial membrane that determines the induction of MOMP. This culminates in the activation of the effector members Bax and Bak, which permeabilize the mitochondrial outer membrane to mediate MOMP. Although the key role of Bax and Bak has been established, many questions remain unresolved regarding molecular mechanisms that control the apoptotic pore. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of Bax/Bak activity within the mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Louise E King
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany.
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33
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Kolygina DV, Siek M, Borkowska M, Ahumada G, Barski P, Witt D, Jee AY, Miao H, Ahumada JC, Granick S, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Mixed-Charge Nanocarriers Allow for Selective Targeting of Mitochondria by Otherwise Nonselective Dyes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11470-11490. [PMID: 34142807 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of molecular cargos to specific organelles is of paramount importance for developing precise and effective therapeutics and imaging probes. This work describes a disulfide-based delivery method in which mixed-charged nanoparticles traveling through the endolysosomal tract deliver noncovalently bound dye molecules selectively into mitochondria. This system comprises three elements: (1) The nanoparticles deliver their payloads by a kiss-and-go mechanism - that is, they drop off their dye cargos proximate to mitochondria but do not localize therein; (2) the dye molecules are by themselves nonspecific to any cellular structures but become so with the help of mixed-charge nanocarriers; and (3) the dye is engineered in such a way as to remain in mitochondria for a long time, up to days, allowing for observing dynamic remodeling of mitochondrial networks and long-term tracking of mitochondria even in dividing cells. The selectivity of delivery and long-lasting staining derive from the ability to engineer charge-imbalanced, mixed [+/-] on-particle monolayers and from the structural features of the cargo. Regarding the former, the balance of [+] and [-] ligands can be adjusted to limit cytotoxicity and control the number of dye molecules adsorbed onto the particles' surfaces. Regarding the latter, comparative studies with multiple dye derivatives we synthesized rationalize the importance of polar groups, long alkyl chains, and disulfide moieties in the assembly of fluorescent nanoconstructs and long-lasting staining of mitochondria. Overall, this strategy could be useful for delivering hydrophilic and/or anionic small-molecule drugs difficult to target to mitochondria by classical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Kolygina
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Siek
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Magdalena Borkowska
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Piotr Barski
- ProChimia Surfaces Sp. z o.o., Al Zwycięstwa 96/98 F8, 81-451 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dariusz Witt
- ProChimia Surfaces Sp. z o.o., Al Zwycięstwa 96/98 F8, 81-451 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Miao
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Carlos Ahumada
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristiana Kandere-Grzybowska
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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34
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Fararjeh AFS, Al Khader A, Kaddumi E, Obeidat M, Al-Fawares O. Differential Expression and Prognostic Significance of STARD3 Gene in Breast Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2021; 10:34-41. [PMID: 34268252 PMCID: PMC8256830 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 3 (STARD3) gene has been reported to be co-amplified with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast carcinoma. STARD3 is necessary for cholesterol transfer and metabolism in tumor cells. The possible role played by STARD3 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker was investigated in breast cancer (BC). Data mining was performed using several bioinformatics websites to investigate the correlation of STARD3 with BC and its molecular subtypes, and conventional PCR was used to detect the STARD3 mRNA levels in a panel of BC cell lines. STARD3 was overexpressed in BC more than the other types of cancer. The results also showed that STARD3 expression was significantly associated with HER2+ BC tumors and BC cell lines, and low STARD3 mRNA and protein expression levels were observed in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and triple-negative BC (TNBC) patients. Moreover, high STARD3 expression levels predicted worse overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in BC, and HER2+ BC. Notably, low expression of STARD3 was associated with poor OS in ER+ BC. Our findings suggest that STARD3 may have strong diagnostic and prognostic value for HER2+ breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Al Khader
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan.,Department of Pathology, Al-Hussein Salt Hospital, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Ezidin Kaddumi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Maher Obeidat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - O'la Al-Fawares
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
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35
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Juhl AD, Heegaard CW, Werner S, Schneider G, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Wüstner D. Quantitative imaging of membrane contact sites for sterol transfer between endo-lysosomes and mitochondria in living cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8927. [PMID: 33903617 PMCID: PMC8076251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria receive cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LYSs) or from the plasma membrane for production of oxysterols and steroid hormones. This process depends on the endo-lysosomal sterol transfer protein Niemann Pick C2 (NPC2). Using the intrinsically fluorescent cholesterol analog, cholestatrienol, we directly observe sterol transport to mitochondria in fibroblasts upon treating NPC2 deficient human fibroblasts with NPC2 protein. Soft X-ray tomography reveals the ultrastructure of mitochondria and discloses close contact to endosome-like organelles. Using fluorescence microscopy, we localize endo-lysosomes containing NPC2 relative to mitochondria based on the Euclidian distance transform and use statistical inference to show that about 30% of such LE/LYSs are in contact to mitochondria in human fibroblasts. Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo image simulations, we show that interaction between both organelle types, a defining feature of membrane contact sites (MCSs) can give rise to the observed spatial organelle distribution. We devise a protocol to determine the surface fraction of endo-lysosomes in contact with mitochondria and show that this fraction does not depend on functional NPC1 or NPC2 proteins. Finally, we localize MCSs between LE/LYSs containing NPC2 and mitochondria in time-lapse image sequences and show that they either form transiently or remain stable for tens of seconds. Lasting MCSs between endo-lysosomes containing NPC2 and mitochondria move by slow anomalous sub-diffusion, providing location and time for sterol transport between both organelles. Our quantitative imaging strategy will be of high value for characterizing the dynamics and function of MCSs between various organelles in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian W Heegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stephan Werner
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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36
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Abstract
Our cells are comprised of billions of proteins, lipids, and other small molecules packed into their respective subcellular organelles, with the daunting task of maintaining cellular homeostasis over a lifetime. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that organelles do not act as autonomous discrete units but rather as interconnected hubs that engage in extensive communication through membrane contacts. In the last few years, our understanding of how these contacts coordinate organelle function has redefined our view of the cell. This review aims to present novel findings on the cellular interorganelle communication network and how its dysfunction may contribute to aging and neurodegeneration. The consequences of disturbed interorganellar communication are intimately linked with age-related pathologies. Given that both aging and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the concomitant failure of multiple cellular pathways, coordination of organelle communication and function could represent an emerging regulatory mechanism critical for long-term cellular homeostasis. We anticipate that defining the relationships between interorganelle communication, aging, and neurodegeneration will open new avenues for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Petkovic
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Caitlin E O'Brien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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37
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Grewal T, Rentero C, Enrich C, Wahba M, Raabe CA, Rescher U. Annexin Animal Models-From Fundamental Principles to Translational Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073439. [PMID: 33810523 PMCID: PMC8037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine manipulation of the mouse genome has become a landmark in biomedical research. Traits that are only associated with advanced developmental stages can now be investigated within a living organism, and the in vivo analysis of corresponding phenotypes and functions advances the translation into the clinical setting. The annexins, a family of closely related calcium (Ca2+)- and lipid-binding proteins, are found at various intra- and extracellular locations, and interact with a broad range of membrane lipids and proteins. Their impacts on cellular functions has been extensively assessed in vitro, yet annexin-deficient mouse models generally develop normally and do not display obvious phenotypes. Only in recent years, studies examining genetically modified annexin mouse models which were exposed to stress conditions mimicking human disease often revealed striking phenotypes. This review is the first comprehensive overview of annexin-related research using animal models and their exciting future use for relevant issues in biology and experimental medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Wahba
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Carsten A. Raabe
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
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38
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Almarhoun M, Biswas L, Alhasani RH, Wong A, Tchivelekete GM, Zhou X, Patterson S, Bartholomew C, Shu X. Overexpression of STARD3 attenuates oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158927. [PMID: 33771709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual disorder in aged people and may lead to complete blindness with ageing. The major clinical feature of AMD is the presence of cholesterol enriched deposits underneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The deposits can induce oxidative stress and inflammation. It has been suggested that abnormal cholesterol homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of AMD. However, the functional role of defective cholesterol homeostasis in AMD remains elusive. STARD proteins are a family of proteins that contain a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer domain. There are fifteen STARD proteins in mammals and some, such as STARD3, are responsible for cholesterol trafficking. Previously there was no study of STARD proteins in retinal cholesterol metabolism and trafficking. Here we examined expression of the Stard3 gene in mouse retinal and RPE cells at ages of 2 and 20 months. We found that expression of Stard 3 gene transcripts in both mouse RPE and retina was significantly decreased at age of 20 months when compared to that of age 2 months old. We created a stable ARPE-19 cell line overexpressing STARD3 and found this resulted in increased cholesterol efflux, reduced accumulation of intracellular oxidized LDL, increased antioxidant capacity and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines. The data suggested that STARD3 is a potential target for AMD through promoting the removal of intracellular cholesterol and slowing the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Almarhoun
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Lincoln Biswas
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Reem Hasaballah Alhasani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aileen Wong
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Mbuta Tchivelekete
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Xinzhi Zhou
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bartholomew
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Department of Vision Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, PR China.
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39
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Tábara LC, Morris JL, Prudent J. The Complex Dance of Organelles during Mitochondrial Division. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:241-253. [PMID: 33446409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo cycles of fission and fusion events depending on cellular requirements. During mitochondrial division, the GTPase dynamin-related protein-1 is recruited to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-induced mitochondrial constriction sites where it drives fission. However, the events required to complete scission of mitochondrial membranes are not well understood. Here, we emphasize the recently described roles for Golgi-derived phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P)-containing vesicles in the last steps of mitochondrial division. We then propose how trans-Golgi network vesicles at mitochondria-ER contact sites and PI4P generation could mechanistically execute mitochondrial division, by recruiting PI4P effectors and/or the actin nucleation machinery. Finally, we speculate on mechanisms to explain why such a complex dance of different organelles is required to facilitate the remodelling of mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Carlos Tábara
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jordan L Morris
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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40
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Meneses-Salas E, Garcia-Forn M, Castany-Pladevall C, Lu A, Fajardo A, Jose J, Wahba M, Bosch M, Pol A, Tebar F, Klein AD, Zanlungo S, Pérez-Navarro E, Grewal T, Enrich C, Rentero C. Lack of Annexin A6 Exacerbates Liver Dysfunction and Reduces Lifespan of Niemann-Pick Type C Protein-Deficient Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:475-486. [PMID: 33345999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by cholesterol accumulation caused by loss-of-function mutations in the Npc1 gene. NPC disease primarily affects the brain, causing neuronal damage and affecting motor coordination. In addition, considerable liver malfunction in NPC disease is common. Recently, we found that the depletion of annexin A6 (ANXA6), which is most abundant in the liver and involved in cholesterol transport, ameliorated cholesterol accumulation in Npc1 mutant cells. To evaluate the potential contribution of ANXA6 in the progression of NPC disease, double-knockout mice (Npc1-/-/Anxa6-/-) were generated and examined for lifespan, neurologic and hepatic functions, as well as liver histology and ultrastructure. Interestingly, lack of ANXA6 in NPC1-deficient animals did not prevent the cerebellar degeneration phenotype, but further deteriorated their compromised hepatic functions and reduced their lifespan. Moreover, livers of Npc1-/-/Anxa6-/- mice contained a significantly elevated number of foam cells congesting the sinusoidal space, a feature commonly associated with inflammation. We hypothesize that ANXA6 deficiency in Npc1-/- mice not only does not reverse neurologic and motor dysfunction, but further worsens overall liver function, exacerbating hepatic failure in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Meneses-Salas
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Garcia-Forn
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Castany-Pladevall
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lu
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alba Fajardo
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaimy Jose
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohamed Wahba
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marta Bosch
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pol
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universidad del Desarrollo, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Universidad del Desarrollo, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esther Pérez-Navarro
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Rentero
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Corbeil D, Santos MF, Karbanová J, Kurth T, Rappa G, Lorico A. Uptake and Fate of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles: Nucleoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Late Endosomes as a New Gate to Intercellular Communication. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091931. [PMID: 32825578 PMCID: PMC7563309 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs) are emerging as new vehicles in intercellular communication, but how the biological information contained in EVs is shared between cells remains elusive. Several mechanisms have been described to explain their release from donor cells and the initial step of their uptake by recipient cells, which triggers a cellular response. Yet, the intracellular routes and subcellular fate of EV content upon internalization remain poorly characterized. This is particularly true for EV-associated proteins and nucleic acids that shuttle to the nucleus of host cells. In this review, we will describe and discuss the release of EVs from donor cells, their uptake by recipient cells, and the fate of their cargoes, focusing on a novel intracellular route wherein small GTPase Rab7+ late endosomes containing endocytosed EVs enter into nuclear envelope invaginations and deliver their cargo components to the nucleoplasm of recipient cells. A tripartite protein complex composed of (VAMP)-associated protein A (VAP-A), oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related protein-3 (ORP3), and Rab7 is essential for the transfer of EV-derived components to the nuclear compartment by orchestrating the particular localization of late endosomes in the nucleoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-(0)351-463-40118 (D.C.); +1-(702)-777-3942 (A.L.); Fax: +49-(0)351-463-40244 (D.C.); +1-(702)-777-1758 (A.L.)
| | - Mark F. Santos
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV 89014, USA; (M.F.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.K.)
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.K.)
| | - Germana Rappa
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV 89014, USA; (M.F.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV 89014, USA; (M.F.S.); (G.R.)
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo, 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-(0)351-463-40118 (D.C.); +1-(702)-777-3942 (A.L.); Fax: +49-(0)351-463-40244 (D.C.); +1-(702)-777-1758 (A.L.)
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42
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Adenovirus Reveals New Pathway for Cholesterol Egress from the Endolysosomal System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165808. [PMID: 32823559 PMCID: PMC7460884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing invaluable insights to the host response to viral infection, adenovirus continues to be an important model system for discovering basic aspects of cell biology. This is especially true for products of early region three (E3), which have provided the foundation for understanding many new mechanisms regulating intracellular trafficking of host cell proteins involved in the host immune response. Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for proper cellular physiology, and disturbances in cholesterol balance are increasingly recognized as important factors in human disease. Despite its central role in numerous aspects of cellular functions, the mechanisms responsible for delivery of dietary cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the lipid metabolic and regulatory machinery reside, remain poorly understood. In this review, we describe a novel intracellular pathway for cholesterol trafficking that has been co-opted by an adenovirus E3 gene product. We describe what is known about the molecular regulation of this pathway, how it might benefit viral replication, and its potential involvement in normal cell physiology. Finally, we make a case that adenovirus has co-opted a cellular pathway that may be dysregulated in various human diseases.
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43
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Stepien KM, Roncaroli F, Turton N, Hendriksz CJ, Roberts M, Heaton RA, Hargreaves I. Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082596. [PMID: 32796538 PMCID: PMC7463786 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is emerging as an important contributory factor to the pathophysiology of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs appears to be multifactorial, although impaired mitophagy and oxidative stress appear to be common inhibitory mechanisms shared amongst these heterogeneous disorders. Once impaired, dysfunctional mitochondria may impact upon the function of the lysosome by the generation of reactive oxygen species as well as depriving the lysosome of ATP which is required by the V-ATPase proton pump to maintain the acidity of the lumen. Given the reported evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs together with the important symbiotic relationship between these two organelles, therapeutic strategies targeting both lysosome and mitochondrial dysfunction may be an important consideration in the treatment of LSDs. In this review we examine the putative mechanisms that may be responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction in reported LSDs which will be supplemented with morphological and clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Stepien
- Adult Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (R.A.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Christian J. Hendriksz
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Steve Biko Academic Unit, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Mark Roberts
- Neurology Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Robert A. Heaton
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (R.A.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moore University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (N.T.); (R.A.H.); (I.H.)
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44
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Sukhorukov VN, Khotina VA, Chegodaev YS, Ivanova E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Lipid Metabolism in Macrophages: Focus on Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080262. [PMID: 32752275 PMCID: PMC7459513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of lipid homeostasis and its impairment are of crucial importance for atherogenesis, and their understanding is necessary for successful development of new therapeutic approaches. In the arterial wall, macrophages play a prominent role in intracellular lipid accumulation, giving rise to foam cells that populate growing atherosclerotic plaques. Under normal conditions, macrophages are able to process substantial amounts of lipids and cholesterol without critical overload of the catabolic processes. However, in atherosclerosis, these pathways become inefficient, leading to imbalance in cholesterol and lipid metabolism and disruption of cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on the involvement of macrophage lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis development, including both the results of recent studies and classical concepts, and provide a detailed description of these processes from the moment of lipid uptake with lipoproteins to cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Russian Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 15-a 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-915-393-3263
| | - Victoria A. Khotina
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Angiopathology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Ivanova
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Russian Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 15-a 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Angiopathology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
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45
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Silva BSC, DiGiovanni L, Kumar R, Carmichael RE, Kim PK, Schrader M. Maintaining social contacts: The physiological relevance of organelle interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118800. [PMID: 32712071 PMCID: PMC7377706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells form an interactive network to coordinate and facilitate cellular functions. The formation of close contacts, termed "membrane contact sites" (MCSs), represents an intriguing strategy for organelle interaction and coordinated interplay. Emerging research is rapidly revealing new details of MCSs. They represent ubiquitous and diverse structures, which are important for many aspects of cell physiology and homeostasis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological relevance of organelle contacts. We focus on mitochondria, peroxisomes, the Golgi complex and the plasma membrane, and discuss the most recent findings on their interactions with other subcellular organelles and their multiple functions, including membrane contacts with the ER, lipid droplets and the endosomal/lysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz S C Silva
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Laura DiGiovanni
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rechal Kumar
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
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46
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Kami D, Gojo S. From Cell Entry to Engraftment of Exogenous Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144995. [PMID: 32679802 PMCID: PMC7404190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transfer has been recognized to play a role in a variety of processes, ranging from fertilization to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases as well as mammalian horizontal gene transfer. It is achieved through either exogeneous or intercellular mitochondrial transfer. From the viewpoint of evolution, exogeneous mitochondrial transfer is quite akin to the initial process of symbiosis between α-protobacterium and archaea, although the progeny have developed more sophisticated machinery to engulf environmental materials, including nutrients, bacteria, and viruses. A molecular-based knowledge of endocytosis, including macropinocytosis and endosomal escape involving bacteria and viruses, could provide mechanistic insights into exogeneous mitochondrial transfer. We focus on exogeneous mitochondrial transfer in this review to facilitate the clinical development of the use of isolated mitochondria to treat various pathological conditions. Several kinds of novel procedures to enhance exogeneous mitochondrial transfer have been developed and are summarized in this review.
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47
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Colaco A, Fernández-Suárez ME, Shepherd D, Gal L, Bibi C, Chuartzman S, Diot A, Morten K, Eden E, Porter FD, Poulton J, Platt N, Schuldiner M, Platt FM. Unbiased yeast screens identify cellular pathways affected in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201800253. [PMID: 32487688 PMCID: PMC7283134 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 genes. Mutations in the NPC1 gene lead to the majority of clinical cases (95%); however, the function of NPC1 remains unknown. To gain further insights into the biology of NPC1, we took advantage of the homology between the human NPC1 protein and its yeast orthologue, Niemann-Pick C-related protein 1 (Ncr1). We recreated the NCR1 mutant in yeast and performed screens to identify compensatory or redundant pathways that may be involved in NPC pathology, as well as proteins that were mislocalized in NCR1-deficient yeast. We also identified binding partners of the yeast Ncr1 orthologue. These screens identified several processes and pathways that may contribute to NPC pathogenesis. These included alterations in mitochondrial function, cytoskeleton organization, metal ion homeostasis, lipid trafficking, calcium signalling, and nutrient sensing. The mitochondrial and cytoskeletal abnormalities were validated in patient cells carrying mutations in NPC1, confirming their dysfunction in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dawn Shepherd
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lihi Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chen Bibi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Silvia Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alan Diot
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Eden
- Institute of Ophthalmology-Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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48
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Meneses-Salas E, García-Melero A, Kanerva K, Blanco-Muñoz P, Morales-Paytuvi F, Bonjoch J, Casas J, Egert A, Beevi SS, Jose J, Llorente-Cortés V, Rye KA, Heeren J, Lu A, Pol A, Tebar F, Ikonen E, Grewal T, Enrich C, Rentero C. Annexin A6 modulates TBC1D15/Rab7/StARD3 axis to control endosomal cholesterol export in NPC1 cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2839-2857. [PMID: 31664461 PMCID: PMC7326902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes is a prevailing phenotype of Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) mutant cells. Likewise, annexin A6 (AnxA6) overexpression induces a phenotype reminiscent of NPC1 mutant cells. Here, we demonstrate that this cellular cholesterol imbalance is due to AnxA6 promoting Rab7 inactivation via TBC1D15, a Rab7-GAP. In NPC1 mutant cells, AnxA6 depletion and eventual Rab7 activation was associated with peripheral distribution and increased mobility of late endosomes. This was accompanied by an enhanced lipid accumulation in lipid droplets in an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)-dependent manner. Moreover, in AnxA6-deficient NPC1 mutant cells, Rab7-mediated rescue of late endosome-cholesterol export required the StAR-related lipid transfer domain-3 (StARD3) protein. Electron microscopy revealed a significant increase of membrane contact sites (MCS) between late endosomes and ER in NPC1 mutant cells lacking AnxA6, suggesting late endosome-cholesterol transfer to the ER via Rab7 and StARD3-dependent MCS formation. This study identifies AnxA6 as a novel gatekeeper that controls cellular distribution of late endosome-cholesterol via regulation of a Rab7-GAP and MCS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Meneses-Salas
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Melero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristiina Kanerva
- Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patricia Blanco-Muñoz
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Morales-Paytuvi
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Bonjoch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Egert
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Syed S Beevi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jaimy Jose
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Albert Pol
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avaçats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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49
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Musalkova D, Majer F, Kuchar L, Luksan O, Asfaw B, Vlaskova H, Storkanova G, Reboun M, Poupetova H, Jahnova H, Hulkova H, Ledvinova J, Dvorakova L, Sikora J, Jirsa M, Vanier MT, Hrebicek M. Transcript, protein, metabolite and cellular studies in skin fibroblasts demonstrate variable pathogenic impacts of NPC1 mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:85. [PMID: 32248828 PMCID: PMC7132889 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) is a rare neurovisceral genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 or the NPC2 gene. NPC1 is a multipass-transmembrane protein essential for egress of cholesterol from late endosomes/lysosomes. To evaluate impacts of NPC1 mutations, we examined fibroblast cultures from 26 NP-C1 patients with clinical phenotypes ranging from infantile to adult neurologic onset forms. The cells were tested with multiple assays including NPC1 mRNA expression levels and allele expression ratios, assessment of NPC1 promoter haplotypes, NPC1 protein levels, cellular cholesterol staining, localization of the mutant NPC1 proteins to lysosomes, and cholesterol/cholesteryl ester ratios. These results were correlated with phenotypes of the individual patients. Results Overall we identified 5 variant promoter haplotypes. Three of them showed reporter activity decreased down to 70% of the control sequence. None of the haplotypes were consistently associated with more severe clinical presentation of NP-C. Levels of transcripts carrying null NPC1 alleles were profoundly lower than levels of the missense variants. Low levels of the mutant NPC1 protein were identified in most samples. The protein localised to lysosomes in cultures expressing medium to normal NPC1 levels. Fibroblasts from patients with severe infantile phenotypes had higher cholesterol levels and higher cholesterol/cholesteryl ester ratios. On the contrary, cell lines from patients with juvenile and adolescent/adult phenotypes showed values comparable to controls. Conclusion No single assay fully correlated with the disease severity. However, low residual levels of NPC1 protein and high cholesterol/cholesteryl ester ratios associated with severe disease. The results suggest not only low NPC1 expression due to non-sense mediated decay or low mutant protein stability, but also dysfunction of the stable mutant NPC1 as contributors to the intracellular lipid transport defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Musalkova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Majer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Ladislav Kuchar
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Luksan
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Befekadu Asfaw
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vlaskova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Storkanova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reboun
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Poupetova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Jahnova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hulkova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ledvinova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dvorakova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie T Vanier
- INSERM U820, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon University Hospitals (HCL), Lyon, France
| | - Martin Hrebicek
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Ke Karlovu 2, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Martello A, Platt FM, Eden ER. Staying in touch with the endocytic network: The importance of contacts for cholesterol transport. Traffic 2020; 21:354-363. [PMID: 32129938 PMCID: PMC8650999 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is critical for cell function and human health. Cholesterol is heterogeneously distributed among cellular membranes, with the redistribution of endocytosed dietary cholesterol playing a pivotal role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. While gaps remain in our understanding of intracellular dietary cholesterol transport, a highly complex network of pathways is starting to emerge, often involving inter‐dependent vesicular and non‐vesicular transport mechanisms. The last decade has seen a surge in interest in non‐vesicular transport and inter‐organellar communication at membrane contact sites. By providing platforms for protein interactions, signalling events, lipid exchange and calcium flux, membrane contact sites (MCS) are now appreciated as controlling the fate of large amounts of lipid and play central roles in the regulation and co‐ordination of endocytic trafficking. Here, we review the role of MCS in multiple pathways for cholesterol export from the endocytic pathway and highlight the intriguing interplay between vesicular and non‐vesicular transport mechanisms and relationship with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fran M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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